以語用比較分析探討中性轉述動詞的翻譯：以《頑童流浪記》為例

Presenter 林仲茂成功大學外文所

OVERVIEW I. Introduction II. Theoretical Framework

Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model

III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech Trans. of Tell in direct speech Trans. of S’I as repetition

IV. Retranslation Retrans. of Say and S’I

V. Conclusion

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OVERVIEW I. Introduction II. Theoretical Framework

Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model

III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech Trans. of Tell in direct speech Trans. of S’I as repetition

IV. Retranslation Retrans. of Say and S’I

V. Conclusion

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Introduction (p. 3)

The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn (AHF)-Huckleberry Finn, or Huck: the narrator,

an uneducated child with a limited vocabulary

-frequent use of neutral reporting verbs in both direct and indirect speech, e.g., say and tell a colloquial, active and direct style

-Twain’s use of s’I (say I), sh-she (says she), and s’e (says he) vernacular feature of Huck’s speech

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verbs that do not indicate the writer’s subjective values or judgments, hereafter NRVs

Introduction (p. 3)

Translations to be contrasted: 張友松 (1993), 黎裕漢 (1987), 文怡虹 (2001), 賈文浩＆賈文淵 (2005)

Research Questions1) How are NRVs in AHF translated into

Chinese?2) To what extent are the illocutionary forces

achieved?3) What translation strategies can be adopted

to manifest the pragmatic purposes behind the speech with NRVs?

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OVERVIEW I. Introduction II. Theoretical Framework

Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model

III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech Trans. of Tell in direct speech Trans. of S’I as repetition

IV. Retranslation Retrans. of Say and S’I

V. Conclusion

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PCA Model (pp. 3-4)

Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model

-proposed by Wieslaw Oleksy in 1984-analyzes the use of language in a

sociocultural setting

three components1) locutionary component 2) illocutionary component3) pragmatic-contrastive component

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The locutionary component:aims to define “what the speaker means in saying something”

這裡好熱喔！ （陳述溫度高的事實。）

PCA Model (p. 4)

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The illocutionary component:examined to see “what the speaker does in saying something”

這裡好熱喔！ （試圖請對方開窗、開冷氣…等。）

illocutionary force ( 言外之意 , 目的 )felicity conditions ( 求真條件 )sociocultural context ( 社會文化背景、場合 )

PCA Model (p. 4)

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The pragmatic-contrastive component:

NRVs: say & tell 說？ 告訴？RQs:

1) How are NRVs in AHF translated into Chinese?2) To what extent are the illocutionary forces

achieved?3) What translation strategies can be adopted to

manifest the pragmatic purposes behind the speech with NRVs?

PCA Model (p. 4)

語言 A 語言 B假設若目的、條件相同，語用功能亦相同。

目的、意圖 ＝ 目的、意圖 求真條件 ＝ 求真條件 表達方式 表達方式

？

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OVERVIEW I. Introduction II. Theoretical Framework

Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model

III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech Trans. of Tell in direct speech Trans. of S’I as repetition

IV. Retranslation Retrans. of Say and S’I

V. Conclusion

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Analysis: Say in Direct Speech(pp. 6-9)

They was still a minute--thinking; then the king says, kind of absent-minded like:

‘Mf! And we reckoned the niggers stole it!’ That made me squirm! ‘Yes,’ says the duke, kinder slow and

deliberate and sarcastic, ‘We did.’ After about a half a minute the king drawls

out: ‘Leastways, I did.’ … …

Adverbial expressions intensify the manner and attitude of the speaker and the illocutionary force.

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張友松 (1993) 他們待了一會兒沒做聲 -- 心裡在想事；後來

國王心不在焉似地說： 「哼！咱們還當是那些黑奴偷去了哩！」 這可說得我膽戰心驚了！ 「是呀，」公爵說，他說得挺慢，一字一板，

還帶幾分挖苦的口氣，「咱 -- 們那麼想來著呀！」

過了半分來鐘，國王慢吞吞地說： 「至少我是那麼想的。」

Analysis: Say in Direct Speech(pp. 6-9)

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黎裕漢 (1987) 他們靜下來一會 -- 心裏在盤算，後來國王像

是不在意地說道：「喝！我們還以為那些黑人偷去了呢！」

這一來可把我嚇死了！ 「是呀！」公爵說，說得慢吞吞、不慌不忙、

而且極為諷刺，「我們是那樣想來看呀！」 半分鐘後國王慢慢地說： 「至少我是那樣想的。」

Analysis: Say in Direct Speech(pp. 6-9)

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文怡虹 (2001) 他們停了一會兒沒說話──是在想心事。隨

後國王開了腔，彷彿有點兒心不在焉的模樣。 「哼，我們還以為是那些黑奴偷走的！」 這一下可叫我提心弔膽啦！ 「是啊！」公爵說。他聲音低沉，用意深長，

帶著挖苦的味道。「我們是這麼想的。」 大概過了半分鐘以後，國王慢慢地說： 「至少──我是這麼想的。」

Analysis: Say in Direct Speech(pp. 6-9)

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賈文浩＆賈文淵 (2005) 他們有好一陣子不出聲 -- 心裡在琢磨著 -- 之

後，國王心不在焉地說： 「哼，我們還以為是黑人偷的！」 一聽這話，我不由得在心裡打了個冷顫。 「是啊，」公爵帶著挖苦的口氣慢慢說 :

「我們真那麼想過呢。」 過了半分鐘，國王慢吞吞地說： 「至少我是那麼想的。」

Analysis: Say in Direct Speech(pp. 6-9)

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Analysis: Say in Direct Speech(p. 9)

Most translators only render the literal meaning of the verb ‘say’ and fail to interpret the illocutionary force intended by Twain.

Translators should pay attention to the elements that surround ‘say’.

Eng: NRVs + Adverbial phrases/clauses 中文： NRVs + Adverbial phrases/clauses

Mark Twain

say

張 說 回答說黎 說 說道 道文 開了腔 說 回答賈 說

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?

OVERVIEW I. Introduction II. Theoretical Framework

Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model

III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech Trans. of Tell in direct speech Trans. of S’I as repetition

IV. Retranslation Retrans. of Say and S’I

V. Conclusion

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And Jim said you mustn’t count the things you are going to cook for dinner, because that would bring bad luck. The same if you shook the table-cloth after sundown. And he said if a man owned a beehive and that man died, the bees must be told about it before sun-up next morning, or else the bees would all weaken down and quit work and die. Jim said bees wouldn't sting idiots; but I didn’t believe that, because I had tried them lots of times myself, and they wouldn’t sting me.

I had heard about some of these things before, but not all of them. Jim knowed all kinds of signs. He said he knowed most everything. I said it looked to me like all the signs was about bad luck, and so I asked him if there warn't any good-luck signs.

Analysis: Say in Indirect Speech(pp. 9-11)

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張友松 (1993) 吉姆還說你要把吃的東西拿去煮的時候，可不能數，

因為那也是要惹出倒楣事情來的。你要是在太陽下山以後把桌布拿來抖，那也是一樣。他還說要是有個人養著一群蜜蜂，那個人如果死了，第二天出太陽以前就得把這件事告訴蜜蜂，要不然蜜蜂就全得病倒了，活也不幹了，全都得死。吉姆說蜜蜂不螫傻瓜；可是我不相信，因為我自己試過許多回，牠們也不螫我呀！

這些事情我從前也聽說過好幾件，可是並沒有全聽過。各式各樣的兆頭吉姆全知道。他說他差不多什麼都懂。我說我覺得好像是所有的兆頭都是叫人倒楣的，所以我就問他有沒有叫人走運的兆頭。

Analysis: Say in Indirect Speech(pp. 9-11)

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黎裕漢 (1987) 金姆還告訴我，煮吃的東西的時侯，不能數數目，

因為那也會惹來不吉利的事的。你要是在太陽西沉後抖桌布的灰，也不吉利。他又說要是有人養有一窩蜜蜂，那人若死了，第二天太陽出來前，得把這事通知蜜蜂，否則蜜蜂全會生病，不想做工全得死掉。金姆說蜜蜂不叮笨人；可是我不相信，因為我自己試過好多次，它們也不叮我。

這些事，從前我也聽過些，但沒有聽得像這次多。金姆懂得各種各樣的兆頭。他說他幾乎什麼全懂，我說我覺得彷彿只要有兆頭總是不吉利的。所以我問他有沒有叫人吉利的兆頭。

Analysis: Say in Indirect Speech(pp. 9-11)

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文怡虹 (2001) 吉姆還說不能去算要當做晚餐的食物，否則將會帶來厄運。 還有，太陽下山後也不能抖桌巾，這樣也會帶來厄運。另外，如果養蜂的人死掉，得有人在第二天太陽升起之前告訴蜜蜂這個消息，不然那些蜜蜂會變得很虛弱，沒辦法去採蜜，最後全部都會死掉。 吉姆後來還說，蜜蜂不會叮笨蛋。我根本不相信吉姆所說的，因為我試過好幾次，而每次蜜蜂還是會叮我。

我以前也聽過許多像這樣子的事情，不過都只有一部分而已而吉姆似乎知道所有關於預兆的事情，他自己也說過幾乎所有的預兆他都知道。我問他，為什麼他所知道的預兆好像都是厄運的預兆？難道沒有代表好運的預兆嗎？

Analysis: Say in Indirect Speech(pp. 9-11)

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I had heard about some of these things before, but not all of them. Jim knowed all kinds of signs. He said he knowed most

everything. I said it looked to me like all the signs was about bad luck, and so I

asked him if there warn't any good-luck signs.

賈文浩＆賈文淵 (2005) 吉姆還說做飯的材料千萬不能數，一數就要倒

楣。同樣地，太陽下山以後也不能抖桌布。他說，要是有個養蜂人死了，必須在第二天太陽出來以前告訴蜜蜂，否則蜜蜂就會衰弱得不再採蜜，紛紛死光。吉姆又說蜜蜂不叮傻瓜，這句話我不信，因為我試過好多次，牠們就是不來叮我。

這些說法我過去聽說過一些，可是沒有這次多。吉姆可就厲害了，不管是好預兆還是壞預兆，沒有一樁他不知曉，他幾乎什麼都懂。我說好像所有的預兆都帶來災禍，問他究竟有沒有讓人走運的吉兆。

Analysis: Say in Indirect Speech(pp. 9-11)

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I had heard about some of these things before, but not all of them. Jim knowed all kinds of signs. He said he knowed most everything. I said it looked to me like all the signs was about bad luck, and so I

asked him if there warn't any good-luck signs.

OVERVIEW I. Introduction II. Theoretical Framework

Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model

III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech Trans. of Tell in direct speech Trans. of S’I as repetition

IV. Retranslation Retrans. of Say and S’I

V. Conclusion

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Now I’ll rest my works a little, and you start up yourn; just tell me everything--tell me all about 'm all every one of 'm; and how they are, and what they're doing, and what they told you to tell me; and every last thing you can think of.

Analysis: Tell in Indirect Speech (pp.11-12)

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張友松 (1993) 好吧，我先歇會兒嘴，讓你把話匣子打開吧！

你乾脆把什麼都告訴我 --給我說說他們大夥兒的事情 -- 個個都得說到才行；他們怎麼樣，都在幹什麼，還有他們叫你給我說什麼話；你不管想到什麼，都說給我聽聽吧！

Analysis: Tell in Indirect Speech (pp.11-12)

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黎裕漢 (1987) 現在我先住口，讓你說吧。你告訴我所有的

事 --所有的人的所有的事 -- 人人說到，他們怎樣，都在做什麼，還有他們叫你告訴我什麼，只要你想到的，就都說說吧。

Analysis: Tell in Indirect Speech (pp.11-12)

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文怡虹 (2001) 現在我要休息一下，換你來說。你必須告訴我家裏每一個人的事情，大事小事都要說。他們近來可好？現在都在做些什麼事情？他們又要你對我說些什麼？凡是你能想到的，都說給我聽。

Analysis: Tell in Indirect Speech (pp.11-12)

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賈文浩＆賈文淵 (2005) 讓我就此打住，換你說給我聽吧，把他們的事

都告訴我，說說每個人是什麼模樣，都在做些什麼，他們要你告訴我什麼，你能想到什麼就說什麼。

Analysis: Tell in Indirect Speech (pp.11-12)

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The first tell 告訴 The second tell 說 / 說說

formality & illocutionary force Eng: tell

Ch: 告訴 vs. 說 /說說

Analysis: Tell in Indirect Speech (pp.11-12)

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OVERVIEW I. Introduction II. Theoretical Framework

Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model

III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech Trans. of Tell in direct speech Trans. of S’I as repetition

IV. Retranslation Retrans. of Say and S’I

V. Conclusion

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And the place was plum full of farmers and farmers’ wives, to dinner; and such another clack a body never heard. Old Mrs. Hotchkiss was the worst; her tongue was a-going all the time. She says: ‘Well, Sister Phelps, I’ve ransacked that-air cabin over, an’ I b’lieve the nigger was crazy. I says to Sister Damrell—didn’t I, Sister Damrell?—s’I, he’s crazy, s’I—them’s the very words I said. You all hearn me: he’s crazy, s'I; everything shows it, s’I. Look at that-air grindstone, s’I; want to tell ME’t any cretur ‘t’s in his right mind‘s a goin’ to scrabble all them crazy things onto a grindstone, s’I? ……

Analysis: S’I as repetition (pp. 12-15)

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張友松 (1993)

屋子裡擠滿了好些農夫和他們的老婆，都是來吃午飯的；大夥兒又在那兒嘮叨，那股熱鬧氣氛實在是少見。哈克斯老太婆最聒噪；她嘴裡簡直說個不停，她說：

「噢，斐爾普斯大嫂，我把那個小屋子全搜遍了，我看那個黑人簡直是發了瘋。我給丹木瑞大嫂這麼說了－－是不是，丹木瑞大嫂？我說，他瘋了，我說－－我就是這麼說的。你們大夥兒都聽見了我的話；他瘋了，不管從哪兒都看得出，我說。你們看那塊磨石吧，難道要叫我相信，不是個有神經病的傢伙，還能在磨石上劃那些瘋頭瘋腦的話嗎？…

Analysis: S’I as repetition (pp. 12-15)

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黎裕漢 (1987) 屋裏擠滿了農夫農婦在吃午飯，七嘴八舌，場面

熱鬧空前。哈克斯老太太最糟糕，她的舌頭一直就未停過。她說：

「唉，費爾浦斯姐妹，我把那個小屋裏面都搜查過了，我看那個黑人有毛病。我和但姆瑞爾姐妹說 -- 是不是，但姆瑞爾姐妹？ -- 我說，他瘋啦，我說 -- 我就是這樣說的。你們大家都聽見了我的話：他瘋啦，我說；無論從那一點都看得出，我說。你們看那塊磨石。我說；難道要叫我相信頭腦清楚的人，會在磨石上刻那些瘋話嗎？我說。…

Analysis: S’I as repetition (pp. 12-15)

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文怡虹 (2001) 家裏可擠滿了農夫和他們的太太，他們是來吃飯

的。我從來沒有看過像這樣吵鬧的場面，其中特別是以霍區基斯老太太最為饒舌，全部只聽見她的聲音。她說：

「啊，菲爾普斯妹妹，我把那間小屋徹頭徹尾地搜了一遍，我確信，那個黑奴一定是瘋了。我對頓勒爾妹妹就是這麼說的‥‥頓勒爾妹妹，我是不是這樣說的？妹子啊！他一定是瘋啦！‥‥這就是我說過的話。你們全都聽到我說的話了嗎？他一定是瘋了。在在都說明了這一點。就先看看那個磨刀石吧！有誰能夠告訴我，一個腦子清醒的人會在磨刀石上刻下這麼多的瘋話。 …

Analysis: S’I as repetition (pp. 12-15)

ALL s’Is are ignored and omitted!

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賈文浩＆賈文淵 (2005) 屋子裡擠滿了農民和他們的老婆，都是被邀請來

吃午飯的。人們又吵又鬧，那種混亂場面實在少見。霍奇基斯老太太比誰都多嘴，她老是說個不停：

「唔，費爾普斯大嫂，我把那個小屋全搜遍了，我猜想那個黑人發了瘋。我跟達姆瑞爾大嫂就是這麼說的，不是嗎，達姆瑞爾大嫂？我說，他發了瘋，我當時就是這麼說的。你們都聽見我說了吧，他發了瘋，我說。裡面的東西全能證明他發了瘋，我說。看看那扇磨盤吧，要是說刻在那上面的話不是瘋話，誰能相信呀，我說 。…

Analysis: S’I as repetition (pp. 12-15)

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Repetitions-afford the mind time to work up verbal

extensions and variations of the central ideas.

-limit their discussion to a few reliable and specific terms.

S’I vs. 我說different functions in Eng. & Ch.reiterative 我說 in Ch ： eccentric,

redundant Complete omission: loss of stylistic features

Analysis: S’I as repetition (pp. 14-15)

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OVERVIEW I. Introduction II. Theoretical Framework

Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model

III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech Trans. of Tell in direct speech Trans. of S’I as repetition

IV. Retranslation Retrans. of Say and S’I

V. Conclusion

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Retranslation: Say in Direct Speech

(pp. 15-16) 有一會兒，他們停下來不說話了──心裏想著什麼。後來國王先開口，有點心不在焉： 「哼，我們還以為是那些黑奴偷走的！」 他這一說我心裏可不安了！ 公爵不慌不忙，接他的話挖苦他說：「是啊！是『我們』以為。」 大概過了半分鐘，國王慢慢地吐出幾個字：「至少『我』是這麼想的。」 公爵也學他的語氣：「才怪！是『我』這麼想。」 國王有點被惹火了，問他說：「嗶嘰華，你給我聽著，你是什麼意思？」 公爵很爽快地反擊：「講到這個嘛，我也想問你，『你』又是什麼意思？」 國王諷刺地搭腔：「少來了 ！我怎麼會知道。也許是你自己睡著了，搞不清楚自己幹了什麼好事。」

說

說 慢慢地說

說

說

說

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過了一會兒，有個醉鬼試著要闖進場子裡 --他吵著要騎馬；還誇口他可以騎得比任何人都好。他們就跟他吵起來，要把他趕出去，可是他偏不聽，整個表演就被迫暫停了。大夥兒就吼他，取笑他，他氣不過就開始鬧場；這下子把大夥兒惹毛了，有很多人從座位上跑下來，一窩蜂朝場子衝過去，還大聲咆哮：「修理他！把他丟出去！」有一兩個女人還尖叫起來。這時候，領班出來跟大夥兒說了幾句話，他勸大家不要把事情鬧大，只要那個人保證不會再鬧事，而且覺得自己能坐穩在馬背上，那就讓他騎騎看。

Retranslation: Say in indirect Speech

(pp. 16-17)

說 說

說

告訴大家說

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屋子裡擠滿了農夫和他們的老婆，都是來吃午飯的；大夥兒你一句我一句，熱鬧的不得了。哈其斯婆婆話最多，嘴巴講個不停，她說： 「哎呀，費普斯大嫂，我翻遍那個小屋子，那個黑人肯定瘋了。我跟丹瑞爾大嫂說過 -- 不是嗎？丹瑞爾大嫂，我跟你說過 -- 他瘋了，我就是說 --就是說他瘋了嘛。你們都聽到了吧：他瘋了，我都說了，從那些東西就可以看出來，我說過，看那塊磨石就知道；我也說過，那個正常人會在一塊磨石上刻那些有的沒有的？

Retranslation: S’I as Repetition (pp. 17-19)

我說我說

我說我說

我說

And the place was plum full of farmers and farmers’ wives, to dinner; and such another clack a body never heard. Old Mrs. Hotchkiss was the worst; her tongue was a-going all the time. She says: ‘Well, Sister Phelps, I’ve ransacked that-air cabin over, an’ I b’lieve the nigger was crazy. I says to Sister Damrell—didn’t I, Sister Damrell?—s’I, he’s crazy, s’I—them’s the very words I said. You all hearn me: he’s crazy, s'I; everything shows it, s’I. Look at that-air grindstone, s’I; want to tell ME’t any cretur ‘t’s in his right mind‘s a goin’ to scrabble all them crazy things onto a grindstone, s’I? ……

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1. 我說過 is less formal than 我說 . (colloquial)2. 我說 in Ch is usually followed by a speech; awkward repetition3. 我說過 sounds natural at either end of an utterance in Chinese.4. 說過 /說了 /就是說 place more emphasis on the given info.

OVERVIEW I. Introduction II. Theoretical Framework

Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model

III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech Trans. of Tell in direct speech Trans. of S’I as repetition

IV. Retranslation Retrans. of Say and S’I

V. Conclusion

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Conclusion (p. 19)

say and tell in indirect discourse 說說 say in direct speech 回答（說）回答（說） if it appears to be a

response in the dialogue s’I (say I): two extreme approachesreiterative 我說我說ignored thouroghly

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NRVs (say and tell) offer little information about the intention or attitude in an utterance.

The translators do well in transferring the literal meaning, but they do not pay consistent attention to the context assigned to particular SA representation or derive their connoted meanings by means of interpretation.

The translation of SA shall correspond to the speaker’s intention and lend an air of verisimilitude.

Conclusion (p. 19)

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~THANK YOU VERY MUCH~