инфраструктура и транспорт

ЕВРОПА И ЦЕНТРАЛЬНАЯ АЗИЯ

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИСИСТЕМ ТЕПЛОСНАБЖЕНИЯВ СТРАНАХ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙИ ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЕВРОПЫИ РЕСПУБЛИКАХ БЫВШЕГОСОВЕТСКОГО СОЮЗА

Документ Всемирного банкаИнформационный центр в России

JOINT UNDP / WORLD BANKENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP)

PURPOSE

The Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme(ESMAP) is a special global technical assistance program run as part of the World Bank'sEnergy, Mining and Telecommunications Department. ESMAP provides advice togovernments on sustainable energy development. Established with the support of UNDPand bilateral official donors in 1983, it focuses on the role of energy in the developmentprocess with the objective of contributing to poverty alleviation, improving living conditionsand preserving the environment in developing countries and transition economies.ESMAP centers its interventions on three priority areas: sector reform and restructuring;access to modern energy for the poorest; and promotion of sustainable energy practices.

GOVERNANCE AND OPERATIONS

ESMAP is governed by a Consultative Group (ESMAP CG) composed of representativesof the UNDP and World Bank, other donors, and development experts from regionsbenefiting from ESMAP's assistance. The ESMAP CG is chaired by a World Bank VicePresident, and advised by a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) of four independent energyexperts that reviews the Programme's strategic agenda, its work plan, and itsachievements. ESMAP relies on a cadre of engineers, energy planners, and economistsfrom the World Bank to conduct its activities under the guidance of the Manager ofESMAP, responsible for administering the Programme.

FUNDING

ESMAP is a cooperative effort supported over the years by the World Bank, the UNDPand other United Nations agencies, the European Union, the Organization of AmericanStates (OAS), the Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE), and public and privatedonors from countries including Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Finland,France, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal,Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.

FURTHER INFORMATION

An up-to-date listing of completed ESMAP projects is appended to this report. For furtherinformation, a copy of the ESMAP Annual Report, or copies of project reports, contact:

ESMAPc/o Energy and Water

The World Bank1818 H Street, NW

Washington, DC 20433U.S.A.

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ABIYCT 2000 r.

COBMeCTHaq nporpamma nlPOOH / BceMwpHoro EaHKa no ynpaBneHL4103HepreTj4eCKLM ceK7opoM (ESMAP)

Copyright © 2001The International Bank for Reconstructionand Development/THE WORLD BANK1818 H Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.

All rights reservedManufactured in the United States of AmericaFirst printing August 2000

ESMAP Reports are published to communicate the results of the

ESMAP's work to the development community with the least possible

delay. The typescript of the paper therefore has not been prepared in

accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal documents.

Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are

not readily available.

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this

paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in

any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to

members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they

represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data

included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever

for any consequence of their use. The Boundaries, colors,

denominations, other information shown on any map in this volume do

not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgement on the

legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such

boundaries.

The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for

permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the ESMAP

Manager at the address shown in the copyright notice above. ESMAP

encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give

permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial

purposes, without asking a fee.

"ESMAP Values your Feedback

If you have found this report useful, or would like toprovide comments on our reports and services, please

log on to our website at www.esmap.org and leaveyour feedback. In this way we can better understandour audience's needs and improve the quality of our

knowledge products. Thank you.

ESMAP Management"

Cogep)KaHme

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Pic. D-1 nP9MOE C0E1 LIHEHWE L4T C rmgPO3flEBATOPOM, nOgAmoWUM CMEWAHHYK)nogBO,a,qLgYO L OBPATHYKO BO,QY AMJ B nOCiEQOBATEI1bHO COE,D,HEHHblE PA,1MATOP61................................................................................................................................ 195

PLic. D-2 KOCBEHHOE nOJKmOHEHWE L4T (K PAVMATOPAM,COEF4HEHHb1M nAPAJ1JlEnbHo) .............................................. 195

PLc. F-1 TEnmOHAnP9>KEHHOCTb L APXLTEKTYPA CET ... .............................. 220PLC. F-2 L.HBECT14LMOHH61E 3ATPATbl L TEnfOonOTEPL KAK 4YHKL,ifl5 OT

AMAMETPA TPYbI ........................................................ 220PLc. F-3 HAnP5>KEHHOCTb HArPY3KW M L HBECTWL4LOHHblE 3ATPATbl B L4EHTPAJIM3OBAHHOM

TEnnOCHAB)KEH ......................................................... 221

vii

Pmc. F-4 OpeH6ypr: 06L4erogoBbie 3aTpaTbl Ha TennOBYIO 3Heprn*o Ha )Krli4JLLe c y'-eTOM 1

6e3 3aTpaT Ha oxpaHy oKpy>Katou4ev cpeAbi ................................. 223

Puc. F-5 Bpo4,naB: 06LLeroAoBbie 3aTpaTbl Ha TennOBYIO 3Hepn4lO Ha >KmnwL4e c y'eTOM A

6e3 3aTpaT Ha oxpaHy OKpy)K2atI4e~i cpeAbi ................................ 223

viii

npegmcnoBmeBceMHpHM,I BaHK, TaK wKe KaK H lapyrHe meHBCyHapoaHbie Z tBYCTOPOHHHe HHCTHTYTbIpa3BHTHA IBJIEOTCS Ba)KHb6IMH HCTOtIHHKaMH ¢HHaHCHpOBaHHA HHBeCTHUHf! BMOAePHH3aUMEO ceKTopa TeriJIoCHa6)KeHHA B UBE/FCC. HaCTOAWHH OTvieT CTaBHT iUejBEOllpHBeCTH BCe 3TH HHBeCTIHIUIHH rIOg o6UH KOHTeKCT peCTpYKTYPH3aiUiH CeKTOpa. OHOCHOBaH Ha npoeiTe ESMAP "rIoBEiiueHHe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TeCaJoCHa6KeHHS BIJBE/lBCC", a Taioie Ha OrpOMHOM oribiTe pa6oTE,I B cdepe ueHTpaJI30BaHHoroTerU[OCHa6weHHSA (U{T) Kay B 3anaaHoR EBpone, TaK H B LUBE/BCC.

ESMAP OKxa3aI 4HHaHCOBYiO iiO,epICKY HaCTOSIAeMY HCCiieOBaHHIO C geEI,O H3yXIeHHAciie,4yioHx acIIeKToB:

O KaKHIe 4 aiTopbI orIpeaeJsOT BbI6op 3KOHOMWIeCKH iipegIIOxTHTeJIbHEIX BapHaHTOBTelljiocHa6wKeHHsI H3 piga aJThTepHaTHB?

O rIPH KaKHx o6CTOSTeETIcTBax UIT, ,eieHTpM3OBaHHoe TeHjioCHa6)KeHHe IIpHpOXiH.IMra3OM HJIH Apyra CaHTTepHaTHBaCTaHOBTCA ipezrOIITHTeCjiHEim BapHaHToM?

O KaK HHCTHTYItHOHanbHaS cpeza AOJDKHa H3MeHHTh>CA C TeM, tITo6bI cnoco6cTBoBaTB3KOHOMIqHOA cHcTeMe ipe=oKCeHHA TerIJ1oBori 3HeprCH H cupoca Ha Hee?

O KaK iiperiotTHT=efHWHA BapHaHT MOKHO peaJIH3oBaTb, eCJIH CTfpaHbI UBEASCCHaXO,LXTCA Ha nepexoxHom 3Tane?

'ITo6bI OTBeTHTh Ha 3TH BOIIpOCbI 6bumH npOBeaeHL HCCJIeiaOBaHHM Ha IipHMepaX CHTyauHH,CJIOXKHBffercA C TeniocHa6fKeHHeM B meCTH ropozax IjBE/ECC B 1996 r.: B;jHenporieTpoBcKe (YKpaHHa), B KayHace (JIHTBa), B OpeH6ypre (PoccHH), B CO@ZH(BoairapHA), B THMHmoape (PyMbIHHA) H BO BpoivIaBe (fIojn,ma). Bo Bcex iecTH ropoaaxLUT ABjiseTCA ZOMHHHpy oLLez TexHojiorHeHl TeImoCHa6)KeHHIA.

B HccjiezoBaHHslx eeCTH rOpo0oB HCnOJIL3oBanIH oHHaKoByio MeTo,oAorHio, KKoTopaAgenaiia yIIOp Ha alaJIH3 o67eMa 3aMeHbI OaHorO BHza TOnJIBa AipyrHM, BbI6HpaS MexKIy LITH aABTepHaTHBaMH, TaKHMH KaK BHyTpHAIoMOBbIe HJIH KBaPTHPH6ie KOTJHI C HCIIOJib3OBaHHeMnpHpoAHoro ra3a. Bonpoc KOHKypeHIIHH MeexJy BHaaMH TonJIHBa, Ho BCeil BHIHMOCTH,He,0CTaTOqHLM 06pa3oM peiuaeTCA BO MHorHX TeXHHKO-3KOHOMHHeCKHX o6oCHOBaHHAX(T3O) CHcTeM LIT, KOTopibie 6E TH BbIIonHeHE.I paHee. MeTo,AonorHIx TaKoKe no gepKHy.naBa)KHOCT.b BbEiBjieHHA HHCTHTYWHOHaHIbHE,IX H riojiHTHqeCKHX H3MeHeHHr, KOTOpbIeTpe6yioTCr cAnXs o6ecieeIeHHIA CooTBeTCTByIoUeH cpeili JMAI 3KOHOMHIIOH CHCTeMbInpeagowIeHHA TerIJIOBOii 3HeprHH H cupoca Ha Hee.

B HaCTOsIueM oTmeTe o6o6iuaioTcA OCHOBHEIe 4aKTETI Ho H3yqaeMEiM ripMmepaM HOCBeILIaOTCA KJInOtieB6Ie BOIIpOCEI, C KOTOpLIMH CTaJIKHBaIOTCS ripoitecc MOAePHM3auHCHCTeM LIT, KoMMepIxHaMlH3a x KOMnIaHHII B CeKTope TenrIOCHa6)KeHHSI Ir Tpe6oBaHHAInojiHT1HNecKHx H3MeHeHHA. B HeM rIpegCTaBJIeH61 IpiHMep]61 HaHJiyxInef ripaKTHKH npHIIpOBe,aeHHH pe4OpM B LUBE/BCC H HHBeCTHIHSAX, HanpaBeHHoX Ha anOBsM eHHe344eKTHBHOCTH TennIoCHa6)KeHHA.

ix

AaHHIHbrn OTieT CTaBHT uejibO OKa3aHHe nOMOI (1) COTpyaHHKaM BceMHpHoro BaHKa iipH

IIOAFOTOBKe H peaJIH3aUHH npoeKToB LIT; (2) IIOJIHTHKaM H HniaHHpywOmiM opraHaM B

I-BE/FCC, KOTOPie 3aHHMaIOTCSI npo6JIeMaMH peCTpyKTYPH3aiXH ceKTopa TeIIIOCHa6)KeHHS

H (3) KOHCYJThTaHTaM IIpH IIoarOTOBKe TeXHHKO-3KOHoMiecKHx o6ocHoBaHIHf iiO

HHBeCTHIIHSM B ceKTope TenjiocHa6KeHHA.

x

Bblpa)KeHHe npH3HaTenbHOCTII

HaCTOAIIIHrI oT'eT 6. 11OArOTOBJieH AHKe Maiiep H Bojib4raHroM MocTepToM. Pa6oTanpoxoAHiia BOA PYKOBOACTBOM BHjUIeMa 'Ijiopa H ripH yIaCTHH AHPH BoccaHa, BepHztaKajibKyMa IHTepa KBaaKa, KOTOpbIe 6bumII 1acTLio OCHOBHOi KOMaHgbI, peajIH30BaBiueAfpoeKT ESMAP. Pa3aemi IIO peKOHCTpyK1HH C gejiuo rioBbi11eHHA 3Heproc6epe2KeHHs B3AaHHAx OCHOBaHBI Ha pa6oTe 3pHKa MapTHHO Ai BCeMHPHOro BaHKa. MB 6narogapHMHamIlHX KOijier B BaHKe H 3a ero npe2eJiaMH 3a HX COTpyAHH'eCTBO BO BpeMSIIpoIoJDKHTenIbHoro IepHoga 11O,ZrOTOBKH HacTosAIero oTqeTa, B qaCTHOCTH, MaTcaAH;IepccOHa, rIeHTTH Apo, PaJnHga Bem4eccayga, J1)KOHa BecaHT-,;xIOHca, X3HKa B)yca,BHToJIi.Laa Tepy6HHa, JibBa opafHKMaHa, )xKO rFHJIJHHra, KapOJIHH roineHyp, MapKaXaTITHepa, MaypHiLa XeHKeMaHca, Top,a XonbMcTpoMa, rIaBna KaMHHCKH, OMHHHKaJIaiMaHa, JlacJIo JIOBeH, CaAMOH MaAIHeT, xiHMa My3a, MaHTaca HoruHyca, APTOHYOPKHBH, 3pHKa IleTepcoHa, H4OHyT IypHia, JH HiliHrnepa, KOHCTaHTHHa CKOPHKa, r3pHCTarFHHca, rOCH YTHMYPY, flerrH YHJIbCOH H CairmaHa 3axeepa.

HaCTOAsIH OT'qeT OCHOBaH Ha pe3yJ11TaTaX HCC1ieCOBaHHB UiiecTH ropOOB, 11peARpHHKTbIXrpyIrnaMH KOHCYJbTaHTOB H3 MVV/Sofregaz, Stork Comprimo H Tebodin/ECN/ENECO. Mi6JIaro AapHui rocy,gapCTBeHHb1m opraHam mecCTH rOp0,0OB, B KOTopbiX ripOBOHIHCbHccie2ROBaHHA, a TaKwoe uIpaBHTeJ1BCTBaM COOTBeTCTByIOIIIHX CTpaH 3a OKa3aHHYIO HMHno[ep)KKy. Pa6oTa ocymecTBmnLacB rIpH 4HHaHcoBoRI io=IepXcKe MHHHCTepcTBa3KOHoMHEIecKHx AenI HHgepnaHaoB, riporpaMMbi THERMIE KOMHCCHH EBpoIIezcKoroColo3a H 6aHKa "KpezrHTaHm-ramT 41op BHgepay¢6ay", Ha OCHOBe peKoMeHgau1Ht MHor0xCrIeIiHaJIHCTOB IIO TeIJIOCHa6)KeHHIO B BoCTOmHO1I H 3aria,AHof EBpone, a TaioKe HHCTHTYTOBpa3BHTHS. Be3 wTOt rioepKKH H peKoMeHgaIHA ipoeKT He cMor 6uI OCyiieCTBHTbCIE.

xi

CoKpaugeHHsi

13CC 6b6BrIRIR COBeTCKHl CO0O3

BNIT Bi,ICumA HOKa3aTeiJT TermOTBOPHOCTH

EBKEB ropsqas BoQa IS KoMMyHaJIEHO-

6frrOBOrO B0A0CHa6xeHHs

EEiPP EBporieicKHIf 6aHK peKOHCIpyKLUHH i

pa3BHTHS (EBponeiIcKHIi 6aHK)

EME EBponeiicKHz HHBecTHLH0HHbI 6aHK

EC EBponericKHii COIO3

300C 3arpaTni Ha oxpaHy oKpywaiomeR cpezgi

K03Y KOMIIaHHAsno o0K3aHHo3HepreTecKHx ycnyr

KIIT3 KoM6EIHHpoBaHHoe 11POH3BOXACTBO

TeILIIOBO H 3H ieKTpHqeCK0f 3HeprHH

KTP KiiaiiaH TepMOCTaTa pa,HaTopaJI4T nerKoe HcTHI oTHoe TOIJIHBO (Macno

,aJs TennocHa6xweHHA KOMMyHaJIbHO-

6IrrOBoro Ha3HaqeHHA)

MBPP (BE) MexyHapozaHui 6aHK peKoHCTpyKUIHH

H pa3BHTHS3 (BCeMHpHMi6 BaHK)

MCH MepbI Ha CTOpoHe Harpy3KH

M(DK Mex(gyHapoAHas3 ¢HaHCoBaaKoPrIoPaI1HA

HI HH3Koe aaeneHHeHMI He3aBHCHMIMf ripOH3BOAHTejU,

3J1eKTpO3HeprHHOK 0T01HTeJIbHBIe KOTeiibHBIe

rI4)1 npe,geJhHEIe H3gep KKH XIHTejibHoronepHoza

I13 IIOJIH3TH.ieH

P3T3 pacnpeaeIHTenb 3aTPaT Ha Te1LIOBYEO3HeprHIo

P03 PeryjmpyiotgiiH opraH 10 n3HepreTKeCA1 cpe2AHee gawBeHHe

CIT CHCTeMa IjeHTPajiH30BaHHoroTeriJIocHa6>KeHHIA

TTM TAxcejioe TOnO0HOe MacJIo (ma3yT)

TMI TBep,bie IIaCTHIEBT3LJ TenIIo3ieKTpoieHTpanE,[IBE LeHTpaJiiHaAE H BOCTOHHaA EBpona

1IT ueHTPJaiH30BaHHoe TeHJIOCHa62KeHHe

MITC qHCTaq TeEyniaA CTOHMOCTh

W/YII HaCTHoe yXIaCTHe B HH1paCTpyKType3T 3KC1jIYaTauHS H Texo6CJIY)KHBaHHe

xii

EgtHHI14A6 H3MepeHM5IUTE BPHTaHcKaA TeIIJIOBa. eaRHHHua

rKanI rHraxajiopHs (OqHH MHJIMHOH KHJIoKaopHW{)r,A rHrazLpKoyJIb (ozHa TLICsiqa Meraa,xoyjieri)K,iXI KHJIOpKOyOJIB

KBT.-I KHJIOBaTi. 'acMBT.'I MeraBaTT. 'ac

M3 meraBaTT 3JieKTPHieCKHMMT MeraBaiT TepMaiBHbMi

TCY TOHHBI cTaHnxapTHorO yrZiTAX TePauPKOYJIE

flepeBoc4 3HepreTL*iecKIlx ecUHHl4

I ETE = 1,05506 Kg)K

1 FKaJI = 1,16 MBT.tq= 4,19 17)x= 1,75 napoBbieTOHHbI /Tiac

1 rL7x = 0,278 MBT.ti== 0,239 FKai = 0,42napOBrie TOHHrI /Mac

1 MBT = 0,86 FKaA = 3,6 fAxc= 1,52 iapOBbIeTOHHBI /ac

1 m3 ippOHaHbir ra3 = 8,5 MKaA (HH3=ik ripegenTerIJIOTBOPHOCTH) = 35,86 MNK = 9,88KBT.Tq

1 TCY = 7 FKaii = 29,3 FAAc= 8,15 MBT.1l

BanloTHble 3KBHBanJeHTbI

KypCE,I BaHjOT no oTHoueHHO K 1 zonuapy CLIA (CpegHHri 3a nepHo;z):

EoArapHA TIHTBa flona,a PYMEJIHH POCCHA YKpaHHa(nieB) (ri4T) (anommTr) (neH) (py6nm,) (rpiiBHa)

Zpe,nHHH 3a 1996 r. 178 4,0 2,70 3084 5067 1,832peXHHi 3a 1999 r. 1,84 4,0 3,97 15333 24,62 4,13

xiii

mIcnonHMTenbHoe pe3iome

BBeAeHme

TennocHa6xceHHe ABjiAeTCS 2KH3HeHHOI4 3HepreTHtIecKoA yCJIyro B crpaHax LjeHTpajibHOA HBOCTot°HoI EBPOIILI H 6biBmero CoBeTcKoro CoIo3a. B 60JIHUIIIHHCTBe 3THX cTpaH 1JTABJiSeTCS1 OCHOBHEIM HCTOqHHIKOM Teiiia ,UISi ropOACKorO, )KHJHIlHoro, o6mecTBeHHoro HKOMMepTIeCKOro ceKTOpOB, a TaK>xe BaXKHLIM HCTOtIHHKOM zm iIpOMMIIIuIeHHoroHCHORb3OBaHmH Teniia. B 6o0iee KpYnHE>rx ropo,ax UT MOweT flOCTaBJISlTh Tenio H ropAryloBO,ay,aJI5 KoMMyHaiEIHo-6bITOBOrO BogocHa6x(eHHA rioHTH B 90 % )KHJTIX H KoMMepqecKHx32aaHHA.

KpyrrHuie UeHTP1IH3OBaHHbie CHCTeMbI IJT CTaIH riofyJIASPHBI B 50-x rogaX KaK cpeacTBoAn.A yiiyqiimeHHA Bceo6wero 3HepreTHiecKoro 6ariaHca 6inaroaaps HCnOJib3OBaHOHIo TenniaTOIO'qHiiX ra3OB, o6pa3yiouuIxcA ITPH BbIpa6oTKe 3jieKTpo3HeprHH. TenJIoBbIe Harpy3KHnpeAocTaBjisAnH B03MO)KHOCTE 3KCIIJIYaTaXHH rpeHMyIecTB xoM6HHHpoBaHHoroIIpOH3BOACTBa 3JieKTpo3HeprHH H TennIa. KT 3JIHeKTpOCTaHUHH C KOM6HHHpOBaHHLIMn1POH3BOACTBOM MOKeT oCTHmra,T 90 % E 6onee. TaKoe KoM6HHHpoBaHHoe ripOH3BOaCTBOTeriOBOr 3HeprHH HI 3ieKTpHtieCKORi (T3L1) ripegrparaeT cyWecTBeHHE,Ie BMIrOaI,I IIOCpaBHeHHIO C THI1HEHIM KIl,Z ripH BbIpa6oTKe 3IieKTpO3HeprHH HipHMepHO B 35 % HaTeIJIOBLIX KoH,eHCaIIHOHHIAX 3eIKTpoCTaHimiX H IpH OTgeiiEHoM IIpOH3BOgCTBe TennaOTOIIHTeJIEHbIMH KOTeJI,HEBIMH.

B cTpaHax IUBE/BCC npemyiecTBo T3Lt 6E,IH peanjH3OBaHbI iHIubE Ha CKPOMHOM ypOBHe,HeCMOTpq Ha HmeCOLUHik5Ir OTeHLHaii LIT. KaK npaBHnio, TOJIbKO He6oJIEuiasA 'aCTb,3HeproCHa6)KeHHA[ B o6iueHaujOHaimHoM MacdTa6e HIPOH3BO,ZTCA Ha T3J. Hap3iAy cOTCYTCTBHeM Texo6CRy)CHBaHHA H E HHaHCHpOBaHHI TexHonorimecicoroycoBepmeHcTBoBaHHIA, CHCTeMa UJT H riOEIKIo4eHHbe 3 aHHs B UBE/FCC CTaiiH cKopeeCHMBOijaMH pacrpaTEi 3HeprHH, xeM 3HepreTwiecKoki 3c1MFeKTHBHOCTH. HoTpe6HTeirn HeMOryT KOHTPOJIHPOBsaTE, oTpe6JIeHHe Teiila, H pearHpyeT Ha rieperpeB, oTKpLiBaA oyHa, aaxKe3HMObI. B pe3yjibTaTe BwIcoKHe H3,epxKH CHCTeM LIT CTaJIH IBHEIMH B Haqajie 90-x rozoB,KOrga ijeHbI Ha iTepBHqHbIe 3HeprOHOCHTeJIH B 3THX CTpaHaX BEIpOChIH O YpOBHei MHpOBEIXpEIHKOB. BcJIe,cTBHe 3TOrO, 3anpamI Ha TenfjioBy1o 3HeprHio CTa&IH COCTaBISITb3Ha'qHTeJE6HLie IHpOrOpLIHH OT AOXOJOB CeMEH H MYHHUHI1aE,EHbiX 6ion)eToB. Bgo6aBoK, BOMHOrHX ropoAax IIPOH3Bo.IcTBeHHbe MOLHOCTH LT BMeCTe c apyrHMN ( opMaMHHH.IHBHAyaJIbHOrO OTOniieHHS IIpHBOAAT K 3arPS3HeHHiO BO3AyXa H CepEe3HO BJIHSEOT Ha3nOpOBbe ropoacKHx )KHTeiieri.

BCeMHpHEbIi BaHK, TaK 2Ke KaK H Apyrme MeICyHapOnHbIe H ABYCTOPOHHHe HHCTHTYTBIpa3BHTHS, ABjS1eTCA Ba)KHLIM HCTOxmHHKOM 4HHaHCHpoBaHHIA HHBeCTHUHIM B MoaRepHH3nauoceKTopa TeriuOCHa6teHHA B LIBE/BCC. HaCTOAWHil OTHeT CTaBHT UeJIbIO IIpHBeCTH BCe 3THHHBeCTHIIHH IIO,4 o6fHI KOHTeKCT peCTpyKTYPH3aIjH CeeKTOpa. OH OCHOBaH Ha ripoeKTeESMAP "IlOBbnIIIeHHe 34FeKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TeniOCHa6)IeHHA B [TBE/BCC" a TaKwe HaorpOMHOM orinrre pa6oTEmI B c4epe gieHTpaiiH3oBaHHoro TerninoCHa6weHHs (ITT) KaK B3ana,aHorI EBpone, TaK H B LIBE/FCC.

1

2 rIOBbImeHHe 3c"eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TeIUIOCHa6feHHA B CTpaHaX UeHTpajBiHOIl H BOCTO4HOR EBporni H

pecny6.iiKax 6blBmero CoBeTcKoro C0103a

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cnelyiouHx acneKToB:

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o rpIu Kaicx o6CTOSTeJIbCTBax 1IT, aei eHTpani30BaHHoeTeHImoCHa6)KeHHe npHpOUHIIM

ra3oM H2IH gpyras aJIBTepHaTHBa CTaHOBMTCS npeZMOIOITHTelBHbIM BapHaHToM?

O KaK HHcTHTyuHoHajmHaS cpeja IOJDKHa H3MeHHTLCS C TeM, 'T0o6j icnoCo6CTBOBaT

CHH2KeHHIO 3aTpaT B CHCTeMe npe,gno)KeHHA TennOBoAi 3HeprHH H cnpoca Ha Hee?

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YCJIOBHIr, H oTBeTEI Ha BUiUeyIOMqHyThIe BOIIpOCBI MoryT 6BIrr B OCHOBHOM CB3I3aHEI C

cHTya1IHer Ha MeCTe, 6Ebuo pemieHo opraHK3OBTb a IiocrOTOBKy oTrieTa Ha ps3ge

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3 TH HCCiie0OBaHKS 6uini 11pOBeaeHLI Ha ipHmepax CHTyauHH C TeriJIoCHa6)KeHHeM,

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KayHace (TIHTBa), B OpeH6ypre (PoccHH), B Co4HA (EonirapHA), B TMHinoape (PYMbnIHHs) R

BO BporljiaBe (flo.,ma). Bo Bcex IUeCTH ropouax UIT ABjiAeTCA ;jOMHHHpyioUjeA

TexHojiorHeAXM TenrIocHa6)KeHHlA.

B HccJiegBaHHSix mIIeCTH rOpOfosB 6E,ma HCIIOJE63OBsaHa OHHaKoBa MeTo0ojiOrSi, KOTOpa0

genania ynop Ha aBaJM3 o6beMa 3aMeHb,I ozHoro BHsa To0UHBa XpyrHM, BI6Hpas Mexy U1T

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ripHpogHbI ra3. Bonpoc KOHKypeHIXHH MeX)Ay BHaaMH TonIHBa, 1s10 BceH BHIHMOCTH,

He,aOCTaTO'IHbIM o6pa3oM pemanicx BO MHorHX TexHHKO-3KOHOMHqIeCKHx o6oCHOBaHILiX

(T30) cHcTeM UT, KOTOpiIe 6E,DIH BbUI0IIHeHbI paHee. TaK)Ke paccmaTpHBaZocE B03XerHCTBHe

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2.2 5yAyLiwee pblHKOB Tenna B I4BE/ECC

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33

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15 HH~Oraa 4iHHaHCoBmIe pacxoaubi Bey K o6paTHomy pe3yJTh6TaTy. CTapExe OK, KOTopble roIOHocThIocnlHcaHhI, MOryT HeCTm meHBfle 3aTpaT Ha abzpa6OTmy, qe T3IU, Y IKOTOPLIX BbLime amopTH3BLIHOHHbIeoTtlHcAeHA. TaGimi o6pa3om, OK HHor~aaHCnlOJ163YIOTCS1 i1pH 6a3HiCHJIX Harpy3Kax, iaawe ecIIH Hx KrlXgHH3KHri, a BEi6pocbI BIcoRHe. TaKaA cHryaIIHA BTetieHHe HecKojiEKHx neT Ha6iiioAajiaCb6 B OXRHO11 M3 30Ho6cniy7ai BHBaHia Bapciaiae.

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16 MycopociraTeawmHe 3aBoAbi ,xnu ioKpEiTHA 6a3HCHofi Harpy3KH TerLUIocHa6xceHxR HMeiOTCA B 3anaAHOiU

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IloBEbimeHHe 3#1eITHBHOCTH CHCTeM Ten1OCHa6fKeHHA B CTpaHaX LgeHTpajihHOA H BOCTO'HHOUi EBPOrmxI H 39pecny6iixax 6lBimero CoBeTcKoro C0o03a

Tpy6oIHpOBO.zbI OT UeHTpaYibHLIX TeIIJIOnYHKTOB CHa6)iaioiiIHe HeCKOJIBKO 3gaHHi,COCTaBJSOT BTOPHWqHYIO pacnpezenIHTeJIHYIO CHCTeMy. B CHCTeMe C npSiMbIM TpaHCfiOPTOMTenRa B 3ZaHM pa3geaeHHe MexJy nIepBH'1HOrl H BTOPHqHEIM paCripeae.ieHHeM ABJ1IeTCqHPOH3BOJhH6IM.

FopsNas BOga ZISI KOMMyHaJThHO-6rITOBorO BOAOCHa6xKeHHs (FBKEB) o6LrbHonoIl1OTaBfIHBaeTCA B TeIIJ1OIIYHKTe m COOTBeTCTBeHHO BTOpHHHa5 CeTB OCHaiiieHa Tpex- HIiH4eTBipexTpy6HOF CHCTeMoH (CM. PHc. 3-1). TexHHwecKHe peiiieHHA TennionyHKTOBpa3iHmaIOTCA rIo CTpaHaM. B PYMMIHHH, rge OHI CHa62KaiOT 6onbiEIoe KOjiHtIeCTBO 3R(aHH7,9JIHHa OTBeTBjieHHi& BTOpHxIHOH CHCTeMbi BeCbMa BeniHKa (HHorga aJIHHHee riepBHt1HOrCHCTeMBI). B BojirapHIr 60JIBMHHCTBO TeIIJIOIIYHKTOB 6BIJIH C03ZaHBI B OTeJIRbHbIX 31gaHHMXKaK B 3anaAlHoeBponeAcKHx CHCTeMaX, HO 6e3 CJIOKHBIX YCTPOiCTB KOHTpOIAS HyperyJIHpoBaHHAs (CM. TaK)iKe Ta6n. 3-3).

Koppo3Is ABjiSeTCA OCHOBHO:R iipO6IIeMOH PSI TenuIoceTeRi, IIOTOMY 'ITO BbI3BIBaeT 6ojanBHeIIOTePH BOAEJ H coKpaniaeT CpOK TeXHHIIeCKO cJIy)Kf6I. B CHCTeMax, KOTopeIe OTJIH'aioTCSBEICOKHMH IIOTeP1MR BO2Li, riOCTOAHHO Tpe6yeTcSq o6aBJSTb, nOqrnHTO'HyIO BOgy; HHorga6o0iee 100 pa3 B ro,. B 3anagHof& EBporie COBpeMeHHEie TeXHOJIOrHH He Tpe6yloT(HanpHMep, B (DHHAsHaHH) 6onee oaHoro HJIH AByx flOIIOflHeHHi B roRt. rIOMHMOarpeCCHBHMIX riog3eMHBIX BOa, noriagaIOEHX B 6eToHHMie KaHaJIIE, nOAtnHTOqHaq BoganLoxoro Ka'eCTBa B3nSeTCS1 OCHOBHOM ripHxiHHOii KOPpO3HH Tpy6. TiaCTO MOIIHOCTHYCTaHOBOK 110no rOTOBKe BOblI, KOTopBIe o6bmno HaXOZSTCS Ha TeppHTOpHHTellJIOueHTpaJIek, HegOCTaTOmHbi, XIA TOrO, xrro6E 6opOTmCA C TaKHMH OrpOMHbIMHrIOTepfMH BO,LI.

KaK B 3ana,lHoeBponieAcKHx cTpaHax, TaK H B IJBE/3CC, ropsAas3 BOxia ABjSIeTCSnpeo6na,4aioLueA cpe.ozrr us nepega'M Teniia H ero pac1ipeaejieHHA; nap HC11Ojib3yeTCAo6LMO TOJILKO u1 riogax' npoMbIuJeHHbIM noTpe6HTeIsAM. Aaice eciiH nap 11pOH3BO2iHTCA

ni rIO(aM'H HeiTpOMbEeHHbiM rioTpe6HTeniM, OH ripeo6pa3yeTCs B ropsAylo BO,Ay, TaKHMo6pa30M, BLI3LmBa 3HatITejiEHme noTepH 3HeprHH.

3.1.3.3 3KcnnyamaUuR U peeynupoeaHue cemeui

OCHOBHLIM peXIHMOM 3KCn1UyaTa9WH CHCTeM LJT B 1IBE/SCC 6bm KpexHM YCTazHOBHBsIerocSTexieHHA B 3araIHoeBporierCKHx CHCTeMax 1pHMeHAeTCA pe)HM HeYCTaHOBHBiDeroCATe1eHHAL (CM. Pa3zei 3.1.6). B OCHOBHOM ycTaHOBHBmeecS TeHeHHe O3Ha'aeT, 'iTOTenniOCHa6XKeHHe H TenJIonoTpe6IieHHe peryniHpyeTcsi nyTeM H3MeHeHHS1 TemnepaTyp ITeqeHIHA (06EdHHO B ,Hana3OHe 70 - 1300C). Bao6aBoK, B03MO)KHO OipaHzHeHHoeperyJIHPOBaHHe MaCCOBOFO pacxo,a C riOMOLIJO HHAHBHLYaJIBHBIX HaCOCOB. HacocEI, KaKiipaBHno, He OCH=aIgaOTCA YCTPOiCTBaMH perynIHpoBaHH AJIS 3meHeHI-IH CKOpOCTH. HH3KHeHHBeCTHUHOHHbIe 3aTpaTbI ABJISEOTCS IIpeHMyiUeCTBOM 3TOUi HaCOCHOi TeXHOnIOrHH, B TOBpeMS KaK BbiCOKKHe H3XAepXKH Ha 3qjeKTPo3HeprHio ABJISeTCS HeAOCTaTKOM H3-3arOCTOSHHOrO BEbICOKOrO YPOBHS nOTOKa BO,AI.

HacocBi, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIe Ha reHepHpyioiflHx YCTaHOBKaX, nepeKa-iHBaIoT BOAy WISOToriiieHHSI repBHxIH9IX ceTeH, a (KBapTajnbHEie) Teriu1oriyHKThI nepeKaxiHBaioT ee BO

40 floBbllleHUe 34ceKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TenrocHa6x(eHHA B CTpaHaX LUeHTpaJI6HOH z BOCTOHqHOfi EBPOnml H

pecny6fntax 6blBmero COBeTCKoro CofO3a

BTOPIHHY1O ceTm. BcdoMoraTeJ,HuIe HacocHi6Ie CTaHL4HH MOrYT 6E,ITE, PaCriOjOKeHbI B

pa3JIHxIH],IX TOIKaX CeTH AJIA KOMneHCauHH rIOTepb gaBjieHHA.

,IpyrHM pa3JIHnHeM B 3KCiifYyaTaMHH ABJiAeTCH TO, 'ITO OTOnineHHe rOpOAcKHX iOMeIUIeHHf4 B

CHCTeMaX 1IBE/BCC 06bMHO BKjUOIoaeTCS JIHIIIb TOJILKO BO BpeMS OTOrIHTeZJTHOrO ce3OHa.

OH HalHHaeTCS KOrga cpegHeCYTOiHaAs TeMriepaTypa nagaeT ,0 oripegeneHHOrO noporOBOrO

YPOBHS (8 - 100C) IIpHMepHO B TeHeHHe nITHa Herl niogpg H 3aKaHMBsaeTCS Korga cpeZJHA

TemrepaTypa CTOHT BbIlnle rIoporoBoro YPOBHS IIPHMePHO B TeIeHHe InITH

nOCJIeAOBaTeEjibHiIX Hef. B 60JIE nHHcTBe pel'HOHOB OTOnIIeHHe nOMeiLueHHrE

ocyiuecTBjseAcsr npH6JH3HTeJbHo c oKTq6pSi no anipenii. JIeTOM nocTyriaeT TOjihKo EBKBB,

3a HcKUO'IeoHHeM nepHoga B 2-8 HeAeJIi,, Koraa CHCTeMa MOKeT 6E,IT,O0JIHOCTE,EO OTKUO'ieHa

,u 1lPOBe,aeHSH EIapo4HaTxiecKHx pa6oT. B 3anagHOeBpOrIeiicKHX CHCTeMaX OTOnnJIeHHe

iiOMeIeHHIi H IBKEB 0OCTYIIHEM B TeCIeHHe Bcero roga. TexHiecIKH He 6yqeT npo6neMbI

noxaBaTb ropAsiyBo AY, B TOM xiHcjie H JI OTOnIU[eHSH noMeigeHHk, BHe ofHgHaJIbHoro

OTOrIHTeJILHoro nepHo,a B LWBE/ECC. KOMI1aHHH LIT B 3anajaHok EBporoii CTaPaEOTCSI

,ao6HTnCA BE,ICOKOii Harpy3KH IieTOM, T.K. 3TO yfy'aeT 3KCIImyaTaJLHIO arperaTOB

KOM6HHHPOBaHHOrO nPOH3BOXACTBa H Be,=eT K I1OBI6iIeHIMO rpoga)K 3neKTpo3HeprHH.

3.1.3.4 Tennonepedaia u o6opydoeaHue nompe6umeneu

TenMoniepega,Ia Ha TeIIJIOnyHKTaX MOKeT 6E,ITE "npSAMol" HiiH "KOCBeHHOH". "KocBeHHas"

03HalqaeT, qTo Tenno nepegaeTcsA iepe3 TeIuIoo6MeHHHKH OT nepBH'IHOrI K BTOpHiIHOH ceTH;

3aTeM CHCTeMBI rH,paBnHxiecKH pa3,qeJMIlOTC2. KaK lipSMaS, Tax KOCBeHHEbie CHCTeMbi moryr

napanieimHo 3CIIJIYaTHnOBaThCAS B 1JBE/BCC gawe B OLtHOR H TOii we ceTH. B3aiia,gHOeBpOeiiCKHX cTpaHax npeo6fa,naeT KOCBeHHaS CHCTeMa (CM. rIPHnox)KeHHIe D).

TOJI6KO B He6ojTiiiHx CHCTeMax ipHMeHSieTcA iipSiMaS TeIffonepeRaaa.

CHcTeMa KOcBeHHOAi TeimonepexaW HaLeneHa Ha H3MeHeHHIA pa6o0mx napaMeTpoB, T.e.

TeMnepaTypi H 2aaBjieHHX. B TO BpeMSI KaK nepBHxlHaS cem o6bLEHo 3KCIJIyaTTHpyeTCI IPH

6onee BLICOKHX TemnepaTypax (HanpHMep, 135 / 650C)17, BTOpHqHble TerIjioceTH

3KCI1JIYaTHSPYOTCI rIPH TaKHX 2Ke HH3KHX TeMriepaTypax, xrTO H BHYTpeHHHe CHCTeME,I B

3,4aHH3LX (HanpHmep, 95/750C).

KOCBeHHaX Terioriepe.gaa HMeeT cyiecTBeHHeie iipeHMymeCTBa, XOTS 3TO CO3xaeT

IOHOJIHHTeEL1Hbie 3aTpaTLI:

O nIyTeM OTaeieHRHA ceref OT o6OPY,AOBaHHs no'rpe6nTeiefi, BpeaHoe BO3,IeACTBie,

o6ycjiOBYieHHoe oce,aioHM, 3arps3HeHHeM, He3aKOHHLiM UorIKjIoxieHHeM B3ATHAI

(IIO,anIHTO'nHOl) BOAbI, nionagaHHeM BOAbI nioxoro Ka'eCTBa H T.,., MO)KHO H36eHcaTn.

TaKHm o6pa3oM, aoporocToxmee nepBH'Has ceTm Mo)KeT 6EbIT, nyqIue 3aiiHnieHa OT

KOppO3HH.

O KoCBeHHaA Tennonepegaia nO3BoJSAeT 6ojiee 344eKTHBHO nPOH3BOXHTE

peYJIEpHOBaHHe ceTH.

17 kepBaa u.Hpa o3HamaeT TemnepaTypy noxAoaa, a BTOpaA TeMnepaTypy o6paTHorO TeruOHOcHTenix.

rIoBbniuieHHe 34feKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM Tern1OCHa6)XeHHSl B CTpaHaX I.eHTpalibHOA H BOCTOHHOHi EBPOBIi H 41pecny6Mmxax 6bxBmero CoBeTcKoro C0ol3a

KaK IIOKa3aHO Ha PHC. 3-1 CyiLgeCTByIOT pa3jiHIbIe KOHIlefIHHH B OTHOIIeHHe pacnooceHHACTaHlHZi TenJoInepega-IH:

o TemnoriepeAaHa MO)eT IIPOHCXOaZHTB BHYTPH 32gaHHA B MaIeHBKHX TenjIIOHyHKTaX. B3TOM cjiyqae TerIJIOIYHKT HanIPZMYIO nogKinoliaeTcs K BHYTPHIAOMOBOrf CHCTeMepacIIpe,AeneHHsA.

O Temnoriepega'a MOweT IIpOHCXOAHTb B OTJXeJIBHO9 CTpyKType, KOTOpaS B CBOIOoqepem o6cJIyHXMBaeT HeCKOJIIKO 3,aHam4. CooTBeTCTBeHHO TeII1IO rIogaeTCS OTBTOpHRHOfi CeTH IInpIMO B CHCTeMy BHYTpHAOMOBOrO pacipeae.neHHIA; OTCYTCTByeTAajThHermam Tenmionepegaqa ,I OTOnIIeHHA I1OMeefeHHil. rIO.rOTOBKa rBKI3BMO)KeT 6bIm ripOBegeHa ueHTPaRR30BaHHO Ha CTaHuHH nepezaI, ITO Tpe6yeTHaIH'mA Tpex- HIiH qeTmIpexTpy6HOfi CHcTeMbI. 14nZ OHa MO)KeT 6bITBAeUeHTpaJHZ3BaHa B OTAeJIbHbIX 3ZaHHMX, TaKHM o6pa3oM rpe6ys HaJimHeTerLJoo6MeHHHKa B Kia)lOM 32IaHHH.

O TerinonepeRaaIa MO)KeT IIPOHCXO,ZHTB B OTZeJTHOR CTpyKType, HO rIpH 3TOMo6cRysKHBaeTcs 3HMaTTebHo 6ojimuee iKojiH1eCTBO 3zAaHHrI. ,ZJAIHHa OTBeTBnieHHHBTOPHMHOEI cHcTeMbI MOAceT B 3TOM caytae nipeBmIuaTTB AJIHHY OTBeTB.IeHHHIIepBHIHOI cHcTeMbm. CooTBeTcTBeHHO, TeInJIOIIOTepEI B teTbIpeXTpy6HEIX CHCTeMaXHcKJIIO'IHTeJILHO BMICOKH.

14eM KpyHHee CTaHilHX TemonepenaaH H AUHHHee BTOpHIqHaS ceT, TeM MeHbIlieipelHMyTieCTB B KOCBeHHOti CHCTeMe, KOTOpbIe MOHO H4CHOJTb3OBaTb.

Ho-BHnHMOMy, 6o0iHHcTBo CHCTeM UT B UBE/BCC HmeIOT IIYHKT KOCBeHHOHTernonepeAa,H r,Ze-TO B ceTx 1112. ToJsIIO He3HaTeJIbHO HX KOIqeCTBO IIOCTaBJSOTTeIIJIO IIP3IMO OT TeriIofleHTpaiei BO BHYTPHAOMOBbIe pacIlpe[eflHTejIbHmIe CHcTeMbI. BOCHOBHOM AnIA KOCBeHHOz Termuonepega' 6bmi Bbi6paH 6o0iee tIeHTpaJIH3OBaHHbIHl BapHaHT;3T0 03Haqaer o6cnyxcHBaHHe 6o0mmero H HeIIOCTOSHHoro IHcna 3a3aHRA BMeCTO oTAenjbHMx3L1aHH9. HCIIOJI63oBaHHe TeXHOJIOrHH paCpeIeJIeHH51 TerIa B meciTH ropozax NOKa3aHO BTa6n. 3-3. B 3anangHori EBpone npeo6ra,gaeT KocBeHHaS TelIAonepe,a'Ia c HCHOfIb3OBaHHeMzHHHBHIAyaAbHbIx (AoMoBbIx) TeiijionyHKTo. oj[ee Toro, IIO-BHnHMOMy, paCTeT HHTepeC KHe6ojBInHM Ten1IOnYHKTaM B OTIeJIBHBIX KBapTHpax.

3.1.3.5 3 daHuR u o6opydo6aHUR nompe6umeneuj 19

ropoga B UBE/BCC 6BulH c poeKTHpoBaHLi c pacieToM Ha iIeHTPaJIH3OBaHHoeTenjrocHa6IeHHe H ropAee BOAOcHa6)KeHHe. BOJTh6MHHCTBO ropoAcKHx xKHTeJieH- 1KByT B6ojiniuHx MHOrOKBapTHPHbIX noMax, KOTOpBIe MOryT HMeTb OT Tpex A0 ABalaTH H 6oiee3TaxKer4. B 50-60-e ro,g1I 60JImHHCTBO IIOCTpOeHHbIX MHOrOKBapTHpHBIX aOMOB 6buiH camoe6omianee =I5TH3TaKH)me. 103AHee B 70-x H 80-x IIOA1BHJIOC6 MHioro 11eBATH- HmeCTHa,Z=IaTH3Ta)KHBIX 3AaHHA, qaCTO B KHJIE1X pagoHax Ha oKpaHHax ropoAoB HJIH Ha

18 lpHnojeHHe D aaeT KpaTKoe onHcaHHe NCnOnIb3YeMblX pacnpeze neirwwx cHcTeM.19 3TOT Pa3z1eu OCHOBaH Ha HCCjTeaOBaHHH 3pHxa MapTHHo " HHBeCTHUHM B lOBIUmeHHe Mepremqemro

KrII,I )KAHJMHOrO 4loHga B cTpaHax ECC", "3KoHOMHqeCKHe mCCnegOBaHMA B nepeXOAHOM nepuoge,24, (BawUHrTOH, OKpyr KonyM6wq, BCeMIUPHblI BaHK, 1997 r. C. 7-9) [Studies of Economies inTransition 24, Washington, DC, The World Bank, 1997, pp. 7-91

42 rIOBbImeuHe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TeriocHa6feHHA B cTpaHax 1jeHTpanbHoii H BOCTOIHOfr EBpOnLI H

pecny6nHxax 6blBrnero CoBeTcKoro Co0O3a

OTKPBITOM IIPOCTpaHCTBe 3a iipegeiiamH rOPO.OB. 3Ta cxema Pa3BHTHAI B HeKOTOpi6lX cIy'aAx

UpHBoaHfla K 6oRmmoA IIJIOTHOCTH HaCeieHHIA BaaJIH OT rOPOACKHX LUeHTPOB, qeM B CaMHX

eMpaX. °20,21

HH3KHe TepMajibHbIe Tpe6oBaHHs CTrOHTeJIbBHBX CTaHRiapTOB, TpaHgIOHHHOe OTCYTCTBHe

BHHMaHHA K KaqeCTBY CTpoHiMaTepHaJlOB H MeTOaaM pa6oTbI, Hnioxas 3KciIJ1YaT=IM H

peMOHTHMie pa60TEJIpHBeJIH K 60JIE.MHM TeI1IOHOTWpiM B icHubix aoMax. CamIe IOCJIeaHHeCOBeTCKHe HOPMbI (1984-87) TerInonepe,aam 6onee qIeM BaBoe iipeBMIuIanJi noioo6HbIe

HOPMbI B repMaHHH H BenJKo6pHTaHH HH6Em IpHMePHO B HATB pa3 BbEne, ,eM B UIBeLIHH

Ha TOT )Ke caMBIf nepHo,. (DaKTHqeCKHe TeJIolIIOTepH B )KHJIbX 3,aHHAI O1UeHHBalOTCS Ha 25-40 % Bbime, qeM pacqeTHbie 3Ha'IeHH3S. HaH6onee qaCTi6iMH HegOCTaTKaMH SBJISIOTCS

HenjIOTHbIe OKHa H gBepH, HepaBHOMepHo TerIJIOCHa6)KeHHe BHYTpH 3qaHH1 H OTCYTCTBHe

HJIH HegoCTaTOTIHaq H30JU1IIH IIOgBaBjibHbX nOMeiiXeHHI4 H KpJi6mH. XOTS pacqeTEI 3XaHHi H

MeTOQLI BeCi6Ma CXO2K B CTPaHaX UBE/FCC, C BHRay HeHTHIIHE7Ie 3XaHHS nOKa3BIBaloT

cyigeCTBeHHO OTVIHMOTCS no 4)aKTHieCKHM CTpOHTenjEHbIM H TepMH-IeCKHM CBOr1CTBaM;

HanpHMep, ao 40 % B PM3aHH (PoccHH).

Bojiibmasi IaCTb TeHnia 0w o6orpeBa riOMe1IeHHf B MHOrOKBapTHpHEJX 3gaHHAX,

IiOCTpoeHH]61X 3a iocjierAHHe 40 .leT, nocTyniaeT qepe3 CHCTeMEI IJT. 06MHHo Tpy6jI

OTOIiieHHS, nogawoue TeHJO HaaPHaTOpEI BHYTpH 3gaHH , pacnojio)KeHbl BepTHK-JabHO B

BHIIe OAHO- HJH AByXTpy6Ho1f CHICTeMbI (CM. PHC. DI H D2 B HpHjioXKeHHH D). BoaHoTpy6Ho0 cHcTeMe ropAqas BOga, 11POTeKaEoiUaS qepe3 OAZHH pa1HaTop, npOXOZHT qepe3

HeCKOJIhKO paWaTOpOB, IIpe e HeM BepHyThCA K HCTO'qHHKY. B IIPOTHBOIOJIO)KHOCTb3TOMy, B 3ana,zHoA EBpone (nIo KpaRHeE Mepe, B 6o0iee HOBbIX 3gaHH3rx) rpy6EJ

PaCIIOJIO)KeHLI rOPH30HTaJIEHO, TaK xITO Ka=wA paaHaTOp H HCTO'IHHK rBKEB B KBapTHpe

CHa6ICaeTcs OQaHOEI 3aMKHYTOR nJIHHHeIi; CTaHAapTHbIMH ABJMOTCA aByxTpy6HEIe CHCTeMbI.

B UBE/BCC 4arm'IeC= o zl; 1990 roxaa He cyweCTBOBano npH60pOB y"eTa TeIIna H ropAmefi

BO,BI B rXa D, KOMMepteCKHX H o6uwecTBeHHWX 3AaHMAX, TaKHX KaK LIKOJIHI H 60JIMHHIL. B

COOTBeTCTBHe C IIepBOHa"BIaEHEBIMH paCHeTaMH, y noTpe6HTex[ef4 He HMeiIHCE TeXHHTieCKHe

B03MO0)HOCTH m peryJIHIPOBaHHI nIogaq TeiIna OTTgenjTHO Ha CBOHX pa,HaTopax o617MHo

HX Tacxce He 6T,Lo Ha YpOBHe oTaeJIBHL1X XROMOB. PeryJIHpoBaHHe TerIIoCHa6wKeHHSA (H TaKHM

o6pa3oM ypoBHI 1ioipe6JieHHn) B CHCTeMaX ILT C YCTaHOBHBLIeMCS[ TexIeHHeM

IIpOH3BO,HJJIOCE6 ueHTpaJTH30BaHHO Ha TeIUIOLeCHTP1palX H TeIIJIOIIyHKTaX B COOTBeTCTBHe C

YPOBHeM Hapy)KHOfi TeMnepaTypi6. Aa)Ke ecjiH KjIanaHI YCTaHaBJIHBaZIHC Ha paIHaTOpaX H

pa6oTajIH, HX co6CTBeHHasi pa6oTa H HCflOJb3OBaHHe He BJIHAJIH Ha CyMMy cHeTa 3a

OTOIIieHHe, KOTOPMH OCHOBMiBajCSA Ha CyMMapHUX Tapi#ax (CM. Pa3Aeji 5.2.5).

20 B pa6oTe AnaHa BepTo H EepTpaHa PeHo "COUIanHCTHqecKHe ropoga 6e3 pEbIHKOB Ha 3eMmo" (Journal of

Urban Economics, Vol. 41 (1997), pp.137-151) aHajiH3HPYIOTC. HeaocTaTKH, cB3aHHbIe C TaiKofl

CTpyKrypOfl pa3BHTHB.21 OAHaKo B CaMHX ueirpax ropoaoB nAoTHOCTB 3AaHHH (io3ToMy H noTpe6HOCTE, B Tenrue) Mo2KeT 6mTb

HCKmIoHTejmHO BEICOKOfl (KaK B ByganemTe), HO nOCKOJmKY 3RaHHR BeCbMa cTaphle, OHH o6opyAoBaHm

OTAenJbHbIMH OTOIIHTUIThHbIMH CHCTeMaMH. rIpoBezeHHasA Ha 6o0iee nO3AHeM 3Tane peKOHCTPYKUKA

HHX(eHepHoro o6opyAoBaHHA noTpe6oBano 6i.i BJcoKHe 3aTpaTh Ha cTpoHTeJihcTBo.

fIOBbElieHHe 34XeKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TerinocHa6feHHA B CTpaHaX UeHTpajBiHOH H BOCTOtHOH EBPOn-I H 43pecny6nHilax 6usmero CoBeTcKoro C0o03a

3.1.3.6 BbI6odbl.

B cywecTByioJiweii 4opMe LIT B LUBE/BiCC SABSeTCAIcs He344eKTHBHOR 3HepreTH'eCKOHCHCTeMOI, KOTopaS HyxZaeTCS B HHBeCTH1JHS1X BO Bce ee KoMrIoHeHTbI. TaKHe HHBeCTHIIHH,KOTOpEIe B3aHM03aBHCHMbI B nipouecce IIoBi1ueHHA o6itteft 3c4eKTHBHOcTHTeuIJIOCHa6XKeHHA, B rIepByEo oqepegL Tpe6yOTcsA .a:

O OnTHITH3a1Ixr Bbipa6oTKH Teliiia;

o CHH)KeHHA Teni3Io1iOTep]6 H roTepb BO2I B TerIJIOceTMx;

O roBbIrueHHs KI, cHCTeMHoro peryjHpOBaHHs;

O CHHKeHHS TermoHoTepEB Ha CTOPOHe Harpy3KH iTyreM yjiy meHHA 060py,0BaHHsnolTpe61TefieA;

o PacinupeHHe CHCTeMBI 3a CLieT HHTerpHpOBaHHA H30JIHPOBaHHi6Ix ceTeAi TaM, rge 3TO3KOHOMHIHO.

3.1.4 £lHeecmuguu dnsi onmuMu3aL4uu Mou4Hocmeu no ebipa6omKemennocoi 3Hepeuu

Bi,Ipa6oTKa TermoBoB 3Hepr1HH B LUBE/1iCC xapaKTepR3yeTCA 1IeTbp1,MA OCHOBHbIMHrpynnaMHi npo6JieM:

o 'IacToe HairinEe H36bEIToIHxix MoIlHocTeE rio 1IPOH3BOXACTBY TerIJIOBOEi 3HeprHH, HTOIIPHBO,AHT K HIH3KOMy KIM KOTJIOB H BMICOKHM IIHKCHpOBaHHbIM H3gep)KKaM (3aHeHCIIOJI63OBaHHi6Ie Mo0;HOCTH);

O KoTnEbI CTapme H xIaCTO HX o6cJIyXCIBaHHe HaxO,HTCA Ha HH3KOM ypOBHe, BbI3bIBaqBEICOKOe riolpe6neHHe To0IJIHBa

o ,Ionix T3LU CpaBHHTeCJIHO HH3Ka, TO I1pHBOIHT K BMICOKOA ce6eCTOHMOCTH TenjioBoii3HeprHH;

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23 3To npoH3moreT, ecnH o6meHaIuHoHanbIHmI plIHOK 3HeprHH 6ygeT m4eTb COOTBeTCTByiOIHrHi 6aAaHcMeH(ty CrIpOCOM Ha MOIIHOCTH, Bbipa6aTrbIBW0oure 3ieKTpo3HReprmo, H HX ripexiO)KeHHeM, xITO nXaCTrpegenimMe 3aTpami AuHTeJbHorO riepHoAa Ha 3Ty BenHIqHHy.

24 Onpe.ensereTcr KaK ((MBT3,,+MBT.)/MBT pacxo, TorumHa). 06uu=IA KflJt T3UI ABjiAeTCA

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25 HeKoTopaAB rH6KOCTm Mo0KeT 661,IT, ioCTHrHyTa nyTeM ycTaHOBKH AonouiHrTejThHoro oxAma,mTenim HpeayKUHOHHIbIX KnanaHOB.

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Newsfrom DBDH, N2 1/1999 r. cTp. 3-9.

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TpyAOBwIe pecypcbI6.

3.1.5.2 nomepu menna U eOdbI

rIyTeM oiipeaejieHHA nOTeph TenIia H BOA2TI H qaCTOTLI aBapHi MO)KHO OileHRTh o6luee

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Ta6n. 3-3 C 3aIIazuHoeBpoIIeACKHMH CTaHgapTaMH CpaBHHBaiOTCA 11OTepH TeIIJIi H BOALbI B

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yqeTa TerIna. BonbmasA qaaCm MoIL1HoCTe2 nO B,Ipa60TKYH TeJIfOTEI 3aMepSeT (c 6onEImer HJIH

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nPH6opoB yqea TenIIa B 3gaHHAx, IIoTepH BTOPHqHOg CeTH He MOryT 6En,B 3aMepeHEbI. I4, Kax

IIpaBHJIO, HOBEIe COBpeMeHHEIe TeIIOnIYHKlTh, KOTOPIme o6biqHo YCTaHaBBjHBaiOTCA B

OTXeZJIBHBIX 3AaHHRX, OCHaIIXeHbI ipH6opaMH yieTa Tenna.

27 A1M o3HaKoMjneHH C 06cUINM HHABeHepHbwMH KoH4jHrypawmMH CHCTeM UT B UBE/BCC, a Taxoe

pe)KHM4MH TeMnepaTypbI, ABaieHHS H pa6oTbi CM. lpwio)KeHHe. D.28 KpoMe TOrO, =A 6opb61 C BRna)KHOCTEO nOaJDKHa 66ITb BeHTHnsAXHA

29 lacToTa aBapHA Mo)KeT AaTb liHuEb pNH6jiH3HTejibHylo KapTHHy COCTOAHHA CHCTeMbI. He cyiecTByeT

CTaH,apTHOrO onpeAeneHHs TepMHHa "aBapHsA". Ee3 KnaCCH4HIKaLaHH aBapKH TaKoKe He ACHO, ABJISeTCB JIH

OHa KpynHoN NHn He6oAbuioA. OzxHaKo, npeAnonaraM, *TO npeanpHATue LUT 6yaeT BecTH perHctpatuo

aBapHi cOr.naCHO HeH3MeHHbLiM paBHnaM, AHHaMHKa aBapNH Ha flpOTADKeHHH HecKojThKHx ineT ,aCT

nofle3HYIO KHHcopMauHIO 0 COCTOS0HHH CHCTeMbi.

rIoBEJIleHHe 3c4eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TeflnOCHa62ReHHA B CTpaHaX UIeHTPaBJbHOf H BOCTOHHOHi EBpomVI H 49pecny6AHKax 6bxBiuero CoBeTcKoro Co0I3a

B Ta6J. 3-3 IoiKm3aHLI BbICOKHe rIOTepH B CHCTeMaX LIT B I|BE/FBCC iio cpaBHeHHIO CCHCTeMaMH LIT B 3anaaHoR EBporie. OHa TamoKe oTpa)KaeT HaTIHxHe HeaOCTaTKOB yIIepBHIqHbIX CHCTeM pacnpez:eJieHHA, 1o CpaBHeHHIO C BTOpHITHbIMH. I4MeeTcI HeCKOJ1bKOnpHxIHH 3TOMY. TernoIIOTepH 3aBHCST OT Te,ieHHAs BOabI, TemnepaTypbi ropAeH BOZbI (HaBXoge H B o6paTHoM Tpy6OIIpoBOae), Temnepaiypbi oKpy)Kwaoiero Bo3,yxa, 11OBepXHOCTHTpy6, XIHHbI Tpy6 H cFH3xiecKIx CBOHICTB HC1IOIEb3yeMbIX MaTepHajOB. I4Horza KaKOii-HH6yA2b )aKTOp CBOaEHT Ha HeT BO3geHCTBHe ,pyrHx; HHorga OH YCHhIHBaeT HX. IIO0t3eMHbIeBOAbI H.IH CTOIHbIe BO,jbI, IpOHHicaK)o1He B 6eToHHbue KOpO6bI, He6nIaronpHsTHoB03aeHCTBYIOT Ha CBOHCTBa H3010HOHHOrO MaTepHaIia, BI3bliBaS BLICOKHe TerIJIoflOTepH.He6ojinasa ,ZIHHa CeTH MO)KeT yMeHMIlHTb IIOTepH; KpyrIHaS CeTb MO)KeT YCH1IHTbBO3geHiCTBHe TeiiJionoTepb. Bojiee HH3KHe cpeqHHe TemnepaTypbi ropsAefl BOAbI BOBTOpHT4HLIX CeTAX BbI3LBalOT CpaBHHTeibHO MaAbIe IIOTepH, a BbICOKHe TeMnepaTYPbI B1iepBHIqHbIX CeTsX OTHOCHTenjbHO BbICOKHe rlOTepH. QAHaKo 6o0iee HH3KHe 1IOTepH BOBTOPHWHEIX ceTAx MOryT 6b1m HeRTpaJIH3OBaHbI BO3AeACTBHeM qpyroro 4aKTOpa, TaKOrO KaK60IblImH4 MaCCOBbfIH pacxoa.

BuICOKHH YpOBeHb 11OTepb BOabI B 60JlbIHHcTBe CHCTeM IT B HCCJ1e2OBaHHAX yKa3bIBaeT HarIJIOxOe TeXHHxieCKOe COCTOAHHe TenIiOCeTefi, KOTOpb1ie CKJIOHHblI K KOppO3HH. fIOTepH BO,bITaK)Ke CHJIbHO BJIHLIOT Ha BbiCOKHe TelIJIOrIOTepH. COCTOXIHHe BTOPHWIHOHpaCripe,aeIHTe2bHOH ceTH xiaCTO IBJiLeTCA OCHOBHOH flpH1tHHOrf ,21JIA BbICOKOrO YPOBHA11OTepb Teniia H BOp;bI B CHCTeMaX IUT B IUBE/BCC. TenulonoTepH go 25 % iaCTO MO2KHOo6HapyXMTL BO BTOpHxIHOM pacnpeaeneH4H 1no cfiely1o1HM rpHxiHHaM:

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o6?eMy, KoJzu'IeCm6o cemb) cucmeMbi 6mopu4laR, KMpaS e 2zo)

biienponeTpoBcK nlepBHtmam: 40 rlepBHnHaA: H/lA lIeTipexTpy6HaA npfMaA 89/ 296BTopHHaA: H/,a BTopu'iHaA: 25%

KayHac HlepBHqHaA: 40 repBHMHaA: 14% 4eTIEpexTpy6HaA nppmaA 268 /102BTopHIMas: H/FI BTopHiHKaA: 24%

OpeH6ypr rIepBHHHaA: 40 rIepBHn'Hax: 9%a MqeripexTpy6Ha (100%/o) 103 310BTopu'lHax: H/A BTopHllHaA: 25% npAMaA (70%)

CO4MA rlepBmHHax: 40 Bcero: 20% aByxTpy6HaA 827 / 0Bcero: 26 BHYTPHAOMOBLie

TennonyHKThITHMHlluoapa rlepBn'IHaq: 29 MepBHHHax: 9% 'leTmipexTpy6HaA npAMaq 88 / 302

BTopMMHas: 155 BTopMMHas: 18% KOCBeHHaA

Bcero: 24%BpounaB rIepBHqHaA: 40 Bcero: 11% aByxTpy6Has 49/360

BHYTpHAOMOBlie

TenflOnyHKThi (60%)3ananHoemponercKa Bcero: MaxcmmMajnHo repBHwHal: 5-10% BHyTpH)IOMOBble H/A cHcTeMa 1-5 paa BTopHiHasA: 0% TenjionyHKThIH/.a: HeT zaHHb]x

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CHCTeMe, TaimM o6pa3oM, B6I3bIBaA 6on6iHe Tenn[onoTepH30 KOTOpEIC yCHJIHBaEOTCS

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cBepxnoTpe6JIeHHeM H3-3a OTCyTcTBHIA fipH6opOB y-IeTa; 6OEMUaHHCTBO o6ycnoBneHo

IIOTeplMH B CHCTeMe padnpeIejieHHA.

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6ojibine pacnpocTpaHeHa B 1JBE/BCC, a nocneHIAA B 3ana;HHor EBpone.

3.1.5.3 HemexHuqecKue nomepu menna U eodbI

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IjBE/BCC lOiABepiKeH6I ApyrHM, XOTS H MeHee KrpyrEHIM fOTeSAM BOXII H Tefiiia.

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paamTOpOB npOHCXOHT B "nPS1MbIX" CHCTeMaX IIT, rge BHYTPHXAOMOBoe pacupexeneHHeTenIIa He oTZ;ejieHo OT pacnpeaeneiHsI IT 32. ,;O Tex nop, nIoKa riocTynneH e HH BbMYCK BO,11EJ

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rlo 3TO 4 npHqHHe Ha npeiHpiTRAx 4T PyMEHHUH rBKEB nlOUlaeTCA TOJbKO B TeqeHHe HeCKOjibKHX MaCOB

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32 TaKHe CHCTeMbi HHorga Ha3baBIOTCSI OTKpblTb6IM CHcTeMaMH".

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B IIOMeIIxeHHAX nioTpe6HTe.JiA. floTpe6HTem MoryT H36aBHTLCA OT H3JIHIIlHerO Teniia ZiuiHiOTKPbIB oKHa.

rIOCKOJI,bKy HeTexH,iecKHe IIOTepH B OCHOBHOM B03HHIKaEOT BO BHYTpHaOM0BbIX CHCTeMaX,HCKJIIOtIHTelIbHO TpyaHo o0eHHHTh o6beM HeTexHHIeCKHx IlOTepb B CHCTeMaX C IIPIME,IMHCHCTeMaMH TeuIorIIepegatm.

3.1.5.4 t4Heecmuquu e peKOHCmPYKL(UIO U 3aMeHy cemeu

OCHOBHaA ,ojiL "CBepXHopMaTHBHLIX 11OTepT" (no cpaBHeHrIO C 3aIIaaHOeBpOieAcKHMfCiCTeMaMH) o6yCdIOBJIeHa Cnei4iHqeCKHMH c.Ua6ocTSMH CHCTeM IT. HaerIeHHOCTm6HHBeCTHIUOHHOII 1IpOrpaMMbI Ha ycTpaHeHHe 3THX y3KHX MeCT gaCT CyUJxCTBeHHOeCHHKIeHHe IIOTep]6, rIoTpe6oBaB JIHIB a0flH 3aTpaT OT CTOHMOCTH 3aMeHi6I BCe- CHCTeMbI.HaH6oJIee Ba)KHIme rIpIH-HHI 3THX He2OCTaTKOB oripeAesoTCs B CJeI4ylOIUHX pa3zxejiax.

HaH6o0jee BaxKH]IMH KaTerOPHIAMH HIHBeCTHUH9& giSm 6opb6EI C nOTepSHM B CeTAX L|T BIIBE/BCC IBJnIOTCS cnezyoIe:

o YrIoTHeHHe ceTerf rIyTeM YCTaHOBKHI KInIIaHOB

o YcHiieHHe MOII[HOCTerf fIPOH3BOaCTBa IIOHHTO'IHOf BOE,Ib1 B CHCTeMax, B KOTOPLIXCy1eCTByOIasi MOIHOCTL He MO)KeT CpaBBHTECSA CO CIIPOCOM H3-3a iIOTepb BOIbI;TaKHe HHBeCTH1IHH CHH2KaiOT KOppO3H1O Tpy6;

o YcTaHOBKa HOBBIX KoMiieHcaTopOB B CHcTeMax, KOTopEIe HClIOJh3YEOTTeiiecKo1IH'ecKHe KoMnieHcaTopEI," KOTopEIe CKnOHHBI K TeTI, IIpH YCJIOBHH, HITO

CerMeHTbI Tpy6onpoBo2aa He 6yAyT 3aMeHSTbCSI Ha Tpy6bI C npeaBapHTeIE,HOH3oj=Hei!;

o Ha Y"acTKax C BbICOKHM YPOBHeM rpyHTOBE,IX BO14 nH6o 3aMeHa Tpy6, TIH6orepMeTH3am KaHaJIOB H Tfpy6 xTi 6opE,6EI c IIpOHHKHOBeHHeM BOA.

BMicoKHe 1IOTePH B TeinInoceTAx CTaBAT BOIIpOC 0 TOM, IBJIAeTCA JIH 3KOHOMHIeCKHrlenecoo6pa3HEbM 3aMeHa Bceri ceT HiH 'iacTH ee Ha coBpeMeHHEae rpe=apHTenErH0H3OJnPOBaHHE.Ie Tpy6mI. I43-3a BbICOKOl CTOHMOCTH 3aMeHa BCei cyuiecTByioiiieH CeTHCOBpeMeHHOl CeTMIO He3KOHOMHiHa H HeOCyIeCTBHMa B 4HHaHCOBOM OTHODneHHH.CTOHMOCTT, ripeaBaPHTejiTHO H30OJIHPOBaHHOi Tpy6EI 3aBHCHT OT ee aHaMeTpa. B cpeaHeMrpy6Li C pa3MepamH, KoTop0bI IIeHM eHSELOTC B THIiHtIHOri TeILuoceTH, CTOXiT npHMepHo 250gojU. CIIIA 3a 1 KM ABOAHO Tpy6bI, yjiOxKeHHOEf B rpyHT. Pa3aeneHHe MeX(Ay CTOHMOCTEOTpy6 H CTOHMOCTBIO yCTaHOBKH IpIMHepHO COCTaBJieT 70 %/30 % AsA 6onee KpynHElIXJIHHHri nepewa H 80 % /20 % =IS He6ojiBmHx pacnipeAemTeuiu HjEu x Tpy6.

EciiH TeIrIOIIOTepH o6ycioBJIeHfl JHMIB HeaOCTaTOxHorl x3ojiALWeH (KOHBeKUIHA IIf OTepH HaHIjy"eHHH), 3aMeHa cTapwx Tpy6 He 6yAeT WH3HeCrloco6Horf. 'IHCTaq TCecyuas CTOHMOCTB,(4TC) HaKOnIJeHHOif 3KOHOMHH 3HeprHH o6biIHo CJIHMKOM He3HaTHTejibH a ARAKoMiieHCaUHH KpyIIHbix HHBeCTHfIHOHHEIX 3aTpaT. TeM He MeHee, ec.TIH TenuiorioTepE6ouE.mefl HacTmio o6ycnoBueHLI 11OTepSMH BO2ThI, 3aMeHa o6bFmHo CTaHOBHTCS CPOHIHOIH H)KH3HeHHO Ba(HOri Mepoi .IIS peKOHCTpyKIIHH. FIOCKOJ.IbKy IIOTepH BOZLI o6blrHo BbI3BaHEIHIJIOXHM KatIeCTBOM IIOZIIHTOtIHO BOAEJI H COOTBeTCTBeHHO 6o0ee cepbe3HbiMH ripo6uieMaMH,

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450 T/' B nepHoa c 1992 r. ro 1998 r., npH,ieM CPOK OKyriaeMOCTH HHBeCTHUHi OKa3aJIC,

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70 fIoBumeHHe 34eicTHBHocTH CHCTeM TeHMOCHa6feHHA B CTpaHaX UeHTpaABHOH H BOCTOqHOR EBPOrux H

pecrxy6inmax 6EIBmero CoaeTCicoro CoI03a

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3.2.3.1 Cmpoumenbcmeo u ModepHu3a4u,u ea3opacnpedenumefibHblx flUHU(j

OCHOBHM6M IIapaMeTpoM, oripezaeJIaIOLHM CTOHMOCTB CTPOHTeJIbCTBa

ra3opacripeleJIFHTeJLbHoA CeTH HJIH ee MOgepHH3aHH, ABjiSeTCS ITJOTHOCTb 2KHJIHI B

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gOJDKHbI 6b1m yToqHeHMi.

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iuu pacmapeHHA onepaIEHI C ra3oM C TeM, wro6a oxBaTHTb OTorUIeHHe IIoMeUieHHH.

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CTaJiHbIX Tpy6, Be,eT K KOppO3HH nIocieunix. B 6oJIee cTapyix cerAX, HanpHMep BO

BpoIIaBe, 25% ceTH Bce emie H3roTaBnHBaeTC H3 IyryHa, paccIHTaHHorO ,SI BJIa.xHoro

ra3a 6irroBoro Ha3HaqIeHHS. TaM, rge 6onee cyxoi nplHpomHIir ra3 Bb3BIBaeT CYXOCTh Ha

CT6IKaX, IIpOHCXO,HT CHJHaS yTetKa ra3a. XIpyrHM BaXHbIM MOMeHTOM ABjiSeTCS

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1gaBwieHHeM (20 M6ap). YBejiHieHHe pa6otiero .aBnIeHHs Ao cpexAHero cymeCTBeHHO

yBeMfTHMT MOIAHOCTB CeTi H clIoco6HocT noaaBaTTB ra3 =A ileneik OTOriIeHHSA. OAHaKo 3TO B

TOi Ke caMor4 IIPOnIOPHH CHH3HT YCJIOBHA 6e3oiracHocTH inpoTeKaio1xHx ceTeCi.

JAm yBemIiHeHHA MOIUHOCTH ceTH npH OZAHOBpeMeHHOM rIOBbIICeHHH 6e3orlacHocTH

cyiueCTByIOT TexHHiecKHe ripo6neMbi, TaKHe KaK ripOTTArHBaHHe qepe3 cyJ1eCTByioi1He

CTaDJHEae Tpy66I HOBbIX IOJ3THJeHOBbIX Tpy6 MeHbLerO gHaMeTpa. IlpaKTHiecKH, 63-MM

(2 mofMma) nOjH3THneHOBbIe Tpy6mI MOryT 6bITL BCTaBjieHbI B 1 00 MM CTaj1bHbIe HUH

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3aTpaT COCTaBHT 20 - 30% Iio CPaBHeHHI0 C ripOKiia,iKOrA HOBOH CeTH. OxHaiO ARA 3TOrO

Tpe6yeTcxq Hamme TexHHNecKHx taHHmi6x no cyWeCTByiomez ceTH (MapmpyT, cxema

HH)KeHepHMiX jiHHHA, gHaMeTp, ciei.IHaJIbHbIe IIYHKThI), iTO MO)KeT H OTCYTCTBOBaTh. B

THmHamoape, HaflpHMep, He6onibmoH pa3mep cymecTByioigei rioaceTH Ha 2 6ap (75% H3

KOTOPbiX meHee 4 AlOrIMOB), a TaiOie OTCYTCTBHe HCUOJIHHTesJHBIX 'IepTe)Kerl He AramOT

BO3MO)KHOCTL IIPOH3BeCTH IIpOTqrHBaHHe Tpy6 B KpYnHMX MaCmTa6ax.

TaM, r.Ae HY)KHO npOBeCTH HOBYIO ceTm6, TO B THnHIWHOM ropo Ae, KaK iOKa3bIBaEoT

HCCie,IOBaHHS, r,ge 3AaHHA OCHaileHbI BHYTrPHXOMOBLIMH KOTJIaMH (BapHaHT A H3 Ta6n. 3-

5), owKEzaemas CTOHMOCTB BHemHeii ceTH cocTaBjSieT 160 - 180 ,oinT. CIIIA Ha o,AHy

rIOBbImeHHe 34X1eKT1BHOCTH CHCTeM TermOCHa6)KeHS B cTpaHaax IeHTPaAbHOA H BOCTO4IHOHl EBporIII H 71pecny6nHKax 6uvBiimero COBeTCKoro C0103a

KBaPTHPY H IIPHMePHO 370 nouiv. CILIA Ha oco6HAK, ,II KOTOPOrO WIIHHa CeTH Ha OaHOrOro17pe6HTesi 6oJIblne. CTOHMOCTE6 IIOZJBOAILHX flHHHI H3 pacHeTa Ha OAgHO AKHIHIJeKOYIe6IieTCSc B ripe,ejiax 130 - 160 ojOJI. CILIA (BapHaHT A); H OHa ,gocTHraeT 180 'Oij.CLIIA (BapHaHT B, KBaPTHpa) ao 280 oan. CIIIA (BapHaHT C, TOM), BKmOqiaA iHp6opbiytieTa H peryJISTOP. B cpeaHeM, CTOHMOCTEV flom3eMHOA CeTH OiUeHHBaeTCS B 300 - 330 zo.vi.CIIIA Ha O2HY ceMEio. B ropogie cpe)XHHx pa3MepoB, TaKOM KaK THMHduoapa,3KOHOMHiemCKaS CTOHMOCTh HOBOH CeTH, pacCI:HTaHHOII Ha CHa6)KeHHIe BHYTPHZIOMOBbIXKOTJIOB Ha OCHOBe 3aIIagHoeBpoIIeeCKHX CTaHtapTOB, OULeHHBaeTC3i B 46 MIH. aOgQri. CLIIA.

TaM, r,ge TexiHHecKoe COCTOAHHe aytie, 6o0iee CKpOMHaM cxema MO)KeT riOMOqB XOCTHIHYTThYAOBjieTBOPHTeZjIHbIX YCJIOBHiI 6e3oriaCHOCTH H nKCII3yaTauHH. Bo BpouiaBe, rge 7xByMAKPYIIHBIMH npo6neMaMw SBJILIOTCS COCTOAHHe t IyIyHHbIX Tpy6 , H orpaHHweHHe MOIHOCTH BIO)KHOrf HIaCTH ropo.ga, cIHTaeTcS, xiTO CeTb MO2KHO MoaepHH3HpoBaTE IIyTeM IIOnjiHOR 3aMeHbIrxpOTeKaioiIeii IIOgCeTH, cTpoHTeJIbcTBa HOBOn rOpOaCKORi CTaHLjHH Ha BXO fe B iowKHorqacTH, CBI3aHHOA C paciuipeHHeM KOjiM.va cpeAHero gaBIeHH3, H 3aMeHbI OrpaHHqeHHoroy"acTKa CTaJIJHoro Tpy6oUpoBoaa. 06iiwe pacxo>zuI OiUeHHBaFOTCS B 14 MJIH. 0ofiJi. CIIA,T.e. IIHMHepHO B 1 00 gojU. CIIA Ha ceMbio.

3.2.3.2 npu6Opp

lpH60opi ripeACTaBJ=SEOT HaMHOrO 6ojibiiylo aOJIUO B nipe,gnoJaraeMEIx HHBecTHIH.xIHCiiOjm63Ys Tpa,HIUHOHHO IIpoIHoe o6opyaoBamHe, JIerKoe ,ws MOHTa)Ka H 3KcrLjyaTaIUHH, aHe goporoe H ciioiHoe o6opyAoBaHHe, TaKOe Kaic KOHqeHCa&]OHHbIe KOTJIEI, CTOHMOCTEbBHYTPHIZOMOBbIX KOTJIOB COCTaBHT nPIHMePHO 70% OT BCefi CTOHMOCTH HHBeCTHURHr BCHCTeMy. 3To COOTHOIiieHHe gaxKe Bbi6ie uIS geieHTpanH3rBaHH rIx rpH60poB. rIOCKOJIbKypaCCMaTpHBanOCE6 3a1IagHoeBpol1eHtcKoe o6opy[oBaHHe, 6bU HakgeHwI iunmi He6ojIbIuHepa3iHTHA, o6ycnoBneHHEfIe paCXOaaMH Ha TpaHCIIOpTHPOBKY H Kojie6aHHAMH IXeH cpeaHIIOCTaBTHKOB. B BapHaHTe A CTOHMOCTh BHYTpHZ(OMOBOFO KOTjia, H3 pacxIeTa Ha O,gHOxunHre 6e3 cTpOHTenJTHLIX pa6oT o6mero xapaKTepa, OueHHBaeTC3 B 700 - 750 ,onn. CIlIAWIX 3,aHHS[ CpegHHx pa3MCPOB (25 - 50 KBapTHp). TaM, r,ae Tpe6yeTcs YCTaHOBHThClIelUHaJIBHYIO KOTeJIbHYIO H CBA3aHHY1O C Heri CHCTeMy IIO,a3eMHoro Tpy6orIpoBo.na rnJIropA,ieiI BOAE,I Mo)KeT rioipe6oBaTi6cs euge oOIIojiHHTen6Ho 50 - 100 Ao JTi. CIIIA, B3aBHCHMOCTE OT MeCTHLIX YCJIOBHHi. IlpH BapHaHTe B CTOHMOCTE HHaHBHayajiiHbwx ra3OBb1xHarpeBaTeJieli IIJUOC BoaoHarpeBaTeJIeA H ra3OBO]R IIJHTM COCTaBHT ipHMepHo 1000 won.CIUIA gni o6EtrHoHi KBapmpTH H 1200 ,zo.n. CIHIA Lsi oTreimlHoro goMa.

B COOTBeTCTBHH c Ta6n. 3-6, XWL BapHaHTa A o6wuHe HHBeCTHIUHOHHEIe 3aTpaTbI (ceTH HIpH60opbI) COCTaBAT IIpHMepHo I 100 ,O.JI. CIIJA Ha KBapTHpy B THIIHtIHOM

MHOrOKBaPTHPHOM zoMe cpeaHero pa3mepa (40 KBapTHp), Kyia Teriio IIooaeTCA OT

46 B PaMKaX rlpoeKTa ESMAP HcciiegoBaHHe pBIHKa 6BITOBblX npH6opoB AuIA AeileHTpanH3OBaHHoA nOAaqHTenna H BOai 6bluio npoH3BeAeHO B JIHTBe H Honimie B 1995 r. Ha TOT MOMeHT 4a1cHqecKH BceeBporierlcKHe MapKH O6opyAoBaHmia 6BurnHaoCTYnHbI B BapLuaBe, B TO BpeMS Kaic Bbl6op B BinbHoce 6Edn6onee OrpaHH1 eHHE,IM. CM. Biomass Technology Group (BTG): Small-Scale Heating Systems in Lithuania(Consultant Report, Washington, D.C., ESMAP, May 1995.) orpyrnia TexHoniorHH 6HOMacc>>;MenKoMacmTa6m,ie CHCTeMEd oToiUeHHS B JHnBe (OTqeT KOHcyJn.TaHTa, BauiHHTTOH, O.K, ESMAP, Mahl1995 r.). CTOHMOCTh ra3oBbwx npH6opoB MecTHoro npOH3BojcTBa H 3aicyrneHHoro qepe3

KpynHoMacIIITa6Hmde KOHTpaBKTh 6yaeT HecxojiEKo HrnKe.

72 rIOBLIIIeHHe 34eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TerIiocHa6fteHHA B cTpaHax UeHTpaj1B6HO9 H BOCTOIHOH EBporibi H

pecrIy6nimax 6uIBmero COBeTCKoro COKO3a

BHyTpHlOMOBOrO KOTjia, iIOAXKOxieHHOrO K cyu.ecTByIoILer CHCTeMe ropsAero

BoAOcHa6)KeHHs. aJIs BapHaHTa B CTOHMOCT16 oi.eHHBaeTcS B 1400 Aonu. CWUA Ha OAHy

KBaPTHPY H 1850 Aojui. CLUA Ha AOM Ha ABe ceMBiH. OueHKa 3aTpaT xms THMHmoapbI H

CO4HH HlOaTBepxcAaeT, T ITO BHyTpHROMOBbIe KOTJIEI geaeBjie, 'ieM KBaPTHPHBIe ra3OBwIe

HarpeBaTeJIH H HaMHOFO geieBjie, ieM KBaPTHpHMIe KOTibi. KpoMe TOrO, HTO OHH o6xoasTCs

HaMHOrO IopoKe,TaKHe BecbMa zeieHTPaJH30BaHHbIe pemeHAs 6yaeT TpyAHee peafH3OBaMT

B CyIIeCTBy1OIiHX MHOrOKBapTHpHbIX 3XWaHHSX, IIOTOMY MTO 3T0 ioTpe6yeT, nTo6uI BCe CeMBH

corJIacHnHCB HHBeCTHpOBaTE 3Ha'IHTeJIbHbIe geHeNHBIe CpeaCTBa.

Ta6muiga 3-6. TunnwHbie mH8ecTwLjMoHHbie 3aTpaTbi npu Bo3pocuweM wcnonb30BaHuM

ra3a B KnHJHU4MHOM ceKTope, Ha OAHY KBapTmpy (B AOnn. CWA)

Bapuanm A (Keapmupa) Bapuaim B Bapuaum B

KoMnoneHm (Keapmupa) (om6eAnbHbZi(OM)

CeTb 160 - 180 180 370

rIO1BoAaas JIHHHS 130 - 160 110 210flpH6opLI yereTa (BKnioias BKEO'meHO B nO,4BOAA1UYtO 60 70

ycTaHOBKy) JIHHHIO

KoTenbHble 50- 100 H/, H/R

ra3OBbie npH6opibi (BKcAotlas 700 - 750 1050 1200

ycTaHOBKy)

O6uiaA CTOHMOCTE, 1100 - 1200 1400 1850

3.3 BapHaHTmI 3Heproc6epe)KeHMR B 3AaHH9X47

CHCTeMmI LT nOCTaBJISOT ropsAyio BOgy zI OTOrIIfeHSH H rBKB B 3,aaHHA. BOJi1,IHHCTBO

H3 HIX ripe;rcTaBjIeT co6ok 6oimmiHe MHOrOKBapTHPHbIe AOMa, 3a HHMH CIeayIOT IMIKOJIMI,

60JIEHHIu>, O#HCHie H IpOMbmieHHBIe 3AaHm. 4aKTHqeCKH Bce 3ZaHHA B LIBE/ECC

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MOMeHTbI HpHBOIST K y,zenEbHOMy rioTpe6jieHH1O Teia, KOTOpOe HaMHOrO BBIIlle, HeM B

3ana,aHofl EBpone B CXO)KHX KJIMmaTHNeCKHX yCJIOBHXX. B caeapyoieM pa3,geine

paCCMaTPHBaEOTCS gocTynHEie cpeAcTBa, npe,4Ha3HaIeHHbI6e AJIA rIOBbimeHHA

3HeprOC6eperamOMIHX CBON4CTB 3aaHNiN. B TO BpeMa KaK OHH 4aKTHeCKH OXHH H Te we AiiA

pa3JIH9HBIX THITOB 3IjaHHA, peHTa6eJIE6HOCT1 mep 3aBHCHT OT TOFO, am 1qero HCrfIOJT3YeTCS

3XaaHHe. HaIIpHmep UKOJIbI He pa60Ta1OT HOYTiEO H B BbIXO0Hbie, Io3TOMy rlepeHaCTpORKa

peryJISTOpOB Ha IIOHH)KeHHYIO TemnepaTypa riOMeIIIeHHSA B HOYHOii nepo,[ 6Tma 6EI BeCMa

34xj4eKTHBHOH A CHHEKeHHS iaoTpe6JIeHHA Terilna.

47 HacTo3iunH Pa3neA, Pa3,en 5.2.7 H rlpHnOxeHHe E OCHOBaHbi 6onbierl tacTbIo Ha pa6oTe Martinot, Eric

(1997), "Investmnents to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Existing Residential Buildings in Countries of the

Former Soviet Union," Studies of Economies in Transition 24 (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank). ABTOP

aH1aji3HKYeT OnbiT, nO1yqeHHbIl BO BpeMS nOZtrOTOBKH HecKonbKUx xpeaHTHLiX npoeKTOB EaHKa B

cTpaHax ECC B 1994 - 1996 rr. OH paccmaTpuaeT Kxa nepexouHuiVi nepmoA H(HnHulHoro ceicTopa B 3T14X

cTpaHaX B uenIOM, TaK H cne1u4i4lHecKHe, 3KoHoMH'ecKHe, coLuHajibHbe H HHCTHTyUtOHaJ1bHbi6e acnexTbI

noBbImUHHm 3HepreTH'ecKoro Kn.

flOBblueHHe 3*reKTHBHoCTH CHCTeM TernJOCHa6fteHHA B CTpaHaX UIeHTpajibnHoi H BocToHHoHi EBpomlI H 73pecny6iiHKax 6ElBiero COBeTCiKoro COO3a

3.3.1 Mepbw no noeibIWeHU1o 3HepaemuLecmoao Kr7L7

B nOCJeIHHe HeCKOABKO .eT npOBOAiOCB MHOrO TeXHH1eCKHX HCCfie4OBaHHll3HepreTHmeCKOO B 3zaaHHAX B LIBEfECC H 6bu HaKOiiIieH oriBIT npOBe:eHiu,aeM0HCTpaUHOHHb1X flpOeKTOB, CBI3aHHB1X C peKOHCTPYKIiH-e HH)eHepHOro o6opyaoBaHHA(MapTHHO, 1997 r., CTp. 25). 3TH HCCJieaOBaHHA H OrI6IT rIOKa3BIBaOT, tITO rIaKeTJI Mep rIOrIOBbE1meHHIO 3HepreT eCKoro KHJg B 3gaHHqX ripeguaraioT TexHHqecKHe B03MO)KHOCTH AJCHH)KeHHIA 3HeprOIIOTpe6neHHA B )HJIOM gOMe Ha 25 - 30% H gaae ao 50% npHHpHBJIexaTeJIbHbIX 3KOHOMHtieCKHX H 1HHaHCOBBIX HOpMaX iipH6EuiH.

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79

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ropo,a, T3I/OK OK BOHi KoTeni ra3e)

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M $15,5/FKaii $16,8/rKan

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q q $18,3/FKani $22,OAFKani

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4.1.2.3 3ampambl Ha npou3eodcmea mennombi

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4.2.2 BapuaHmb, mennocHa6)KeHuR. Pe3ynbmambi

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94 flOBrInueHHe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TenhIOCHa6)KeHHA B CTpaHaX UeHTpaJbHOU H BOCTOHHori EBPOrIN H

pecny6JIHKax 6iBuisero COBeTCKoro C0103a

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Mo,aepHH3HpOB.

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CTOHMOCTE-, /Iopo0 as CHCTeMa UT ccTeMa ULr ninoc T31 KOTJI6I

CTOHMOCTb TeIUocHa6)KeHHS, xoju. ClIA/IKanlHenponeTpOBCK 23,4 23,6 21,1 23,3

KayHac 35,3 35,1 34,5 34,8

OpeH6ypr 65,5 59,9 36,9 30,2

BpoiwaB 44,5a 21,3 41,6

CTOHMOCTb TenrIocHa6xceHHAa zons. CEIIA/Klaan (BKo=4aeT Mepbl Ha CTOPOHe Harpy3KH)

CO(PH H/I 31 H/A 39THmmuoapa H/f HIA 41 31

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Hcmo'mUK: KoHKpeTmme HCCieaOBaHmS no nporpamme ESMAP .

B OpeH6ypee pemaioiiM 4 aKTOpOM HeKOHKypeHTOClioco6HOCTH ]UT IBji1eTCA HH3Kas

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coBpeMeHHLIX arperaTax KoM6HHHpoBaHHoro iUHKxa, pa6oTawomlx Ha ra3e.

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HA Har-py3KH HA1 Harpy3KH loiuas H5% 20%c 19% 43%C 65% 78%

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aToMHoHI 3neKTpocTaHLIHH. ToJIE,KO qaCTb a HeiiponeTpOBCKa CHa6wKaeTCs TerIjIOM OT T3UI.

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B Kayaace T30 npOBOWHIIOCb B 1997 r. IAs HHBecTHiHOHHOrO npoeKTa, 4IHHaHcHpyeMoro EEPP.

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eapuaHmamu mennocHa6mKeHuR

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O B L|BE/FiCC TeIInoryHKTaMH laCTO BflageIOT niperipHATHSA LIT. OAHaKO BBIrOzbI OT

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O Mepm no YCOBepmeHCTBOBaHHIO Ha CTOpOHe Harpy3KH MOrYT IIO3BOJIITb 3aKpbITh

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130 rIoBbimeHHe 344eRTHBHOcTH cHcTeM TernocHa6)KeHH3s B cTpaHax JjeHTpa iHOr4 H BOCTOxHOfl EBponLI H

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KBapTHp. EcnH npOH3BO;[CTBeHHbie pacxoa., HI nO3TOMY noTpe6HTenEbcKHe ijeHmI,

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HacToaxiee BpeMA noKpbma1IOT 100% 3aTpaT. HatHHas c 1 AHBapA 1998 r., HOBEIf

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rIonIblua 75 (1995) 60-70 (1994) 50-60 (1994)-100 (1998)

JIHTBa 60 (1995)YKpaHHa 80 (1998) 4-10 (1994)POCCHA 40 (1998) 10-20 (1995) 10-15 (1994)BonrapHs 54(1998) 10-15 (1994)PYMbIHHA 60 (1996)aa. Ha OCHOBe farKTH?ecKoi fHHaHcOBOfl CTOHMOCTH B THMHaoape, KOTOPaAoeneHHBaeTCA IumE KaK 20% OT HCTHHHOH 3KoHoMHqecKoA cToHMocTH UT.HcmO'WHUK: CoTpyAHHKH BceMHpHoro EaHKa.

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Cnoco6oM, a TOJIBKO Ta qaCTE,, KOTOpaA OTHOCHTCA K OTanMIBaeMOil flJIOHaH HH)Ke

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cHa6)xeHRIA B cTpaHax IBE.

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Te KaTeropHHc CeMeEI, KOTOpEIb eO 3aKOHy He HMeIOT Ha 3TO JipaBa. AgpeCHaS 3aIHTa 6e=bHbIxceMeEi HyxQaeTC3 B COBepmIeHCTBOBaHHH riyTeM HCIIOJI]63OBaHHS KOppeJISIfH-H 6ebHocTH.MyHrnHHa.iZTeTE,I, KOTOpEIe 0o6,rIHo 3aHHMaiOTCS OCyueCTBJIeHHeM rpOrpaMMEa, AOJDKHbI

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8 pHMepoM 3@4eKTHBHoACHcTeTMbI aaMHHNcTpHpoBaHHA cy6cHgHr Mo)KeT cTaTb r. OpeH6ypr B POCCHH. BcooTBeTcTBHH c 4eAepanbH6xM 3aKoHoAaTe3ubcTBoM, ceMBH A0OJDII rHlTaTHTb He 6oAee 20 % cBoero aoxoAa3a KOMMYHaIbHMle ycnyFH. CeMEH C HH3KHMH gOXOgaMH noaalOT 3aABfleHHe Ha noay"eMie cy6cuHAHMYHHUHnaEbHbLIM BjiacTAM HaOCHOBe HH4opMauHH, non3eHHoa 0 1oxoiax H KojiHqecTBe qileHoB ceMbH,<<eHTp ,iuvimwHbix cy6cHAHr4) paccIHTElBaeT o6ocHoBaHHiin YPOBeHb cy6cIHAH. MyHHuHnajnHTeTBbIrITIaHIHBaeT e)xeMecAqHbue cy6CHAHMH Hanp3MyIo Ha cmeTa LT H ripearpamATH ra30Boro X03SIiCTBa OTHMeHH noTpe6HTesi.

132 rIoBbImeHHe 34xe8CTHBHoCTH cHcTeM TenjioCHa6>KeHHS B cTpaHax LUeHTpajTbHOii H BOCTOqHOri EBponbu H

pecny6nmKax 6bmBmiiero CoBeTcxoro C0o03a

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PaMKa 5-2 ,OCfTYnHOCT6 oTonneHMR: pe3yniTaTbI o6cJ1eAoBaHNR9 AOMOXo3RuCTB

B pamKax npoeKTa BceMHpHoro BSaHa no IUT r. KHeBa 6bLTo npoBegeHo o6ciiegoBaHHe

,gOMOX03SACTB B 1997 r. B Cpe,XHeM HaceneHHe, nooKnIOqeHHoe K UIT, rpaTKno 6% CBOHX pacxo,gOBHa UT, 4% Ha ropAqyio Bo,Ay, Bcero 10% (c BblqeTOM CKH,AOK H cy6cHgHR). rIPH 3TOM 3Ta uH4pa

Kone6aJiacb B AHana3oHe OT xlyTb B6luie 15% y cambix 6ebmLix ,gOMOX03AACTB go 5% y caMbEX

6ormamix. B KHeBe Cpe,gHH$i TapH4 3a TeroO Ha MoMeHT npOBe,LeHHA o6cnegoBaHHs cocTasBJ1U 22

zionU./FKan ('{TO HOKPbUIO 6bl 3aTpaTbL) H BO3MeIueHHe nPOH3Bo0cTBeHHb1X H3XAepxceK CO CTOPOHbl

noTpe6irreneri B KHIHWHOM ceK-rope B HacToAiuee BpeMS cocTaBneST 80% .

HeCKOJ1bKO o6cAe,ioBaHHR 6bmH npoH3BegeHb6 B POCCHH B 1995 r. B paMKaX npoexcra BceMHpHoro

BaHKa no oTzeneiHmo HH.UlHoro 4oH,Aa npe,gnpHsITHr4. Bo3MeiueHHe H3xepHKex cocTaBJAJIO

npHmepHo 30%. CoriacHO BHyTpeHHeH oueHKe npoeKTa BaHica cpegHHe pacXOblw Ha )KHnbe

(peMoHT + KOMMYHanbbHbe yciiyrH) COCTaBJJIH npHMepHO 5% OT geHe)KHbIx AOXOgOB ceMbH. ECJIH

npexAnoAOcHTm, qTO H3gepxaKH B03MelUalOTCA nOIHOCTbEO, 3Ta uH4)pa yBenH'Hnacb 6bl nPHMePHO go

15%. Pe3ynbTaTm o6cneAoBaHHAs B r. Bjia,HMHpe H BonIxoBe yKa3blBamO, trrO B cpeaHeM ,ronA

paCXOOB Ha xKHjbe cocTaBmeIT 10% OT ,zOXO,AOB ceMbH H 20-25% y 6e,HeriwHx ceMer.

lI1HpoKoMacurra6Hoe o6cne,zoBaHHe cemeH no 3HepreTmKe B J[HTOBCKHX ropo,Aax BHimEnoce H

KayHace B Haqane 1995 r., npeAnpHHmTbie KaK 'acTm npoeK-ra ESMAP 88 zano cnexyIoIUHe

Pe3yJILTaTl: B CpeZHeM AOMOxO3URCTBa TPaTHRH 11% Ha 3HeprEHo (UT npHMepHO cocTaBjAeT 50%OT 3TOH w mpbI), CeMwH C HH3KHMH goxoAaMH go 20%. Bo3MeiueHHe 3aTpaT Tor,a COCTraBnO

HpHMepHO 30%.

r1oTpe6HoCT.b B cy6cHAHix CHH3HTCA C yBjne1eHHeM AOXOAOB, KOTOPbIe OTCTaBaBiH OT pOCTa

IteH Ha 3HeprHio. PeKoHcTpylauHs CHCTeM IUT H 3AaHHA, KOTOPEIe HpHBe)IY K CyitfeCTBeHHOH

3KOHOMHF 3HeprHH, TaK)Ke CHH3HT CYMMY OnJIaT]6I 3a MHeprHio y nIoTpe6fTenIer H BCJIegCTBHe

3Toro yMeHLM1HT BEImaITaI cy6cyHHi. B THMHIIoape KOHCYJIbTaHTbI yCTaHOBHJIH, qTO

TapH4ThI nO BO3MeiiieHHO nomHOr CTOHMOCTF 3aTpaT MozepHH3HpoBaHHoir CHCTeMmI UT c

85 Cp. "Russian Federation: Affordability of Cost Recovery in Housing and Conimunal Services" (DraftReport, Washington, D.C.: World Bank, March 1999). (<PoccHHcKaS (D)eepaua: 0ocTynHoCTbBO3MeCIIeHHA 3aTpaT Ha 2KHAiHuiHo-KoMMyHajibHbme yCJayrH>> (npoexT oTqeTa, BamHHrroH: BceMHpHbir1EaaHx, MapT 1999 r.).

86 B naqane 1998 r. pacnpeAeneHHe 3aTpaT Ha T3J, notaioLuinx Tenno B CHCTeMY LUT KHeBa, m3MeHHJIocb,qTo zano cHmmeHue TapHf)OB c 22 Aonn. CWATKan Ao 17 aoni. CIUAIFKan. CM. Ukraine: Kiev DistrictHeating Improvement Project, Staff Appraisal Report (April 1998).."YKpaMHa: flpoeICTCOBepmeHcTBOBaHHSi rrPanBOBaHHOrO TernwocHa6)KeHHS B r. KHeBe. OiueHoqriwr oTTeT COTPYaHHKOBBaHxa" (anpenb 1998 r.).

87 Russian Federation: Enterprise Housing Divestiture Project, Staff Appraisal Report (Washington, D.C.:World Bank, April 1996.) "PoccHItcKan (DeaepaiH: flpoeKT no oTAneneHmo 2KuHnmHoro 4oHgaripegnpwrrHrIl, OueHOIqHOf oTqeT coTpyaHHKoB BaHKa (BamHHrToH: BceMnpHuri BaHi, anpens 1996).

88 Josephine Arpaillange, The Buildings and the People: Lithuania Household Energy Survey, BuildingAssessment Study, and Homeowner Association Study, Consultant Report for ESMAP (Washington, D.C.:World Bank, June 1995). XK03e4HH ApnaAHic "3aaHMi H niOAH: HccneAioBaHHe no 3HepreTuKeA[OMOX03fiCTB B JIHTBe, HccJTeAoBaHHe oueHKH 3AaHHA H HccjieaoBaHHe accoIxHaixHH AoMoBnaaeabueB".OTqeT KOHcynjTTaHTa anA ESMAP (BaiIUHrTOH: BCeMHpHblU BaHK, HOHb 1995 r.).

HoBBrnEieHHe 34fIeKTHBHOCTH CHcTeM TerlmocHa6)KeHH3a B cTpaHax LjeHTpaJTbHo0i H BOCTOIIHOI EBpomrw H 133pecny6nmiKax 6blrBiero COBeTCKOrO C0o03a

KOM6HHHpOBaHHLIM IIPOH3BO2aCTBOM 6EIJIH 6F AOCTyrIHIIM CeMsAM, KOTOpEIe paCXOJOBa2IH

6Fv IIpMHepHO 7% OT CBOHX XaOXOAOB B 2005 r., ecnIH 6Fv iOXoZBI B03paCTaBiH Ha 5% B roj.

.;OCTyHHOCTEF ABSLBeTCSI H OCTaHeTCS B o6o3pHMoM 6yayweM CepEe3HOff ripo6JleMOr4 B

HeKOTOPBIX pecdiy6.nnKax 6biBinero COBeTCKorO CoIo3a, TaKHX KaK rpy33HA, ApMeHHA,

MOJMOBa H KbipF6I3CTaH, ume BBr Ha Aymy HaceneHAs KOjie6JIeTCA B npe,e.nax 300-1000zonn. CIlA. BFI3bIBaeT COMHeHI BO3MO)KHOCTB H uenecoo6pa3HOcTb peKOHCTPYKUHH

HH4pacTpyKTypbI, KOTOpax 6fLta CO3ftaHa B COOTBeTCTBHH CO CTaHaapTaMMH CHCTeMBI

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COLIHaNJIHOM H 3KOJIOrH'eCKOM nUiaHe.

5.2.5.4 3adonmeHHocmb nompe6umeneu, u CaHKL4UU 3a Henname.Ku

rIepBOHaHaA6Hoe IIOBmiUeHHe UeH Ha 3jieKTpO3HeprIHIO B Haqaue 90-x rO,OB HfPHBeJIO K

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89 0616rcHo cqeT 3a Tenno H ropnqyso Bo0y COCTaBAMCT npHMepHo 60% OT pacxoaOB CeMbH Ha xOMMyHaJTbHO-6BIToBEje Hy)CAW.

90 B OTHOHIeHHH nlOJHTHKH H mep iA pemeHu npo6neMm uenriaTexet4 CM. Non-Payment in the ElectricitySector in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (Washington, D.C.: World Bank Technical PaperNo. 423, June 1999). ((HennaTe)KH B ceKTope 3JIeKrpO3HepreTHKH B BOCTOqHOH1 EBpone H 6mBiueMCOBeTCKOM C0103e>) (BamHHrroH: TeXHHqeCKHri AOKyMeHT BceMHpHoro EaHxa X2 423, mHLOH 1999 r.).

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POH3BO2aCTBa Tenna.

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ropoaa H C TaKOHi we 3aBHCuXmelH OT BpeMeHH CTPYKTYPOri, B.

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5.2.7 bHcmumyL4uoHanbHbie acneKmbi uHeecmut4uu e noebiwueHue3HepeemuqecKoeo KnA 3OaHUU

)KJoIii ceKTOp sBjiSeTCSI HaH6ojiee BaJKHEiM 1ioTpe6HTeneM IIeHTPaH-3OBaHHorO TenJia. Bce3,aHHA B LJBE/BCC HY)AKOTCS B HHBeCTHIWIHX B peKOHCTpyKIIHIO, KOTOPaA aaCTCyUeCTBeHHYIO 3KOHOMHI 3HeprHH (cM. Pa3geJ1 3.3). BygeT iI 3TO 2OCTHrHyTO H KaiK 3TO6y,geT AOCTHrHyTO, 3aBHCHT BO MHOrOM OT HHCTHTY11HOHa1iBHE]X MexaHH3MOB, KOTOpbiezagyT Bna,gejTHjaM 3AaHRH H KBapTHp CTHMYJTI H ¢HHaHCOBbie pecypcEi A,JIHHBeCTHpOBaHHA B peKOHCTPYKLtHIO 3HtaHHii. B OTHoUeHHH ceKTopa 2KHJIbX 3gaHHAMapTHHo (1997 r.) IIpOH3BOAHT aHaJIH3 6apBepoB, BO3MO)KHocTeH H OIPaHHxeHHoro onBITa,xapaKTepHUx rAJI HiiHeniero fIepHoga.

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WToro MYHHIIHIaJI6HEie opraHE61 H iipePHASTRS BCe eiie OTBeHaioT 3a 9TH 3,aaHHA. OaHaKOMYHHltHITWIJaHLIe XMJlH HO--3KCHnyaTaIUHOHHBIe iipe)lipH5ITHA o6imiHo He 3aHHMaiOTCqHHBeCTHELjH1MH B peKOHCTpYKIUHIO, a TOnE,KO CTpOHTeJIbHIMM pa6oTaMH H OCHOBHEIMH

144 IIoBEameHHe 3(feKTHBHOCTH cHcTeM TeIuIocHa6ReHHS B cTpaHax LIeHTpanbHOM H BOCTO'IHori EBpoIlm H

pecny60iHxax 6EIBLmero CoBeTcxoro C0o03a

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I EH1IE B TemeHHeM Terma 3KOHOMXT 30% Tenia B

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* BopB6a C Te'lbio nOAflIHTOMHO BOXIbI B

* YCTaHOBKa npH60pOB MarHCTpanJTHBIX TerAoceTlx. I

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rlpiOweHHe A 171

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- 1998 rr. npH6opoB yqeTa Terna

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* BBO2, B AeriCTBHeTyp6HHBI xiA T3U

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B. IIPOEKTbI, 3ATPAr1LBAIOIIIHE B OCHOBHOM, CTOPOHY HOTPEEJIEHIIHI BCHCTEMEE IEHTPAJIH30BAHHOrO TEIIJIOCHAE.CEHIHI

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O 06wHni K ;l TOnjinBa npH rpoH3BoaCTB renrmoBoi 3HeprHH B03pOC c 79% ao 85%. KoppO3HsTpy6onpOBonOB B KOTeCJEHbiX CHH3HfaCb C 33% no 8% B ron H KoTejuHBLe Tenepb pa6oTaioT Ha Ma3yTe,KOTOpEIri nocTaBBmeTCA KOHKYPHPOHWHMH KoMnaHm3MH, pa6oraionmH c Ma3yrOM, Ha nOCTORHHorocHoBe, TaKHM o6pa3oM, cnoco6cTByA nony"eHH1o nynium4x npean3o)KeHHl4 no ueHe co cTopoHbira3ocHa6)Kaoliel KOMnaHHH.

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HcTro'HHK: rIeHTrH Apo, 1998 r.

iIi

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O OripeaeneHHe CerMeHTOB P,IHKa H pa3MepOB ero. KTO ABJ1SeTCS IIoTpe6HTeJSMMH?KaxOBW rioTpe6HocTH, KOTOpbIe MOryT 6E,IE, nOKpETr6I IIpogyKTMmH (HanipHMep, MoryTJIH npHpOIH,IA ra3, H ueHTpaiH3OBaHHoe TenIIocHa6)KeHHe HCnOJIb3OBaHEbI XLA ileiienoxfiaxiteHHA)?

O OIIpegeneHHe cTpaTerHH MapKeTHHra. B npoIlOM, iaxTwIeCKH He ripOBOItJIHCbMapKeTHHrOBEie HCCJIegOBaHHS3 B OTHOIeHHH ycJIyr TennJocHa6xKeHHS. BHRAE H o6feMmycJyr TernJTocHa6)KeHHI onpexejisHcb opraHaMH rIIaHHpoBaHHAI. B 6y,gyIeM,KOMHaHHH, 3aHHMaEOIItIHeCS 3HeprocHa6)IeHHeM, AOJDKHbI 6ylyT 3aHmiTnCS34xeKTHBHoH MapKeTHHrOBOH ae3TereJIHOCTEblO gI Toro, HTo6EI COXPaHHTh CTapEiX HIpHBjie'b HOBBIX noTpe6HTeneiR.

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179

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O ECuIH HeCKOJIbKO iiOTpe6HTenIeI rIouiiuoxieHm K O)rHOA TemJlO3HepreTHqeCKOIR

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o6bmuio npHMepHo 80 - 85% yXO,l;HT Ha oTonIieHHe noMeriieHHr, H iaaxce HH)e aJIA

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3HepreTN4ecKMu Kngq KOM6MHNpoBaHHoro npOM3BOACTBa

rlo CpaBHeHHiO C oTenEBHHM 11POH3BOACTBOM Teiiia H 3nCeKTPT3HeprHH cooTBeTCTBeHHO BOTOIInHTehLHBIX KoTJaX (OK) H KOHAeHCauiOHHEIX 3jieKTpoCTaHUH3x, Te AKe caMbie Tenrio H3neKTP03HePMA MOrYT InpOH3BOAHTECA Ha T3Lj, HCIIOJIb3yx Ha 1/3 MeHbifle TOIIIIHBa. BonieeKOHKPeTHBIe pa3MepbI 3KOHOMHH 3aBHCAT OT THnOB 3ieKTp03HepreTHHecxHx HTeIJIO3HepreTHlMecKHx yCTaHOBOK, OT TeXHOJIOrHH KOM64HHpOBaHHOrO npOH3BoaCTBa H OTTHUOB HCrIOJI3yeMOrO TOIIHBa. HaH6o.jee IacTo HCIIOjT3yeMbIM IInepBH t HEIM ABHraTeIieM)AMS KoM6HHHpoBaHHoro IIPOH3Bo,AcTBa ABiAeTCA niapOBasi Typ6HHa, rge Typ6HEIHBIpa3leJMEoTcA Ha XBe KaTeropHH B COOTBeTCTBHH AaBjieHHeM Ha Brixog[e Typ6HHbI: Typ6HHBIC IIPOTHBOAaBReHHeM H KOH.eHCa1WOHHbIe Typ6IHHI C OT6opaMH. CBegeHHA no .pyrHMTexHojiorHxM UaHEI B Ta6n. 3-2 B OCHOBHOM oTHeTe.

T34" c npomu6o6a6AeH'iecKou myp6uHoii. B 06bIImHbIX KOHJAeHcalHOHHEIX 3JieKTpOCTaHLUHxXIlap KoHetHCHPYeTCS rIpHMepHo lIpH 400C .gnx CO3;xaHHM HaRHygmero BaKyyMa BKOHXzeHCaTOpe ,JS gaOCTH)KeHHM MaKcHMaJMHOf BbIpa6OTKH 3ieKTPHMeCTBa Typ6HHOr,IIHpmepHO AO 40% pacxozyemoro ToriJIHBa. 3Ta TemnepaTypa CJIHmKOM HH3Ka AIIT.1103TOMY, B T3IJ C iipoTHBOgaBjieHHeCKOH Typ6HHOH nap <<KOHzeHcHpyeTC3)» BTeHnoo6MeHHHKe ripH 6onee BEICOKOf TemiiepaType C TeM, HTo6EI BoAa Zn= LT zocTHrnaTemnepa-ypmi 85 - 130 0C. CpaBHwTeILHO BbICOKaA TeminepaTypa oxiiaxleHHA IOBlImIaeTIIOqTH BaKYYM KOH,IeHcaTopa IIpMHepHO ,Ao 0,5 - 1,5 6ap RaBjieHHSA B TenIiJoo6MeHHHKe(oTCo,ga TepMHH <<IpOTHBoaaBjieHHe>>). 3To orpaHHBaeT BEIpa6OTKy 3JIeKTpo3HeprHHnpHmepHo Ao 35% OT 3HepreTHTecKoro coAep)KaHHA pacxoAa TOnJIHBa, HO nO3BOjineTHCIIOJIL3OBaTE, BEbipa6OTaHHoe TemlIo (npHmepHo 35% OT Bcero pacxo,;a TOIIJIHBa) i,XnHarpeBaHHA BO3flbl B TeIUioceTvx. 3To AaeT 90 % o6wero KIL 3Hepronpeo6pa3oBaHH3i HCOOTHOmeHHe BEIpa6oTKH 3JieKTpO3HepMIH K BbIpa6oTKe TeIIJIOBOH 3HeprHH (=Cm) paBHOe0,64. T3I| C IIpoTHBo,AaBsneHtiecKo Typ6HHOA HmeeT 4sHKCHpOBaHHoe cooTHoMeHHe Cm IpHpa6oTe T31 'IHCTO B peXKMe KoM6HHHpOBaHHOro nIpOH3BO;ICTBa, HO IIpOIOpIHH MOrYT6EImTE rH6KHMH 6iiaro,gapu YCTaHOBKe nepenycKHoro KiianaHa Typ6HHEI H/HJIH,IOOJIHHTenMHOrO OXAaaHTeJIS, TaKHM 06pa3oM, nIo3BOJn OTaeJMHO BEIpa6aTEIBaTE, TeriioH 3ieKTpo3HeprHmO. K1I TOIIJIHBa 3JIeKTpO3HeprHH, BEIpa6OTaHHOf4 C IIOMOuIlImOrIOIIOJIHHTeJIbHOrO OXJIaAHTeJiA, SBjiSeTCA HH3KHM H o6briHo HCIIOJb3yeTCA TOJITKO BaBapHrIH]6X HJIH nHKOBBIX CHTyaiHSxX C xieKTpo3HepreW.

T31( c KouHeucayuefl u om6opoM napa. Ha TaKHx CTaHiHAxx nap oT6HpaeTCA H3 Typ6HH lIpHYPOBHAX TeMrIepaTypE.I H gaBJIeHHS, KOTOpbie AOCTaTO'HO BE,ICOKH nXi UT. rlap, KOTOpE,IH He6bu¶ OTo6paH, nlpo.AojiaeT nOCTyIIaaTb B KOH.eHCaIuHOHHyIO 'iaCc yCTaHOBKH. TaKoM THmnT3LJ o6nagaeT rIepeMeHHEiM cooTHomeHIHeM Cm: qem 6oni,me oT6op napa xzn HpOH3BOACTBaropsimeA BOAEI, TeM MeHEine 3IieKrpO3HeprHH BEIpa6aTEIBaeTCA B KOHgeHCaUHOHHOr4 taCTH.

185

186 nOBBimeHHe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM Teru1OCHa6fteHHs B CTpaHaX LeHTPaJnbHOA H BOCTOIHOri EBpOnbi H

pecny6nmcax 6blamero CoBeTcKoro CoIo3a

T3LI C KOHaeHCauHeA H oT6opoM iiapa MO)KeT pa6oTaTL Be3Ae, HaxuHHas OT pe.HMa rioTHO

nOJIHOrO IIPOTHBO,AaBjieHHA (3neKTpH'ecKHft KIIP; MaKCHMaJIbHO 35% H4 TeIIJOBoEI KH)gMaKCHImaibHO 50% OT Bcero pacxoiAa TOITlIHBa Ha 3HepreTHi4eCKor yCTaHOBKe, pa6oTaiouTefl

Ha yriie) H KOHqaA pex)MOM IIOJIHOri KOHAeHCaUHH (noAHLT4 3j1eKTpHweCKHH- KHrjMaKCHMyM 40% H 6e3 BTIpa6oTKH TeIIjiOBOi& 3HeprHH Ha yCTaHOBKe, pa6oTaioweei Ha

yrie)."1 CpegHHI4 3HepreTH'eCKHA KH,L T3LA HaXOaIHTCS B ripeaeniax 60 - 85%, B

3aBHCHMOCTH OT rO,KjuolqeHHOfk TenJIOBOrI Harpy3KH.

3KOHOMHAS 3HeprEHH rpH KOM6HHHpOBaHHOM IIPOH3BOACTBe MO)KHO IIpOCTO

ipoAemOHCTPHPOBaTb Ha <<Eiuarpamme C3HKHu> (CM. PHC. C-1), KOTOPBIi IIOKa3biBaeT pacxo,

TOIIIHBa, HCTO'qHHKH rIOTePb H BbIpa6oTKY 3neKTPO3HeprHH H TennIa WiA oT,enbHoro H

COBMecTHoro IIpoH3BoacTBa. AMs BbIpa6oTKH 55 eXHHHuI 3JieKTPHIeCTBa H3 100 egZHHRI

Temia norpe6neHHe ToBa B cjiyae c T3L] (176 eXLHH1I) Ha 31% MeHH,ue, qeM B cJyMiae

OTejiEBHOA BE,Ipa6OTKH (256 e=HHII). 3HaIeHHs Ha PHC. C-2 THHIIHE,I .H j TeXHO3iOrTH

KoM6HHHpoBaHHoro lIpOH3BOAcTBa, OCHOBaHHBIX Ha ipHmeHeHRHH TBepb1X BHAOB TOriJIHBa,

KOTOPE.i HCIIOJIL3ylOTCA B HaCTOAiiee BpeM B 3anagHofl EBpone. TaM, rge B KaqecTBe

ToImma BbI6HpaeTCs IIpHpo,Hifi ra3, cooTHoiiieHHe Cm BEUIe. TaM, rAe npoIleccEI

BBIpa6oTKH ra3a H riapa HHTerpapOBaHEi HJIH HCIIOJIL3yeTcS1 ra3OBBIH TtBHraTeJIb,

COOTHOmeHHe Cm MO)KeT HMeTh 3Ha'IeHHe OKOJIO 1.113

112 Kl 3iieK-ipocTaHwum OnpeAenlBeTCA 3AeCB KaK qHcTbi Krlg (HCnOnE3oBaHHe 3eKTpO3HeprHH zWAco6cTBeHHIIx Hy)KA, BEIlTeHHOg H3 rIpoH3BeAeHHoA 3JieKTpo3HeprHH). 33¶eKTpocTaHUHH, pa6oTaloU1He Ha

yrne, 6onime Hcnonb3YpoTcB zui co6cTBeHHux HyicA (yromimibe MeJThHHIt6l, KoHBegepLi, BeHTHnSTopw),

no cpaBHeHHIo C 3neKTpoCTaHhlIAMH, pa6oTalonHMH Ha Ma3yTe HnH Ha ra3e. THCTBHi Knl,

KOHAeHCaWHOHHOjH 3nxeKiTpocTaSHHH Ha yrne COCTaBAZeT npHMepHo 40%.

CooOTHOmeHHe Cm o6wnHo cocTaBiieT 0,5 - 0,6 Ha T3UI, pa6ONmHaX Ha TBepAOM ToruiHe; OKOjio 0,4 -0,6 =Aj T3L1 c ra3oTyp6mmori yCTaHOBKOfl Ha ra3e C OaHHO'qHbM lIHKnOM (npoilecc); npHMepHO 1,0 - 1,1

xni 3ieKTpocTaHuHR c ra3oTyp6HHHuMH ycTaHOBKaMH C KOM6HHHpOBaHHBiM iiHKnoM; H rpHMepHO 0,8 -1,0

XUI He6ojThmHx ra3oBbIx uBHraTeneA.

lpmIowem4eC 187

PuC. C-1. 3HEPrETM*ECKMI BAnAHC PA3J,EnbHOrO u KOMB4HHPOBAHHoro nPO1.3BO,CTBA3nEKTPL4qEcKO 14 TEnnOBOu 3HEPru4m (An. TBEP9b1X BMJOBTOnnlBA)

3HepreTwiecKHil 6anaHcripm pa3AenbHOM u KOM6uHHpoBaHHOM

npO[13BOLCTBe 3I3HeprHi4 u Tenna(TBepAbie BMAb6 TonnsBa)

Pa3AjenbHoe npO-BO

Tonnumso 256noTepu fPH 136 120 lnoTepm npu C)K.c)KHr. 15 3/3Heprmq Tenno 20noTepu npmKOHA. 66

npOAyKTbi 55 100

KOM6UH. nPOU3BOACTBO

TonnHBo 176

n\joTepm npm C)K.

ll2 21

313H. Termo

npOAyKTbi 55 100

4CTO9HHK: COTPY,4HHicH BceMHpHoro BaHKa

3HeprenmecxHil KYflJ lIPOH3BOaCTBa TeEiOBOH 3HeprHH Ha T3L MO)KHO paCCl-fTaTbcieflyioiLmm o6pa3oM:

344eKTHBHas OTOIIHTe JIHaS KOTe IHaS HMeeT Ko3434¢HHeHT npOH3BOaCTBa TeflJIOBOH3HeprHH HuiH «KFJ HiPOH3BOACTBa TermOBOf 3HeprHHD> HpHMepHO 85%. MHHHMaJIHO34MeKTHBHoe ixoTpe6neHHe TOrEIHBa DJ ripOH3BO,ACTBa Toro Ke KojHqeCTBa TeinnOBOH3HeprHH B Typ6HHax T3IJ c KOHgeHcCaUHef H oT6opoM riapa HiH T39U cIpOTHBo,aBneHqecKoA Typ6HHoA (KOTOpasI HMeeT 6onEmHi yzejibHbIg pacxoA TOnIIBa -BbeIIII ypOBHA, Heo6xoaHMoro x rIlpOH3BOaCTBa TOJIbKO 3JIeKTpO3HeprHH) COCTaBBiAeTIIpHMepHO IIOJIOBHHy nIoTpe6nieHHqs TOI3Ba B OTOnIHTeJITHOA KOTeJIbHOri. 3TO aaeT "Kf" B

188 noBbEImeHHe 344eKTHBHocTH CHCTeM TermocHa6fKeHHSA B cTpaHax LeHTpaJILHoA H BOCTOIIHOI EBpol6I H

pecny6niKax 6bEBmero COBeTCKOrO C0o03a

170% (=0,85/0,5) , IIpOH3BoAcTBa Teniia Ha T3I1 4. rIpexriojiaraeTcs3, RTO Ha

UPOH3BOACTBO 3JIeKTpo3HeprIHH Tpe6yeTcsI TaKoe xce KoJIHHeCTBO TOIIJIHBa B nponecce

KOM6HHHpOBaHHoro IIPOH3BoacTBa KaK lIpH pa3XenjThHOM IIpoH3BoacTBe. 3HaIeHHe 170

HCIIOJlb3yeTCS WLA pac'IeTOB B riaBe 4.

Ha T3IJ c KOH,eHCalHeHC H OT6opOM riapa BbIpa6OTKa 3JTeKTpO3HeprHH 6ygeT riaAaTb,

Korga TerILOBaS 3HepHSI BbIpa6aThIBaeTCs , iLeneRi lIT, TaK KaK norTpe6neHHe ToIIJIHBa

ocTaeTcs IIOCTOSHHbIM. rIpOH3BOXACTBO 3TOII iiOTepSHHOR qoeKTpo3HeprHH aOnAAO 6bITb

HPOH3BegeHo r,e-Jii6o B apyroM MecTe HaIHIOHaJIbHOH 3HeprOCHCTeMbi; T.e. apyroH

KOH,aeHCaiWOHHOrk 3IieKTpOCTaHUHeH. IIpH BbIIIIeyKa3aHHbIX 3HaIeHHqX AJIA

KOHAeHCa1IHOHHO-Tenjio4¢HKauHOHHOii CTaHIzHH, roTeps 5% (c 35 go 40) 3neKTpHwecKoro

KrHI MO)KeT 6brrb BOCIIOJIHeHO 3TOiH ajibTepHaTHBHOH KOHLeHCaIjHOHHOA 3jieKTpOCTaHUHeA.

fIpH KflI 40% norpe6nieHHe TOIIBa cocTaBJISeT 12,5 eaHHHII (5 e=HHHI.I, flpOH3BseaeHHEIX

ripH Kfl,T 40%), HITO gaeT <«fJ4>> TeTioBoH 3HeprHH IpHMHepHO 440% (55/12,5). 3TOT

pacTeeT HpeAnOJIaraeT, HITO Ha Tenrio OT Typ6HHbI YXOAHT TOJIbKO TO KOJIH'eCTBO TOrIHBa,

KOTOpOe Tpe6yeTcsx X 3aMeigeHHI HPOI3BOBaCTBa 1IOTepSHHOri 3neKTpo3HeprHH. flOCKOJIbKy

ypOBeHb OTBOga Teniia KOJle6jieTCs B TexieHHe roza, <<«K >> npOH3BOAcTBa TeIIJIOBOA

3HeprHH Ha KOHxIeHCaUHOHHO-TerInO4HKaUHOHHOii 3JeIKTpOCTaHItHH B ilejioM 3a roa HaMHoro

HHxe 400%.

Te wce caMbIe 3MHHpHiqeCiuHe iipaBHjia He MOryT 6bTrrb IIpHMeHeHMI JS HHBeCTHflHOHHbIX

c6epe)KeHHIR B T3U iipH cpaBHeHHH c oTejbHEIMNH OTOIIHTeaJbHbIMH KOTejibHEIMH H

3JIeKTPOCTaHLH3MH CO CXO)KMH YPOBHSIMH BbIpa6OTKH TenIIa H 3JIeKTpO3HeprHH.

Cy11ecTByioT cyIIuecTBeHHEIe pa3JImAX B HHBeCTHUIHOHHLIX 3aTpaTaX Ha T3LU (CM. Ta6Ji. 3.3

B OCHOBHOM OT'eTe). CTOHMOCTEi nepeBoga KpyrIHoMacInTa6HOrl CymeCTByiOIeH HJIH

niiaHHpyeMori 3IieKTpocTaHUHH Ha 100 - 600 MBT Ha T31U He6ojibIuas[; YCTaHOBKa ,AJ

oTBoAa Teniombi o6m'Ho Ao6aBmLueT He 6o07ee 15 - 20% K CTOHMOCTH 3iieKTpOCTaHLiHH.

CTOHMOCTb Ha YCTaHOBjieHHyio MOUHOCTh B MBT He6oYibumIo4 aeieHTpajiH3OBaHHOA T31IpaHE>Iue 6bua HaMHOrO BbEfne, qleM WLI KpynHON TeIijio3jieKTpoCTaHuHH, HO 3aTpaTi6I

CymieCTBeHHO CHH3HJIHCb B nocieZegHHe HeCKOJIEKO ReT.

3KoHoMH,ecKHe N 43HaucoBi6ie H3gepiKcn [IpOH3BoAcTRa TenCIoIaoii 3HeprHH Ha T3W

O>uHaHCObie u gKoHoAmuiecKue u3bep3IcKu npouweodcm6a

06uie pa3maLmA MexIy 4HHaHCOBEIMH H 3KOHOMH'IecKHMH H3,ep)KKaMH npOH3BOaCTBa

TenJIOBOii 3HeprHH Ha T311 xopomo H3BecTHEi:

O ()HHaHCOBEIe H3AepxKKH He BKjUO'IoaOT BHeIIHHe BbIr'ObI If 3aTpaTI (B OCHOBHOM

BO3,geEIcTBHe Ha oKpyxKaiouyio cpe,Ay).

O 3KoHoMHqecKHe H3gepZKH He BKjnoHaIOT Hajioroo6JIo)KeHHe, IIOIHHbI H cy6cHzmi4.

PacTIeTHaS 3KOHOMHIecCKaS BenHHa ripOH3BoAcTBa 3JieKTpo3HeprHH Ha T3LU paBHa

pegeaJLbHbLM H3gep2KaM RTeJIeTIIHOrO nepHoAa (fl4Jf) 3JIeKTpO3HeprOCHa6)KeHHA, T.e.

1 CXO14 Hx 3 J3aHHIX Ha PHc. C - 1, pe3yJAbTHpyloInHr KHrl ripoH3MocTBa TenXiOBOf1 3HeprHH 6iui 6E,

250% = 100/(176-136) x 100 %

fIpmIo)xeHHe C 189

rIpOH3BQIICTBeHHbIM 3aTpaTaM Ha COBpeMeHHOH 3jieKTpoCTaHUI4H. PaCHeTHaS1 4HHaHCOBaSBeJIEHIHHa paBHa TapH4iy peaJIH3aUHH.

CnviHaif I: Uo6aBneHHe YCTaHOBKH no OTBOJIV Tenia K CYlueCTBYIOgef 3JIeKTPOCTaHLIHH

(DHHaHCOBaB CTOHMOCTB IIHPOM3BOACTBa TeriROBOR 3HeprHH paBHa:

O HHBeCTHUIHOHHNIM 3aTpaTaM Ha YCTaHOBKY n10 oTBogy TeniJIa;

O InIoc CTOHMOCTh H3MImHerO iorpe6neHHA TOnJIHBa;

a nmTUoc ,zpyrHe IIOBbIIUeHHSA B IIepeMeHHbIX H39ep)KKaX IIpOH3BOaCTBa Ha

3JIeKTpOCTaHIHH;

LI nmoc no1epsi AOXO,AOB OT cna,ga B npOH3BOACTBe 3neKTpo3HeprHH.

rIpHmep II: fIepeBoZ( oTonHTeJiBHofl KOTeJIbHOfi Ha KoM6HHHPOBaHHoe nPoH3BoAcTBo rvTeMAo6aBneHH ra30BoH TYP6HH]I Hii ra3oBOrO ABfrnaTeng

FO0OBaS 4HHaHCOBaSi CTOHMOCT6 BBIpa6oTKH 3ZeKTp03HeprHH paBHa BMipaBHeHHEIM

HHBeCTHIHOHHBIM 3aTpaTaM nlJmOC yBeI'eHHBIe H3gepxcKH Ha TOIIJIHBO H nOBBIMIfeHHe

,4pyrHX 3KCIUIJYaTaIHOHHLIX pacXO,AOB. FozgBuie cHHaHCOBBIe H3ZaepxcKH npOH3BoAICTBa

TerigOBOR 3HeprHH B OTOIIHTeJThHOr KOTejibHori, iiepeBeeHHoe Ha pOH3BOZCTBO BYCJIOBHAX T31, MO)KHO paecmaTpHBaTB 1o0 AByMS yrIaMH 3peHHA. Hx MO)KHO IIOjiyqHTB,

HCIIOJIL3yS J1H6o:

0 06H=e rOgOBbIe H3MaepxKH UPOH3BOACTBa Ha T31U MHHYC ZOXOIbI OT npo0ac3IeKTpo3HeprHH.

O JIH6o rOFOBbIe H3aepxKKH IIpOH3BOACTBa T3Ii MHHYC HHaHCoBEIe H3Z,ep2KKH HaBBIpa60TKy 3mempomepMH (loBieHHme H3Ztep)KH Ha TOllIJBO H HeTOlIIHBHbIe

pacxozI Ha 3KcnInyaTalmHIo H Texo6cJy)KHBaHHe rnmoc BEIpaBHeHHLIeHHBeCTHIUHOHHMIe 3aTpaTmI). 3Ta iwpa gaeT HCTHHHYIO CTOHMOCTh fIpOH3BOACTBa

TenjiOBO 3HeprEH KaK TaKOBOR.

Pa3HHila mexcy 1epBOII H BTOpOII OieHKOi XaaeT ripeRmy4eCTB0 #HaHCOBbIX H3zep)KeK IIPH

HpOH3Bo.aCTBe Ha T311, KOTOpOe iepexoxaT Ha noTpe6HTeneA LIT.

IlPHmep III: CTpIOHTejU,CTBO HOBO}I T3LI

B cIyiae CTpOHTeEjTCTBa HOBOf4 T3Lt 4¢HHaHCOBwe (3KOHoMKwqecKHe) H3AepxcKH

11pOH3BOrACTBa TeIfOBOH 3HeprHH MOrYT 6b1IT paCCcHTaHbI ABYMS pa3JIHHBIMH clIoco6aMH:

O KaK pa3HM a B HHBeCTHIHOHHbIX 3aTpaTax, pacnpeaejieHHDiX no rozam, H paCXOAOBHa 3KCIIYaTagIHIO H Texo6CJIy)KHBaHHe (BKmo-rSI ToriJIHBO) T3L1 H 3jieKTpocTaHIUHH,BbIpa6aTbIBawOmef TO 2e camoe KOJIH,ecTBo 3neKTpo3HeprHH;' 15

115 OnmBjimHml pa3Mep 3nefKpocTaHuHH COCTaBnJeT 600 - 1200 MBT (XOTA 3feieKT MacinTa6a meHeeBLipa)KeH npH CoBpeMeHHotk TeXHOJIOrHH C KoM6HHHpoBaHHBLIM LuiKjioM, eM Ha TpaAHuHOHHBmXTenro3ieKTpoieHTpaA1x). EciH MOmIHOCTE T3L B MBT3 n MeHB6e, aolOnOHHTem6Hhie HHBeCTHUHH B T3Uo6biHO He cpaBHHBaioTCS Co CTOHMOCThIO 3fleKTpOCTaHUHH TOrO we pa3Mepa. CooTBeTcTByoueri

190 nOBbIIueHHe 3cfeKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TenrOCHa6)ReHHM B CTPaHaX LUeHTpBJ.HOA 1 BOCTO-IHO}R EBPOnBI H

pecny6miiKax 6riBinero CoBeTcKoro C0103a

O HflH riyTeM pacrpe,neIieHHIs FO,OBIX H3xxepiceK T3LI Ha HIPOH3BO,4CTBO Te1IJ10BOri

3HeprHH H BM6IeTa aOXO02OB (paCqeTHOA 3KOHOMHIeCKOR BeJIHTHHBI) OT 1IPOH3BOaCTBa16

3JIeKTpO3HeprHH 1 16.

B npHHLIHne, HIOCKOJIbKY pacHeTHai:s 3KOHOMHqIeCKaS BeiiHHHa IHPOH3BOLaCTBa

3JIeKTpO3HeprHH paBHa rIHI)1 3IieKTpo3HeproCHa6)KeHHA (IpOH3BoacTBeHHbIe H3gepXKKH

COBpeMeHHOz 3JIeKTPocTaHIHH), o6a MeToma aonix)KHBI gaTb Te we cambie 3KOHoMH1ecKHe117

H3gepxcKH IIpOH3BOACTBa TeIIJIOBOi 3HeprHH

Pacqeir TaPH4a Ha 3ieKTpO3HMeprgo zuis T3LI wm IOCTH2KeHHS 6e3y6ErroqHocTH

MaKCHMajhHam ieHa egXHHHELI TeriJIOBOH 3HeprHH, nogaBaeMoHi OT T3IJ/OK, paBHa

CTOHMOCTH Ha eZ4HHHIIY TeIIJIOBOA 3HeprHH, iIpOH3BOUHMOA KOHKYPHpy1OiieH TeXHOjiOrHeM

(Ha IIpaKTHKe 3TO KOTJITI B 3,aaHHH) MHHYC CTOHMOCTB nepeRaan H paciipeaeneHHA Te1IJIOBOA

3HepFHH. MaKcHMaMhHaS iieHa, IIOjiyIeHHaA 3THM MeTo,OM, MO)KeT 6bIEr, HClOJIbE3OBaHax

pacqeTa MHHHMaJIBHOH LueHE>I 3a 1 KBT.H, KOTOpyiO T3L1 MO2KeT rIOIyqHTh, 3a BbIpa6oTKy

3ZexTpo3HeprHH AXU KOHKypeHIIHH Ha pJIHKe TeIIJIOBOA 3HeprHH:

o YMHoxKeHHe MaKCHMasjiHOH ueH6I 3a 1 FKaII Ha rOgOBY1O BMIpa6oTKy TeIIJIOBOA

3HeprHH B rKan[ aeT MaKCHMa1HbIiA AOXOA OT iipoga)KH TeiJIOBOH1 3HeprHH.

o Pa3HHLia Mex)fy MaKcHMmaJTHBIM AOXOXAOM OT fipoAaX( TenjiOBOH 3HeprHH H o6WHMH

H3gep)KKaMH IIpOH3BO,ACTBa Ha T3Ii B rog, qB3IAeTCq AOXO,OM, KOTOpEIH MoXKeT 6E,TE,

nOffyeH OT rIpOAaX(H 3JIeKTpo3HeprHH.

O JIeiieHHe 3Toro goxo,ga Ha KOJmHIeCTBO KBT.'1, KOTOpEIe BbIpa6aTnIBaioTCM B CpeAHeM B

ro,g, ;IaeT MHHHMa7iEHbIrl CpeAHHH TapH4) Ha 3ieKTpO3HeprHmo, KOTOpEIHA oJnDKeH

HOyqHTim T312.

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fIpHnoKeHHe E 205

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rIpinomeHHe E 207

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B KBapTHpax, B ,aByXKOJIOHHEIX CHCTeMaX BHyTpeHHerO pacIpereJIeHHA Ha pa,HaTopaxaoJmm.i 6E,ITE, yCTaHOBjieHfI HC1iapHTejibHEIe Teij1OMepE BMeCTe C peryj1Hpy1oIjlHMHKJIanaHaMH, BO3MOIKHO, TepMOcTaTH'ecKHMH. I4cnapHTeflbHbIe TeruIOMepbI o6XoATcsAAemeBO. HegOCTaTKOM ABjiAeTCS TO, 'ITO fIpH6opbI yqeTa HMeEOT npe,iien norpemHocTH + / -

30%. O.HaXo, iiOCKOji6Ky B KBapTHpe, rio KpadiHei mepe yCTaHOB11eHO TpH paaHaTOpa,IIpe,eji riorpeiuHoCTH B cieTe Ha OnnlJaTy HH)Ke.

Ycmauo6Ka Ksapmupubzx npu6opos y4ema 2opAfei 606bl. 06immo Ha KawyIO KBapTHpyTpe6yeTcs Ba npH6opa yqeTa - O,HH .ls KyXHH, apyrogI wIAI BaHHOi4. B oTJWe OT

122 PacupeaeneHme TernOBOr 3HeprHH B MHoroKBaPTHBH IaOMaX o6bEIHo 66uo cnpoeKTHpoBaHO TaKHMo6pa3oM, fTO pazmaTopEi6 coeAZHsoTcA nocjieaOBawTzEHo Tpy6aMH =An ropH4ek BO,zl, KoTopEhe upoXo=TBepTHKanB6HO tepe 3llaHHe. TaK KaiK Ka)KbiH H3 HeTwpex HnH rIBTH paAHaTopoB o6El'HOHl KBapTHpEInOEaKCOqeH K oTAejibHog BepTHKanJbHO rpy6e, AnA Kawaoro pazHaTopa noTpe6yeTcsi oTvenibHi ripH6 opyqeTa.TpaAHLJHOHHO, B UlBetIHH BHyTpHKBaPTHpHmie rpH6ophi y'eTa, KaK npaBnHo ,e npHMeHAIIHCCb, HO OHHCTanH o6M3aTenEbHIMH c 1997 r.

208 nOBbIIleHHe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TermocHa6KeHHA B CTpaHaX LieHTpajibHOA BOCTO'rHOfi EBpomi 1-U

pecny6iimax 6biBmero CoBeTCKoro C0o03a

He,aoporHx KBapTHpHIX ripH60pOB yqeTa TerniOBOz 3HeprHH HcnapHTeim,oro THria,

npO6opm yrieTa ropsAief BO>I Tpe6yIOT H3HXieCKOFO 110,aKEOwHKA K Tpy6am ropsxiero

BO,aOCHa6x(eHHA. 1l3zepKKH Ha TaKHe nPE60PbI YlIeTa H HX BEIrOgw peaKO o6cyIxganIHcE B

CyIIueCTBy1Oi1JeiL IHuTepaType.

Mepbl Ha CTOPOHe Harpy3KI: npimep OpeH6ypra

MepMi, Ha CTOpOH Hearpy3KH KOTopEIe HClOJI3OBBajiHcb ripH MoaenjpOBaHH B apHaHTOB Ha

CTOpOHe Harpy3KH 6a3HpyEOTCs Ha liaKeTax, pa3pa6oTaHHMx BCeMHpHE,IM BaHKOM ,s

rHJOTHOrO npoeEra IIo IIOBbfeHHHIO 3HepreTHHeCKoro KF.IE XCHJIHTI B JIHTBe (OTieT

OiLeHKH COTPYAHHxaMH N215397-LT, HIOHE6 1996 r.). rIogroToBHTenLHas pa6oTa W 3Toro

ripoeKTa qacTHrHo 6b[a upogenaHa B paMKaX HacTosAnero IIpoeKTa ESMAP ripHrioauepwKce iporpamMMLi Thetmie EBponeAcKoA KOMHCCHH, CM. BCEOM (1995 r.): Cost-

effective Technologies for Therno-Rehabilitation of Buildings in Lithuania. Consultant

Report (3KOHoMHtIHbIe TexHojiorFH no TepMOpeCKOHCTPYK1EHH 3gaHHA B TIHTBe. OTHeT

KOHCyJILTaHTa).

fpmAo>xeHRe E 209

Ta6nu4a E-1. Mepbl Ha CTOpOHe Harpy3KI (U4CTO4HHK: ESMAP klccneroBaHMe HanplMepe r. OpeH6ypra)

XapaKTepHCTHKH 3gaHHH (C60pHble)KeJie3o6eToHHbie CoHCTpyKIaHH, 1964 r.)

flOnEI: 5

JIeCTHH'IHLie 6KJIeTKH:

KBapTHpbI: 100Bcero 4960o6orpeBaeTcslm2:

XapaxTepncTHliH mep Ha CTOpOHe Harpy3JCH Ha ORHO 31RaHHe

06uasi CTOHMOCT-6/ 3K1OHOMHH CpoKCTOHMOCTb 2KHJIHWe 3HeprHH cJyWic6bI(AonnJ. (AOnn. (icBT.-i/ro4t) (roAwb)CL IA) CWIIA)

lIpH6op ymeTa 1250 13 0 15TenJIOBOR 3HeprHHflaiceT 5525 55 249206 15per-ynHpoBaNHH

ITemnepaTypbiH30JAMOHNl Tpy6 2780 28 54825 10

n,qanaHbl 11700 117 88635 25TepMOCTaTaPeMOHT neCTHH-iHOhI 2410 24 72685 10

JICeTicHPeMoHT oICHa 29264 293 356220 15H30JIauHS CTCHeL6 57270 573 192097 15H3o0SWHU JCpbl6IH 44640 446 187167 20H30JIsH.9 14880 149 124778 20nlOBaJ b6HOrOnomeLweNHH

3aMeHa OICOH 124250 1243 565761 25

210 FIoBbumeHHe 3¢4eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TenmocHa6)KeHHS B CTpaHaX geHTpajBHoHi H BOCTOHHOH EBpor6I H

pecny6inHxax 6EMBmero CoBeTCKoro C0103a

XapaKTepHCTHICH mep Ha CTOpOHe Harpy3KH , noJIHbIii KoMUJImTe cTga 3J,aHHS

IIHBeCTHUHH 3KoHoMHsI 3KCoHOMHsI TOnJIHB2 3KoHoMHs 3HeprHH

H2COCOB

(MniH. ,Ronnj. (T;Wxcrog) (MJIH. ,Ronn. CIllA/roa) (MJIH. ,AOnnJ.

|_CH_IA) C_lUA/roa)

IoHTpoJnbHbIlN 0,00 0 0,00 0,00

BapHaHT

IIPH6op yxeTa 0,97 0 0,00 0,00

TenniOBoN 3HeprHH

HalceT peryjnipOBaHHA 4,28 694 1,74 0,07

TemnepaTypbi

H30JIIHaSr Tpy6 2,15 153 0,38 0,02

I KanaHbI TepMOCTaTa 9,06 247 0,62 0,03

PeMoHT JecTHHqHOHi 1,87 203 0,51 0,02

l KeTKcU

PeMOHT OKH2 22,65 993 2,49 0,11

H30HsUHS CTeHbH 44,33 535 1,34 0,06

H30JInIHA KpbI6IMN 34,55 522 1,31 0,06

H30nsusHH 11,52 348 0,87 0,04

I1no,sanibHoro

InoMeLueHHu

3aMeHa OKOH 96,17 1576 3,95 0,17

BHYTpeHHSS CTaBIC axOXOHOCTH no MepaM Ha CTOpOHe

Harpy3KIBC4 - _ _ _ _ _

IlpH6op yqeTa TeniiOBONl BaHHbIX HeT BKmO'IeHO

3HeprHH

rlaKeT peryrnHpoBaHHsI 73,71% BKfiOgeHO

TemnepaTypOi

1n30J1sfUHJ Tpy6 22,28% BKjUOoeHO

IKAanaHb6 TepMocTaTa 4,09% He BKnUoqeHO

PeMoHT .1eCTHHqHO9 BKjIIoqeHo

rCAeTKH

eMoHT oKHa 11,22% BKmOHeHO

IH301n'UHSf CTeHbI -4,39% He BKjiOoeHO

H30Jswasi Kp6IUIH -2,37% He BKJmOYeHO

H30JaUHSn nORBaJ1bHoro 5,43% He BKJ1OHeHOnoaMeeHHH

13aMeHa OICOH -1,57% - He BKJHioT-eHO

rlpHnoKeHHe E 211

Onpe,enieHHe naiceTa Mep HaCTOpOHe Harpy3KH

3KOHOMHA

3/3HeprHH

-Bcero: TA)K/roa 2042,25- Ha 3aaHHe: rIZUK/roa 2638,57- Ha xKimnue IFA/roOa 26,39

HHBeCTHIIH

-Bcero: MAHB. 'oUi. 31,91125CinA

Ha 3aaHHe: aojm. CUJA 41229,00- Ha )HIune AoM. CIlIA 412,29(HcmotHuK: KoHKpemHbie uccmeoo0aHua no a Opez6yp2y no npoapaxme ESMAPP)

3KOHOMHS TorlTBa paccqHThiBaeTca Ha ocHoBe caieay)owI r npearionooeHHH:24% 3KOHOMHH TeruiOBO1l 3HCprHH Ghna 6Ei noi"yeHa 3a cqeT OTOnUHTeBHMx KOTe1bHmmx76% 3KOHOMHH TenriOBOIl 3HeprHH 6bua 6bl noinyqeHa 3a cqeT T3U,goji, rioiryqaeMas 3a cqeT oTormTenmbH1x KOTeJnHBrx, B 2 pa3a BbmlIe, qeM npH HLIHemIlHer pa6oTe

- TenuoBmme IIOTepH OCTaiOTCS TeMH XKe B a6COJUOTHOM BB6paxKeHHH.- 3HeprHS HaCOCOB OT pacnipeaenieHU TeniOBOwf 3HeprHH CHHKaeTCS UpOrOPIIHUOHBJTHO CHH)KeHHIO3HeprHH.

- 3HeprnA HaCOC0B cocTaBnsieT 25% OT co6cTBeHHOrO noTpe6jieHHI 3/CTaHIHH

- 3KoHoMwwecKHe H3,gepKKH Ha TonUHBo 1,226 aoiM. ClIAIFLR(npHpoatiH ra3):- 3KoHoMHqecKHe H3,epxKKu Ha 0,024 gonin. CUIA/KBT.qHPOH3BOACTBO 3nieKTp03HeprHH:

3KoHoMHs TOflHBa Mo)KeT 6blTb nerio pacclIHTana cneAyioniaiMo6pa3oM:- 3KoHOMHA TOIIJIHBa B OTOnHTeJBHOA KoTe6bHOH: 24% 3KOHOMHA 3HeprHH / Kj; OTorIHTeCJIEHOiKOTenETHOR

- 3KoHoMHsA TonniHBa Ha T3LU: 76% 3KOHOMHS 3HeprmH / Krlg T3X

,ZIpyrue npernonowKeHsA:- Krl)0 OTOrITem6HOrl 92,5 %KoTeBH0O1:- KflJ T3J: 42,6 %- 3HeprHA Hacoca: 4,5 MBT.'q/ T,7J,x

TenrioBofi3HeprHH

L

I

i

np4no)KeHHe F

3KoHOMW4ecKaR CTOUMOCT6 TonilMBa, 3aTpaTbl Ha nfpOM3BO[CTBOTennOBOA 3Hepril u pacnpegeneHHe, B03AeICTBHe CMCTeM

TenJlocHa6)KeHHR Ha OKpy)KwaiUyo cpeAy

3KOHOMH4eCKas CTOUMOCTb TOnlJHBa

npupodHbUh ea3

3KoHoMHMecKaA ueHa iipHpo;xHoro ra3a BKmoqaeT:

O LjeHy Ha ilpRpOaHi6i ra3 Ha rpaHH1e; B 1996 r. o66mmo ixeHa 6blna oKojio 78 zonmii.CILIA Ha 1000 Ky6. M.;

O IIJIFOC CTOHMOCTE, 1Iepegatm, BKUO'1aA CTOHMOCTE, Ce3OHHOrO aKKYMYJIHPOBaHHATeIJIOTEbI OT rpaH1ibI ro pOpOXCKHX BOpOT (paBHa TapH4y ui KpyIIHOH T30j);

O IIJEOC CTOHMOCTE, 11epBHtIHOrO pacnpeaejieHHIX (paBHa TapH4y pIA5 MecTHOROTOIIHTeJIbHOfi KOTeJThHoA);

O ILIJOC CTOHMOCTE, BTOpHT1HOrO paCIpezeneHHA, BKJEOqas CTOHMOCT16 rOiogCJUOqeHHS3AaHHM (paBHa TapH4¢y =nx KoTia B 3lAaHHH);

O TapHclmI R aOMOXO3S1fCTB (nozaaa Ha YPOBeHL KBapTHp) euie BEine, TaK Kax OHHBKJ1O'qaEOT BBICOKY1O CTOHMOCTEb BEBIHC]b1BaHHM CReTOB Ha oriiiary H o6Cny>KHBaHHeMeJIKHX IIOTpe6HTeneA{.

cPuytaHCO6ble mapUqbl-MOryT OTJImqaTi,CA OT 3KOHOMHqeCKOrl CTOHMOCTH riOCTaBKH, TaK KaKKOMIIaHHA, pa6oTamoiuaS1 C IIpHpO,gHbIM ra3oM, aMeS MOHOIOJIinO Ha HOCTaBKH, nocTapaeTCAHC10JE3OBaTE, IIpHHIIHii ijeHoo6pa3oBaHRA Ha OCHOBe 3aMemeHHA TOnJiHBa, YCTaHaBjmHBaTaKylO LIeHy Ha ra3, MTO Jl.x KacxWoro Knacca norpe6HTeJu OH OCTaeTCAKOHKypeHTOCIIOCo6HBIM 110 CpaBHeHHO C apyrHMH BHzaMH TOIBa, HanpHMep, Ma3yTOM BnpoMbnJeHHOM ceKTope. Ho aaxce Torga cTpyKTypa 4HHaHCOBMIX TapH4OB 6yaeTHaIOMHHaT]6 CTpyKTypy 3KOHOMHaeCKO CTOHMOCTH. Ha ripaKTHKe B3HHO, HTO #HHaHCOBMiTapm4 3a rIpHpOAmHE, ra3 rx HaceeieHHA ripHMepHO B 2 pa3a Bbime, qeM TapH4 UM KPYIIHLIX11pOMLI=IeHHLIX IIOTpe6HTeJieft. 3To COOTHOileHHIe oTpaxcaeT COOTHOIIeHHIe ileH MeX1QyMa3yTOM H ierKIHM .gHCTHjuIITHLiM TOnIiHBOM (ueHoo6pa3oBaHHe Ha OCHOBe 3aMeIneHHATOIJIIHBa). nO-BHAHMOMy, 3TO TaKwKe xopoio oTpa)KaeT pa3HHIY B 3KOHOMH-eCKOfCTOHMOCTI rIOCTaBOK ,BYM KaTeropHif rioTpe6HTeYieri. HeKOTopue H3 iieHOB6IX pa3j1HHio6ycnoBneHbl HCI1OJM3OBsaHHeM T3IJ yCTaHOBOK, pa6oTaioIIIHX Ha Ma3yTe Prio ipOKpbnITEnHKOBOfif ioTpe6HocTH Ha Tenn1OBY1O 3HeprmEo. 3To BEapaBHHBaeT KpHByIO c1poca Ha ra36oJIE,ie, qeM B ciyiae c oTZeILHLIMH noTpe6HTeiAsMH, TaKHM o6pa3oM, coKpaLaAHHBeCTHIIHH B Tpy6onpOBODAbI H eMKOCTH 1l5 xpaHeHHAI. B OpeH6ypre, HanpHMep,3KOHOMHX1eCKaA CTOHMOCTE, ra3a WIS OTzeJILHE,IX KOTJIOB B KBaPTHPaX paCCTE,I0BaRaCb no

213

214 IIOBblueHHe 344eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TennOCHa6fteHHA B cTpaHaax LeHpanbHOA H BOCTOxHO}R EBPOnbl H

pecny6mHKax 6blmiero COBeTCKoro C0103a

ileHe 9,6 aoim. CIIIA/ MBT.m; a CTOHMOCTb ra3a, HcIOJIb3yeMOFo Ha T3I, coCTaBJsiAia 61%

OT 3TOii BeJIHqHHbI.

B KOHKypeHTHOfi cpege 6yxeT Ha6nioAaTicsI HeTKoe rIpeMmyI1eCTBO B H3ZaepXcax gnA

KpyIIHMIX rioTpe6HTenefi, rIOCKOJE6KY ipexgeJHOLe H3Zaep>KKH IIpH IIOCTaBKaX HM B TeMeHHe

RnHTenbHOrO nepHoAa HH)Ke. TeM He MeHee, aeueHrpaJI3oBaHHbIe TexHojiorHH AOJDKHbI

6LImB ciioco6HuI CKOmneHCHpOBaTh HeAocTaTOK BMICOKHX 3aTpaT Ha pacnpeaejieHHe B

6ojunFix cHcTeMax LIT, TaK KaK TpaHCiOPT ropAmeg BOABI o6XoA2uTcsi 3HaqHTenJIhHO opoWe,

.IeM rHpHpoAHoro ra3a. flpaKTHimecK, MO)KHO rpeaLnojio2HTb, ro nowaia ropsAqej BO)bI

CTOHT B TpH pa3a 6obmie. orIIoJIHHTejibHme H3lIep)KKH Ha ra3 xM meHee MOm;HOrO

TeriIoreHepaTopa, B Hgeajie npeAcTanJIoT co6or XIIrOJIHHTeJIEHbMI TpaHcllOPT ra3a OT

MeCTa HaXOIeHHIA KpyIlHOfl YCTaHOBKH go MeCTa pacriojio)KeHHS yKa3aHHoro

TenruoreHepaTopa. 3TO paCCTOSHHe paBHO paCCTOSHHIO noaaqH ropAmeMI BOabEI.

Ta6nHUa F-1 iTpeRCTaBjiAeT oieHKy 3KOHOMH-eCKOk CTOHMOCTH ra3a H COOTBeTCTByloiIHe

CTOHMOcTHMie KoMIoHeHThI ,nISi EaeCTH rOpO(OB, HCCJIieOBaHHLIX B paMKaX IIpOrpaMMbI

ESMAP.

Ta6nMtma F-1. OLIeHKa 3KOHOMHqeCKOU CTOMMOCTU npHpOAHoro ra3a Ha Bbe3Ae B

ropoA, MiOnb 1996 r.

3KoHoMHqeciKaICTpaHa Bbe3, B ropo T 33CTOHMOCTb Ha B6e3me B

oo ropo,

Aonjm./100 AoJ1./l xo.rui./1000 xaonnjruc 130 Ky6. M 000 Icy6. M an

Ky6. M

EonrapHs Co4HA 103,8 1,3,4 11,0 1 114,8 13,2

JlTBa KayHac 81,5 8,9 4,0 5 85,5 9,8

rIoEb.Iua BpouiaB 102,6 8 15,0 12 117,6 13,5

PyMBIHm THMHmIloapa 99,8 3 15,0 11 114,8 13,2

Poccisi OpeH6ypr 45,0 2 0,0 10 45,0 2 5,2

YKPaHHa 1IHeriPOneTPOBCK 80,0 6 3,3 7 83,3 9,6

HCTO'qHHI: COTPYpaHmKH BceMHpHoro EaHKCa

rIpHMeiaHHAs:

1. ESMAP: oionrapIAs - "IlpHpogHoMy ra3: 1lo?IHTHKa HI BoIIpOCLI'=, oTqeT N°

188/96

2. CTOHMOCTE, .OCTaBKH Ha rpaHHrie ropo,ga (rlpoeKT SAR oTaejneHHAXUUIHIUHOrO 4oHIa OT npe=npHTHr Ha OCHOBe npoeica no pacnpeAIeneHHIO

ra3a, anpejm 1996 r).

rIpHnoweHHe F 215

3. Ho YKpanHe: 19,8 Ha OCHOBe (Lovei, HEojE, 1996 r.): 1,65 ,4ojrn. /1000 Ky6. M/100 KM. CpegHeB3BenIeHHaS IIHHa TpaH3HTHLIX .IIHHHi, paccqHTaHHaAYKpra3IipoeKToM, COCTaBJISeT 1190 KM. Bmiiiieyxa3aHHoe 3HaIeHHe HeMHOrOHH2Ke CTOHMOCTH 3a TpaH3HT, yCTaHOBneHHMIi4 YKpra3npOeKTOM, 1992 r. (22%OJTI.); HeT CCbUIKH Ha ra3, iio.yHeHHbIii xKax pOJITH' OUeHKa BceMHpHOrOEaHKa ,aeT 3KOHoMieCKHe H3ZaepX(KH TpaH3HTa B 15 ,gojum./ 1000 Ky6. M ra3B KaleICTBe po5UITI, COCTaBHJI 6EI IIpHMepHo 6,5% OT BeJIHIHHM>I ripOriyCKHOEIcioco6HocT, IIpHMepHo 6 Ao.ivi. /1000 Ky6. M. 06maq TpaH3HTHaS riiaTarIJOC ra3 B KalleCTBe pOSAITH C HCIIOJIh3OBaHHeM TparHIHOHHoro MeTo4aCOCTaBJia 6u 21 aojui./ 1000 Ky6. M.

4. HIo PYMrIHHH: 4,0. B 1992 r. Bo.nrapHs onIiaTHIia TpaH3HT HaTypoft:KOJIH-IecTBo ra3a, ocTaBiueecs B PYMEIHHI COCTaBHJIO 4% OT o6feMa ra3a,HMIIOpTHpOBaHHOrO BojirapHeli H3 POCCHH.

5. B pacqeT B3STO (2 aonu./ 1000 Ky6. M ./100 KM) * 200 KM

6. (Lovei, inojiE 1996 r.)

7. Ha OCHOBe pacqeTa IIJIaTbI 3a TpaH3HT ();HelipoiieTpOBCK HaxOAHTCs3 B 200 KMOT pOCCHEiCKOEi rpaHHUIb B HoBoncKoBe).

8. ra3 npogaeTcA Ha rpaHHfie iMmropTepa. Ha OCHoBe pacqeToB riiiaTI 3aTpaH3HT A YKpaHHEII H TpaH3HT qIepe3 Be.napycE, o6omejics 6bi npHMepHO B 9gojn./ 1000 xy6. M (nHHa rpy6oupoBoga no BenapycH 500 KM). Io BceiiBHXHMOCTH, Hlojbma niiaTHT HaMHOrO 6onmue, HeM JIHTBa.

9. (Nocius, Hiojib 1996)

10. OpeH6ypr pacnonoxeH 6JIH3KO K KPYIIHoMy ra3OBOMy MeCTopo2keHHIo.CTOHMOCTh TpaHcIopTa He paccmaTpHBaeTcq.

11. Cpezi CTOHMOCTb TpaHcnopTa 1epe3 PyMEIHHiO nIe)HT B npezeniax 11 - 15,aonn./ 1000 Ky6. M (ESMAP: CrpaTerHLS B oTHomeHHH HPHPOAHoro ra3a ,IsAPYMMIHHH, ioJm 1996 r.). Bionbmee 3HaqeHHe HPIHH3TO H3-3a pacrojio)KeHHAr. THMHiuoapa Ha CaMOM 3anaIHOM KOHUe CTpaHmI. CTOHMOCTB ra3a Ha BXoaeB ropo,l MO)eT H3MeHHTLCA, eCJIH THmHIMoapa 6yaeT CHa6wKaTECsl qepe3BeHrpHIO.

12. To we camoe 3HaHeHHe, KaK H EI PymInHHH (BpowiaB pacnoiioiKeH B3anaa,HoA wacTH Ilonbum). Tpe6yeT nepepa6OTKHl.

13. Ha OCHoBe 1 IKy6. M = 8700 Kxani (HH3UIuA npeIen TenjiOTBOpHOCTi).

3KOHOMUiecKue U3depNKU Ha dpyeue sudbi monnuea

B OTHOIImeHHH 3KOHOMHIeCKHX H3laep)KeK Ha .pyrHe BHABI TOHJIHBa, nOMHMO npHpoaHorora3a, no 6 H3yqeHH6IM ropoaam ESMAP CM. Ta6n. F - 2.

Ta6n. F-2. 3KoHoMH4ecKme I3gep)KKm npOM3BOACTBO yrJsq, 3j1eKTPo3Heprum u Ma3yTa B CBE I 6CC

OCHOBHbie napameTpbi )nIJH KOHKpeTHblX npHMepoB: 3KOHOMHMeCKHe H3nepwICH HO BHA,aM TOnHJHBa

Ba3HCHbliH rOI: 1995

MHPOBOHi IOlbilbla YKpaRHHa POCCH51 EoJirapHs PyMb61HHSI JHTBa

pbIHOK

PoTrepAaM BpolunaB BpoiwaB AnHenponeTp. OpeH6ypr OpeH6ypr OpeH6ypr Co4HA THmuHioapa KayHac

T3U )KiHn. AoMaEt)uHuqa

U3M.

YroJnb, B IeJIoM nO CTPaHe Ky36acc Ypan B cpe1HeM JIrHFHHT JHrHHT HeT

MapHua JIaHHb6X

TenJIOTBOPHOCTb KKaI/Kr 5012 7160 5500 5500 4500 5000 1700 1600CTOHMOCTB Ha uaxTe AoJu. 30 99 42 9 16 13 16 20

ClllA/T4HaHCOBmLe HOTepH, ,OJ1i. 3 3

cy6cH,HH CWIA/TCTOUMOCTb TpaHCnOpTHPOBKH ARoJu. 10 10 12 25 8 17 20 10no cTpaHe CWIIA/T3KOHOMHqecCaH CTOHMOCTb AOJU. 43 112 54 34 24 29 36 30

CmA/TnpH TernjIOTBopHocTH 7000 Ao.Ju. 60 109 69 43 37 40 148 131

CDUA/TjouLn. 8,6 15,6 9,8 6,2 5,3 5,8 21,2 18,8CMA/TFKan

CepocoJep)KaHHe, (%) 0,8-1,0% 0,7-0,9%3onbHocTr, (%) 21% 5-7%

YroJIb, HMnOpT

TCnFOTBOPHOCTb KKaJi/Kr 6000 6000 HeT naHHbIX 5500 HeT HCT HeT 6000 6000 6000AaHHbIX AaHHbIX JaHHbIX

napiTeT HmnopTa 3HepreTHqeCKorO yrai= UeHa Ha rpaHHUe ZOJn. 48 35 50 50 48

CmIA/TCTOHMOCTH TpaHCnOpTHPOBKH jAoJLI. 10 15 22 32 5

no cTpaHe CLLIA/T3KoHoMHxiecKag CTOHMOCTb jo-ru. 45 58 50 72 82 53

CIIUA/TnpH TenJIOTBOpHOCTH 7000 Aojioi. 53 68 64 84 96 62

CLIAJT.onn. 7,5 9,7 9,1 12,0 13,7 8,8

ClUA/icani3AeITpo3HeprHsiHpeCeJIbHbie H3JePKicH IeHTOB/ICBT.q 4,5 3,5 2,5 3,35 4,2 2,8JAJIHTeCJbHoro nepHoAa

4CTOqHHK: COTPYrHHUcH BceMHpHoro SaHKa

frlpHoxeHHe F 217

3KOHOMWmeCKaR CTOUMOCTb. npON3BOACTBa Tenria

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Ta6n. F- 3. Pa3HwLa B CTOUMOCTU4 npOH3BOACTBa TenlnOBOU 3HeprHH:T31-LIT nlpOTHB KOTenbHbiX B 3AaHHRX, KaK CIyHKLAM4 OT TeniolnOTepb

floTepH 0% 10% 15% 20% 25%,llHeiipOnIeTpOBCK $11,3 $10,5 $10,2 $9,8 $9,4KayHac $12,6 $11,7 $11,3 $10,9 $10,5OpeH6ypr $10,7 $1O,1 $9,8 $9,4 $9,1CO4Hs $14,8 $13,8 $13,3 $12,8 $12,3THMHmoapa $14,2 $13,2 $12,7 $12,2 $11,7BpounaB $20,4 $19,4 $18,9 $18,4 $17,9B CPEaHEM $14 $13,1 $12,7 $12,2 $11,8CPEA. K030. 39% 42% 44% 46% 48%CTOHMOCTH

I4CTOqHHK: COTpy1HHKH BceMHpHoro BaHca, Ha OCHOBe xOH1cpeTHbIX ilpHMepoB ESMAP

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218 rloBbuweHHe 341eKTHBHocTH CHCT4M TerenocHa6)IeHHA B CTpaHaX UeHTpam6HOf H BOCTOx*HO1r EBPOrmb U

pecny6JiHKax 6blsBlero CoBeTCKOro C0o03a

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OK-L4T npOTHB KOTenJHblX B 3AaHHMX, KaK CDyHKLAHq OT TenflOflOTepb

IHOTepH 0% 10% 15% 20% 25%

)IHenpOIIeTpOBCK $6,9 $5,7 $5,1 $4,5 $3,9

KayHac $7,5 $6,1 $5,4 $5,8 $4,1

OpeH6ypr $7,7 $6,8 $6,3 $5,8 $5,4

CoRsx $8,6 $7,0 $6,2 $5,4 $4,6

THMHnioapa $7,9 $6,3 $5,4 $4,6 $3,8

BpoUiaB $14,2 $12,6 $11,8 $10,5 $10,2

B CPE,HEM $8,8 $7,4 $6,7 $6,0 $5,3

CPE,. KO30. 61% 67% 70% 74% 77%

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«<MBT.q/KM Tpy6oripOBo,a, Ipojio)ceHHorO B ipaHiIIee) H KaK <<MBT.,i / KM 2>>.

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(MBT/ KM2) oiipeaeiAseTCs KaK:

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HClI0JIB30BaHHe TeppHTOpHH (ymrEni, liapKH, 3,4aHHAL H T.,A.).

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oripezeniieTcsA epe3:

O rIIOIHyO TeIITiOBYEO HarPY3KY Ha 3TOM y"aCTKe; H

O 06iuyO wAJHHY Tpy6onpOBO0UOB Ha 3TOM yiacTKe.

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olipeeJIeHE6I rlyTeM nO2iyHeHHS OTBeTOB Ha cJieAyiolHe BOnpOCLI:

O EMKOCTHaS Harpy3Ka: rOiAKTEOEoeHHaA Harpy3Ka HiH nIHKOBaS Harpy3Ka?

O 3HepreTHIecKaA Harpy3Ka: nioTpe6feHHas HnI IIocTaBneHHaS 3HeprHAl?

O JJHHa Tpy60npOBO0XO1R CHCTeMLI: 2MHHa nOZBO2=HX H o6paTHix Tpy6 HJIHZAHHa

o6BOXIHblX IHHHf?

rlpuiowemie F 219

O YHaCTOI: BKmOqIaA HiH HcCKJUOoMa HeHaCeJIeHHEIe "taCTKH (rIapKH, rIpyMrl H T.A.), rAeHaXO,L5ITCSI rpaHNinI o6cnyxMBaeMoro y-laCTKa?

06bFmqHo Mo0KeT 6m,TIb ipHMeHeH cJielyioIHri IIpHHIUHII:

El eveM KOpoe CeTL Ha 1 MBT HJI Ha 1 MBT.'I rOaOBOfl Harpy3KH, TeM HH)KeHHBeCTHitHoHHbIe 3aTpaTbI H HH)Ke TeIIIOnOTepH H 11OTepH BOaEZI Ha 1 MBT.H,flpO2aHHbIf rioTpe6HTemo.

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3ToT nIpHHNH1I rIOJIHOCThIO 6a3HpyeTCs Ha iipeZriojioxKeHHH THIIHIqHOA <<apXHTeKTypE>I CeTH,Kor.a noTpe6HTenH 6oAee HNH MeHee paBHoMepHO pacipeaeuieHELi no o6cnyialBaeMoMyyiacTKy, a ceTm HmeeT MHoxCecTBo oTBeTBjieHHii. Ha pHc. F-i noKa3aHo, 'TO onpegeueHHeTeIIJIOHanp5DKeHHOCTH He MO)xeT 3aMeHHTEJ aHaJIH3 OCMOTpHTeCJ6HOCTH CHCTeMEI LUT,IIOCKOJIEKy Te wKe caMbIe TenJIOHan1IpSKeHHOCTH (B MBT/KM2 ) MoryT cKpLIBaTL COBepmeHHOgpyrHe apXHTeKTypi6I CeTH H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, apyroe HHBeCTHPOBaHHe H H3E9ep)KKH HapacnpeAejieHHe.

CooTHoiiieHHe MexKIy HHBeCTHiuiOHHbIMH 3aTpaTaMH H TennonoTepqMH, a TaKwoeHaripAiKeHHOCTLIO TerIJIOBOH Harpy3KH, cooTBeTcTBeHHo, noKa3aHO Ha PHC. F-2 H F-3 6oneenogpo6Ho. I4CHoJIb3yS zwaMeTp Tpy6onpoBo09oB BMeCTO HanpAIeKHHOCTH TenrIOBOAI Harpy3KHN npe,Anojiaras,, wTO .AJLS[ BCeX AHaMeTpoB CKOPOCTEb nOTOKxa OHHaKOBaA, Ha PHc. F - 2IIOKa3aHO, xITO HHBeCTUHOHHoHie 3aTpaTbI Ha eNHHHiNy nponycCKHoNi cnoCo6HOCTH fpHTenuonepegaxie na,zaOT go 50% npH nepexoge C 200-MM Tpy6onpOBoAa Ha 400-MMTpy6onpoBo0, H go 30% IIpH nepexoge Ha Tpy6onIpOBOa gHaMeTpOM 800 MM. TenlofIoTepHHa eaNHHHiy npoIIycKHoN& cnoco6HOCTH cHHNKaEOTCS eine 6onbme, ,no 13 H 11 %,CooTBeTCTBeHHO. PaMHmia B HaIIpSDKeHHOCTH Harpy3KH o6'sACHXeT O0pOMHYIO pa3HHUy ripHTenCJIOOTePSIX MexQAy CHCTeMaMH, KOTOpEIe B OCTaJIBHOM KCrIOJIb3yl0T OIHHaKOBYIOTexHojiorHI. B cHcTeMax LXT FepMaHHH, Hcrlojib3yeMbix B caMIIX KpynHLIXyp6aiH3HpoBaHHIx iueHTpax, cpeAHHe TeniioiioTepH cocTasBnoT oKojio 10%/. B AaHHH, rgeIJT oxBaTImaeT 6o0iee 50% xcmmuiIXHoro 4joHga, CpeaHHe IIOTepH COCTaBJIH1OT 22%, BHe6oIbmHx cenEcKNx CHCTeMax, nOTepH aOXO=T Ao 40%. B HHfepnaHzax CHCTeMEI IJTnOABHaIHCb XOBOJhHO Io03xtHO; H B OCHOBHOM HCIIOJIE,3yOTCS B HOBEIX, MaAOHaCeneHHbi6xpaNioHax; B CpegHeM IIOTePH COCTaBJIEOT 24%.

220 IloBbrIneHHe 3@4eKTHBHOCTH CHCTeM TennocHa6)KeHHR B CTpaHaX lAeHTpajThHOA H BOCTOtIHOR EBpormi6 H

pecny6auncax 6IBxBmero COBeTccKoro C0o03a

Puc. F-1. TEnnOHAnPsIKEHHOCTb U APXUTEKTYPA CETU

TennoBaq Harpy3Ka 50 MBT TennoBaA Harpy3Ka 50 MBT TennoBaq Harpy3Ka 50 MBT,q1nMHa ceTu 25 KM qnMlHa ceTi 1 KM QniHa ceTM 0 KM

TennoHanp.qK. = 2 MBT/KM TennoHanpsx. = 50 MBT/KM TennoHanpFix. = cTennoHanp,qK. =50 MBT/KM 2 TennoHanpq)K. =50 MBT/KM 2 TennoHanpnix. =50 MBT/KM

TY - Tenno3HepreTH.ecKaq ycTaHOBKa

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IAeHTpanJ 3OBaHHOM TennocHa6wKeHHH

800x 700

600

x co 500E O -ic- 400

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1000

500 800 1200 1900 2300 2800TennOHanprnKeHHOCTb MBT.4/ra/roA

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BapuaHT 1 BaptlaHT Bapi4aHT 3 BapuaHr 4 BapmaHT 5-100

THcTOqHHm: HccnegoBaHHe no nporpaMMe ESMAP Ha npmepe BpowiaBa.

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I

Ei 6nmorpacmsmHcCJiezoBaHNs, nPOBeenHHb6e B pamKax nPOrPaMMbl ESMAP "HoBLJiJeHHe KICCHCTeM TenJoCHa6XCeHHSI B IReHTpaA6HOr IIH BOCTO-HOMi EBpone, PeCnY6nIKax6bIBmero CCCP"

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With support from Kreditanstalt flir Wiederaufbau/French Consultant Trust Fund.Mannheim.

Wroclaw/Poland.Stork Comprimo Consultants. March 1997. Final Consultant Report. Amsterdam.

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CrpaHax ECC

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Joint UNDP/World BankENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP)

LIST OF REPORTS ON COMPLETED ACTIVITIES

Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFR)

Africa Regional Anglophone Africa Household Energy Workshop (English) 07/88 085/88Regional Power Seminar on Reducing Electric Power System

Losses in Africa (English) 08/88 087/88Institutional Evaluation of EGL (English) 02/89 098/89Biomass Mapping Regional Workshops (English) 05/89 --Francophone Household Energy Workshop (French) 08/89 --Interafrican Electrical Engineering College: Proposals for Short-and Long-Term Development (English) 03/90 112/90

Biomass Assessment and Mapping (English) 03/90 --Symposium on Power Sector Reform and Efficiency Improvement

in Sub-Saharan Africa (English) 06/96 182/96Commercialization of Marginal Gas Fields (English) 12/97 201/97Commercilizing Natural Gas: Lessons from the Seminar inNairobi for Sub-Saharan Africa and Beyond 01/00 225/00

Angola Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 05/89 4708-ANGPower Rehabilitation and Technical Assistance (English) 10/91 142/91

Benin Energy Assessment (English and French) 06/85 5222-BENBotswana Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 4998-BT

Pump Electrification Prefeasibility Study (English) 01/86 047/86Review of Electricity Service Connection Policy (English) 07/87 071/87Tuli Block Farms Electrification Study (English) 07/87 072/87Household Energy Issues Study (English) 02/88 --Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 05/91 132/91

Burkina Faso Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/86 5730-BURTechnical Assistance Program (English) 03/86 052/86Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) 06/91 134/91

Burundi Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3778-BUPetroleum Supply Management (English) 01/84 012/84Status Report (English and French) 02/84 011/84Presentation of Energy Projects for the Fourth Five-Year Plan

(1983-1987) (English and French) 05/85 036/85Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) 09/85 042/85Peat Utilization Project (English) 11/85 046/85Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/92 9215-BU

Cape Verde Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 08/84 5073-CVHousehold Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/90 110/90

Central AfricanRepublic Energy Assessement (French) 08/92 9898-CAR

Chad Elements of Strategy for Urban Household EnergyThe Case of Ndjamena (French) 12/93 160/94

Comoros Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/88 7104-COMIn Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets:

The Case of Comoros 05/00 230/00Congo Energy Assessment (English) 01/88 6420-COB

Power Development Plan (English and French) 03/90 106/90C6te d'Ivoire Energy Assessment (English and French) - 04/85 5250-IVC

hnproved Biomass Utilization (English and French) 04/87 069/87

-2-

Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number

Cote d'Ivoire Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/87 --

Power Sector Efficiency Study (French) 02/92 140/91

Project of Energy Efficiency in Buildings (English) 09/95 175/95

Ethiopia Energy Assessment (English) 07/84 4741-ET

Power System Efficiency Study (English) 10/85 045/85

Agricultural Residue Briquetting Pilot Project (English) 12/86 062/86

Bagasse Study (English) 12/86 063/86

Cooking Efficiency Project (English) 12/87 --

Energy Assessment (English) 02/96 179/96

Gabon Energy Assessment (English) 07/88 6915-GA

The Gambia Energy Assessment (English) 11/83 4743-GM

Solar Water Heating Retrofit Project (English) 02/85 030/85

Solar Photovoltaic Applications (English) 03/85 032/85

Petroleum Supply Management Assistance (English) 04/85 035/85

Ghana Energy Assessment (English) 11/86 6234-GH

Energy Rationalization in the Industrial Sector (English) 06/88 084/88

Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) 11/88 074/87

Industrial Energy Efficiency (English) 11/92 148/92

Guinea Energy Assessment (English) 11/86 6137-GUI

Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 01/94 163/94

Guinea-Bissau Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 08/84 5083-GUB

Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English &

Portuguese) 04/85 033/85

Management Options for the Electric Power and Water SupplySubsectors (English) 02/90 100/90

Power and Water Institutional Restructuring (French) 04/91 118/91

Kenya Energy Assessment (English) 05/82 3800-KE

Power System Efficiency Study (English) 03/84 014/84

Status Report (English) 05/84 016/84

Coal Conversion Action Plan (English) 02/87 --

Solar Water Heating Study (English) 02/87 066/87

Peri-Urban Woodfuel Development (English) 10/87 076/87

Power Master Plan (English) 11/87 --

Power Loss Reduction Study (English) 09/96 186/96

Implementation Manual: Financing Mechanisms for Solar

Electric Equipment 07/00 231/00

Lesotho Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4676-LSO

Liberia Energy Assessment (English) 12/84 5279-LBR

Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 06/85 038/85

Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/87 081/87

Madagascar Energy Assessment (English) 01/87 5700-MAG

Power System Efficiency Study (English and French) 12/87 075/87

Environmental Impact of Woodfuels (French) 10/95 176/95

Malawi Energy Assessment (English) 08/82 3903-MAL

Technical Assistance to Improve the Efficiency of FuelwoodUse in the Tobacco Industry (English) 11/83 009/83

Status Report (English) 01/84 013/84

Mali Energy Assessment (English and French) 11/91 8423-MLI

Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 03/92 147/92

Islarnic Republicof Mauritania Energy Assessment (English and French) 04/85 5224-MAU

Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) 07/90 123/90

-3 -

Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number

Mauritius Energy Assessment (English) 12/81 3510-MASStatus Report (English) 10/83 008/83Power System Efficiency Audit (English) 05/87 070/87Bagasse Power Potential (English) 10/87 077/87Energy Sector Review (English) 12/94 3643-MAS

Mozambique Energy Assessment (English) 01/87 6128-MOZHousehold Electricity Utilization Study (English) 03/90 113/90Electricity Tariffs Study (English) 06/96 181/96Sample Survey of Low Voltage Electricity Customers 06/97 195/97

Namibia Energy Assessment (English) 03/93 11320-NAMNiger Energy Assessment (French) 05/84 4642-NIR

Status Report (English and French) 02/86 051/86Improved Stoves Project (English and French) 12/87 080/87Household Energy Conservation and Substitution (English

and French) 01/88 082/88Nigeria Energy Assessment (English) 08/83 4440-UNI

Energy Assessment (English) 07/93 11672-UNIRwanda Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3779-RW

Status Report (English and French) 05/84 017/84Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) 08/86 059/86Improved Charcoal Production Techniques (English and French) 02/87 065/87Energy Assessment (English and French) 07/91 8017-RWCommercialization of Improved Charcoal Stoves and CarbonizationTechniques Mid-Term Progress Report (English and French) 12/91 141/91

SADC SADC Regional Power Interconnection Study, Vols. I-IV (English) 12/93 --SADCC SADCC Regional Sector: Regional Capacity-Building Program

for Energy Surveys and Policy Analysis (English) 11/91 --Sao Tome

and Principe Energy Assessment (English) 10/85 5803-STPSenegal Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4182-SE

Status Report (English and French) 10/84 025/84Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) 05/85 037/85Preparatory Assistance for Donor Meeting (English and French) 04/86 056/86Urban Household Energy Strategy (English) 02/89 096/89Industrial Energy Conservation Program (English) 05/94 165/94

Seychelles Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4693-SEYElectric Power System Efficiency Study (English) 08/84 021/84

Sierra Leone Energy Assessment (English) 10/87 6597-SLSomalia Energy Assessment (English) 12/85 5796-SOSouth Africa Options for the Structure and Regulation of NaturalRepublic of Gas Industry (English) 05/95 172/95Sudan Management Assistance to the Ministry of Energy and Mining 05/83 003/83

Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4511-SUPower System Efficiency Study (English) 06/84 018/84Status Report (English) 11/84 026/84Wood Energy/Forestry Feasibility (English) 07/87 073/87

Swaziland Energy Assessment (English) 02/87 6262-SWHousehold Energy Strategy Study 10/97 198/97

Tanzania Energy Assessment (English) 11/84 4969-TAPeri-Urban Woodfuels Feasibility Study (English) 08/88 086/88Tobacco Curing Efficiency Study (English) 05/89 102/89Remote Sensing and Mapping of Woodlands (English) 06/90 --

-4 -

Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number

Tanzania Industrial Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance (English) 08/90 122/90

Power Loss Reduction Volume 1: Transsmission and Distribution

SystemTechnical Loss Reduction and Network Development(English) 06/98 204A/98

Power Loss Reduction Volume 2: Reduction of Non-TechnicalLosses (English) 06/98 204B/98

Togo Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5221-TO

Wood Recovery in the Nangbeto Lake (English and French) 04/86 055/86

Power Efficiency Improvement (English and French) 12/87 078/87

Uganda Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4453-UG

Status Report (English) 08/84 020/84

Institutional Review of the Energy Sector (English) 01/85 029/85

Energy Efficiency in Tobacco Curing Industry (English) 02/86 049/86

Fuelwood/Forestry Feasibility Study (English) 03/86 053/86

Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/88 092/88

Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Brick and

Tile Industry (English) 02/89 097/89

Tobacco Curing Pilot Project (English) 03/89 UNDP TerminalReport

Energy Assessment (English) 12/96 193/96

Rural Electrification Strategy Study 09/99 221/99

Zaire Energy Assessment (English) 05/86 5837-ZR

Zambia Energy Assessment (English) 01/83 4110-ZA

Status Report (English) 08/85 039/85

Energy Sector Institutional Review (English) 11/86 060/86

Power Subsector Efficiency Study (English) 02/89 093/88

Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/89 094/88

Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 08/90 121/90

Zimbabwe Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3765-ZIM

Power System Efficiency Study (English) 06/83 005/83

Status Report (English) 08/84 019/84

Power Sector Management Assistance Project (English) 04/85 034/85

Power Sector Management Institution Building (English) 09/89 --

Petroleum Management Assistance (English) 12/89 109/89

Charcoal Utilization Prefeasibility Study (English) 06/90 119/90

Integrated Energy Strategy Evaluation (English) 01/92 8768-ZIM

Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance Project:Strategic Framework for a National Energy EfficiencyInprovement Program (English) 04/94 --

Capacity Building for the National Energy EfficiencyImprovement Progranmme (NEEIP) (English) 12/94

Rural Electrification Study 03/00 228/00

EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC (EAP)

Asia Regional Pacific Household and Rural Energy Seminar (English) 11/90 --

China County-Level Rural Energy Assessments (English) 05/89 101/89

Fuelwood Forestry Preinvestment Study (English) 12/89 105/89

Strategic Options for Power Sector Reform in China (English) 07/93 156/93

Energy Efficiency and Pollution Control in Township and

Village Enterprises (TVE) Industry (English) 11/94 168/94

Region/Couniry Activity/lReport Title Date Number

China Energy for Rural Development in China: An Assessment Basedon a Joint Chinese/ESMAP Study in Six Counties (English) 06/96 183/96

Improving the Technical Efficiency of Decentralized PowerCompanies 09/99 222/999

Fiji Energy Assessment (English) 06/83 4462-FIJIndonesia Energy Assessment (English) 11/81 3543-IND

Status Report (English) 09/84 022/84Power Generation Efficiency Study (English) 02/86 050/86Energy Efficiency in the Brick, Tile and

Lime Industries (English) 04/87 067/87Diesel Generating Plant Efficiency Study (English) 12/88 095/88Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/90 107/90Biomass Gasifier Preinvestment Study Vols. I & II (English) 12/90 124/90Prospects for Biomass Power Generation with Emphasis on

Palm Oil, Sugar, Rubberwood and Plywood Residues (English) 11/94 167/94Lao PDR Urban Electricity Demand Assessment Study (English) 03/93 154/93

Institutional Development for Off-Grid Electrification 06/99 215/99Malaysia Sabah Power System Efficiency Study (English) 03/87 068/87

Gas Utilization Study (English) 09/91 9645-MAMyannar Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5416-BAPapua New

Guinea Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3882-PNGStatus Report (English) 07/83 006/83Energy Strategy Paper (English) -- --Institutional Review in the Energy Sector (English) 10/84 023/84Power Tariff Study (English) 10/84 024/84

Philippines Commercial Potential for Power Production fromAgricultural Residues (English) 12/93 157/93Energy Conservation Study (English) 08/94 --

Solomon Islands Energy Assessment (English) 06/83 4404-SOLEnergy Assessment (English) 01/92 979-SOL

South Pacific Petroleum Transport in the South Pacific (English) 05/86 --Thailand Energy Assessment (English) 09/85 5793-TH

Rural Energy Issues and Options (English) 09/85 044/85Accelerated Dissemination of Improved Stoves and

Charcoal Kilns (English) 09/87 079/87Northeast Region Village Forestry and WoodfuelsPreinvestment Study (English) 02/88 083/88

Impact of Lower Oil Prices (English) 08/88 --Coal Development and Utilization Study (English) 10/89 --

Tonga Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5498-TONVanuatu Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5577-VAVietnam Rural and Household Energy-Issues and Options (English) 01/94 161/94

Power Sector Reform and Restructuring in Vietnam: Final Reportto the Steering Committee (English and Vietnamese) 09/95 174/95

Household Energy Technical Assistance: Improved CoalBriquetting and Commercialized Dissemination of HigherEfficiency Biomass and Coal Stoves (English) 01/96 178/96

Western Samoa Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5497-WSO

-6 -

Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number

SOUTH ASIA (SAS)

Bangladesh Energy Assessment (English) 10/82 3873-BD

Priority Investment Program (English) 05/83 002/83

Status Report (English) 04/84 015/84

Bangladesh Power System Efficiency Study (English) 02/85 031/85

Small Scale Uses of Gas Prefeasibility Study (English) 12/88 --

India Opportunities for Conmmercialization of NonconventionalEnergy Systems (English) 11/88 091/88

Maharashtra Bagasse Energy Efficiency Project (English) 07/90 120/90

Mini-Hydro Development on Irrigation Dams andCanal Drops Vols. I, II and III (English) 07/91 139/91

WindFarm Pre-Investment Study (English) 12/92 150/92

Power Sector Reform Seminar (English) 04/94 166/94

Environmental Issues in the Power Sector (English) 06/98 205/98

Environmental Issues in the Power Sector: Manual forEnvironmental Decision Making (English) 06/99 213/99

Household Energy Strategies for Urban India: The Case ofHyderabad 06/99 214/99

Nepal Energy Assessment (English) 08/83 4474-NEP

Status Report (English) 01/85 028/84

Energy Efficiency & Fuel Substitution in Industries (English) 06/93 158/93

Pakistan Household Energy Assessment (English) 05/88 --

Assessment of Photovoltaic Programs, Applications, andMarkets (English) 10/89 103/89

National Household Energy Survey and Strategy FormulationStudy: Project Terminal Report (English) 03/94 --

Managing the Energy Transition (English) 10/94

Lighting Efficiency Improvement ProgramPhase 1: Commercial Buildings Five Year Plan (English) 10/94

Sri Lanka Energy Assessment (English) 05/82 3792-CE

Power System Loss Reduction Study (English) 07/83 007/83

Status Report (English) 01/84 010/84

Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) 03/86 054/86

EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA (ECA)

Bulgaria Natural Gas Policies and Issues (English) 10/96 188/96

Central andEastern Europe Power Sector Reform in Selected Countries 07/97 196/97

Increasing the Efficiency of Heating Systems in Central andEastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (English andRussian) 08/00 234/00

Eastern Europe The Future of Natural Gas in Eastern Europe (English) 08/92 149/92

Kazakhstan Natural Gas Investmnent Study, Volumes 1, 2 & 3 12/97 199/97

Kazakhstan &Kyrgyzstan Opportunities for Renewable Energy Development 11/97 16855-KAZ

Poland Energy Sector Restructuring Program Vols. I-V (English) 01/93 153/93Natural Gas Upstream Policy (English and Polish) 08/98 206/98Energy Sector Restructuring Program Establishing the Energy

Regulation Authority 10/98 208/98

-7 -

Region/Country Activily/Report Title Date Number

Portugal Energy Assessment (English) 04/84 4824-PORomania Natural Gas Development Strategy (English) 12/96 192/96Slovenia Workshop on Private Participation in the Power Sector (English) 02/99 211/99Turkey Energy Assessment (English) 03/83 3877-TU

Energy and the Environment: Issues and Options Paper 04/00 229/00

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MNA)

Arab Republicof Egypt Energy Assessment (English) 10/96 189/96

Energy Assessment (English and French) 03/84 4157-MORStatus Report (English and French) 01/86 048/86

Morocco Energy Sector Institutional Development Study (English and French) 07/95 173/95Natural Gas Pricing Study (French) 10/98 209/98Gas Development Plan Phase II (French) 02/99 210/99

Syria Energy Assessment (English) 05/86 5822-SYRElectric Power Efficiency Study (English) 09/88 089/88Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Cement Sector (English) 04/89 099/89Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Fertilizer Sector (English) 06/90 115/90

Tunisia Fuel Substitution (English and French) 03/90 --Power Efficiency Study (English and French) 02/92 136/91Energy Management Strategy in the Residential and

Tertiary Sectors (English) 04/92 146/92Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume I (French) 11/96 190A/96Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume II (French) 11/96 190B/96

Yemen Energy Assessment (English) 12/84 4892-YAREnergy Investment Priorities (English) 02/87 6376-YARHousehold Energy Strategy Study Phase I (English) 03/91 126/91

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (LAC)

LAC Regional Regional Seminar on Electric Power System Loss Reductionin the Caribbean (English) 07/89 --

Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America andthe Caribbean (English and Spanish) 04/97 194/97

Elimnination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America andthe Caribbean - Status Report (English and Spanish) 12/97 200/97

Harmonization of Fuels Specifications in Latin America andthe Caribbean (English and Spanish) 06/98 203/98

Bolivia Energy Assessment (English) 04/83 4213-BONational Energy Plan (English) 12/87 --La Paz Private Power Technical Assistance (English) 11/90 111/90Prefeasibility Evaluation Rural Electrification and Demand

Assessment (English and Spanish) 04/91 129/91National Energy Plan (Spanish) 08/91 131/91Private Power Generation and Transmission (English) 01/92 137/91Natural Gas Distribution: Economics and Regulation (English) 03/92 125/92Natural Gas Sector Policies and Issues (English and Spanish) 12/93 164/93Household Rural Energy Strategy (English and Spanish) 01/94 162/94

- 8 -

Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number

Bolivia Preparation of Capitalization of the Hydrocarbon Sector 12/96 191/96

Introducing Competition into the Electricity Supply Industry in

Developing Countries: Lessons from Bolivia 08/00 233/00

Brazil Energy Efficiency & Conservation: Strategic Partnership forEnergy Efficiency in Brazil (English) 01/95 170/95

Hydro and Thermal Power Sector Study 09/97 197/97

Rural Electrification with Renewable Energy Systems in the

Northeast: A Preinvestment Study 07/00 232/00

Chile Energy Sector Review (English) 08/88 7129-CH

Colomnbia Energy Strategy Paper (English) 12/86 --

Power Sector Restructuring (English) 11/94 169/94

Energy Efficiency Report for the Commercialand Public Sector (English) 06/96 184/96

Costa Rica Energy Assessment (English and Spanish) 01/84 4655-CR

Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 11/84 027/84

Forest Residues Utilization Study (English and Spanish) 02/90 108/90

DominicanRepublic Energy Assessment (English) 05/91 8234-DO

Ecuador Energy Assessment (Spanish) 12/85 5865-EC

Energy Strategy Phase I (Spanish) 07/88 --

Energy Strategy (English) 04/91 --

Private Minihydropower Development Study (English) 11/92 --

Energy Pricing Subsidies and Interfuel Substitution (English) 08/94 11798-EC

Energy Pricing, Poverty and Social Mitigation (English) 08/94 12831-EC

Guatemala Issues and Options in the Energy Sector (English) 09/93 12160-GU

Haiti Energy Assessment (English and French) 06/82 3672-HA

Status Report (English and French) 08/85 041/85

Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 12/91 143/91

Honduras Energy Assessment (English) 08/87 6476-HO

Petroleum Supply Management (English) 03/91 128/91

Jamaica Energy Assessment (English) 04/85 5466-JM

Petroleum Procurement, Refining, andDistribution Study (English) 11/86 061/86

Energy Efficiency Building Code Phase I (English) 03/88 --

Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels Phase I (English) 03/88 --

Management Information System Phase I (English) 03/88 --

Charcoal Production Project (English) 09/88 090/88

FIDCO Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) 09/88 088/88

Energy Sector Strategy and Investment Planning Study (English) 07/92 135/92

Mexico Improved Charcoal Production Within Forest Management for

the State of Veracruz (English and Spanish) 08/91 138/91

Energy Efficiency Management Technical Assistance to theComision Nacional para el Ahorro de Energia (CONAE) (English) 04/96 180/96

Panama Power System Efficiency Study (English) 06/83 004/83

Paraguay Energy Assessment (English) 10/84 5145-PA

Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 09/85 --

Status Report (English and Spanish) 09/85 043/85

Peru Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4677-PE

Status Report (English) 08/85 040/85

Proposal for a Stove Dissemination Program inthe Sierra (English and Spanish) 02/87 064/87

Energy Strategy (English and Spanish) 12/90 --

-9 -

Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number

Peru Study of Energy Taxation and Liberalizationof the Hydrocarbons Sector (English and Spanish) 120/93 159/93

Reform and Privatization in the HydrocarbonSector (English and Spanish) 07/99 216/99

Saint Lucia Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 5111-SLUSt. Vincent and

the Grenadines Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 5103-STVSub Andean Environmental and Social Regulation of Oil and Gas

Operations in Sensitive Areas of the Sub-Andean Basin(English and Spanish) 07/99 217/99

Trinidad andTobago Energy Assessment (English) 12/85 5930-TR

GLOBAL

Energy End Use Efficiency: Research and Strategy (English) 11/89Women and Energy--A Resource GuideThe Intemational Network: Policies and Experience (English) 04/90 --

Guidelines for Utility Customer Management andMetering (English and Spanish) 07/91 --

Assessment of Personal Computer Models for EnergyPlanning in Developing Countries (English) 10/91 --

Long-Term Gas Contracts Principles and Applications (English) 02/93 152/93Comparative Behavior of Firms Under Public and Private

Ownership (English) 05/93 155/93Development of Regional Electric Power Networks (English) 10/94 --Roundtable on Energy Efficiency (English) 02/95 171/95Assessing Pollution Abatement Policies with a Case Study

of Ankara (English) 11/95 177/95A Synopsis of the Third Annual Roundtable on Independent Power

Projects: Rhetoric and Reality (English) 08/96 187/96Rural Energy and Development Roundtable (English) 05/98 202/98A Synopsis of the Second Roundtable on Energy Efficiency:

Institutional and Financial Delivery Mechanisms (English) 09/98 207/98The Effect of a Shadow Price on Carbon Emission in the

Energy Portfolio of the World Bank: A CarbonBackcasting Exercise (English) 02/99 212/99

Increasing the Efficiency of Gas Distribution Phase 1:Case Studies and Thematic Data Sheets 07/99 218/99

Global Energy Sector Reform in Developing Countries:A Scorecard 07/99 219/99

Global Lighting Services for the Poor Phase II: TextMarketing of Small "Solar" Batteries for RuralElectrification Purposes 08/99 220/99

A Review of the Renewable Energy Activities of the UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management AssistanceProgramme 1993 to 1998 11/99 223/99

Energy, Transportation and Environment: Policy Options forEnvironmental Improvement 12/99 224/99

- 10-

Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number

Global Privatization, Cornpetition and Regulation in the British ElectricityIndustry, With Imnplications for Developing Countries 02/00 226/00

Reducing the Cost of Grid Extension for Rural Electrification 02/00 227/00

8/31/00

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