Παραγωγή Φέτας Και Κεφαλοτυριού Από Γάλα

,2011

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.:8827940801000122

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.. . : 88279408-01-000122

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.. . : 88279408-01-000122

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(LAB)

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. LAB

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.. . : 88279408-01-000122

3

.

.

1.1 .

.

.

,

.

. , ,

,

.

,

,

(Fox & McSweeney, 2004). 8.000

,

.

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.. . : 88279408-01-000122

4

.

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, (

).

, .

19 ,

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1.2 .

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(, , , ),

(, .),

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.. . : 88279408-01-000122

5

1.3 .

:

.

:

.

( ,

),

( ,

3.000 - 4.000 rpm/min).

,

, .

(

), .

-:

i .

:

.

,

63-65C.

:

. (

) 30 min 63-65C,

( )

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

6

,

72-75C 15 sec.

:

-

.

:

,

.

48 7C

.

150-250 atm 60-70C, ,

1-2 m.

:

.

.

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

7

1.4 .

.

.

4C ,

.

4C.

,

:

, , ,

.

.

.

. 34C

.

.

,

. 25%

24 5C (Bylund,

1995). ,

.

.

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

8

65C ,

72-73C 15-20 (Bylund,

1995).

,

35C , ,

32-37C.

.

.

,

.

,

. 50%

. (90% , 20%

10% ) (Fox et. al., 2000).

,

10-12h.

p

.

, .

, ,

22-25C 5-8 .

,

.

, , .

,

. .

2-5C

75% 2

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

9

,

.

.

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

10

.

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

11

1.5 .

, , .

,

.

,

.

, , ,

.

,

. , :

() ,

,

( , ,

, , )

, / ().

( & ,2001).

.

,

, .

'

.

( .1952; A

E. 1981).

1.6 .

.

, , '

, , , , ,

, .

.

.

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

12

,

.

30 cm 10 cm .

7 , .

(Z . 1952).

.

.( . .,1983)

,

.

. (Prodromou et al., 2001).

Pecorino Romano(Davis 1976)

Ras,

. (Fox P. and McSweeney P.,2003).

, ,

32-38%. ,

, , , ,

, ( 2001)

: Cheddar, Cheshire, Derby,

Gloucester Leicester (), Cantal (), Friesian Leiden (),

Manchego, Idiazabal, Roncal, La Serena (), Sao Jorge ()

Ras () Pecorino.()(Fox P. and McSweeney P.,

2003).

1.

()

.

.

.

.

35%

38%

38%

32%

47%

40%

32%

20% (.)-32%

1: ( & , 2011)

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

13

:

( 3-5 ).

.

36%

36-38%

.

, ()

2073/2005, 1 2006,

( )

2

2: (() 2073/2005)

(1) n= /, c= > m m (2) m, , (3) 100 cfu/grgr (4) , % aw

1 2

n c m M

Listeria

monocytogenes 5 5 100cfu/gr 3

T, , , 4 Salmonella 5 0 25 gr

,

5 0

25 gr

E.coli 5 0 100cfu/gr 1000cfu/gr

T,

5 0 104cfu/gr 105cfu/gr

T

5 0 100cfu/gr 1000cfu/gr

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

14

1.7 .

.

, ,

. 1

, ,

T

...(, ..1997).

1. (, ..1997)

0:00 ' -

, 3% 35C,

pH 6.6.

0:10 1% .

0:20 40% -

100 ml .

. 40 min.

0:50 40 min, pH 6.45,

0,15 .

1:30 0.5 cm

.

1:35 45C .

1:50 , 5-10 min

6.2.

2:00 5 min . .

2:05 .

2:10 .

2:30 3 3-4 ,

.

5:30

14-16C .

24:00 18% 4,8 14-16C. p

4.8.

48:00 . -

, 14-16 0

85% 3 .

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

15

3 ,

.

2

3: ,

. (B ., 1983; Baltadjieva et al.,1978;

Veinoglou et al., 1981)

/ /

1. % 5,6 3,75 3,4 3,4 2. 68 0C/10min 75-76 0C/20-30min 70 0C/16sec 70 0C/16 sec 3. 0C 2 35 35 36 36 4. / Lact.bulgaricus% 0,5 0,2 0,6 0,6

Strep.thermophilus % 0,5 0,4 0,9 0,9

5. 1-20D 1-20D 1-20D 1-20D 6.X (g/100L) - 8 15 15 7.X(ml/10L) - - 15 15 8.(g/100L) - - 7 7 9. 35min 10. 350C 12.X (min) 8 13. X (min) 35 14.1

(min) 10 10 15 15

15. 1 /(min) 20 15 15 15 16. 0C 44 43 46-47 46-47 17.2

(min) 10 10 10 10

18. % - 67 - - 19. 12 0 Be - 10 - - 20. 2 /(min) - 47 - - 22. 3

(min) - 15-20 - 10

23. () min 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 24.To (min) 10 10 10 10 25.(h) 1,5 3 2 2 26. 14 0C (h)15 15 15 15 27. 14 0C & 20 e (h) 24 - 48 24(23 Be) 28. 3 2 3 2 29. 0C 14 14 24 14 30. % 85-90% 85-90% 85-90% 85-90%

31. 90 50 60 60

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

16

1.8 . ,

, .

. ,

, 5,6%,

3,7% 3,4%.

. ' 20% ,

.

.

, .

.

.

,

. '

, .

.

4C ' .(

..1983)

. ,

.

, ..,

.

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

17

, 3

,

.

68C 10 min. 3

76C 20-30 min,

, 1,5-2%

.

70C 16 sec .

(SLAB)- .

35-36C

,

,

,

.

Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus,

Leuconostoc .

,

:

(Fox & Wallace, 1997).

(Cogan et

al., 1997; Fox & Wallace, 1997).

(Maisnier-Patin et al.,

1992).

)

)

Str. thermophilus Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus 1%

1:1(Caric,1993; B

,1983;Baltadjieva et al., 1978;Veinoglou et al., 1981) 1,5%

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

18

( .1995).

,

Str. thermophilus 0,5%+Lb.

delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 0,25%+Lb. casei 0,25% Lc. lactis sussp. lactis

1,0%+Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 0,25%+Lb.Casei 0,25% ( Anifantakis E. and

Kaminarides S.,1983 )

Str. thermophilus 0,4%, Lb. delbrueckii subsp.

bulgaricus 0,2%. 0,5% & 0,5%

, ,

, ,

.(alavrouzioti I. et al., 2005)

0,9% 0,6% .

, 1, Str.

thermophilus 0,8% +Lb. casei 0,2% Str. thermophilus 0,4%+Lc. lactis

subsp.diacetilactis 0,4%+Ent.durans 0,2% ( ., .,1983;

. 1997).

p

5,

( E. 1993)

Lc.lactis, Lc.lactis subsp diacetylactis, Str.thermophilus,

, Lb. casei

, (Litopoulou

Tzanetaki, 1990).

(NSLAB). ()

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

19

.

.

.

. NSLAB

,

(Cogan et al., 1997).

Lb. Casei, Lb. paracasei, Lb. plantarum,

Lb. rhamnosus Lb. curvatus (Jordan & Cogan, 1993; Coppola et al., 1997;

Fitzsimons, Cogan, Condon, & Beresford, 1999).

Pe. acidilactici Pe.pentosaceus.

, ,

( ). ,

.

(Williams Banks, 1997).

.

,

. ,

,

, ,

(.. ), .

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

20

,

(SLAB)

Leuconostoc, Str. thermophilus

. Ent. faecium

35,5%

4 . ,

Ent. durans Ent. faecalis . Lb. plantarum Lb. casei

subsp casei 18,4 15,8%

4

.

Lb. buchneri, Lb. brevis, Lb. casei subsp rhamnosus Lb. cellobiosus Lb.

casei subsp alactosus. (Litopoulou-Tzanetaki, 1990).

35 min

.( (B ,1983; Baltadjieva et al.,

1978; Veinoglou et al., 1981). (

)

.

,

40% ( 3) ,

, .

,

.

. ,

,

, .

.

,

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

21

,

( Anifantakis , 1976).

,

35 min.

,

.

,

.

8 min. H

. : )

)

, )

)

.

,

.

,

, .

- 105-106 -

--()

(). -

, ,

.

. , ,

. '

.

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

22

35 min

.

.

: )

)

, ,

, )

) .

.( 1952 ; .1983)

.

, 0.5 cm .

.

. ( 1952;

. 1997)

. 43-47C

15 20 min. H

.

.

44C 2-3C

.

, ,

.

,

.

,

,

,

.

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

23

10

.

, 10

,

, ,

. ,

, 50% ,

12% 12 B .

10 min.

, .

. (B

,1983; Baltadjieva et al., 1978; Veinoglou et al., 1981)

. ,

,

(). ,

, , 25-35 cm 7-9 cm.

,

.

,

.

.

.

.

. ( .1983)

. , ' ,

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

24

.

.

15 min

.

,

. ,

.

30 min.

.

.

18-20C 3 . p

.(Z .1997)

14-16 C

4.8 5,0,

.

.

.

4-5%

10-12%

.

,

.

.

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

25

,

, 18B

14-16C 4,8 .

.

.

5.2 ,

.

14-16C 85%

.

.

, .

10-15 . 10-15

. ( .1997)

, ,

. 3,

(20 B 24 h ) 2-3

2 (B ,1983;

Baltadjieva et al., 1978; Veinoglou et al., 1981).

:

14C 85-90%.

,

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

26

.

,

(SLAB)

(NSLAB)

,

.

.

.

, ,

.

.

.

. : .

, . (), .

.

(Fox, 1989).

, ,

.

s- -

. ,

NSLAB (Fox McSweeney,

1996). s-

,

-, .

- ,

. 1

,

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

27

Plovdiv

(Veinoglou et al., 1981).

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

5 10 20 30 60

1

2

3

4

1. (1) (2)

(3) (4). (Veinoglou et al., 1981).

.

, , ,

.

,

(Rank et al., 1985).

,

.

. ( )

.

,

, --

. p H

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

28

.

.(Z .1997).

,

.

. C6

.

, ,

,

, , , . (Choisy et

al., 1997).

.

.

, ,

, , , .

4,4

4,5

4,6

4,7

4,8

4,9

5

5,1

5,2

5,3

5 15 30 90

p H

2: p H (Anifantakis E.and. Kaminaridis S., 1987)

:Str. lactis + Lb.bulgaricus +L b. casei. : Str. thermophilus+ Lb. bulgaricus + Lb. casei, : Str. thermophilus + Lb. bulgaricus

.

' 3

( ., 1982).

. ,

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

29

, .

30 , ,

.

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

4 15 30

%

Y

3: ,

. ( ., 1982).

,

. 100

15-15,5 6-7 .(

.1995). 100 Kg 3,75%

9,8 Kg 41% (Baltadjieva et al., 1978).

40% 9,9%

( ., 1982).

NaCl. ,

'

.

, , ,

, ,

,

,

, . To

pH ()

4.

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

30

4

pH

6,6

6,45

6,2

1

4,8

2

5,1

15 5,3 5

30 5,6 8,5

3 5,5 11,5

6 5,5 12

4: pH

( .1997)

.

.

Cryovac

2-4C, , .

Cryovac

.

.

106 cfu/ml

(Nunez et al., 1984). Enterobacteriaceae . coliforms

102-103cfu/ml

. Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, E.

Agglomerans, Hafnia alvei and Klebsiella oxytoca

Salmonellae (Gaya et al., 1987).O Staphylococci

104-105 cfu/ml

(Bautista et al., 1986). Staph. aureus, 42%

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

31

,

Staph.haemolyticus and Staph. epidermidis (Gutierrez et al., 1982; Bautista et al., 1986)

,

21,7%

15 . O Str.thermophilus

12,8%

Lc.lactis (5,1%) Lc.lactis spp diacetylactis (

3,8%). O Lc.lactis La Serrena (Fernandez

del Pozo et al., 1988)

NaCl,

, (. 15

5,01), .( -T . 1993).

H

NaCl (Bie & Sjostrom, 1975),

, ,

, .

(105/g). (Litopoulou-Tzanetaki and Vafopoulou-Mastrojiannaki, 1988; Litopoulou-

Tzanetaki.1990).

nt.faecium (10%) nt.Durans (2,6%) nt.faecalis(6,4%),

nt.faecium(35,6%) nt.Durans(9,2%)

(106/g)

15 ,

109cfu/gr 30 6

(108 cfu/g).

Lb. plantarum Lb.casei subsp.casei ,

11 10,5% , 120

15,8% 18,4%

(Litopoulou-Tzanetaki.1990)

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

32

Pecorino Romano

3-5

108-1010 60 (Deiana et al.1984) .

anchego

Lct.lactis

(Martinez-Moreno,1976a).

Lb.plantarum Lb.casei (Nunez.1976a). E

Ent.faecium, leuconostoc spp Leuc.mesenteroides

subsp. dextranicum Leuc. paramesenteroides

Ped.pentosaceus, 107 cfu/gr (Martinez-

Moreno.1976a;Nunez.1976.c).

Manchego , 30

( Lb.plantarum Lb.casei)

108 cfu/g, .

leuconostoc spp, (unez,1976d,Chavarri

et al.1983) Rongal

anchego (Ordonez et al.,1980)

, ,

, 109-1010 10

3 . 10

20% , 60%

14% Lb.curvatus. 3

60% L.lactis

susbp.lactis, 17,1% 12,2%

L.paracasei subsp. paracasei L.coryniformis subsp. torquens (Prodromou.K et

al.,2001)

pH ,

.

pH 0,12, 0,1.

,

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

33

GRAM ,

pH. (107 cfu/g)

S.aureus

Micrococcus subgroup 3. O

105/g (Litopoulou-Tzanetaki,E 1977;

-T . 1993). 4

.

(10-11) T.

coliforms, staphylococci and clostridia.E ,

(3 ) nterobacteriaceae 105 /g.

nchego (90 )

101-106 cfu/gr 24h

105-106cfu/g

104-105 cfu/g,

(Nunez& Marti'nez-Moreno, 1976; non.1980).

106 cfu/ml

(unez et al.,1988) H S.aureus Machengo

nterobacteriaceae. H

S.aureus(Gaya et al., 1988).

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

log

cfu

/gr

Gram

-

4:

( -T . 1993)

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

34

Br.meletensis 4-16

Pecorino 90

. Salmonella spp

.

anchego, T

(edina et al.,1982). Listeria monocytogenes

Manchengo 60 ,

, ,

(Dominguez et al. 1987).

. H (LF) (LTF),

80 kDa

( ).

, , ,

, ,

.

: , ,

, , ,

. (colostrum)

7 g/L , 1 g/L

, 30 mg/L. ( Montreuil et al., 1960).

.

, , ,

, , .

,

,

, .

,

(LPS)

, .

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

35

,

Gram - (

Farnaud S, Evans RW 2003, Ellison et al. 1988, 1990).

,

.

, .

Gram+ and Gram- E. coli

spp.,Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, Listeria

monocytogenes, Streptococcus spp., Vibrio cholerae, Legionella pneumophila,

Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus

subtilis (Valenti & Antonini, 2005;Payne et al., 1990,; Ellison and Giehl 1991;

Dionysius and Milne 1997).

Lactobacillus Bifidobacteria (Sherman et al.,2004).

rotavirus rota .

cytomegalovirus (CMV),

polyomavirus, herpes simplexvirus (HSV), HIV, hepatitis B and C (HBV and HCV)

viruses.

.

Candida spp.,

Candida albicans,

Entamoeba histolytica, Tritrichomonas foetus, Trypanosoma cruzi, T. brucei,

Plasmodium falciparum stiedai( Valenti & Antonini, 2005).

(Medina et al., 2002)

. FDA

,

E.coli 0157:H7 (Taylor et al., 2004).

.

,

, .

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

36

, , .To

, ,

.

,

.

- (~60%) (~20%).

2%

98%

.

10000

.

( ) .

()

.

- ,

,

.

- ,

, .

,

.

-

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

37

. (Garca-Ruiz A., Bartolom B., Martnez-Rodrguez A.J., Pueyo E., Martn-

lvarez P.J. and Moreno-Arribas M.V. 2008). ,

(

) ,

,

( ,

, ),

( 200-2000 ppm)

(Vivas, N., Lonvaud-Funel, A., & Glories, Y. 1997;

Reguant C., Bordons A., Arola L., Rozs N. 2000; Barthelmebs, L., Divie`s, C., &

Cavin, J. F. 2001; Alberto, M. R., Gomez-Cordoves, C., & Manca de Nadra, M. C.

2004). ,

(

),

(.. ,

, ) ( )

.

L.curvatus.

,

(Klaenhammer, 1993). 99%

.

.

Gram-

(Riley and

Wertz, 2002).

.

.

. ,

. H

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

38

,

(..

pH, ) (Parente and Ricciardi, 1999).

.

.

NSLAB (Fenelon et al.,

1999). NSLAB

.

.

(Ennahar et al., 1996; Rodriquez et al., 2000).

Ennahar et al. (1996), Lb. plantarum

AcH . ,

Lb. sake sakasin A P

Listeria monocytogenes Listeria innocua (Aymerich et al., 1996).

Lb. acidophilus (lactocin), Lb.

plantarum (plantaricin) Lb. helveticus (helveticin; Klaenhammer, 1988;

Malik et al., 1994).

Lb. curvatus ( NSLAB),

Lb. paracasei Lb. plantarum, Cheddar (Jordan

and Cogan, 1993; Fitzsimons et al., 1999). L. curvatus (QC23) ,

Lc. lactis,

. Lb. curvatus (QC2 and QC11)

(Sanchez I. et l.,2005. T

Lb. curvatus : ( curvacin A)

(Tichaczek et al., 1992), 13(curvaticin 13) (Sudirman et al., 1993),

FS47( curvaticin FS47) (Garver and Muriana, 1994)

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

39

Lb. Sakei Lb. curvatus (Hammes and Hertel, 1996).

Lb. curvatus LTH 1174

2027 C,

pH. (Vogel et al., 1993).

Lb. curvatus

,

(Lawrie, 1995).

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

40

2.

2.1.

. ..

, . (80 Kg)

35C ,

35 . ( 1).

:

,

Str.thermophilus Lb.Bulgaricus.(120gr/80kg)

CHOOZIT MA16 LYO 25DCU(DANISCO)

Lc.lactis subsp. lactis Lc.lactis subsp cremoris (0,4gr/80 Kg

1 DCU/100lt)

20 min.

,

(0.5x0.5 cm), 2-3 ( 2).

, 45C 15 min 5

. (1Kg/80 Kg).,

. , ,

, 23 cm( 3).

5 min

,

5min( 4).

15 C( 5). 24 h( ) 18 e

15 C 48 h 2

( 6 &7). ,

18 C, .

.

,

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

41

. 3

24.

.

cryovac, 4C

2,5 .

4 ,

1 :

A1:

Lb.curvatus ( ) 0,2 gr/80l

.

A2: (M)

2 :

1:

500 ppm (40 g/80l)

2:

4g/80l (50ppm)

. : ,7, 15

( 15C) 30, 45 ( 4C).

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

42

1:

2 : 0.5x0.5 cm

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

43

3: .

4: , .

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

44

5: ,

.

6:

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

45

7 : 15 C

2.2.

10

90 ml Maximum Recovery

Dilluent(MRD), Stomacher .

MRD

.

:

1. , Plate Count (PCA), 30oC, 72h

2. , Violet Red Bile Glucose (VRGBA), 37oC, 24h

3. , Violet Red Bile (VRBA), 30oC, 24h

4. schericia coli, TBX 440 C , 24 h

5. , Sabouraud Dextrose (PDA), 25oC, 5

6. , Baird Parker egg yolk tellurite Medium (BPM), 37oC, 48h

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

46

7. (LAB), MRS (

) 37oC, 3

8. Gram , , 17 , 30oC, 48h

9. , Bile Esculine Azide , 37oC, 2

10. . ryptose Sulfite Cycloserine Agar (TSC

agar, ) 37 0, 18-24 h

11. Salmonella spp (ISO/FDIS6579)

12. Listeria monocytogenes (ISO11290)

2.3 .

:

pH:

50 ml 45C

100 ml.

100 ml pH (Hanna

instruments, Padova, Italy) .

: ern

MLB50-3

(aw): M aw Lab Master

aw (novasima)

NaCl: 10 gr 50 ml ,

50-60 0 C. 4-5 min

250 .To

.

.

25 ml

2ml 2%. 0,1711 gNO3

10 sec . 1ml gNO3

1% .

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

47

( FOLIN CIOCALTEAU)

- FOLIN CIOCALTEAU REAGENT

- Na2CO3 ( 75 g/L )

- 0,2 ml ( )

- 10,8 ml

- 8 ml Na2CO3

- 1 ml FOLIN CIOCALTEAU

0,2 ml 0,2 ml (

11ml ).

( ) 60-120 .

750nm.

.

(

)

. 0-2 g/L .

2.4 .

16 .

1-7. : , ,

, , . O 5 ,

1,2,1,2 & C

, 2, .

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

48

3. A

&

1,2,1,2, ,

5,6,7,8, .

5: (log cfu/g) K 1 .

15C

15C 4C

N

1 7 15 30 45

8,60 8,30 9,20 8,76 8,99

8,25

5,35 4,82 6,46 4,90 4,30

4,51

5,30 4,83 5,47 5,10 3,06

4,45

.coli 3,68 4,75 4,30 3,90 2,57 2,64

4,79

4,30

6,09

6,68

5,70

5,08

S.aureus 2,60 3

(MRS agar)

6,60 7,90 9,46 8,74 8,95

8,78

GRAM + (M17 agar) 7,89 7,81 9,16 8,65 8,75

8,51

4,06

3,5

4,66

3,91

1,30

2

4,95

5,47

5,47

6,35 6,64 6,08

6,49

7,47

7,30

8,73

9,29

8,90

Salmonella spp.

Listeria monocytogenes

pH 6,67 5,58 5,33 5,39 5,38 5,45

aw 0,971 0,962 0,931 0,897 0,756

% 47,36 42,16 38,53 37,65

36,95 37,090 36,500 9,768

NaCl% 0,40 1,00 2,50 3,4 4,0

%

0,84 2,32 6,09 8,28 9,77

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

49


15C

15C 4C

1 7 15 30 45

8,60

8,36

8,34 8,86 8,87

8,41

5,35 5,16 4,34 3,63 5,81 4,85

5,30 5,19 4,22 3,90 5,17

3,70

.coli

3,67 4,32 4,12 3,05 4,11 2,34

4,79

6,44

6,53

6,38

7,13

5,3

S.aureus 2,60

(MRS agar)

6,60 7 9,30 8,99 8,77

8,85

GRAM + (M17 agar)

7,89 7,95 9,24 8,80 8,71 8,91

4,06

2,41

3,41

2

1,47

1

4,95

5,23 5,47

6,21

7,43

6,38

6,49

7,47 9,27

8,75

8,95

8,98

Salmonella spp.


pH 6,67 5,58 5,3 5,4 5,39 5,45

aw 0,971 0,962 0,930 0,895 0,768

% 47,32 41,38 38,21 36,95 36,83

NaCl% 0,40 1,50 2,00 2,7 4,1

%

0,84 3,50 4,97 6,81 10,02

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

50


15C

15C 4C

1

7 15 30 45

9,43 7,69 8,54 8,30 7,77

7,75

6,46 5,46 5,06 4,72 3,84

3,60

5,95 5,90 3,16 4,90 3,82

2,85

.coli

3,55 5,16 4,31 3,78 2,59 2,18

S.aureus

3,54

5,30

5,75 6,25 6,60 5,82 5,08

(MRS agar)

7,04 7,45 8,34 8,17 7,97

7,78

GRAM + (M17 agar) 7,30 8,16 8,25 7,83 7,97

7,67

4,31

2,62 3,38 3,32 1 1

3,40

5,32 5,48 7,40 7,13 5,30

8,48

7,48 8,62 8,17 8,41 8,30

Salmonella spp.


pH 6,67 5,6 5,5 5,45 5,45 5,53

aw 0,962 0,960 0,932 0,905 0,750

% 44,36 40,90 37,49 37,36 37,09

NaCl% 0,40 1,00 2,00 3,4 4,2

%

0,89 2,39 5,06 8,14 10,17

1.2 g/L

.. . : 88279408-01-000122

51


15C

15C 4C

1 7 15 30 45

9,44 8,08 8,60 8,49 8,77

9,04

6,46 5 6,23 5,93 5,76

5,11

5,95 4,93 2,97 5,83 5,58

5,00

.coli

3,56 4,42 3,56 3,379 2,46 3,55

S.aureus

3,54

5,31

5,50 5,95 6,68 5,78

4,60

(MRS agar)

7,04 6,78 8,37 8,82 8,30

8,02

GRAM + (M17 agar) 7,30 7,73 8,61 8,44 8,45

8,01

4,31

2,47 2,30 1,30 1 1

3,34

4,85 5,48 6,43 6,82 5,9

8,48

7,48 8,45 8,45 9,09 8,31

Salmonella spp.


pH 6,67 5,59 5,5 5,52 5,49 5,55

aw 0,973 0,970 0,930 0,907 0,763

% 44,03 40,73 37,51 36,8 36,5

NaCl% 0,50 1,10 2,80 3 4,1

%

1,12 2,63 6,95 7,54 10,10

. .. . : 88279408-01-000122

52

3.2

. , ,

& 45 ,

,

45 . ( 5)

7 9.46, 9.3 , 8.34

8.37 log10 cfug-1

1,2,1,2.

( 0.3-0.6 ) 45 . 1 1 & 7

LAB RS agar,

L.curnvatus. 45

LAB A2 ().

LAB 1 45

1 . 2 (1.24

) 45 , 1 ,

.

(6 ) (10 8 cfu/gr) (-

T . 1993).

17 ,

.

7

45 . 1

1 45

, , 0.5

. 45 M17 agar

2 ( 5). ,

,

,

6 (-T . 1993).

. .. . : 88279408-01-000122

53

6

6,5

7

7,5

8

8,5

9

9,5

10

0() 1 7 15 30 45

log

cfu

/g

r

HME

LAB A1

LAB A2

LAB B1

LAB B2

GRAM + cocci A1

GRAM + cocci A2

GRAM + cocci B1

GRAM + cocci B2

5: M LAB, +Gram , (A1,A2,A3,A4)

. .. . : 88279408-01-000122

54

. ,

pH,

(-T . 1993).

30 0.5-1.8

, 1 2. 1, (

2),

, 45

1 . 2

45 , 1 ( 6)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0() 1 7 15 30 45

log

cf/

gr

Enterococcus A1

Enterococcus A2

Enterococcus B1

Enterococcus B2

6: M , (A1,A2,A3,A4)

. .. . : 88279408-01-000122

55

nterobacteriaceae, T.coliforms, E.coli.

24h,

..

, 45 1 1.86

3.05 . (). , 30

Enterobacteriacae Coliforms 1.

1.5 2

45 , . ( 7). T 2, 1

45

3 (104 cfu/gr),

(-T . 1993). 2

, E.coli,

( , E. coli

1). E.coli 1, 1

2 (2.98, 2.11 1.97 ). ( 8)

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

5

5,5

6

6,5

7

0() 1 7 15 30 45

log

cfu

/g

r

Enterobacteriaceae A1

Enterobacteriaceae A2

Enterobacteriaceae B1

Enterobacteriaceae B2

T.coliforms A1

T.coliforms A2

T.coliforms B1

T.coliforms B2

7: M Enterobacteriaceae T.coliforms

(A1,A2,A3,A4)

. .. . : 88279408-01-000122

56

8: M E.coli

(A1,A2,A3,A4)

.

45 8.9, 9.0, 8.30 & 8,31 log cfu/gr,

1,2,1,2 ( 9).

4 .

102 105 cfu/gr

. (-T . 1993). 1

, 7 . 15 -

108 .

. 24h

1 ( 2-log) 2 ( 1,5 log),

.

45 ~8,5 log 1 2. ,

1 30 45

(~7,7 log),

24h,

. A 2,

. .. . : 88279408-01-000122

57

1,

1 , (9 log) 45 ,

( 9).

6

6,5

7

7,5

8

8,5

9

9,5

10

0() 1 7 15 30 45

log

cfu

/gr

1

2

1

2

- 1

- 2

- 1

- 2

9: M .. -

(A1,A2,A3,A4)

-. 2

30 1.14 .

2.

107cfu/gr

,

10 5 cfu/gr (-T . 1993)

S. aureus 45 , 1

7 103 cfu/gr.( 5 ).

102 cfu/ml ( 10).,

-

L. curvatus ( 1

. .. . : 88279408-01-000122

58

24h) ( 2 45 ,

5 log).

. ,

(~4 log)

2 log 30 .

2,

7 (

). ( 10)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0() 1 7 15 30 45

log

cfu

/g

r

Micrococcus-Staphylococcus A1

Micrococcus-Staphylococcus A2

Micrococcus-Staphylococcus B1

Micrococcus-Staphylococcus B2

Clostridium sul.red A1

Clostridium sul.red A2

Clostridium sul.red B1

Clostridium sul.red B2

10: M ,

(A1,A2,A3,A4)

. .. . : 88279408-01-000122

59

3.2 -

pH. pH 1,2,1,2, 5

pH

( 11). pH

5,

(Choisy et al., 1984).

.

1 2 pH 7 45

1 2, .

11: M pH

(A1,A2,A3,A4)

. .. . : 88279408-01-000122

60

, aw, . aw

( 12, 13 & 14).

, .

0,000

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

24h 7d 15 d 30 d 45 d

%

A1

A2

B1

B2

12 : M

(A1,A2,A3,A4)

0,000

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

24h 7d 15 d 30 d 45 d

1

2

1

2

13: M

(A1,A2,A3,A4)

. .. . : 88279408-01-000122

61

0,000

0,200

0,400

0,600

0,800

1,000

1,200

24h 7d 15 d 30 d 45 d

aw

A1

A2

B1

B2

14 : M (aw) (A1,A2,A3,A4)

3.3 .

14

1-6. :

A1

2

1

2

C,D

9

10

. 8,9

1 C 1, 2

1,2 . D

2 .

. .. . : 88279408-01-000122

62

9.

1 1 C D B1 B2 A2

2 B1 D C A2 A1 B2

3 B1 C A1 D A2 B2

4 B1 A1 B2 A2 C D

5 B2 A2 B1 C D A1

6 A1 B2 B1 A2 C D

7 D C A1 B1 B2 A2

8 D C A1 A2 B2 B1

9 B1 C B2 D A1 A2

10 B2 A1 D A2 C B1

11 C B2 D A2 A1 B1

12 A1 B2 B1 A2 C D

13 A1 A2 B1 B2 C D

14 A1 A2 B2 C D B1

10.

1 2 1 2 C D

6 1 3 2 5 4

2 3 6 1 4 5

4 2 6 1 5 3

5 3 6 4 2 1

1 5 4 6 3 2

6 3 4 5 2 1

4 1 3 2 5 6

4 3 1 2 5 6

2 1 6 4 5 3

5 3 1 6 2 4

2 3 1 5 6 4

6 3 4 5 2 1

6 5 4 3 2 1

6 5 1 4 3 2

59 41 50 50 51 43

. .. . : 88279408-01-000122

63

4.

;

1. Enterobacteriaceae,

.coliforms, E.coli , 45

,

1 . ,

.

(LAB) o

( 45 1 )

.

,

. (.. )

,

,

.

.

2.

,

, 45 ,

, 30 45 .

, Enterobacteriaceae, .coliforms,

E.coli

.

.

3. Lb.curavtus LAB 1 & 7

.

E.coli 45 ,

. .. . : 88279408-01-000122

64

30 (2,25 log ).

.

2,

-.

,

(

),

, , (

).

. .. . : 88279408-01-000122

65

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