Russian Literature XXVI (1989) 69-92 1VortlvHolland

PEAYIH3OBAHHOE CPABHEHHE B HOBTHKE ABAHPAP~A

(HA MA~EPHAIIEH03MSIB.YJIEB~0BA '~YPARIIS")

ANNA HAN

TepMHH "pea~Hga~H~ CpaBHeHH~" BMecTe C TepMHHQM "pe- a~H3a~HH MeTa~op~" BO3HHKaeT yxe B ~HTepaTypoBe~qecKoR M~CnH 10--20--r~X rO~OB (CM. A.¢naKep, 1986:32}, O~HaKO, 9TOT TepMHH me Bome~ B ~HTepaTypoBe~qeCKHR O6HXO~ TaK ~HpOKO, Ka~ TepMHH "pea~H3OBaHHaS MeTa~opa", H He cTa~ npeJ~leToM CTO~b ~pHCTa~bHOPO H3yqeHHH, KaK ~oc~e~HIIRo

~pHH~H~ peanHSOBaHHOR MeTa~OpM Hero 3HaqeHHe ~ nO~THKH CHMBO~H3Ma H aBaH~ap~a no~yqH~H y~e MHO~OCTOp-- oHHee oNpe~e~eHHe B TeopeTHqeCKOR ~HTepaType, HaqHHaH C Tpy~oB Bo~HpMyHcKo~o H PoHKO0COHa (CMo BoEHpMyHCKHR 1921; PoHKOOCOH 1921) BnnOTb ~O HOBeRI~HX Hccne~OBaHHR (CM. R.Xon~TxyseH 1973, 1974,1981; A.~naKep 1977,1979, 1986; A.XaHCeH-~Be 1978; E.¢ap~HO 1980}o

B pa0oTe P.HKOOCOHa npHeM pea~H3OBaHHoR MeTa~OpM paCCMaTpHBaeTCH KaE qaCTHOe nposB~eHHe Oo~ee mHpOKOPO ~B~eHHH, HB~eHHE MeTaMOp~O~. CyI~HOCTb MeT~LMop~o~M P° RKO~COH o~pe~e~seT KaM peanH3a~H~ TpO~a, "npoeK~H~ ~H- TepaTypHo~O npHeMa B xy~o~ecTBeHH~O pea~bHOCTb, ~peBpa- ~eHHe ~O~THqecKoFo Tpo~a B nO~THqeCKHR ~aKT, c~EeTHoe nOCTpOeHHe" (PoHKOSCOH 1921:36}. XapaKTepHsyH cTpyKTypy BSRHMOOTHO~eHHR pea~bHOFO H MeTa~OpHqecKoPo pH~OB B pe- anHSOBaHHOM Tpone, P°HKOSCOH OnHCMBaeT caM~R qaCTHMR C~yqaR MeT~IOp~OSM ~aK "pa2BepTMBaHHe BO Bpe~leHH oSpa- ~eHHOFO Hapa~e~HsM~" (TaM ~e : 42-43), B KOTOpOM MeTa-- ~OpHqeCKHR ps~ nocTeneHHO BMTeCHReT H B HTOPe OTpH~eT pea~bH~R pR~ H2Haqa~bHO~O ~apa~enH3Ma, H CaMo~eHHMR H3MKOBOR npHeM npeBpa~aeTCH B pea~HOCTbo

B KHH~e A.Xa~:ceH-~e o pyccKoM ~OpMa~H3M~ OTMe~aeT-- CS e~e O~HH, qpe3BMqaRHO Ba)KHMR IVIOMeHT B npo~ecce pean- H3a~HH TpO~ao B HTOPe pa3BepTMBaHHH BO BpeMeHH O~pa~eH- HOPO ~apa~e~H3Ma co3~aeTcH TaKaH CaMO~eHHaR H3MKOBaH pe~bHOCTb, B KOTOpOR ~eanbHMe ~aKTM npeBp~a~TcH B npOCTOR MaTepHan ~S MeTa~OpHqeCKO~O pasBepTMBaHHH ce-

70 Anna ~un

MaHTHKH HS~IKOBhIX ~aKTOB (AoXaHceH--~eRe 1978:139}. Co~- daeTcH CaMOSaKOHHaH HSSIKORaH peanSHOCTb, KOTO~aH CTpO-- HT CBOH CI0XeTM H CHOHX ~epoeH H3 CO~CTHeH~IMX HHyTpeH-- HHX CeMaHTHqeCKHX ~OTeHUHa~OH, a NepBOHa~a~SHMR pea~b- HMR p~ H 3THM CRMbIM H MHp peanbHblX Be~eR pe~y~HpyeTcH dO ypoHHH MepTHOPO MaTepHana, ~a HHM OTpH~aloTcH THOpqe-- CKHe t CaMOCOSMda]01~He CnOCO6HOCTH°

B paSoTax R°XOnbTxy3eHa H A.~naKepa npHeM peanH30- HaHHOR MeTa~OpM Hccne~yeTCH npem~e Bce~o Ha CI0XeTHOM ypoHHe, B acneKTe npeBpaI~eHHH TpOna B CI0~eTHyI0 KOH-- CTpyKUH~, HMnHHa]0~yI0cH H psLI~ MeTaMOp~Og. AcneKTM pac- CMOTpeHHH HH~eHHH MeTaMOp~OS~ B 9THX paSoTax HMBOdHTCS 3a ~pedeJIM qHCTO H3~KOBO~O ~eHOMeHa H HcC~e~ylOTCH pa3- HMe THnM Ky~bTypHo~O COSHaHHH H paSHMe MO~e~H MHpa, Ha KOTOpMe onHpa~TCH pa~HMe THnM MeTaMOp~O3.

~OCKO~bKy MeTa~Opa H CpaHHeHHe nO CHOeR ceMaHTHqec-- KOR CTpyKType npe_~CTaB~H~T COSOR paSHMe THnM cono~oxe- HHH H COnp~XeHHH ~Hyx pSL~OH SHaqeHHR, H npHH~HnM HX peanHsa~HH dO/DKHbl ~eRCTHOHaTb nO--paSHOMy° CTpyKTypa TpO~a dOg.Ha onpe~enHTb cnoco~M ~o peanH~a~HH°

B cTpyKType MeTa~OpM 3apaHee 3a~aHo CHHXpOHHOe cMe-- ~eHH~ dHyx pHdoH 3HaqeHHR, H ~pHTOM oSa pELI~a nonyqa~T CTaTyC ~KBHHa~eHTHMX, ~apanne~bHMX ~MKOH ~cM°E.~apMHO 1980:89), ~OTOp~e OCTalOTCR H TOM ~e CHHOH~HqeCKOM pH-- ~y. ~O~TOMy ~ea~H3a~HH MeTa~OpM, T.e° 5yKHa~bHOe npOq-- TeHH8 TpO~a MOEeT npOH3ORTH TO~bKO Sa CqeT OTpH~aHHH O~HOFO pH~a D/~y~M, OTpH~aHHH peanbHo~o P~L~a Bo HMH MeTa~OpHqeCKO~O°

B CTpyKType cpaBHeHHH ~a~aHa H~Haqa~bHaH aHa~HTHqeC-- KaH ~HCTaH~HpOHaHHOCTb, pa35e~HHeHHOCTb dHyx pHdOB SHa-- qeHHR, KOTOpMe He ~KHHHaneHTHM nO cHoeMy CTaTycy, O~H H3 HHX (cpaHHHHa~HR) nOdqHHeH dpy~oMy (CpaHHHHaeMOM~} . ~On~3yHcb TepMHHOnOPHeR E.~apMHO, pHd Cpa~HMHaeMOPO CO-- XpaH~eT Sa COSOR CTaTyc MHpa, a pH~ cpaHHHHaD~ero ~yHK-- UHO'IHpyeT nO OTHOmeHH~ K SeMy KaK HSMIC O~HCaHHs (E.~a- p~Ho, 1980:57).

~O~TOMy pea~H3a~HH cpaHHeHHH He MO~eT ~pOHCXO~HTb no C~MaHTH~ecKoMy MeXaHH3My OTpH~aHHH O~HO~O pHda dpy- PHM~ OHa ~pOHCXOdHT KaK npo~ecc ~OCTe~eHHO~O ~OHblmeHHH CaMOCTOHTe~bHOCTH CTaTyca ~epHoHaqa~bHO-~O~qHHeHHOrO pHda (cpaHHHHa~e~o). ~TOT pH~ H H dan~HeRmeM coxpaHH-- eT C~O~ dHCTaH~HpOBaHHOCTb ~O OTHO~eHH~ K pH~y CpaBHH-- HaeM0~O~ HO OH ~OCTeHeHHO MeHHeT ~TaTyC~ C paH~a HSMKa O~HCaHMH ~O~HHMaeTcH dO paH~a C~MOCTOHTe~bHO~O H caMo-- 3aKOHHOrO MMpa. B HTOre nonyqal~TCH Hie dHa SKBHHa~eHT-- HMX ~MKa~ KaK 3TO 5M~O B HSHaqE~5~OR cTpyKType MeTa~O- pM, a dHa ~KBHBaneHTHblX MMpa, KO%OpMe COCy~eCTHyH COX-- paHHDT sa coSoR caMOCTOHTe~bHMR CTaTyc.

~pedHapHTenbHO xOqeTCH yKa3aTb e~e Ha O~Hy ~pHH~H~H- anbHym pasHH~y, 30 y~e He B cnocoSe pea~Hsa~MH dByx

Pea.a~3osG~oe cpae~e~e 71

p~3HblX TpOnOB w a B pe~y~bTaTe ~TOrO npOl~Cca pea~H3a- UHH°

EC~H B HTOPe pea~H3~H~ MeTR~OpM BO3HHKaeT MHp CaMO-- ~eHHOR H3MKOBOR peanbHOCTH w H ~pan~e~bHO C 3THM paHP MHpa pea~bHMX Be-~leR CBO~HTCH K ~HCTO C~KeSHOR ~yHK~HH, H TaKHM o0pasoM BO3HHKaeT nO~epKHyTO Cy0~KTESHMfl MHp, TBOpHM~R cy0~e-.KTHBHOR BO~eR aBTopa H ePO pe~eBSIM nOTO-- KOMt -- TO B HTOre pea~H3a~HH CpaBHeHH~ nO~IHHeHI~IR nep- BOHaqa31bHO R~51K OnHCaHHH C paHPa C~yXeOHOR ~yHK~HH nO~-- HHMaeTC~ Ha paH~ MHpR O0~eKTHBHOrOe CaMOCOSH~aI01118~OC~w KOTOpMI~ MO~e~HpyeTCH KaK ~M He3aBHCHMO OT cy~SeKTHBHOR aBTOpCKOR BOnH.

HMeHHO nO~TOMy peanHgOBaHHa~ MeTa~Opa nOpO~J~a~T pS~ MSTaMOp~O~# ~HKTy~MMX BO/IIOHTapHCTCKHM BM~/~IaTe~CTBOM aBTOpCKO~O Cy0~eKTa B MHp H nO~TOMy TBOpHT HII~HBH~ya~-- HMR~ ~epCOHa~LHMR MH~. Pea~H~OBaHHOe cpaBHeHHe He ~HaeT MeT~4Op~0B, BM~MBa~X Cy05e~THBHOR aBTOpCKOR BO~eR, OHa BHaeT TOnbKO MeTaMOp~OBM 0HTOnO~H~eCKH o05eKTHBHMe, npHCyI~He CaMOMy MHpy, T.e. MeTaMOp~OBM CO0CTBeHHOMH~O-- ~OrH~eCKHe, peanH3oBaHHOe CpaBH~HHe cog~aeT peanbH~R

H~4KaXeTCS~ qTO O~HCaHHMR B~"~ c~aHTHqeCKHR MeXa-- HH3M pea~Hsal~HH C~aBH~HHH ~KHT B OCHOB~ KOMIIO~H~HH HO~MSI X~e0HHKOBa "~ypaB~b".

B no,Me O~HH MHp MO~e~HpyeTCH Ha ypOBHe CpaBHHBae~IO-- tO, T.e. Ha ypOBHe HBHOrO ClO~eTa. Ha ypOBHe ~TO~O ~KC-- ~H~HTHOrO Te~4aTHqeCKO~O XO~a CO~aeTC~ nepcoHa~H~R MH~ O HOBOM a~OKa~HnCHCe, O rHOenH COBp~MeHHOR ~HBH~H-- SaUHH. ~TOT HBHMR c~eT pasBepTMBaeTcs c noMo~b~ peanH- sOBaHHOR MeTa~OpM (CM. P°HKO0COH 1921:36}.

HO napannenbHO c SBH~ CI0~eTHMMXO~OM nOCT~neHHO nO~HHMaeTCH Ha paH~ TaKO~O ~e CaMOCTOHTenbHOPO MHpa MO-- ~enHpye-M~IR Ha ypOBHe cpaBHHBaI0nI~PO BTOpOR MHp, BOSHHKa- /01~HR HS CHCTe/~I npHpO~Hr~X, MH~OnOPHqeCKHX H KynbTypHMX acco~Ha~HR H aHa~O~HR~ H TaKHM oOpa30M COS~a~TCS HeK~R ~OTaeHHMR~ BTOpOR "C~eT".

HS CHCTe2~I HCTOpHKO--KynbTypHMX aHa~OPHR H acco~Ha- ~HR, KOTOpr~4H O~epHpyeT ypOBeHb cpaBHHBaI0~e~O, BMCTpaH- BaeTC~ HeKa~ HCTOpHKO--Ky~bTypH~ ~apa~HPMa~ c~araeMaH H~ TeX MOMeHTOB pyCCKOR HCTOpHH, KOTOpMe ~OTeH~Ha~HO y~ TaH~H B cede anOKa~H~THqeCKyl0 paSBH~y° ~Ta napa- ~HrMa oxBaT~BaeT HCTOpHqeCKyI00C~ pyccKoR Ky~LTypM OT KHeBCKO~O ~epHO~a ~o ~eTep0yprCKOPO, T°e. CO6CTBeHHO anOKa~H~THqeCKO~O n~pHo~a° Te THnM HCTOpHqeCKO~O ~OB~- ~eHHH HnH ~eRCTBHE, KOTOpMe COS~alOT STOT ~apa~HrMaTH~e-- CKHR pH~ (pac~on, CTHXHRHOe 0yHTapCTBO, ySypnallHH npe- cTona, C~MO~BaHCTBO), MO~HO CqHTaT~ apXeTHnHqeCKHMH ~nH pyccKoR HCTOpHqeCKOR Mo~enH pa~BHTHH. ~Ta HCTOpHKO-- Kyn~TypHas napa~H~Ma COCTaB~SeT O~HH n~acT TOrO OOR~a- Te~bHO~O MOHTeKCTa~ B CBeTe KOTOpOrO ~O~)KeH 0MT~ OCI~C--

~ H HBHMR C~EeTHMR X O ~ °

72 Annu Han

TaKm~ oSpasoM oKasMBaeTCH, ~TO /~Ba ypOBHR C~KeTa H MO~e~Hpye-~Me HMH MHpM, coxpaHEH Sa COOOR CaMOCTOHTe~b-- H/~R CTaTyC, COSCTBeHHO ~ySnHpyIOT ~z~py~ ~[~py~a. HepBMR, HBHMR CI0XeT w peaHHSyI0~HR COBp~MeHHM~MH~ O PHS~IIH UHRH-- nH~a~HH H C03~alo~HR MHp, HM~HR HpeHMymeCTReHHO TOHbKO HpOCTpaHCTBeHHyI0 XapaKTepHCTHKye HB~HeTCH TO~LKO qaCT-- HMM BapH~HTOM T O I ' O HSHpepMBHO TBopHMoro peEUlbHOPOMHSa, KOTOpMR pa3BepTMB~eTCH Ha ypOBHe HOTaeHHOPO "CIOXeTa", H HO~TOMY HMeeT MSCTO B NpoueccyaF~HOM w HCTOpHqeCKOM BpeMeHHo

~TH npe_~nonoxeHHH qaCTHqHO MOPyT 5MT5 nO~TBep~K~eHM TeMH Ha6JII0~eHHF~MH, KOTOp~e c~enana 0°~peR~eHSepr B cBO- eR CTaTbe O roMepOBCKHX cpaBHeHHHX~ "~pOHCXO~K~eHHe 9~H-- qeCKOrO CpaBHeHHH"o B ~TOR pa0oTe 0.~peR~eH0epr Hccne~- yeT Ha MaTepHaHe HnHR~ CTpyKTypy H ceb~HTHKy S~H~eCKO-- r O pa~BepHyT~O CpaBH~HHH# ~I3eBHeR~IePO H~ BCeX THnOB cpaBH~HHR, B~SHHKm~O ~e No ~OH~THRHOrO MM~L~eHHH H HO~TOMy He ~Hal0~ero e~ KaTePOpHH Ka~eCTBa~ ~e.~al~ero B OCHOB~ HaCTO~e~O HpO~eCCa CpaBHHBaHHH H Tpe~y~ePO "qHCTO ~OHHTHRHMX HpO~CCOB OTB~eHHH# BM~e~eHHR H KOMSHHHpOBaHHH HpH~HnKOB HBneHHR" (0.~peR~eHSepr 1946~ 109). ~TOT ~peBHeRInHR TH~ cpaBHeHHH--ynO~OSneHHH nO,TO-- My "pO~K~a~TC~ H3 He--CpaBH~HHH, -- H~ ypaBHHB~H~, H~ KOHKp~THOrO ynO~OO~eHHH, qepes CHHaHTHTe~y" (TaM ~e 110).

B CeMaHTH~eCKOR CTpyKType ~H~eCKOrO CpaBHeHHH, OT- pa~a~ero cn~ ~O--HOHHTHRHOPO, MI¢~OHOPH~ecKoPo ~-~e- H H H , 0.¢peR~eHOepr B~enseT cne.~y~y~o ~aKOHOMepHOCTb~ "~OMepOBCKOe cpaBH~HHe# nO~OSHO BCHKOMy cpaBH~HHI0~ CO-- CTOHT HS ~ByX qacTeR: H3 cpaBHHBae-~OR H cpaBHHBai0~e~o Pa3BepHyTOR~ H~aBHCHMOR ~ peaHHCTHqeCKOR EB~ReTCH HM- eHHO BTOpOR ~HeH cpaBH~HHH~ cpaBHHBa~0~HR° ~TO ero TeM~-- THKa (a He H~pBOPO~ cpaBHHBaeMOPO ~eHa} ~aM/~0qaeT B ceSe 3B~pHHMe~ KOCMH~CKH~ paCTHTe~HM~ H ~MTOBM~ MO- THBM" (TaM ~ ~ i01). HpH ~TOM B ~ByX qneHax CpaBHeHHH 3aKpe~H~HM pa~HMe THnM MHpOHOHHMaHHH H pasm~e THeM nO-- HHMaHHH BpeMeHH. ECHH nepBMR, ~acCHBHMR q~eH CpaBHHBae-- MOPO MO~eHHpyeT MH~OHOPHqeCKOe, ~pOCTpaHCTBeHHOe Bp~vl~ TO BTOpOR, aKTHBHMR# pa~BepHyTMR q~eH cpaBHHBal01~ero MO-- ~eHHpyeT He-MH~OnOPHqeCK0e# Hpo~ecCyaHbHOe BpeM~ "BpO-- CaeTCH B rHaSa~ qTO BO BCHKOM pa~BepHyTOM CpaBHeHHH eCT~ ~Ba HHaHa -- MH~OHOPHqeCKHR H peaHHCTHq~CKHR. 3aMe- qaTeHbHa ~aKOHOMepHOCTb HX KoOp~HHa~HR~ MH~O~O~H~HO BCer~a cpaBHHBaeMoe, peaHHCTHqHO BceP~a cpaBHHBal0~ee" (TaM ~e : 107)° ~Ta 3aKOHOMepHOCT~ Koop~HHa~HR ~Byx qHe- HOB CpaBHeHHS H O0~HCH~eT CeMaHTHqecKoe H ~yHK~HOHanb-- HOe COOTHOmeHHe ~Byx pa3HMX THnOB MHpOnOH~aHHH, Bcer- ~a pea~HCTHqeCKHR oOpas MHpa BMCTynaeT Ka~ HHTepnpeTH- pyI0~HR n~ OTHOmeHH~ K MH~OHOrHqeCKOMy oOpa3y MHpa, KO- TOpMR HBHHeTCH MeHee CaMOCTOHTeHbHMM nO CBO~My CTaTycy:

P~U~O6U~OS cpue~e~ue 73

"Mo~Ho 01~I0 6~ cKa3aTS, ~TO pa3BepHyTOCTb e C~/~40CTOR-- TeFE~HOCTb O6~CH~ER ~aCTH ~p~HEHH~ -- ~TO e~o pea~H- CTHqHOCTS" (TEL~4xe = 113|.

9TOT C~MOCTORTe~bHMI~w pasBepHyTMR ~EH CpaBHeHH~ nepe~aeT pea~HcT~ecKoe OnHCaHHe oSpa3oB a~oKa~HnTHqe- cKo~o co~epxaHHR. B pa3BepHyTI~X oSpa3ax 3BEpMHMX H~H KOCMXqeCKHX aHan~HR K MH~O~OrH~ecKo~ n~aHy Bcer~a nepe~aeTcs ~ERCTBHE aKTHBHOR# HO SnOR, pa3pymHTe~bHOR CH/IM pa3Hl~X CTHXHR°

0.¢peR~eHSepr paCCMaTpHBaET ~TOT ~DeBHe~IHR THn Cp~BH~HH He TO~bKO C KOHCTpyKTH~HOR H C~HTH~eCKORt HO ~ C ~EHETH~ECKOR TOqKH SpeHH~ H OTME~aETe ~TO ~TO ~0 CyTH eCTb cpaBHeHHE--TaBTO~O~H~, r~e "MH~O~O~HqeCKHR o0pa~ CpaB~HBae-MOR ~aCTH ~y0~HpyeTCH peanHCTHqeCKHM O0paSOM cDaBHHDa~eR" (TaM ~e : !08}o

B nHT~Typ~ aHTM~HOCTH npHCyTCTBHe B TEKCTE pasBep- HyTOPO cpaBHEHHH 0MnO O~HOBpe--~EHHO H ~aHpOBMM npHSHaK- OM, OHO H Ha~MBanOCb pa3BepHyTMM HnH ~nHqecKHM cpaBHe-- HH~vI°

HaM Ka~eTCH~ qTO ~p~CyTCTBHe B TeKcTe pea~HSOBaHHOH MeTa¢OpM H~H pea~H3oBaH~lo~o CpaBHeHH~ KaK c~EeTonopo~- ~al~e~o ~aKTOpa He ~epecTaeT ~yHK~HOHHpOBaT~ KaK ~aHpO- BMR npH~HaK H B ~HTep~Typ~ aBaHrap~a.

PEa~H~OBaHHaH MeTa~Opa~ npeBpa~aRcb B c~KeT, ~OpO~- ~aeT Mo~e~b MHpa~ MeTaMOp~O~M KOTOpOPO ~HKTylOTCH SaKO-- HOM Cy05EKTHBHOR npHqHHHOCTH. CaM peanbHMR MHp 0e~ Bon- ~HTapHCTCKOrO BMe~aTe~bCTBa ~HpHqeCKOrO CyO~EKTa He cnocOOEH K MeTaMOp~OSaM, H00 Sa HHM OTpH~alOTC~ TBopqe-- CKI~e nOTEH~Ha/IM, OH pe-~y~HpOBaH Ha paHr ~aCCHBHO~O Ma- TepHa~a. Te~eo~orH~ecKHM ~eHTpOM TaKOR xy~O~ECTBeHHOR MO~e~H MHpa HB~HeTCH Cy0~eKTHBHa~ aBTO~CKaH BO~Ho TBO-- pHMMR TaKHM nyTeM xy~oEecTBeHHMR MHp, HeC~OTpE Ha KBa-- sH~nHqHOCTb ero CI0~eTHOR opraHH~aMHH (KaK npaBH~O, pea- ~HsoBaHHaR MeTa~opa nopo~aeT ~aHTaCTHqecKHe CI0~eTM), HB~HETCH ~HpHqeCKHM nO ero ~y0HHHOR CyT|I (npm~epoM TaKOR MO~E~H MO~yT C~HTb nO~MMMaRKOBCKO~O "0O~aKO B ~TaHaX" H "~po ~TO".

Pea~HsoBaHHoe cpaBHeHHe pa~BHBaeT napa~e~bHO c HB-- HMM, ~KCn~H~HTHMM C~EETHMM XO~OM ~y0HHHMR# BTOpHqHMR "c~eT". Pea~HSOBaHHOe cpaBHeHHe ~aeT BOSMO~HOCT~ Ha ypOBHe cpaBHHBa~ero~ Ha HSMKE aHa~O~HR paSBHBaTb Ta- KHE ~Onb~He ~nHqecKHe ~O~OTHa B ceMaHTHqECKH CREpHyTOM BH~E, ~KCn~H~HTHOE pa~BepTMBaHHe KOTOpMX Ha ypoBHe ~B-- HO~O cIOEETa TpeSoBa~o ~M ~HpOKO~O ~HqECKO~O CI0~ETHOrO xo~a° ~O~TOMy TaKHe TeKCTM HeCMOTpR Ha KBaSH~HpHqHOCT~ (~pa~MeHTapHOCTb~ MOSaH~HOCTb) HX c~eTHOfi Op~aHH3a-- ~HH Ha HBHOM ypOBHE~ C03~a~T S~H~ECKy~ Mo~enb MHpa Ha rnySHHHOM ypoB~e. B ~TOM MHpe, Mo~en~pyeMOM Ha ypOBHe BTOpHqHOrO "c~eTa", M6TRMOp~OSM ~HKTylOTCH 3aKOH~H o~eKTHBHOR ~pHqHHHOCTH~ T.e. SaKOHaMH ca~oPo MHpa,

74 Anna Hart

XOTOpMR, peaZIH3yH CBOH CO6CTBeHHI~e TBo~qeCKHe nOTeH~Ha-- /II~l, cam Be~eT ce6. KaK cy65eKT (npHMepOM TaKoR MO~enH MHpa MOXeT C~yXHTb no~Ma Xne6HHKOBa m~ypaBnH=)o

KaK y3Ke 6X:~'IO OTMeqeHOr B ~O~Me X~e6HHKOBa "XypaBn5 = Ha ypOBHe 9KCn~HUHTHOPO cl0~eTa nocpe~CTBOM pea~H~OBaH-- HOR MeTa~op~ "BOCCTaHHE Beli~eR I COS~aeTCH O~HH H3 nepco- Ha~HI-15L~MH~OB 00 anoKa~HnTH~ecKoM KOHUe CoBpeMeHHOR ~H-- BH~HS~HH (XOTR e KaK HSBeCTHOt B KOH~e ~O~IVIHl ~TOT anO- Ka~H~TH~eCKHR HCXO~ OCHOBHOR TeMM HeOXH~aHHO H KaK 6M He~4OTHBHpOBaHHO CHHIvlaeTCH) o

0~HaKO paHHHR x~e6HHKOBCKHR BapHaHT HHTepnpeTa~HH TeivIM "BOCCTaHH~ Be~eR" CylIIeCTBeHHO OT~HqReTCS OT Tex BapHaHTOB HHTepHpeTa~HHt KOTOp~e 6M~H ~aHM B npOH3Be~e-- HHH MaSKOBCKOPO "Bna~HMHp MaSKOBCKHR° TpaPC~HR" (1913) H B craTbe B.~KnOBCKOPO "BocKpemeHHe cnoBa" (1914} H cTanH OCHOBOnO~aPaI01~HMH ~nH nOgTOnOPHqeCKOR M Ky~TypO-- nO~H~eCKOR Iv~ICnH npe~D, peBO/II0~HOHHO~O ~yTypHSMa (CMo Xo r/0HTep 1986).

~O~OOHO ~OCTaHOBK~ TeMM "BOCCTaHH~ Be~eR" y X~e6HH- KoBa~ B Tp~Pe~IHH "B~a~HMHp MaHKoBCKHR" TO~e BOSHHKa~T TeMa Bp~eOHocTH 6yHTy~0~HX BemeR MHpy ~enoBe~ecKoMy ("~eSyT CTepeTH HaC 0es~ymHMe B~IIIH") H B CBHSH C ~THM BOgHHMaET ~neMMa "BETH H~O py6HTH" H~H u/D06HTH"o HO STa TEMa He ~OBO~HTCH ~0 CBOHX BO3MO~HMX ~O~H~eCKHX ~pe~e~oB B ~aHe My~HTypO~OPHqeCKOM~ OHa saC~oHSeTC~ ~O~TO~OPHqeCKHM aC~EKTOM ~TOR ~e TeMM. ByHT Be~eR Ha-- npaBnes Ha aKT nepeHMesoBasHs, Ha OCBO60~K~IeHHe Be~eR OT cTapMx HMeH: "H BnpyP ]BCe Bel~H I KHHynMCH, I pas~H- paH ~o~oc~ I CKH~I~IBaTH ~OXMOTHH H3HO~eHHMX HMeH"°

B CTaTbe ~K~OBCKO~O ~TOT ~e aKT ~epeMMeHOBaHHH~ CO~-- ~aHHR "~pOH3DO~HHMX" H "~pOH~BO~HMX" ~yTypHCTHqeCMHX CnOB MOTHBHpyeTCH CTpeMneHHeM CO3~aTH ~HBy/0e 9CTeTHqeC-- KH o~YnlaeMylo C~OBeCHyI0 ~OpMy, cnocoOHyl0 np~o~oneTb aB-- TOMaTH3M 6MTOBOPO H~l~a H ~THM calvIMM "BOgBpaTHTH qe~o- BeKy n~peEHBaHHe MHpa~ BOCKpeCHTH Beth H yOHTb ~eCCH-- MH~M" (~KnOBCKHR 1914:12). B ~TOR KOHUenUHH Boc~pemeHHe C~OBa RB~HeTCH ~pe~nocM~KoR BocKpemesHH BemeR, qTo Bos- Bpa~aeT qe~oBeKy C~OCO6HOCTb "6MTH xy~O~HHKOM B o6~eH- HOR ~H3HH" (TaM ~e) o B HSMKOT~OpqeCKOR ~poDpaMMe ~yTyp-- HCTOB 3~aqa ~O~Ta "COCTOS~a B ~BOCKpe~eHItH c~oBa ~ , KO- Topoe TeM CaMMM 3aHOBO pO~,~a~ocH, H HS KOTOpOPO HSR~e- KanocH (~O6MBa~oc~) CTepmeecs 'o6pa3Hoe ~ SHaqeHHe" (~pHHP--CMHpHOB, R.P., HoCMHpHOB, 1982:144}.

B ~osMe X~e6HHKOBa "~ypas~b" TpaKT~Ka Te~l "BOCCTa-- HH~ Be~eR" onpe~enHeTc5 He HSMKOTBOpqecKoR KoH~en~HeR ~yTypHCTOB, a Tabor KoH~en~HeR, KOTOpylOMO~HO 6Mno 6M HaSBaTH Ky~TypHO--~HnOCO~C~ORo

BOCCTaHHe Be~eR# npHBO~H~ee K a~oKa~HnTHqeCKOMy KOH-- ~y COBpEMeHHOR ~HBH~H~a~HH~ OTTeHHeTCH e~e H ~THqeCKHM acneKTOM H nO~TOMy npHo6peTaeT 9CXaTO~OPH~ecKHR CMMC~o

PeGJ~306G~HO¢ cpGeHe~=e 75

F H 0 e ~ b q e ~ o ~ e q e c K o ~ UHBHnHsauHM H a C T y N a E T KaK B o 3 M e 3 - ~ H e , p o K o ~ a g p a c n n a T a , ~emo=e~ecKxR p o ~ x a p a e T c g s a TO, ~TO OH cam C~KHB~ BP.~ s B~HBa~ B HHX CBO~ [3a~yM H ~pH- oS~aH ~ymy MepTBMM Be~aM:

Te5e me~TaJ~ m yS~a H cOBeT~/4K cpasy: ~ ~sml B Be.n~ ~e~! T~ pacnnecxan 6eayMHO paSyM, H BOT TM CHoBa ~aHHR~ X3rpaB~e~o (CTRB~ 1~6--|50)

KaK ~BcTByeT H3 ~HTHpyEMMX CTpOK, OCBOSO~eHHe qe~O- BeKoM BemeR OCM~C~EeTCR KaK rpexo~a~eHHe qenoBexa, xax nOBTOp~HHe nepBopo~HoPo Ppexa, xaK HCKy~eHH~ qenoBexa S31MM~yXOMo

0~HB~RH B e t H , cooO~aH HM CBOR COOCTBeHHMR paSyM, q e - noBeK BMCBOOo~aeT Sn~0, ~b~BOnbCKym CH~y H oxaaMaaeTc~ B ~eHy y pOKOB~X CH~ nO~OTOBHB CaM HoBoe THpaHCTBO, THpaHCTBO Be~eR H~J~qEnoBeKOM° POKOBOR~ ~pe~HaqepTaHHMR xapal~Tep ~TO~O nepeBOpOTa, c O~HOR CTOpOHM# H e~o ~OB-- TopReMOCT~ H HeH308~HOCT~ B xo~e Ky/IbTypHOR HCTOpHH~ C /~py~oR CTOpOHM, MHO~OKpnTHO no~epKHBa~TC~ B TeKcTe nODMbl =

B e ~ a~no~.H~n~ KaKOR--TO Aa~mmmm~ s a t ~ c e ~ C~e.~y~ ¢Tap=ucm~! npe~HaqepTam~M. (121-122)

HyT~ ~ rnoTKy sseps npeAyKasaH 5~m qenoaetu~y= K a K s o s ~ y a m ~ e n Y T b S ne~u~y. (139-1~0)

B HTOFe ~TO~O pOKOBOFO HepeBOpOTa, ~peBp~THBmeBO qe~oBeKa B paOa BOCCTaB~HX Be=eR, ~HBH~Hsa~H BosBpa~a- eTCS K Hy~QBOR TOqKe~ K ~O~OTHOMy COCTOHHH~ K TeMHOR HenpocBe~eHHoR C T H X H H :

~ o M a B c T ~ m e p e H e c c a ~ c a ~ p o x o K o - -

To~KO ~em~, noxpuam~R 6o~oTo. (153-15~)

~Ta KOH~eH~H~ npoHBngeT 5on~me aHanOP~qHMX qepT MH~OnO~TH~eCKHM~eHHeM CHMBOnH~MR C e~o ~noKanHHTH-- qeCMHMH MOTHBaMH H ~CXaTOnO~HqeCKHMH npopoq~CTBaMH, He- ~enH c R3~KOTBOpqecKHMH 3aMMcnaMH ~yTypHCTOB (CM. 05 ~TOM B.Map~oB 1962; @.HHPOn~ 1978}. ~eHeTH~ec~a~ cB~s~ KoH~e~HH X~eOHHKOBa C pyCCKHM CHMBO~HSMOM TeM 5onee ORp~B~H~ qTO yp~aHHCTHqeCKHM ~ O H O M BOCCTaHH~ ~e~eR e~o no,Me C~y)KHT ~eTepSypP~ MH~OnO~THqeC~HR oSpa~ ~OTO-- polO Op~aHHqeCKOR qaCT~ BXO~HT B "OCHOBHO~ MH~" pyc-- CKOPO CHMBOnH~Ma (CM. 3.~.MHH~, MoBoBeSpo~H~R, A°A.~a- HHneBc~HR 1984=87}. HO 3Ta ~eHeTHqecKag CBH~ Be~eTe~e ~nyS~e, no CBH~eTe~ScTBy PoH~OOCOHa, OHa BOCXO~HT K "Me~HoMy BCa~HHKy" Hyn~HHa (Jakobson 1937:139), KOTOp~R

7 6 Annu Ha,

COCTaBn~eT nep~no ~HSy H COHCTBeHHO ~epBOHCTOqHHK CTH-- HOB~eHH~ TOI'OMHO~OCTygeHqaTO~O CP.MHHTH~CKQI~O ~po~c- ca~ B HTOre KOTOpO~O c~H~H~TC~ "~eT~pHyp~cKHR T~KCT"~ O~HOR HB noc~Hx ~aB KOTOpO~O RB~HeTC~ CHMBOJI~CTCKHR "MH~ o HeTepHypPe". Cor~aCHO 9TOMyMH~y: "HeTepHypP, | | | | ~HBO~CKOe ~ ~HH~Oe M~CTO • -- BO~O~eHHe I~opo~cKoR

~HBH~H~a~H~, no~ome.~meR K no cne~aeR PpaH H BC eMHp-- H OPO KaTaK~HSMa.°." (3o~oMHHH, MoB.Be~po~Im~R, AoAo ~aHH~eBCKHR, 1984:87}.

"MH~ O ~eT~pOypre" HB~SeTCH qHCTHOR npOeK~HeR ~O-- Ha~bHO~O HCTODHKO--Ky~bTypHO~OMI~IIJIeHH~ CHMBO~H~Ma, KO- TOpOMy HMJ10 CBORCTBeHHO "~pP-~CTHB~eHHe O HenpOqHOCTH• ~HHTHCTHqeCKOR H~II0~OpHOCTH MHpH |rOpo~a I ( * ~ H B H ~ H 3 H - - ~HH | ) H O TOM~ ~ T O nOnMTKH ~ O C T p O H T b MHp ~HEH~H~HMHH+ • oHpeqeHa Ha rHOenb: oHa Bce~a pOEOB~M oHpasOM ~OSBpa- ~H~TCH K HSHH~H~bHOR pO~HOR CTHXHHo ~TO nocne~Hee npe~- ~THB~SHH~ HHHHO~ee pO~CTB~HHO MH~y (Cp. CxeMy ~HK~H~eC-- ~OPO OH~CHeHH~ MHDH: "CTHXH~" -- "~HBH~H3H~H~ w -- "CTH-- XH~" KaK qaCTHMR BHpHaHT l~a~a O OOpbOe Xaoca H KOCMO- ca)" (3o~.MHH~ 1981:191). B paHoTe ~.HH~O~b~H, nOCB~- ~eHHOR aHa~Hsy nO~MM XneHHHKOBH "~ypaBnb"• H ~oKa~aHo, ~TO ~yTypHCTH~ecKHH TOMH "BOCCTHHHR Be_~eR"• OCMMC~eHHH~ B KOHTeKCTe TO~O MHO~O~HR~HOrO CMMC~OBOrO KOMn~eKC~• KOTOp~R RO~HHKHeT H~ CeTH ~pHpO~H~X~ HCTOpHKO--Ky~bTyp--

H MH~O~O~HqecKHX HCCO~Ha~HR, KaK pH3 MOEeT HMTb ~ocnpHH~TH KHK HCTOqHHK ~po~ecca, OHpHTHO~O KOCMO~eHe-- 3y• npo~ecca ~peBpH~eHHS KOCMOCH B xaoc, BO~BpH~eHHR ~HBHnHSHUHH K npHpO~HOR CTHXHH (~oHHrO~b~ 1978:71-72}. Hal~ Ka~KeTCH# ~TO nOTeHUHHnbHH~ BOSMO~HOCT~ ~pCTeKHHHR ~po~ecca KOCMO~eHe~H B oHpHTHyI0 CTOpOHy 3anO~eHa y~e B ce/4HHTHKe TOR npOCTpHHCTReHHOR MO~e~H• n~H ~OMO~H KOTO-- pOR BBO~HTCH ~eTepHyp~ c ePO ~MOne-~ofl, HeTpo~aBnOBCKOR ~p~OCTb~• B Haqa~e ~O~MM~

Ha nno~a;~ ~ sJ1ary ~xo~m~ero yr~ap F~Q SJlaTOM CR~I~aH R[P/I,a l l o x p m a m a ~ O H ~ e ~ape~1 TaM Manb~HK B ~ K a c e menTan: ef t -e f t ! (cTm,,.. I-4) *

~Ta KHpTHHa MO~eT HMTb npOqHTHHa H B HCTOpHKO-Ky~b-- TypHOM H KOCMOnOrHqQCKOM KJll0~eo nepaoe, HCTOpHKO--Ky~b-- TypHOe ~5~OqTeHHe no3Bo~ReT OCMMC~RTb 9TOT OHpH~ B KOH-- TeKCTe MH~H O HeTepHypret TBOp|~MO~O B TeKCTHX ny~KHHH t ~OPO~R H ~OCTOeBCKOrOt H HHT~pnpeTHpyeMOrO pycc~HMH CHMBOnHCTHMH B npe~enax OH~eCHMBOnHCTCKOR KOH~e~HH Ky~bTypM. ~TO HeTepHypP, nOCTpCeHHMR Ha HO~OTaX, Ha Bo~-

* B ;~a.,IbHal~mleM TeKcT nOSM~ I~THpyeTcH nO H 3 ~ a ~ CO~pGHU~ ~ p o ~ - eeOeH~ B~pG X~e6H~o6al TT.I-5 (/lelmHrpa~ 1928-1933) i T.I, CTp o 76--82.

P e a . ~ u 3 o o a ~ o e cpao.e~ue 77

~HOR CTHXHH H CTpe-MHhlHRCZ BOSBMCHTbC~ H3 ~OnOTa HO 9TO H ~eTep6yp~t KOTOI~IR pOKOBhlM O6pa3OMMOZeT H HOBBpa-- ~aTbCH H BO~RHyI0 CT~, OTKy~a OH n0~HH~C~o ~09TOMy H ~TOM ~Opo~e nop~l~oK, opraHH3OBaHHOCTb CymecTHyeT TO~bKO Ha ypoBHe HH~HMOCTeR, 3 ~ e C b Hoe HaBO~K~eHHe, ~pe~, ~On-- OTHOe HcnapeHHe.

HpOqTeHHe ~TO~O xe oSpa3a B COOCTBeHHO MH~)OnOrHqSC-- KOM X/ll0~e nO3BOnHeT 3a HHM 3~.MSTHTb qeTKyl0 XOCMO~OrHqe-- CXyl0 MO~enb. ~TO Cy~la (OCTpOH, n~om~b}, oKpyXSHHaH HO-- ~HHOR CTHXHeR (HnaPoR), H~enHBma~c~ H9 Bo~ H CTpel~l~a- SCH HBMCb (3~aTOM C~Fd01~aH Hr~a)• HO 9TO H Cy~lat ~O~ KO- TOpOR npOCTHpaeTc2 nO~3eMHMR, XTOHHqeCKHR MHp (K~a~0H-- me}o ~To TOT ~Tan KOCMOreHeSa, Korea cyma Y~e OT~enH-- ~aCb OT OeC~OpMeHHOR BO~SHOR CTHXHH, ~poH~ome~ H HTOpOR aKT H~pTHKa~LHOrO q~eHeHHR~ He00 OT~e~H~OCL OT 3eM~H# H HM~e~HnHCb Tp~ c~epM~ ~eMHaH, HeSeCHa~ H nO~$OMHago ~TO Haqa~O KOCMOPeHe~a~ KoP~a y~e ~pOH~OIII/IH OCHOBH510 aKTM~ HeOOXO~HMrde ~n~ ~peHpal~eHH~ xaoca B KOCMOC (CMo MeneT- HHCKHR ~976:207).

~Ta ~OCTpaHCTBeHHaH MO~0~b KOCMOP~HeTH~eCKoPo ~po- ~ecca (KOCMOYlorH~eCKaH MO~e~}~ npOqHTMBaeMa~ O~HOBpe-- MeHHO H KaK MH~ O HeTep0ypre, H cBepHyTOM HRU/~ TaHT H ceSe ~II~yHaDpaB~eHHMR ~pouecc: H Haqa~O H KOHe~ KOCMO~e -~

He3a, ~OTOpMR MO~eT pa~MPpaTbC~ B ~05y~ CTOpOHyo Ka~ y~e 5~no OTMeqeHO, Ha ypoBHe RBHOrO~ ~KC~H~HT--

HO~O C~eTa~ c~araeMoro H3 p~a MeTaMOp~OS~ p~a~H3yeTCH ~po~ecc~ o~paTHMR KOCMOreHe~y, -- Ho3Bpa~eHHe ~HBH~HSa-- ~H K ~pBOpO~HOR CTHXHHo CeMaHTH~eCKHfl MeXaHH3M pa~- BepThrSaHHE ~TOrO C~EeTa nony~Hn MHO~OCTOpOHHee paccMOT- peHHe B paSoTax ~oHHPonb~a H B.BeCTCTeRHa (~oHHrO~b~ 1978, B.BeCTCTeRH 1981}.

~.HH~O~b~ OTMeqa~T~ qTO HOC2MOTpR Ha ~opMa~bH~0 H Te- MaTHq~CKyI0 p~3~poS~eHHOCTb KOMnO~H~HH ~O~MM, B OCHOHe TOrO MHO~OSHaqHoro CMMC~OBOrO KoMnneKca~ KOTO~R oOpa- 3yeTCH Onaro~apH cMe~eHH~ pa~HMX ~aHOB BHaqeI~HR, ~HT ~ p H H ~ H ~ ~apa~nenH3Ma. ~TOT n p H H ~ H ~ ~apannenH3Ma nOCTpO- eH H~ KOHTpaCTHOM COnOCTa~neHHH MHpa coBpe~4~HHOR ~OpO~- CKOR ~HHH~H~a~HH~ T . e . MHpa He~eR KaK MHpa aHopraHHqec- Koro, H opraHHqeCKOPO MHpa npHpO~l~ npOCTeRmHX ~pOHB~-- HHfl paCTHTe~bHOrO H EHBOTHOrO MHpao B CTaTbe ~.HHrO~b~a O~HOBp~MeHHO ~o~epKHBaeTcH~ qTO ~O~CM~ COCTaH~RI01RHe 3TO ~apa~e~bHOe npOTHBOnOCTaH~eHHe, CB~SaHM~yP C ~pyPoM OqeHb OT~a~eHH~H Co_MaHTHqeCKHMH aCCOMHa~HHMH, H DO3TOMy HHyTpH CMMC~OHOrO KOMn~eKCa ~e~OCTHOPO Te~CTa napan~e~bHO c OCHOHHMM TeMaTHq~CKRLM XO~OM O0pa3yeTC~ HOBMR• BTOpHqHMR pH~ 3HaqeHHR, HeKa~ Ce~HTHqeCKa~ "CHepXCTpyKTypa"°

HMeHHO ~TOT HTOpHqHMR pS~ ~HaqeHHR, o0pasye~u~R H~ CeTH npHpO~H~X (a TaKEe H MH~O~OPHqeCKHX H HCTOpHKO-- KynbTypH~X} aHanorHfl~ npoBo~H~dX Dapa~e~bHO c npo~ec-

78 Annu Hun

CaMH BelIIHOrO MHpa ~OpO~CKOR UHBH~HSa~HHt H COCTaB~HeT s KaK MHe Ka~eTc~r TOT BTOpORr HoTaeHHMR "c~eT"t KOTOp~R ~O CBOeMy CTaTycy nocTeneHHO CTaHOBHTCH paBHO~paBHMM ~0 OTHOmeHM~ K RBHC~4yt 9KCn~H~HTH~4y C~eTy. ~TO H OCT~ TOT pH~ SHaqOHH~, KOTOp~R pea~H3yOTCE nocpe~cTBOM cpaB-- HeHHR, nOgTOMy ~nH ~aHHOR TeM~ OCO~OO 3HaqeHHe HMeeT CTaTbH BoBeCTCTeRHa, ~OCBH~eHHRH H3yqeHM~ cpaBHeHHH B KOMnOSH~HH no3MSl "~ypaDnb".

B CTaTbe BoBOCTCTe~.qa OTMeqeHOr qTO ~po~ecc O~HB~e-- HHH ~H~aHTCKO~ ~THI/51--H~O~ar cKe~eT KOTOpOR KOM~OHHpyeT-- CA H3 BOCCTaBmHX Bel~eRr ~pOHCXO~HT ~ocpe~cTBOM pH~a cpaBHeHHR. B ~eHTpe CTaTbH CTOHT BOnpOC O TOMt KaKI4M C~OCO~OM CO~OCTaB~H~TCR cp~BHHBReMOe H cpaBHHBa~ee~ qTO MOTHBHpyeT aKT cpaBHeHHH H KaKyI0 ceMaHTHqeCKylO H KOHCTpyKTHBHyI0 ~yHK~HI0 BMnOnHH~T cpaBHeHHR B o~eMKOM-- ~OSH~HOHHOM 3a~aHHH nO~MMo CTaTbH B°BeCTCTeRHa B CBOHX BMBO~aX H~eT Bc~e~ Sa KOH~e~MeR P°HKOOCOHa O TOM, qTO "y X~0HHKOBa cpaBHeHHH ~OqTH He o~paB~aH~ ~eRCTBHTe~b-- HMM B~eqaT~eHHOM CXO~CTBa O~5OKTOB~ a HB~H~TCH KOM~OSH-- ~HOHHMMH sa~aHHHMH°°° Cy~eKT cpaBHeHHH qaCTO ~epeTCH He ~OCTO~bKy ~H~b~ ~OCKO~bKy Cxo~eH C oS~eKTOM CpRBHe-- HHH, a S HHOM 5onbmoM oS~eMe" (P.HKOSCOH 1921:78}.

MS STO~O ~e c~e~yeT, qTO MOTHBa~HI00T~O~bHMX aKTOB cpaBHeHHX ~OSBO~HeT pacmM~pOBaTb TO~bKO ~e~OCTHMR KOH-- TeKCT BC~R ~09MMr a He ~oKa~bHMR KOHTeKCT OT~e~bHblX CpRBH~HHR° CeMaHTHqeCKHR MeXaHHSM pea~HSR~HH cpaBHeHHR ~HKTyeTCH He saKOHRMH ~OKa~bHOR Ce~aHTHKH OT~e~bHMX Te-- M~THqeCKHX e~HHH~ a CMSIC~OBMMH H KOM~O~H~HOHHMMH sa~a- HHHMH ~ o ~ e e BMCOKO~O ypOBHHo

B CTaTbe B°BeCTCTeRHa ~aeTcH xapaKTepHCTMKa KOMnOSH-- ~HOHHOR ~yHK~HH CpaBHeHHR B ~Byx nnaHax, B nnaHe ~OpM-- anbHOM H nnaHe CeMaHTHqeCKOM. B nnaHe ~OpMa~bHOM cpaB- HeHHH o~ec~eqMEa~T e~HHCTBO H HeHpepMBHOCTb KOHCTpyK-- MHH~ cnaraeMofl ns paSHOpO~HMX~ MOSaHHHblX KOMHO3HMHOHHMX ~eMeHTOB° B nnaHe ceMaHTHHeCKOM OHH oOec~eqHBa~T CMSIC-- ~OByI0 HeHpepMBHOCTb Bce~o TeKCTa. CpaBHeHHH, C O~HOR CTOpOHM~ o~pasyH HoBMe CMMC~OBMe OTBeTB~elIHH~ KaR 0M ~oHa~bHMe c~eTM~ sa~ep~HBa~T pasBepTMBaHHe OCHOBHO~O TeMaTHH~CHO~O XO~a ~O~MM~ HO~ C ~py~oR CTOpOHM~ OHH CnOCOOCTBylOT COS~aHH~ TOR CHCT~'J~I ceMaHTHqeCRHXCBH3eR, KOTOpMe nOpO~l~a~T HOBMR, Oonee BMCOKO~O ypOBHH pH~ 3Ha-- qeH~R.

Ha OCHOBe Tex BMBO~OB~ KOTOpMe c~enaH~ B ~syx pac- CMRTpHBaeMMX CTaTb~X~ Ha OCHOBe HsyqeHH~ KOMHOBH~MOHHO~ M ceMaHTHqeCMO~ npMpo~ cpaBHeHHR B no,Me "~ypaB~b"~ xoqeTC~ ~OCTaBHTB ~Ba ~O~O~HHTe~bHMX BO~pOC~g C O~HO~ CTOpOHM~ O CMMC~OBOM co~ep~aHHH TO~O BTOpMqHO~O~ ~onee BMCOKO~O ypOBH~ ps~a 3HaqeHH~ KOTOpM~ o~pasyeTc~ nOC- pe~CTBOM pea~HsOBaHHMX CpaBHeHH~ KaR BTOpHqHM~ "c~eT"~ C ~pymO~ ~e CTOpOHM~ O ~pHpo~e CMMCnOBO~ CB~SH M~KIIy

P¢unu~oeu~oe cpae~e~ue 79

~KC~H~HTHSI~ TEM~THq~CKHMXO~OM H BTOpHqHMMt ~OT~SHHh~M "c~eTOM".

B paOoTe B.BeCTcTeRHa OTMeqaeTcR e~e O~Ha, Ba~KHaR ~/IR ~po~P.MaTHKH ~aHHOR CTaTbH 3aKOHOMepHOCTb KOMnO~H-- ~HOHHOR cTpyKTypM ~O~Mble COCTOR~aR B TOE{, YTO KOHCTpy~-- UHR nep~oR KOMnO~H~HOHHOR e~HHHI~[I~ nO~MI~ (CTHXH 1-17), B KOTOpOR nORB~SeTCR nepBoe pa3BepHyTOe cpaBHeHHe, B cBepHyTOM BH~e co~ep~lIT B ce6e TOT npHH~Hn MOMIIO3H~HO~-- HOHO ~OCTpOeHHHt COH~aCHO KOTOpOMy B ~a~bHeR~eM pa~Bep- T~BaeTCR Becb CI0~KeTHI~ XO~ nO~MM°

B cpRBHeHHH, BBO~HMOM B nepBOR K6~4ffO3H~HOHHOR e~HHH-- ~e (CTHXH 1--17) no~, BTOpOR~ CpaBHHBaffi~HR qneH H B CMMC~OBOM H nponop~HO~a~bHOM OTHOmEHHH ~OMHHHpyeT H~ OCHOBHMMt cpaBHHBaP_A~4 ~EHOM CpaBHeHHRo

B npo~ecce paSBe~TMB~H~R BTOpOHO, CpaBHHBaI0~ePO y~e- Ha, B KpyP aHa~OHHR P~O~HTCR ~en~R pH~ TaKHX ceMaHTHqE-- CKHX MOTHBOB# Ha~HqHe KOTOpMX HHKaK HE MOTHBHpyETCR ~O-- KaIIbHMM KOHTeKCTOM ~RHHOHO CpRBHEHHR~ HO OHH RB~RIOTCH ~EpBMMH CHHHa~aMH TaKHX CKBO~HMX MOTH~OBt KOTOpMe HHp~-- ~ cKps~RI0~y]0 pO~b BO BceR KOM~OSH~HH ~O~M~ H ~OpO~%~a-- ~T ,E, J IHHHM~, pRSBETBHR~HecH RCCO~HaTHBHME pH,I~M=

T0~HO¢ TpySM no~bu4am~ CBOH meH~ ~ax Ha CTeHe TeH~ ~a~B Bopo~P.14° TaK ~eIIalOTCH ~O~I4~K.C]2~H~ ~0TO~e HeHo~aHmuu~e Ha OO~OTe B ~ Korea oHaCHOCTb M]P~HOBSJIao CpP-j~ Ka~blme-R H osepHofl KHnH HT~a-pacTcm4e rna~o~ saKs,ana. (cT~ 12-18)

TRKHMH yS~OBMMH CeMaHTHqECKHMH MOMeHTaMH RB~RIOTCR R 9TOM paSBEpHyTOM cpaBHEHHH CBR3aHHME ~pyr c ~pyroM MO-- THBM "BOpOXeH u H "TeHH"r a TRK~e H MOTHRM "~O~OTa n H "OBepHOR KHnH"o

MOTHB "BOpO~EH" CBHgaH C ~o~ee ~HpOKOR TeMo~ saqapo- BaHHOCTHa 5pe~a, PH~HOTHqECKOHO CHa, OTCM~a~0~OR K ~e- TEpSypHcKOMy MH~y, H B HTOHE pa3BHBalo~eRcH B e = e 5onee HnO~a~bH~0 TP.My 3aBOpO~eHHOCTHe HH~HOTHgHpOBaHHOCTH qe- ~oBeYecKoHo MHpa HeBe~oMMMH.r pOKOBMMH CH~aMH e Toeo n TeMy pOKae 3~OHOt ~bHBO~bCKOHO Haqa~ao

MOTHB "TEHH" RB~ReTCR nepBbXM CHHHa~OM anoKa~HnTHqec- KOR TEMMo ~TOT MOTHB nO O~HOR'CMMC~OBOR ReTBH BE~eT K TeME Ha~BHHa~0~eRCR ~aTaCTpO~M, a ~o ~pyHoR BETBH -- K TeME XaOC~° TEHb CK~ETa HHHaHTCKOR ~TI{it1~t BO3HHKaI0~eHO H~ BOCCTaBmHX Be~eR, ~OKpMBaeT CO~H~e, a ¢~4a CK~5i~RHHR H~H ~OXH~HHR CO~H~a B MH~O~OHHH SB~ReTCR C~ETHMIM ~o- KasaTe~eM TeIM~ xaoca. CM.:

• emesH~e nyTH, a ,Uk~OM poc ' re , qy .o .oa~a HoPaH ;XmoT .UePKHe Tpy6qa ' roo6pasH~e Ko¢¢,~I, Cn/LeTaRCb sMeRHH a KpyTO~ n~eTeHb~ H ~HHHyI0 Ha rOpO~ pOHHIOT TeHb. (CTHXII |02--|05)

80 Anna Hun

K ~TOR we, CKBOBHOR ~K BCeR CbIMC~OBOR TKRHH HOBMM T~e "XaOCa" OTCM~aDT ~O ~pyPF~ aCCO~MaTHBHI~M KaHa~abl H MOTHB~ HOO~OT~" H "o3epHoR KH~H"°

MOTHB "OO~OTa" ~O/L~eH 5MTb OCM~C~eH H'KOHTeKCTe MH~a O HeTepSypre~ ropo~e, nOCTpOeHHOM Ha 5OnOTaX, HO ~TOT ~e MOTHB MO~T aCCO~HHpOBaT~ ~p~BHHe KOCMO~OHHqeCKHe MH~M, r~e oOpa~ Heno~BP~KHOR nTHLIM# CHORtleR Ha 0OnOTe, COOTHOCHTCM C COCTOHHHP.M pO~HMOPO XaOCa~ KoP~a ~P--MJIH P.l~e H~ OT~P.JIH~aC~ OT HO~HHOPO npOCTpaHCTBa {CM. E.Mene- THHCKHR 1976:202), H HaKOHe~, ~TOT ~e MOTHB OBeHH acco- ~HaTHBHh~4 Kpy~oM ~OnbK~OpHOR ~ebIOHO~O~HH.

OT MOTHBa UosepHoR KH~H" Be~eTCR aCCO~HaTHBH~R phi, O~epHpY~HR oOpasaMH pa25y~eBaBNHXCS CTHXHRHMX CH~. ~TOT aCCO~HaTHBHMR pH~ BOII. KOI~IIOSH~HOHHOR e~HHH~e (CTHXH 18--26) CH~Ha~H3yeTCK MOTHBaMH uBHXpH"~ "BO~H"~ u~a~4eHH"~ "no~apa"~ a B V. KOM~OSH~HOHHOR e~HHH~e (CTHXH 53--70} BMnHHaeTCS H oSpa3 pasHepsa~eRcH "qepHoR ~SS~HM":

BCHeHI~ IIOBepXHOCT5 B O ~ I]/IhlBeT HanepeKop BOJIHe xeJIaSH0--CTpOI~HIgI~ nJIOTo Csa~4 ero pac~pbt~c~ 5es~a ~epHa~ PaSBepScH B OCeHb IlJIO~ H OSHa~4J~HCb, ~hR1a~, sepHa. (CTIU~ 53--57)

~TH npe~BapHTe~bH~ 3aMeqaHHH MO~yT ocBe~aTh 3aKOHM CeMaHTHqeCKOPO MeXaHH3Ma pa3BepT~BRHHH ue~OCTHOR CMMC-- ~OBOR TKaHH nO~Mb]° Te CMMC~OBMe MOTHBM, KOTOpMe nO~BH-- ~HCb B Io KOM~O3HUHOHHOR e~HHH~e, B cpaBHHBa~P.M q~eHe CpRBHeHHH, K a K IIBebIOTIIBHpOBRHHMe" RHR~OrHH K OCHOBHOMy CpaBHHBaeMOMy q~eHyr B cne~y~eR, If. KOMnOSHUHOHHOR e~HHH~e BMHOCHTCH Ha ypOBeHb HHHOrO c~eTa. TaKHM 05pa- 3OM npH nepexo~e OT I° KOMHO~HMHOHHOR e~HHHL~ KO II°, HeCMOTpH Ha MHHMMR pa3p~B KO~flIOSH~HOHHOR H CMMC~OBOR CBSSH, Ha~aeTCH 3aKOH r~y~HHHOR CMMCnOBOR HeHpepMB- HOCTHo

B ~anbHeRmeJ4 XOqeTCH npOH~CTpHpOBaTb 9TOT CIv~ICnO- BOR MeXaHHSM# BM~e~SH HS nO~HCeMaHTHqHOR CMMC~OBOR TKa-- HH TeKCT~ TO~bKO T~ MOTHHM# KOTOpMe RB~R~TCH y3~OBMMH ~n~ BceR KOM~O3H~HOHHOfl cTpyKTypMo

BO BTOpOR KOMnO~H~HOHHOR e~HHH~e (CTHXH 18--26}, C

O~HOR C~OpOHM, KaK y~ OM~O OTMeqeHO, BMHOCHTCH Ha ypo-- HeH~ ~KCnnH~HTHOrO C~EeTa Te MOTHBM~ KOTOpMe H npe.~y- ~eR e~HH~e HpHHa~e~Ka~H K nOTa~HHOMy~ r~ySHHHOMy "C~-- EeTy", HO, C ~pyPoR CTOpOHI~, s~ec~ ~e cpe~H aHa~oPHR, BBO~HMSIX ~ pa3BepHyTOR cpaBHHBa~eR qaCTH, ~osBnS~TCH HoBMe CMMC~OBMe MOTHBM~ ~a~He HOBMR To~qoK pa3BepTMBa-- HHI0 ~OTa~HHOPO "c~eTa"o Hs HHX XOqSTCH BM~e~HT~ MOTHB UysHHKa" H MOTHB "n~aMeH~/no~apa":

PeG.qu3o6(z~oe cp~eHe~e 81

qaCTb K qaCTH. OH [ ¢ . e . ~ z ] cCpemrrc~ K se~aH c Heae,.,oMoR e-~e czcuoR.

TaK ysmu¢ Ha c a ~ a m 4 e cTpet, ucrc~ HaacTpeqyMF..uoR! (='rmut 22 -23 )

~eJ~3H~le H X~TpO~e ~epToPH B KaKOM--TO

RpOCTHOM no, ape, KaK nJ1aMeH5~ ~OSH~.K~ HS xapa, H~ MeCTO CTaHOBHC5, ~aBa/~ q~y HOI~I° (CTRL~ 24--26)

~HHIHHR pR3 MO~HO OTMeTHTb~ qTO aHa~O~HR MeeKly Kp~KOM H y3HHKOM He nO~TBep~j~aeT'uR HHHaKHM ~JKe C~2~2~ OT~aneHHSU4 peanbH~D4 CXO~CT~OS~ M~y o0~eKTOM H cy0~eKTOM cpaBHe- HI~ HO ~T~ ~Ha~O~H~ BBO~HT B O~HR KOHTeKCT ~O~MM O/~IH H3 C~MMX Ba~KHMX ac~eKTOB OCMMC/~SHH~ TP_MM "BOCCT~HHH Be- ~eR". BOCCTaHHe BemeR COBep~aeTcH KaK ~ep~OpOT# Beth H3 y3HHKa~ paOa qenoBeKa npeBp~I~0T~R B ePo THpaHat a C~LM qe~oBeK CTaHOBHTCS pa00M Be~eRo HpOHCXO~HT CBOSO~-- pa~HaH ~4eHa poneR, Be~ O~HDnHeTcs, ~HSHb yMep~IB~ReT-- CS° HO Ka~ npaBHno, ~Ta HHBepCHH ~KCn~H~HpyeTcH Ha ypo- RHe RRIIO~O c~EeTHO~O xo~a TO~KO B VIII. KOM~OSH~HOH-- HOR e~HHHUe (CTHXH 120-175) norms:

C~epm~moR nepeBopoT° ~SHb yCTyIIH~a ~acT~ Co~sy TpyHa H Beau4. (CTICKH 144-145)

EC~H H e O K o ~ b K O 2 a S e ~ a T b B n e p e ~ w TO MOXHO n p e / I B a p H - Te~bHO OTMeTHTb, qTO 9Ta CMeHa poneR Me~J~y MepTBOR Be- ~b~ H XHBOR qe~oBeqecKoR XH3Hb~ B ~a~bHeRmeM OCM~C~HeT-- CH e~e H B CBeTe HCTOpHqeCKHX HHa~OPHR e KaK HCTOpHqeC-- KHR nepeBopoTe cBep~eHHe c npecTo~a.

BDP~eHHe MOTHBOB "no~apa",..~n~aMeHH"t "xapa" B pas- BepHyTOM cpaBHeHHH 24--26 CTHXOB TaK~e MOTHBHpyeTCH He ~oKa~bHMM KOHTeKCTOM ~aHHOR KOMNO3H~HOHHOR e~HHHI/M r T.e. pea~bHOR aHa~oPHeR Me~y n~aH~H cpaBHH~P.MOPO H CpaBHHB~0mePO B ~a~HOM CpaBHeHHH, a ceMaHTHqeCKOR CBH-- 3b~ M~y ~aHaMH CpaBHHBa~ePo O'i'~e~bHbIX cpaBHeHHR# npHH~n~K~HX K pasmm~ KOIv~IO3HUHOHHMM e~HHH~LM. B ~O-- Ka~bHOM KOHTeKCTe ~aHHOPO cpaBHeHHS ~OHBJIeHHe 9THX MO-- THBOB MO~eT 6MTb o~paB~aHO pagBe TO~bKO ~OHeTHqeCKHM CXO~CTBOM Me}K~y C~OBaMH ~qepT/qepTOPH"~ H C~oBa "Ho~ap"~ ~p"t "~LMeH~" EOC~pHItRTM KaK~pHSHaKH a~CKOPO~ ~ b H - - BO~bCKOPO MeCTao

EC~H BMRTH ~a ~pe~e~IM ~oKa~bHOPO ICOHTeKCTa H OT~pa-- BHT~CH ~O pR~BeTB~HI0~HMCS CeMaHTHqeCKHM~HHR~M~ TO ~TH MOTHBM Be~yTt C O~HOR CTOpOHM, B peTpOC~eKTHBHOM ceMaH-- THqeCKOM Hanpa~eHHH K npe~y~eR e~HHH~e, P~e aHano- P~H~ BBO~}Lv~e B nnaHe" ¢paBHHSa~ePO, onepHpoBanH oSpa- 3aMH DO/~M~ ~O~EHOR CTHXHHo EC~H ~ ~TOT ~epexo~ OT BO~-- HHOR CTHXHH K OPH~ OCMMC~HTh B KOCMO~OPHqeCKoM KJ1~0qe~

82 Anna Ban

TO MO~HO e~o HHTepHpeTHpOBaTH KaK nepexo~ or KOCMOreHe- sa K ~H~oreHesy# B~u~ B MH~O~O~HqeCKHX Hpe~cTaB~eHH~X O~OHH KaK CTHXHH SHaMeHyeT COSOR nepexo~H~R 9Tan M~K~y npHpO~O~ H Ky~bTypoR. Ka~eTCRi 9TO Hpe~nonoEeHHe HO~-- TBep~J~aeTcH TeM ~aKTOM,j qTO B cpaBHeHHSX c~e~.v~eR, III° KOMI103HUHOHHOR e~HHHL~I (CTHXH 27--36} HaqHH~DgT ~OMHHHpO-- BaTH Ky~HTypHMe aHa~OrHH° ~TO O~HOBpeMeHHO H 3HaqHTt ~TO O~Ha H3 ceMaHTHqeCKHX BeTBeR ~oTaeHHoroe BTOpHqHOPO "c~xeTa" BOCCTaHaB~HBaeT B CSOHX npaBaX HCKOHHyI0 noc~e- ~OBaTenHHOCTH ~TanOB paSBHTHH: KOCMOreHe3 -- OHTOreHe3 -- ~H~O~eHeB. C ~)y~oR xe CTOpOHM, eC~H ~TH xe MOTHBM CO-- MMC~HTH H B ~pyFoR ceMaHTHqeCKOR nepcneKTHBee TO OHH 5y~yT HepBMMH CHrHa~D~He OT EOTOpMX Be~eTCH ~pyPaH ce- MaHTHqeCKa~ ~HHHHe CBH2aHHaR C MOTHB~MH "Koqe~apa"# "Kpy~eHMR Hoes~a"~ paSBHB~HMH TeMy KaTaCTpO~HqeCKHX cBep~eHHRe H C MOTHBaMH nKpaCHOR py~axH", "BonrapH"i pa3BHBa~0~HMH TeMy ~HapXHqeCKOPO 5yHTa, KaK O~HOPO HS HpOHB~HHR HCTOpHqeCKOPO xaoca.

CaMMe cy~ecTBeHHMe ~JIE pa3BHTH~ HOTaeHHOrO "(~0~Ta" aHanO~HH BBe~eH~ cpaBHHB~0mHMH qneHaMH B CpaBHeHHRX III. KOMnOSH~HOHHOR e~HHH~M° HepBoe cpaBHeHHe onepHpyeT aHanorHeR MeeKly MHpOM Be~eR H MHpOM ~HBOTHMX (TpySM -- qepBHKH), BTOpOe cpaBHeHHe -- aHa~o~HeR Me~I~y Be~HMM H paCTHTe~bHMMMHpOM (~enesH~e HyTH -- CTpyqKH}, a B TpeTb-- eM cpaBHeHHH HOHBnH~TCH Ky~HTypHMe aHa~OPMH (TyqKOB MOCT -- HeSCMTH, rpOSH~R ~eTHHe~}:

TpyS~, CTORB~e BeKa~ ~eTRT ~KeHHRM no~Da~a~ ~epBRKa~ HPpHBeR B ~aJIOCTH KOTRT.

Ee/lesHble HyTH CpMB~0TCR C ~0por

~BI~m~eHHeM cospeBIaHX OCeHb~ CTpy~KoB, H BOTH B0T HJIMBeT HO BO/IHaM~ KaE H0pOP~ KaK HeHC~Tb HJlb rpOSH~I ~eTHHe~, OT Oeperos

o T n a n l l ~ c . T y . K o s ! (27-36)

HOCKOHbKy B Hpe~y~HX KOMHOSH~HOHHMX e~HHH~aX Ha ypoB-- He aHa~O~HR~ BBO~HMMX CpaBHHBa~HMH q~eH~MM CpaBHeHHR~ y~e Haqa~OCb o~pa3oBaHHe H e K ~ R C~MaHTH~eCKOR MaKpo-- cTpyHTypMe ~TH HOBMe MOTHB~ saKOHOMepHO BKF~0q~TCH B aCCO~HaTHDHMR Epy~ 3TO~O MaKpOKOHTeKCTao HOCKOHHKy B ~TOM MaKpoKOHT~KCTe RCCO~HaTMBHMe pH~M o~pa3y~T He TOMb-- KO CyK~eccHBHMee HO H p~SHOHaHpaB~eHHMe C~AaHTHqeCKHe XO~M~ C~H 9TH MOTHBM BKJII0qa~TCH B paSBeTB~H~HeCH aCCO-- ~HaTM~HMe pH~o

C~MaHTHKa CHoBa "qepBSK" Be~eT~ C O~HOR CTO~OHMe K TeMe XTOHHqeCKo~o MHpae xaoca, Ho oHa M BeReT K TeM~ SMeH--HCEyCHTenH, H TaKHM OSpaSOM K TeMe ~pexoHa~eHHH H pOKOBOR pacH~aTM.

Pec~nu3oou~oe cpuo~e~e 83

PaCTHTe~H~H ~HR~O~HH "CO~peBmHX OC~H~ CTpy~KOB~ B~e~eHHaR ~O BTOpOM cpaBHeHHH, C O~HOR CTOpOHbl, RKIIIO-- qaeTCH B CyK~eCCHRI~IR CeMaHTH~eCKHR p~ ~MHp CTHX~RHMX CHn -- MHp ~HBOTHMR -- M Hp paCTHT~t45~ ~ H TaKHM oSpa~OM ~pO~O/DKaeT ~KO~10~eHe~ -- OHTOPeHe~ -- CH~O~eHeS~# C ~py-- FOR CTOpOHMe qepe3 npo~ecc CO~peBaHHH BBO~HT KaTerOpHlO Ka~eH~apHOI'O Bp~MeHH e ~HK~HqeCKHX npHpO~H~X npo~eccoBo Ho C~aHTHKa 3TOFO ~ MOTHBa ~e-~T H K HCTOpHKO--Ky~-- TypHOR TeMe, pa3BHBa~T Ha ypOBHe npHpO~HMX aHa~O~HR TeMy CospeBaHHH qy~KOPO CeMeHH, qyxoPo ~O~a, Be.~y~yl0K TeMe Co3peBaHHH HsMeHbl, R~JIHBaI0~eRcH B ~yHT COSCTBeH- HMX ~O~OR ~pOTHB 3aqaB~ePo po~a, BOCCT~HHH HO~O~O~ qy-- ~OPO ~eMeHH npOTHB po~a. KaK npaB~O, ~TOT aCCO~HaTHB-- HMR p~E~ ~MHOCHTCH Ha SKC~H~HTI41~ yPOBeHb C~KeTa B ~O-- c~e~ylOI~HX KOMnO3H~HOHHMX e ~ H H H ~ a X :

0. po~Ju0~cKofl! T~ 5~m~ KaK ~mKoT~ D KOTOp0fl Cosp~IH l~IMe ~e.M~H~I (IV. e~. CTo 3~--~8)

Pa3Bepsc~ B 0COHb ~JIo~. H OOHa~HJ~Cb. B~la~, ~OpHa, (v. ~. c~. 56-57)

B TpeTb~1 cpaBHeHHH K o0pa3y OTnaBmero OT ~epePoB TyqKOBa {MOCTa) COnO~HHH~TCH TpH aHanOrHH nocpe~CTBOM ~pe~HKaTa In~IMBeTm~ "KaK l~OpOPle KaK HeHCMTb H~b r~303- HMR ~eTHHe~"o NepBaH aHa~OrHHt "NOpOP" MOZeT aCCOUHHpO-- BRTb Te.My xaoca, eC~H B C~aHTHKe cnoBa BM~e~HTb sHaqe- HHe 0MCTpMHM B B0~e, BO~HHOR nyqHHbl, BO~OBOpOTao HOB ~aHHOM cpaBHeHHH CnOBO ~nopoP' OTO~K/~eCTBnReTcH KOHKp~T-- HMMH noporaMH Ha ~He~pe, nOpOPaMH HeHCMTb H ~eTHHe~o C~OBO "He~cMTb" BBO~HT ~ HCTOpHKO--KynhTypHy~ aCCOUH~- THBHy~ uenb TeM¥ XpHCTHaHCKOR KynSTypM cpasy no ~ByM CeMaHTHqeCKHM KaHa~a/4° C~OBO HeHCMTbe OSHaqal0~ee ~ne~H- KaHt# HB~HeTCH CHMBO~OM XpHCTa H XpHCTHaHCKOR ~eP~BH, a ~Henp ~M~I MeCTOM Kp~eHHH~ nepexo~oM B XpHCTHaHCKyI0 Bepy, H ~THM caMMM 3HaMeHyeT CO,OR Haqa~o KHeBcKOPO ne- pHO~a~ KaK ~enoPo HCTOpHKO-Ky~bTypHO~O ~HM~a B HCTOpHH POCCHHo

HO ~He~p ~M~ H MeCTOM OTp~qeHHH OT H~MqeCT~ao ~O CBH~eTe~CTBy "~oBecTH BpeMeHHMX ~eTu~ HSbF, IeCKHR ~OP ~epyH 5Mn ~pom~H B ~Henp, eMy Henb3H ~Mno n p H n n M T ~ ~epePy, H~o eMy He OM~O ~O~b~e MecTa Ha 3e~J1e~ "KoP~a B~eK~H ~epyHa nO PyqL~ K ~Henpy, OH~aKHBa~H ero HeBep- HMe, TaK KaK He ~pHH~H e~e OHH CRHTOPO Kpe~eHH~o H~ ~pHTaI~HB, KHH~H ePO B ~Henp. H HpHCTaBHn Bna~H~ H~Y ~eR, cKa~aB I~-~ EC~H ~pHCTaHeT ~e K 5epery~ OT-- ~HXHBaRTe QPO. A KOl~a ~po~eT nOpOrH, TOP~a TO~bKO OC-- TaB~Te ePo° 0HH Ee HCnOnHHnH, qTO HM 5MnO npHKag~HO" (H~Rm~u~ ~umepam~p~ ~pee,e~ Pycu, XI -- ~aqano XII Be-- ua [Moc~Ba 1978], ~3). TaKHM ~SpaSOM, Te~a "oTna~esHH

84 A n n a Hun

OT ~epe~oB"w ~KCn~H~HTHO C~OI~4y~HpOBaHHaR ~ OCHO~HOMr cpaBHHBaeMoM q~eHe aHa~HSHpyeMo~o CpaBHeHHRa H MOTHB npoxoT,~eHHE no H~BCKMM nopoPaMMOPyT ~MTb pacmH~poBa~ KaK ~ps~4aH CC~51~Ka Ha ~HTHpyeMoe MeCTO B "~OB~CTe BDeM-- eHH~X~eT" H aCCO~HHpyIOT HCTOpHKO--Ky/LSTypH~ T~y ~a~-- ~OMa M~K~y HSMtleCTBOM H XpHCTHaHCTBOMo HO ~Ta xe T ~ pas~oMa M~y SSMt/eCTBOM H XpHCTHaH2TBOM TaHT B ceOe ~OZMC~HOCTb OTKpMTb H ~IDyPOR ceMaHTH~eCKHR KaHan. Kpe-- ~SHHe B POCCHH ~pOH~BO~OCb HaCH~HeMe O~He-M H Me~oM H co~poBo~rJ~a~ocb H3b~4~CKHMH BOCCTaHHRMH° ~O~TOMy ~TOT ~e CeM.aHTHqeCKH~ ~yqOK Be~T H K Te.Me ROCCTaHHH~ TeM ~O~-- e~ ~TO peKa ~Henp OTCbL~a~T K ~I~yPOR peKe~ Bo~re, H K o~pa~y ~yHTy~e~o "Bon~apH" PasHHa, H K TeMe c~enoPo~ aHapxHqec~oPo 5yHTa (CM. CTHXH 85-86}°

Ce.MaHTH~a c~oBa "HescMTb-He~HKaH" ~O~BO~HeT pasBH-- BaTh H npOTHBOHa~paB~eHH~e CeMaHTHqeCKHe aCCO~Ha~HH° ~e~HKaH~ KOpb~HR CBOHX ~TeH~OB CO~CTBeHHOR MpORb~ MO-- ~eT aCCO~HHpOBaT5 CBO~ ~eMOHHqecKy~ HHBepCH~t ~ypaB~R~ no~Hpa/o~ePo ~eTeR, ~a~O~HHKOB Oy~y~e~Oo 0~HH o0pas, He~HRaH# MO~T OMT~ OCM~C~eH KaK nopo~am~ee Ha~a~o~ CT KOTOpOPO HCXO~HT ~peeMCTHSHHa~ ~e~b pa~BHTHH# ~yZ~OR oOpa~, ~ypaBn~, -- KaK pa~pymam~ee Haqano, o~ceKalo~ee ~Ty ~peeMCTB~HHy~ ~enb H nernomm0~ee 0y~y~ee. ~sa o0pa- ~a, ~enM~aH H ~y~a~b, CHPHa~HSHp~0T H~q~O H KOHe~ HC-- TOpHKO--KynbTypHO~O ~HKna OT KHeBa ~O HeTep0yp~a,.oT XpHCTHaHCTRa ~O AnoKanHncHca.

Ce.MaHTH~a C~OBa "~THHe~" ToEe paSBeTB~HeTCH H Re~T K pa~Hb~4 TeMaTHqeC~MM MOTHBa54° ~eTHHe~ HB~HeTCR Has~a- HHe.M BHyTp~HHe~O ~BOpa ~pe~OCTH~ yKpenneHHo~o ~HTpa Popo~a H ~O~TOMy OTC~aeT Hac K Haqa~y nO~MM~ ~ HeTpO- naBnoBcKoR KpenocTH, ~MO~eMe HeTep0yp~a. Ho CnOBO O~HO-- Bpe.M~HHO aKTHBHgHpyeT H TeMy ~eTeR, TeMy CMHOBCTBa# C O~HOR CTODOH~ B CH~y TOPO~ qTO 30 BDO.MH o~aCHOCTH~ Ha-- ~a~eHHH EpaPa ~c~ npHTanHcb ~eTH (M.0ac~4ep, ~muY4~o- 8~qec~,~ ~oeupD p~CG~080 R~,~U, Tol [Moc~sa1964 ], 508), c ~py~oR CTOpOHM~ ~OTOMy~ qTO CaMO C~OBO HCTOpHqecMH o~Ha~ano ~MO~O~O~O qe~oBeKa~ ~HO~y ~ (C~O~GpD p~CC~O~O R~,~a XI-XVII oo, ~n.4 [Moc~aa 1977], 238).

B Te~CTe ~O~N~ C~O~O "~eTHHe~" ~l~e CHa6~eHO o~pe~- eHH~M "PpOSH~R"~ H ~TO 3aKoHoMepHO BM~MBaeT aCCO~Ha~0 O ~pOSHOM~ yOHB~eM C~O~O CMHa~ H ~THM caM~M aKTHBHSH-- pyeT TeMy "C~HOy0HRCT~a"o CMI!oy0HflCTEO H OT~ey0HRCTBO TOEe HB~H~TCH qaCTHb~4BapHaHTCM OCIIOBHOR MO~H pacgo- ~a, oTna~eHHH, B HHX no~yqaeT B~paUKeHHe pa~OM pO~OBO~O nops~Kao TeMa C~HOySHRCTBa H OT~0yS}ZRCTBa He,ocDe~cT- BeHHO Be~eT K TeMe BOCCTaHHS pO~a Ha pO~ ~OpO~a~8~O CBOH HHBapHaHTM Ha paSHMX HCTOpHqeCKHX sTanax (CM. HeTp H Ane~ceR, HaBea H Ane~caH~p}. Pac~¢on OTe~/C~H osHaqan coSoR npe~J1e Bcemo HapymeHHe saKoHa po~oBofl npeeMcTBeH- HOCTH, HO O~HOBpeMeH~O H D~pa~ancs B paSHMX ~OpMaX

P~u~u3oeu~oe cpu~e,ue 85

K~/L~TyPHOrO pa~OMa~ HanpHMep, B C~Y~ae HeTpa H AneK- ce~ B ~o~Me pa~noMa 3ana~HH~eCTBo/BH~aHTHRCTBO, H O~H~-- qa~ CO~OR Hapy~HHe 2aKOHa HCTOpHqeCKOR npeeMCTReHHOC-- TM H ~OCTy~aT~HHOCTHo

BC~ ~Ta CeTH HCTOpHKO--Ky~HT~pHMX aHanO~HR~ BapbHpyl0-- ~I4X T~.My p~CKO~a, OT~a~eHHE B paHHMX e r o BapHaHTaX# H nO~TOMy B CBepHyTOM BH~ nepe.~alo~aH O~.-~HMe HOTOpHqeC-- KHe C~I0~eTM~ MOHyM~HTa~HHMe ~HqeCKHe ~O~OTHa# B C~e2~yK)-- meR I V . KoMno~H~HOHHOR e~.~HHue (CTHXH 37- -52 ) H e n o c p e ~ - CTBeHHO CBO~HT~ K TeMe BOCCTaHH~ BP_-~R~ KaK OOE~aTe~H-- HMR KOHTeKCT, B CB~Te KOTOpO~O ~OFEK~H OMTH OC/4MC~H OC-- HOBHOR T~/4~T~q~CKHR XO~ pa~BepTMBa~MMR Ha ypOSHe ~KC- n~H~HTHO~O Cl0~eTa° 00~HaTe~HHOCTH TaKoFo npOqT~HH~ ~O~-- ~pKHBa~TCR H ~KcH~ecKHMH H CHHTaKCHqeoKHMH ~apa~e~- H~MaMH~

H BOTH BOT ~/~6~/ ~0 BOJ~HaM KaK ~opoP, KaK He~C~Tb H/~ 8Z303N~r'~ ~eTHHP~ OT 5epe~oB

orna~Jud~c.~ Ty.~os! (35-36)

qepTR no~omBoR ~pO~0~ C.J~KOTH~ /]~tBY~/BOCCTa.~meM Ha TR Hm~e ~eMeHa! (C'FaXH 39--40)

TaKi~ o6paSOM, Te SaKOHOMepHocTH CeMaHTHqecKoro Me-- XaHHSMa pa~BepTMBaHHR MaKpOKOHTeKCTa nOgMM, KOTOpMe 6MJIH OTMeqeHM npH nepexo~e OT I° KO IIo KOMnO3H~IOIIHOR ~HHH~e, MOXHO pacnpOCTpaHHTb H Ha ~anHHeRmeR xo~ nCgMMo

~OrHKa pagBHTHH BTOpH~HOrOw ~oTaQHHO~O "c~0~eTa" M saKOHM COOTHeCeHHR ~ByX CI0xeTHMX nHHHR, 9KcnnH~HTHOR H nOTaeHHOR, ~eRCTByeT nO Cne~yl0~eMy ~aKOHy= KoP~a CeMaH-- THqecKHR OH~P.~M KaKO~--TO nOTaeHHOR Te~M (acco~HaTHBHOPO ps~a) yxe HcqepnaH H peanHso~aH Ha ypOBHe cpaBHHBa~0~e- ~o, 9Ta xe Te-Ma BMHOCHTC~ Ha yDOBeHH 9KCn~H~HTHOrO c~- ~eTa, KaK CMMC~OBOR aTpHHyT OCHOBHOR T~V~Io

B°BeCTCTeRH cnpaDe~JIHBO OTMeqaeT Ty saKOHOMepHOCTb nOgMM, ~TO nocne cBepmeHHR 6ylIT~ De~eR B n~aHe OCHOBHO-- rO C~eTHOrO XO~a CpaBHeHHR Ha~HHa~T pP~E~eTH, H nepe~a- ~T MeCTO HepH~pacTHqeCKHM OnHCaHHSM° Korea pea~H~OBaH ~O~HM~ CP.MaHTHqeCKHR O0~P~M TO~O MaKpOTeKCTa, B CReTe KOTOpOrO ~O/~eH ~MTH ~pOqHTall OCHOBHOR CIOEeT, TeKCT He Hy~K~aeTCH OonHme B CpaBHeHHRX. HO ~RCTBHe ~TOR 3aKOHO-- M~pHOCTH Ha~u0~a~TCH H B MeHee KpynHMX Ce~MeHT&X TeKCTao

B IV. (CTHXH 37--52) H Vo KOMnCSHUHOHHOR ~HHH~aX (CTHXH 53--70) CpaBHeHHH B~e.MeHHO HaqHHa~T pe~eTb, HMeH-- HOB ~THX ~ByX e~HHH~aX BMHOCRTCR Ha ~KC~H~HTH~R ypOB" eHb Te CMMC~OB~e aC~eKTM TeMM "BOCCTaHHR B~eR"~ KOTO-- pMe B npe~y~Hx e~HHH~ax noRB~R~HCb Ha SsMKe aHanOPHR, B ~paBHHBaI0~HX q~eHaX CpaBHeHHR° TaKHMH aC~eKTaMH RB~R-- ~TCR: co~peBaHHe H~MeHM B Te~e 3aqaR~ero HoBoe ~eMR

86 A n n a S a n

pO~a; O~HapY~eHHe HOpOYHOCTH 3aqaTH~ B COSpeB~e-M H~o~e, BOCCTaHHe HneMOHH Ha pO~ KaK pacnnaTa sa rpexo~a~eHHe OTMOB, OSHaXeHHe HSMeHM B ~OpMO ~yHTa (CTHXH 37--40, 48-- 49, 56-57}.

HoBMe CM~oB~e ~CHeKTMr ~a~E~He HOBMR TO~qOK paBBH-- T~00CHOBHO~O T~MRTHqecKo~o XO~aa HOHBIIHDTCH B aHaJ10- ~HSXm paBBHBaeMMX CpaBHeHHKMH VI. KOM~O3H~HOHHOR e~HH-- HU~ (CTHX. 71-105).

MOOT, KOTOpb~ l.HepaTl~ecrJ~M CTHXOM ~HeeJl HS~ myMHSL~ ~OpO~OM e o e e s ? o o o e ?

C Me/~IeHHO~ HOXO~KO~ DeJIbMOXH s KOTO~O~O 05~ITa S0~OTOM rpy~b,

e o e o e e o e Q e

H HM TOqHO HpaBHT KaKO~--TO K o ~ e ~ a p l ]| MO2KeT 5MTbp TO 5b~ncnacun~c~Hs BO~B pyOaxe

KpacHoR H ~8JITRX BOJl~apb C 05,Fa.nmn.sM~Ko ~Sy BOnOCaMH H C 5 o r o ~ o n b H ~ a n b ~ e K Hs F ~ a s p o c a M H .

H s g p y F 5 e m e m ~ I x o ~ ~ a n K p ~ K B o s m ~ a , To~Ho KOP~a KOqe~ap FepocTpaTHqeCKHM~eJlaHHeM

B~S~aTb xpymez~e noes~a co~nasm~Tc,.

(CTHXH 77-92)

B ~epBOM CpaBHOHHH ~BH~eHHe TpOHyB~e~oc~ B HyTb MOC-- Ta COHOCTaBHHeTCH C Me~HeHHO ~aPa~HM BO~bMo~eR, GCHa-- ~eHHMM BCeMH aTpH~yT~LMH B~aCTH~ HO~TOMy ~Ta aH&~tO~HH TO~EaeT K OCM~C~eH~0 "ROCCTaHHH Be~eR" c TOqEH 3peHHH e~o ~eHH~ CTpeMHeHHH K BHaCTH. K ~TOMy OCHOBHOMy cpaB- HeHHI0 no~K~oqaeTcH e~e ~enMa pH~ pasBepHyT~X C p a B H e H H R , ~eTaHHSy~HX npspo~y ~BHEeHHg O~HBHeHHMX Be~eR BBe~eHH- eM HOB~X aHaHOrHR.

Bee ~TH aHa~OrHH H H~MeKH paSBHBa~T aCCO~HaTHBHMR Epy~, OTCM~a~HR K TeMe cneno~o, aHapXHqOcKoPo 5yHTa. ~KpacHa~ pySaxa~ HaHTH, BOH~apb' MO~yT aCCO~HHpOBaTbCH C PaSHHMM, liO BO BCHKOM c~yqae r C My~M~KHM 8yHTOM~ BO/DKCKHM ~yHTOM KR3aKOBo TeMa X~OTHqeCKO~O, 5ecc~u~CneH- HOFO ~yHTa HO~TBep~j~aeTCH eme H 6onee OT~aHeHHOR HCTO-- pHqeCKOR aHaHoPHeR, HpHM0pOM ~epOCTpaTa, Ho~'KePmePo xpaM ApTeMH~M. TaKHM OSpa3OM B OS~HR aCCO~HaTHBHMR KpyP BXO~HT H TeMa HO~KH~aTe~bCTBa, EOTOpaH B pyccKoR ~HTep- aType yCTORqHBMMH aCCOUHa~HHMH CBH3aHa C 5ecoB~HHOR.

05e aHaHO~HH, H HpHMep BOH~apH--Pa~HHa H ~epocTpaTa TOHbKO ~eTR~H~y~T, yTOqHR~T OCHOBHy~ aHaHO~H~ EOTOpOR onpe~e~seTC~ HpHpo~a ~BHEeHHR OEHB~eHHMX Be~eR~ 3TO RHa~O~HH '°KoqePapa", HpaBs~e~o ~BH~eHHeM H BMsBaBme~o

P~G~h3GeGH~Oe Cpa6H~Hl~ 87

pa~IH coHnasHa Kpyl~HHe no~3~a"o HOTHB Koqe~apa y~e HO~I'OTOB~eH MHO~OKpaTHHIMH HOHB~eHHHMH MOTHBa mH~aMeHHm# "~apa"~ "Ho~ap~ ~, KOTOpMe s~ecb BI~IHBalOTCR B T~My XaO- THqeCKO~O OyHTR# HO~DKH~aTeF~bCTBa~ BMSBRB~e~O pOKOByl0 KaTaCTpO~y.

CpaBHeHHH VII. KOMHO3H~HOHHOR ~HHHL~I (CTHXH 106-- 119) Hpo~O/EKalOT T~My BOCCTaHHR H pac~HpH~T ~e HOBMMH acneKTaMH OnOr~leHH,, BORHM (CTHXH 106-109}. B ~TOR ze e~HHH~e Ha yPoBHe ~KCH~H~HTHOPO CK~KeTa CBe~aeTCH CO~03 B~H H BOCCTa~HX MepTB~X# KOTOp~e ~0T H~OTH o0pazo- BaBm~yc~ CK~eTy PH~aHTCKOR HTHI~Io

KaK y~e 5~no npe~apHTe~HHO OTMeqeHO, B Ha~ane VIII. KOMIIOSH~HOHHOR e~HHH11M (CTHXH 120-175) T~a ~JI((DOR np~HaqepTaHHOCTH CBep~HBmePoc~ BMHOCHTCR HR ~pC~HH 3KCHnH~HTHOPO c~eTa, HO napa~ne~bHO C ~THM B ~asBepHy- TMX aHa~OPHHX CpaBHeHHR BBO~HTCH B oOopoT HOBI/R H~aCT HCTOpHqeCKHX aCCO~Ha~HR:

Be~ B~n~H KaKoR--TO ~a~.ma~HR saracen, CJle~yH cTapH~ npe~HaqepTammN. 0HH TOpO/~ILr~HCb KaK 3aPOBOp~I4KH~ ~0~B~CTI~ Ha np~CTOJI¢ KTO HsHeHor B CKHTaHHHX~ KTO o0e~a~l: "H na~ ropo~oB Bah ~an H c~ J]Hmb BblIIOJIHHTC, .TO H BaM BosDe~arl"o (~T. 121--127)

~ a ~ o ~ a p H ~THM aCCOUHaUHHM T~Vla BOCCTaHH~ e c n o n ~ e - HH~e BO~HM n e p e p a c T a e T B T~vW z a P o B o p a r c B e p X e H H g C n p e c T o n a ( y s y p n a U H H n p e c T o ~ a ) e ~TO 3aKOHOMepHO n p H B O ~ - HT K TeMe C~O3BaHCTBao

CnoBa "H3HeMOPme~o B CKHTaHHRX" y3ypnaTOpa npocTO~a MOPyT ~MTb BOCHpHHHTM KaK nepe~pasHpoBKa cnoB HyPaqeBa. Ho CBH~eTenHcTBy KHHrH K.B.qHCTOBa (1967}, HBneHHe ca-- MO3BaHCTDa B POCCHH CBH3aHO C yTOnH~ecKoR nePeH~OR o BO3Bpal~al0~eMCH ~ape--H3OaBHTe~e, qTO H HOKaSMBaQT npH-- Mep ~yPaqeBa, yTBQp~J~aBmePOe qTO ~eTp ~OpOBHq He yMep, H qTO OH CaM H eCTH HaCTOR~HR U~pH (CM. CTHXH 124--125), H ~oKasMBaBmePo cBoe npaBo Ha HpeCTOn CBOHM uapCKHM npOHCXO~eHHeM (CMo BoAoYCneHCKHfl, 1982Z205).

TaKHM o0pa3OMt T~aTHqeCKHe MOTHBMw BO3HHKaI01~He Ha ypOBHe HOTaeHHOPO "c~xeTa", BCTyHa~T ~pyP C ~pyPoM BO BHyTpeHH~ ~OPHqeCKyl0 CBH3aHHOCTH H oHpa3y~T HeKy~ Ha- pa~HrMy pyCCKO~O HCTOpHqeCKOPO paS~HTHS, ~HaMeHy~0 C~e.Ily~HMH 3BeHHHMH~ HCKy~IeHHe -- Ppexona~eHHe -- nopoq- HOe 3aqaTHe -- OOH~DKeHHe Ppe~a OT~OB B cospeBmeM ~o~e -- paCKO~ po~a H H~e-~eHH -- BOCCTaHHe H~eMeHH Ha pO~ KaK pOKOBaH paC~Ta -- pa3~OM npe~CTBeHHOPO pO~OBOPO HOp-- R~Ka -- HCTOpH~eCKHR xaoc -- CMyTa -- y3ypna~HH HpeCTOna -- C~MO~B~HCTBO°

~TOT pH~ npeBpa~HHR, BO~HHK~0~HR Ha ypoBHe noTaeH-

88 A n n a Hart

HO."O HCTOpHKO--Ky~lbTypHOrO "C~KeTa" B IIO~Me X~e~HHKOB~, KaK H~MH ~pe~o~al-aeTC~e COOTBeTCTByeT OHTO~IOI'HqeCKH O(~SeKTHBfI~LM npeBpa/~eHHsM caMOR HCTOpHqeCKO~ ~eRCTBH-- Te~I~-HOCTI4o ~TO npe~HoJ1oXeHHe I10~TBe~0K~aeTC~I H HOBeRmH-- MH HCCJI~OBaHH~L'~H O ~B~IeHHH caMo3BaHCTBa~ cOrJlaCHO KO-- TopMM "HaHSO/lee SpKHe Ca~403B;~HL~- .~Ke~%~M~ITpHR H Hy~'a- qeB -- I10~IB~IOTCH TOr~a, K o r e a Hapyr"eH eCTeCTBeHHMR ~pO- ~OBOR) HOpS~%OK ~peCTO~IOHaC~j~H~ H TOT e KTO pea~l~-HO 3aHH MaRT I/~pcKHR TpOH# MOI~eT B Cy~HOCTH CaM TpaKTOBaTbCH K a K caMosBaHe~" (BoA°YCneHCKHR, 1982:206}.

CaMO3B;aHCTBOe KaK C~Ie~CTB|Ie H RB~leHHe Hap~eHHH pO-- ~OBOI~O ~opH~Kae RB~IReTCH HpOHB~IeHH~M HCTOpH~eCKOrO RB-- aHT~pHBMa, ~TO H ~O~%TBep~aeTcH TeKCTOM IIO~Mbl~ I've HO- BMR THpaHe ~ypaB~be HOSB~IReTCH KRK IIOBeCR--HpOKaSHHK=

~e.~M O~CTyHaJIH Tear CHO~a TeMHbIM~eCOMs K o r ~ a z y p a s ~ b no~pa~a~ B saHRTI~X noBecaM. (151--152)

0CTa~OCb HepacKpMTMM nocne~HeQ 9BeHO TeX HCTOpHKO-- Ky~bTypHMX npeBpa~eHHR, KOTOpMe MO~HO BMqHTaTb H3 nOTa-- eHHOPO "C~XeTa" nOgMM.

B pa~OTe B.YCneHCKOPO OTMeqaeTCHe qTO CaMO~i~HCTBO KaK HB~eHHe CBH3aHO CO cHe~H~HqeCKHM OTHOmeHHeM B POC- CHH K uap~, oHo CBES~HO HMeHHO C eRKpanHSHUHeR uapR: "... He C~yqaRHOw MO~eT ~MTb w HepBMR CaMOSBaHe~ nORB-- HHeTCS B POCCHH BCKOpe nocne TOrO, KRK B MepeMOHH~ CTa-- HOBHeHHH Ha UapCTBO BXO~HT, HapR~y C KOpOHa~HeR, MHpO-- HOMaSaHHee qTO HpH~aQT ~ap~ OCOOMR xapHsMaTHqeCKHR cTa- Tyc= B KaqeCTRe nOMamaHIIHKa uapb yno~o~ReTCH XpHCTy (cp. XD~OT~G ~nOMaSaHHHK ~) H COOTBeTCTBeHHO C H~qaHa XVIII Bo MOEeT ~a~Ke HMeHOBaTbCH ~XpHCTOM ~" (B.YCHeHCKHR 1982:202).

B CBeTe STIIX 3aEOHC~epHOCTeR ysypnaTOp UpeCTOHae caMosBaHe~ MO~eT BOCHpHHHMaTbCR KaK AHTHXpHCT. B nepc- HeKTHBe pRSBHTHH CeMaHTHqeCEO~O KOMHHeKCR BCeR HO~MM ~e~HHKOBa T~a CaMO3BaHCTBa 3aKOHOMOpHO Be~eT K TeMe AHTHXpHCTa H K aHOKa~HnTHqeCKOMy OCMMC~eHHD OCHO~HOR TeMM "BOCCTaHHH Be~eR". AHoKa~HHTH~eCKHe oSpasM HpsMo 31¢CHn~Hpy~TCR B XVIIIo KOMnO3H~HOHHOR e~HHHUe (CTHXH 120--175) nO~=

HonyBen~aH~ HonyxypaBenb OH n ~ o H FpOZHO npnBHn, 0It p a c n p o c T e p o b o e xp~JxO, KaK 6ypn BOnOKHa, HyTb B P~OTKy sBepff n p e ~ y ~ a s a H 6~.n qeJ'IOBeqKym KnK BOS~yIl~llKe nyTb B He~Kyo

(CTmm 136--140)

P¢cuzu3oea~o¢ cpu6~e~ue 89

~oc~e TRKO~O HpO~TeHHH OCHOBHOR TP./~I~ e COOTHeCeHHe ~ B y x CK~eT~ ypOBHeRt HBHOrO H noTaeHHOrO, nO3BOH~eT HpHR~H E BMBO~yt qTO no cBoeR rHySHHHOR CeMHHTH~eCKOR CTpyKType OHH ~ySHHpy]0T ~[~pyl ~ ~Pyra, TO~bKO B pasHHqHmX HpOCTpaHcTBeHHO--Bp~eHHMX HSM~peHHHX.

TOT Hpo~ecc npeBpa~eHHH KOCMOCH B xaoc, KOTOpMR Ha ~KCnHH~HTHOM ypOBHe COBepmHeTCH B CBOeR pH~OBOCTH~ O~HOKpaTHOCTH H I~de~THpOCTI3HHCTBeHHy]0 peHHHSH~U0~ Ha ypOBHe HOTHeHHOrO "ClO~eTa" CoB~p~HeTCR HO SHKOHy MHO- rOKpHTHOCTH, ~HKHHqeCKOR HOBTOpH~MOCTH. }~AeHHO HO sa- KOHy ~HKHHqHOCTH nocHe HHpy~I~HHR KOCMHqeCKOPO~ pO~OBO-- ~O H HCTOpHqeCKOrO nops~Ka CHOBH H CHOBH BOCCTHHRBHH- BHeTCR ~OpH~OK. Ha ~Ty HOBTOpH~OCT~ CBep~HB~eroc~ HBHO yKa3MBHeT H TeKCT nO~MM~

T~ pacnnecK~n 5esyMHo pasyM, H SOT T~ ~HOJG ;~ammK y~puev~e~. ( c r m m 149-150)

OTBeT Ha BOHpOC O TOM t HOYeMy Ha ypOhHQ HBHO~O C~0-- XeTH STH nOBTOpH~OCTb npeKpa~aeTCHe I: 9THM ca1~l~ BO~ ~ MOEHOCTb BOCCTHHOBHeHHR nop~Ka OTCeKH~TCH, Tp~SyeT s~xo~a sa npe~en~ KOHT~KCT~ ~HHHOR nO~ B CeMaHTHq~ CKHR yHHBepcyM ~eHOCTHOrO MaKpOKOHTeKCTH TBopqeCTBH XHe6HHKOBa.

Budapeat

90 Anna Hart

IIHTEPATYPA

~IyraKos, P.B. 1976

~p.HyH CK.~.q, B.M. 1977

(1921)

~BaHo~, B~q.BC • 1973

Memer.~utc~, Z.H.

"HpoS~eMa =m~eeKoro B ~CTeT]~Ke 14 nosT~Ke X~eSlm- ~o.~a", .//3eecrnctR .,,~']CCCP~, Cep~t~ .,mTepaTyp~ 11 ~S~Ka, e.35. t,', 5.

"HO~T~n~.a A~eKca~APa ~oKa"~ B el-o KH.: YeOpCLR ~ ~ p U . ~O3~U. CnuJ~C~U~U (~emcu~a~).

"KaTe~OpH~ apeHemg s HCWCCTSe H w y~bType XX se-

C ~ , eds. Jan van der Eng and Mojm£r Grygar (The Hague/Paris).

1976 ~ O ~ u . ~ (Moc~s~.

1981 "~L~mon y Enoza", a c5 . : B.*IupeF~O.~ (Moczaa).

Mm~, ~ . ~ , H , B . ~ e s p o ~ ~ A.A.~am~escKml 1 9 8 4 "~HeTepOyprcKHR TeKcT ~ H pyccK~ CHMBO/~aSM",

Tpb'OU no 3~OeUJ4c~c~I~, 18 (TapT¥).

Cmcpxos, H.H. H R.P.~pHHr--C~p~os 1982 O~ep~ ~0 ~CmOfX~¢cgo~n~.~o.noe~K'~bm97~

Y c n e n e ~ , B.A. 1982

~ p e ~ e H S e p r , 0 . 1946

Xap~Jaes, Ho 1967

U~ICTOB, K*~* 1967

~ICJ~OS CK~ ~ Bo 1914

~KO~COH~ PoHaH 1972

(1921)

1982 (1937)

(Salzburg).

"~apb H caMossaHeR: CaMosBaHCTBO B POC~Ul KaK Ky~bTypHO--IICTOpHqeCKH~ ~eHoHeH", S e~.: X~0c0¢e- cm6e~w:~,P.3u~ cpeO~eee~o~v.R (Moezsa).

"HpoHcxo~j~e~e 9nHqecKoro cpaaHeHHR (Ha MaTepHa--

C~ J'Y'Y, CeK~ ~mO~OrHqeCKHX HSyK (JIeHHHrpa~)•

t~aRKOBCKHfl H X~e6HHKOB"~ S C 5 . : TO ~OI~RP ROn~Tn Ju~b8on, Volume III (The Hague/Parls).

PzjCC;~8 Ha2oO~t~U~ COZ4~JlDno'-b'moP'~¢c;~e ~2eHo~t (XVII-XIX eo.) (MocKsa).

Boc~JeHue c~oou (C,UeTep6yp~).

"Hoaeitma~ pyccKa~ no~sHJ~. HaOpocoK n e p s ~ . BH~- Tcp XneSm~KoB" (Hpara), s: ~'exte ~z , rciso'[.sahen Foz.maZ~sten, Band II (M~nchen). "A szobor Puskin szimbolikgjHban"~ In: Roman Ja- kobson, A k~szet gz~m~atikd3"u (Budapest).

PeG~806G~O~ cp~e~e~e 91

Faryno, J. 1980

Flaker, A. 1977

1978

1986

G~nther, H. 1988

Hansen-L0ve, A.A. 1978

Holthusen, J. 1973

1974

1981

Ingold, F.Ph. 1978

Markov, V. 1962

Weststeijn, W. 1981

BB~Oe~e ~ ~m~oaeO~, ~acr~ II (Katowice).

"AZ orosz, avantgarde k~rd~s~hez", in: ~z u~nak ~emz~ h ~ t . T a n u ~ o ~ a s~o~al ie~: iz~daL~m t~r~,~t~Ib~Z, v. (Budapest). UKaK ~yHKIIHOHHpyeT a*~aHrap~H~% TeKCT ~ m]IpO ~To'", Cnuou~ ~ (CKonje). "MeraMop~osa", RuSSian L~zi'~"8 XX-I.

"Bem~", /~8~Gn L~t~1-Gtu/-e XXIV-II.

Der z~ssise~ Fo~Z~sm~8. Methodologische Re- konstruktion seiner Entwlcklung aus dem PrlnziD_ der Verfremdung (Wien)°

"Metaphern und 'Verwandlungon' in MaJakovskiJs 'Pro ~to'", in: D~e We~t ~/4 SLi~J~n~ XVIII° ~ex~d~s~aZten und 1,~tamorpha Ersaho4nungon in de~, Lit~ratu.v der ruaa~aahan Avant~ardo (M~nchen). "|lo~enH MHpa B ;PdTepaType pyceKoro asaHrap~a", U.u'e~nos~ li~.$e~ x x v .

"Zur Komposition yon Chlebnikovs Kranich-Poem (' Zuravl' ') ", in: So;m~e~zez~.8o~ Bo~gg z,dz~ VIII.Inta~'f.~uZen SL~)~.stank~s8 4.n Zug~eb u~ I~ubZ$:ma, Septer~ar 1978 (Bern).

Yh8 Longe2, Poems Of VaZimiz, F~L~bn~ko~; (Berke- ley/Los Angeles).

"Simile in Chlebnlkov's '~uravl t''', R~s8{~ L{i ~- 0DGtUI~0j IX-I.