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الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

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الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

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Page 1: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون
Page 2: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ÍĒãĉßûă* ,4ĎÓă*F-*4ĎÓă* 0F4

Page 3: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون
Page 4: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ÍĒãĉßûă* ,4ĎÓă*F-*4ĎÓă* 0F4

ɭʇɷȷɃýʃȿʃɷ øȽɄɖʃɫ

ɔʎɜɦɖȩʚɻî ûëɐɻ

Page 5: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

/D 5pYROXWLRQ )UDQoDLVH HW OD

3V\FKRORJLH GHV 5pYROXWLRQVɁʇɗɽɓɯɷã åíʃɇɷãÿ æãíʃɇɷã éÿí

*XVWDYH /H %RQ ýʖɒʖʊ øɐɗɩʖɾ

ĒĐđĒ�ĒĒđĕĖ õãɤʙá ʌʄíęėĘ ęėė ėđę ĒĐĖ Ĕ �ʆʍɤɖ

ȭɾɷãÿ ɁɻɉȖɸɷ Ɂʇȿɓɨ æȽɻɸɴɀʑʊãÿ ɔʎɜȩʋʊ ɔʚɒɦɻ æɐʎʋʇ ȴɐʑʋʊ ɔɸʖʂɠʍ ùʖʅɠʊã ɺʚʎɜ

�åëÿɤɠʍ ɔʚʊʖɏɪʍ æãì ɔʇȴ�

þíɐʈʁßÿ ʀʊɋ͋ã ÝãíÞ ʏɻ ɔʊʖɏɪʍ Βɾ ɀʑʊãÿ ɔʎɜȩʋʊ ɔʚɒɦɻ æɐʎʋʇ ýáʓʂʊɋʍ ÝãíÞ ʏɻ äɐɗʈʊã ȤȨɼʙ ɐʎʐáÿ

åɦʔɐʅʊã ÑđđėĖĘ ɂʐ ɔʑʙɤʍ ÑĕĐ �ä�ñɔʚɒɦɼʊã ɂʍ ɔʙíʖʕʎɜ

� ĒĐĒ ĒĒėĐĖēĕđ �ɕɴȽɮ � ĒĐĒ ĒĒėĐĖēĕĒ �ýʃɯʇɸɃNDOLPDW#NDOLPDW�RUJ �ʅɽÿȖɵɷʌã ɑʆȕɷã

KWWS���ZZZ�NDOLPDW�RUJ �ʅɽÿȖɵɷʌã ɧɱʃ̸ã

�ʌʊɐɩ äɐʕʙá ʌʚʎɰɖ �øʢɿʊã

ɔʚɒɦɻ æɐʎʋʇ ɔʇɀʊ ɔɸʖʂɠʍ øʢɿʊã ʌʚʎɰɖÿ åíʖɰɒ ɔɯɐɣʊã ùʖʅɠʊã ɺʚʎɜɔʚʈʋʎʋʊ ɔɼɲɐɢ ʉʎɼʊã ãɥʕɒ ɔʋɰʊã æãì Āɦɢʝã ùʖʅɠʊã ɺʚʎɜ �ɀʑʊãÿ ɔʎɜȩʋʊ

�ɔʍɐɼʊã

&RYHU $UWZRUN DQG 'HVLJQ &RS\ULJKW k ���� .DOLPDW $UDELD�$OO RWKHU ULJKWV UHODWHG WR WKLV ZRUN DUH LQ WKH SXEOLF GRPDLQ�

Page 6: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

-ÉđĎÐÙ¢*

� �đ� ʌɜȩ͋ã ɔʍɤʅʍ �Ē� ʌɜȩ͋ã ɔʍɤʅʍ�� �đ� ʀʊɋ͋ã ɔʍɤʅʍ�� �Ē� ʀʊɋ͋ã ɔʍɤʅʍ

� æãíʃɇɷã éÿí �ûÿʊã ÝɔɊɷã

� æãíʃɇɷã æȽɯɜ �ûÿʊã äȽɀɷã � ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æãíʖɚʊãÿ ɔʚʎʋɼʊã æãíʖɚʊã �đ�� ɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãíʖɚʊã �Ē� æãíʖɚʊã ȝ æɐʍʖʈɠʊã ýɊɬ �ē�� æãíʖɚʊã ȝ ɔʍʝã ýɊɬ �Ĕ

�� æãíʃɇɷã ëʃɗɃ ʅɄɷã Ɂʇɗɯɾɷã �ʅɽȽɇɷã äȽɀɷã�� æãíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ʃʋɣʊã æɐɓʋʅɖ �đ�� ɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊãÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã �Ē�� ɔʍɦɝ͋ã ɔʚɪʂʑʊãÿ ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã �ē�� ɔʙíʖɚʊã æɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí �Ĕ�� ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã éÿí �ĕ

�� Ɂʇɗɽɓɯɷã åíʃɇɷã �ʅɽȽɇɷã ÝɔɊɷã

Page 7: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

�� Ɂʇɗɽɓɯɷã åíʃɇɷã ɒɏȶɺ �ûÿʊã äȽɀɷã�� ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ȝ Γɢíɋ͋ã ÝãíÞ �đ� ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ʃɒɐɪʊã üɐɹʑʊã âëɐɓʍ �Ē� ýɐɭʊã ʏʍ ɔʂɩʢʂʊã Ȟá ɑɪʐ ɐʍÿ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ɔʚɪʂʑʊã Ȳʖʂʊã �ē�� ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ɔʚɪʂʑʊã üɐʔÿʝã �Ĕ

åíʃɇɷã üȽʆß õȽɻɄɉʎãÿ ɼʆɑɄɷãÿ ɁɯɢȽɩɷãÿ ɶɲɩɷã ͿɆȷɃ �ʅɽȽɇɷã äȽɀɷã�� Ɂʇɗɽɓɯɷã� ȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã éÿí �đ��� ʘɻãȩɬʡã ɨʋɝ͋ã éÿí �Ē� � ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ éÿí �ē� ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ɔʍʖʈɟ �Ĕ��� ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʌʊɐɹʍ �ĕ��� ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ðʖʚɜ �Ė��� ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã Ýɐʎɻî éÿí �ė

��� Ɂʆíʃɇɷã âëȽɀ̸ãÿ ɁʇɆãíʃɷã æãɓɆȸ̸ã ȿ õãɔɾɷã �ɅɷȽɇɷã äȽɀɷã�� íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ ƲȲʖʂʊã ɮʋʅɖ �đ��� ɔʚʋɰʑʅʊã ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã Ʋ üɐɹʑʊã åëɐɻá �Ē

âëɐɓ͋ãÿ ɤʚʊɐʅɗʊã üëɐɰɖ ʏɻ ɤɟãÿ ýɦʄ ȝ æɊɭʐ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã ɛɎɐɗʑʊã �ē�� ɔʙíʖɚʊã

��� ȤȽɍɷã ɂɱʃɷã Ȋ Ɂʆíʃɇɷã âëȽɀ̸ã Ýʃɚɽ �ɅɷȽɇɷã ÝɔɊɷã��� ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɤɼɒ ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɤɎɐʅɼʊã üɤʅɖ �đ��� ʘɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã Ýʖɭʑʊã ɛɎɐɗʐ �Ē�� ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã æãɤʅɗɼʎʋʊ ɔɚʙɤɠʊã ûɐʈɬʝã �ē�� ɔɯʢɣʊã

Page 8: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

�U� ąÕ�¢* ÍĆÝþĆ

ëɐʈʙ Ąʓɜÿ Ȫɻ ʆʊìÿ Ñlæãíʖɚʊã éÿíÿ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã{ äɐɗʇ ɔʎɜȩʊ ɔɚʊɐɚʊã ɔɼɓɶʊã üȤɤʄĆ ßƼ ɦʕɹ͋ãÿ åíɐɓɼʊã ȝ ã Ăɤʙɤɜ ýʖʈʙ

āÿì øɐɠʊá ʏʍ þɐʐɤɜÿ ɐʍÿ ÑΒɰʄ Βɾ Ąʏʍî ɥʑʍ ɔʚʐɐɚʊã ɔɼɓɶʊã ɡɪʐ æąɤ ćʂʐ ɤʅʊâíɐʅʊã ɦʙɤʅɖ ʏʍ ɐʑʙßí ɐʎ ćʊ Ûåɦ͋ã þɥʔ ȝ ʓʎʙɤʅɖ Ȫɻ üɤʅʐ ɐʑʋ ąɼɜ ɺɓɶʊã åëɐɻʟ ʉɳʂʊãõʖɲʖ͋ã ȝ ɦʕɹąʙ ʌʊ ʓʐß ʏʍ ʌʋɼʐ ɐʎćʊÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ Ñæãíʖɚʊã ɔʂɪʋʂʊ ȤʘɒɦɼʊãŒɐɗɩʖɾ íʖɗʇɤʊã ɔʍ Ȣʢɼʊã øʖɪʋʚʂʊã Ćʓɼɲãÿ ɤʅɗɻã ɤʄÿ Ñäɐɗʈʊã ãɥʔ üɐʅʍ üʖʅʙ ăʀȢʊɋʍΒɾ ʏʍ æãíʖɚʊã éÿíÿ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʋʊ ɡʙíɐɖ ɑɗʈĆʙ ýß ʓɜãɦɢá ɤɼɒ ɑ Ćɼɰąʙ ʓʐß ýʖɒʖʊ�ɦʕɹʙ ɐʎʇ ăɤɟß ɐʕʚʊá ʓʅɓɪʙ ʌʊ æʢʚʋɠɖÿ ąâëɐɓʍÿ ÝãíÞ ʏʍ ʓʚʋɻ ʉʎɗɬã ɐʍ Ȟá ɦɹʑĆʙ ýß

Ýɐʑəß ȝ ɑʙɦɣɗʊã ʏʍ ĄΒɚʈɒ üɐʚʅʊã ɤɼɒ ɕʂɶɗʄã ʘɗʊã åɦʎɚʊã ýß ýʖɒʖʊ āßí ʏʍÿýá āß ÑÝɐʑɻ ćΒɓʇ ʢɒ åíɐɳɠʊã Β ąɩ ɺʍ ɦʍʝã ɔʙɐʕʐ ȝ ɐʕʋʚʐ ʏʍ Ȣɤɒ ʡ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãʘʕɗʑɖ ɐʍ ýáÿ Ñʀʑɼʊã ʓʚʊá āëɋʙ ʡ ɤʄ ɐʎɒ îʖʂʋʊ ʘɝʙíɤɗʊã íʖɶɗʊã ßɤɓʎɒ ûʖʅʙ ýʖɒʖʊĆæãíʖɚʊã ýʖʈɗʁ ȳɐ͋ã ȝ ȡāíʖɼɬ Βɾ ɐ Ăɝɳʐ ɛɳʐ ɤʄ ýʖʈʙ ɛɎɐɗʑʊã ʏʍ æãíʖɚʊã ʓʚʊá

�í ĉʖ ąɜÿ ʀʑɻ ʢɒ Ćʓəÿɤɟ ʏʈʎʙ ɛɳȣʑʊã ãɥʕʊ ãĂΒɢß ãĂíʖɵÑɔʚʎʋɼʊãÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊãÿ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æɐɒʢʅʐʡã Ȫɻ æãíʖɚʊã ąʌɩã ʃʋɶʙ ýʖɒʖʊ ýɌʁ ãɥʕʊÿɐʎɻ ʀɬɐʇ ýɐʚɒ ʌʙɤʅɖ ʏɻ ʉ Ćʂɿʙ ʡ ʖʔÿ Ñæãíʖɚʊã ȝ ɔʍʝãÿ æɐʍʖʈɠʊã ýɊɬ ëȤɤɠʙ ɐʎʇéÿí ȝ ɘɠɓʙ ɐʎʇ Ñɔɩɐʎɟÿ Ąʖʔîÿ ɤɪɟÿ Ąñɦɟÿ øʖɢÿ Ąɤʅɟÿ ĄʃĆʋ Ćɢ ʏʍ æãíʖɚʊã ëʖɪʙ

�ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ãÿ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã

Page 9: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

åíʖɯ ʓ ąʂʊɋʍ ɦʕɸß ʉʚɓɪʊã ãɥʔ ʉɚʍ ʆʋ ąɩ ɐʍ ãìá êíɋ͋ã ýß Ñþɥʔ ɔʊɐɠʊãÿ ÑĀíɊʁ�ȼɠɖ ʡ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊãÿ ɔʚʂɪʋʂʊã ɤɎãʖʂʊãÿ Ȥʘʎʋɼʊã õɐɗʍʟã ɺʍȳɐ͋ã ʏɻ ɔʅɵɐʐ

ɨʋɒɐʐ

Page 10: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

�V� ąÕ�¢* ÍĆÝþĆ

ʏʍÿ Ñɐʔɤɻãʖʄ Ýʢɝɗɩɐɒ ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ȝ Ýɐʎʋɼʊã ąʘćʑ Ćɻ ʘɗʊã üʖʋɼʊã ʏʍ õɐʎɗɜʡã ʌʋɻ ýá�ýʖɒʖʊ Œɐɗɩʖɾ íʖɗʇɤʊã �läɦɼʊã åíɐɳɟ{ Ćʀʊɋʍ Ýɐʎʋɼʊã Ýʡɋʔ ɦɒɐʇß

ȝ ɔʎʚʄ æãì ɐĂɓɗĆʇ Ñòíʝã íɐɶʄß ȝ ɐʕɒ üɐʄ åΒɚʇ æɐɟɐʚɩ ɤɼɒ Ñɔʍʢɼʊã ãɥʔ ʀȢʊßȨɼʊã ʏʍ Ýɐʑəʝã ʆʋɖ ȝ ʓɶɓʑɗɩã ɐʍ ɐʕʚʁ ąɴɪąɒ ɑɗʇ ɔəʢąə ɺɲąÿ ʌə Ñʌʍʝã ɱɼɒ æɐʚʐɤʍlæɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí{ÿ lʌʍʝã íʖɶɗʊ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ʏʑ ȣɪʊã{ �ʘʔÿ õɐʎɗɜʡã ʏʑ Ćɩ ʏʍ ʓʊ ɦʕɸ ɐʍÿĀɦɢß ʉɎɐɪʍ Ȫɻ ɔʚʋʈʊã Ýãíʛã ʏʍ ɑɗʈʊã þɥʔ ȝ Ýɐɜ ɐʍ òąɦɻ ʌə Ñlæãɤʅɗɼ͋ãÿ Ýãíʛã{ÿʏʙɥʔ Ćɕʋʅʐ ɤʄÿ Ñlɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí{ÿ lɔʚʇãȩɬʡã éÿí{ ïɐʑʋʊ èɦɢɊʁɆ Ýɐɬ ýá þɤɼɒ ûÿʝã ɺɓɵɊɩÿ Ñʓʎɝɟ ɦɿɰʊ ʘʐɐɚʊã ɺɓɵ ɕʍȢɤʅʁ Ñɔʚɒɦɼʊã Ȟá Γʂʊɋ͋ã

�Ȟɐɼɖȵ{ ýãʖʑɼɒ lʌʍʝã íʖɶɗʊ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ʏʑɪʊã{ äɐɗʇ ûʖʋɾî ɐɬɐɒ ʘɠɗʁ üʖɟɦ͋ã ʉʅʐÑʉʚʋʄ ɐʎɻ ÑÝãɦʅʊã Ȫɻòɦɻß ýß ʖɜíɊʁ Ñɔʚɒɦɼʊã Ȟá læɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí{ äɐɗʇÿ lʌʍʝã íʖɶɖɔəʢɚʊã ýʖɒʖʊ Œɐɗɩʖɾ ɑɗʇ ʌʔɤʑɻ ɕɼʎɗɜã ɤʄ ýʖʈɗʁ læãɤʅɗɼ͋ãÿ Ýãíʛã{ äɐɗʇ ɔʎɜɦɖ

�ɔʚʋʚʋɠɗʊã ʓɓɗʇ ʏʍ ýɐɒɐɗʇÿ ɔʚɩɐɩʝãæãíʖɚʊã éÿí{ ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ Ñʓʚʊá íɐɭ͋ã ɑɖɐʈʊã æɐʂʊɋʍ ȝ ɐʍ Ȟá Βɬß ýß Āíß ʡÿʡ ãĂíʖʕɭʍ ɞɓɯß ɦʍʝɐʁ Ñɔʚɣʙíɐɗʊã ʃɎɐʅɠʊãÿ ɔʚʎʋɼʊã ɤɎãʖʂʊã ʏʍ Ñlɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ

�ɦʇȤɥʊã ʉʚɓɩ Ȫɻ ɔʚɖʛã æãíɐɓɼʊã ʉʅʐß ɐʎʐáÿ Ñýɐʚɒ Ȟá èɐɗɠʙ�ɔɪʐɦʁ äɐɗʇ ɦʕɬß ʏʍ ʖʔÿ Ñʓɾɐʁ ʉʚʍá Ñ Ȥȹʐɦʂʊã Ȥʘʎʋɼʊã ɺʎɝ͋ã ȝ ʖɳɼʊã ûɐʄ

ȝ ʘʑʋɼɜ ãĂΒəɊɖ ȹʂʐ ȝ ɔɓɎɐɰʊã ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã ýʖɒʖʊ Œɐɗɩʖɾ íɐʈʁß æɦəß ɤʄåíʖɚʊã ûɐɜí üɐʔÿß ʏɻ ʓʚʁ ɘɠɒ āɥʊã Ćʉɰʂʊɐʁ Ñɐʕʚʋɻ ɤʎɗɻß ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã

Page 11: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ýßÿ Ñýɐɪʐʟã éʢɯ Ćëɐʅɗɻã ʘʔ üɐʔÿʝã þɥʔÿ Ñþʖɜʖʊã Ȥʉʇ ʏʍ ăʏɪɟ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊãʗʂɣʙ ʡÿ ÑΓʐãʖʅʊã ɺɲʖɒ ɺʎɗɝ͋ã ʉʙʖɠɖÿ Ñɐʕʚɲɐʍ ʏɻ ʌʍʝã ʉɰʁ ʏʈʎ͋ã ʏʍ

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�Γ͋ɐɼʊã ɔʋɝʍ ȝ Ýɐɜÿ

ʌʋɻÿ ɔʂɪʋʂʊã ȝ ʓɖɐʂʊɋʍ ȝ ʃʚʄɤʊã ɘɠɓʊã ʏʍ ýʖɒʖʊ Œɐɗɩʖɾ ʓɒ ʗɖß ɐʍ ýáɔɳʍɐɾ ɕʋɸ ʘɗʊã ɔʎʚɹɼʊã íʖʍʝã ɱɼɒ éɐɳʙá ʏʍ ʓʑȢʈʍ ɡʙíɐɗʊãÿ åɐʚɠʊãɦʈɗɓʍ äɐɗʇ ȝ ɔʙíʖɚʊã æɐʇɦɠʊã ɤɻãʖʄ ąɞɲʖʙ ýß õɐɶɗɩã ɤʄÿ Ñýʛã ʗɗɟ

�ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí ʏɻ ʓʚʁ ɘɠɒ ɤʙɤɜʘɗʊã åΒɓʈʊã çëãʖɠʋʊ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ʏʑɪʊã Γɒ ʓɓ Ȣɭʊã ʓɜÿ äɐɗʈʊã ãɥʔ ȝ ɞɲÿßʓʚʁ ɞɲÿß ʓʐß ɐʎʇ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã åíʖɚʇ ʌʍʝã Βɰʍ ɕʊȢʖɟɨʊɐɝ͋ã Ýɐɳɻß ʌɎãɧɻ ɔɳʄɐʑʍÿ ɔʙíʖɚʊã æɐʇɦɠʊã ȝ ąʀʚɼɳʊã äʖɼɭʊã ýɊɬĉΒɩ ȝ ʏʙɤʊãÿ ɔʂɵɐɼʋʊ ąΒɓʈʊã ąΒəɊɗʊãÿ ýʖɼʎɗɝʍ ʌʔÿ ʌʕʎɎãɧɼʊ ýÿëɦʂʑʍ ʌʔÿ

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đęēĔ ɔʑɩ ɦʙɐʑʙ ʏʍ Ė ȝ ɨʙíɐɒ

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�U�ùăÄ¢* ÍĆÝþĆ

ÍĒãĉßûă* ,4ĎÓă* � $*4ē*ùĄÐ¦

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ɕʙßí ʘʑʐɌʁȳɐ͋ã ȝ ɕʋʚʄ ʘɗʊã Ýãíʛɐɒ ȟɐɒß ʡ ʘʑʋɼɝɖ ɐʕɗʚɢʖɖ ʘɗʊã ɔʙɐɿʊã ýß ɺʍÿȝ íɐʈʁʝã ʀʋɗɣʍ ʏʍ ýʖɢíɋ͋ã ʓɒ ʗɖß ɐʍ ýɐʚɓʊ Ăʢɰʁ ɕɰɰɣʁ Ñã Ăɤʚʂʍ ɐʕʚʋɻ õʢɵʡã

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�ãɤ͆ɜ ɤʚʂʍ ɤʅʑʊã ʏʍ ɐʕʚʁ Ýʘɝʙ ɐʍ ýɌʁ ãɥʕʊÿ Ñɐ Ăʄëɐɯ ãĂΒɓɼɖ ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ʏɻɐʍ Ȫɻ ɔʊãë ÝãíÞ ɔəʢə äɐɗʈʊã ãɥʔ ûʖɟ æɀʐ ʘɗʊã æʡɐʅ͋ã ʏʍ èɦɣɗɪʐ ýß ʏʈʎʙ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɐĂəëɐɟ ɔʙɦɚʇʝã þɥʕʊ ɦʕɹɖ ʆʊɥʊÿ Ñæãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ʏʍ åíʖɚʊã ʆʋɖ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ɔʙɦɚʇʝã Ȩɗɼɖʏʍ ăΒɚʇ ɤʅɗɼʙ ûãɧʙ ʡÿ Ñøãȴʝã ʌʋɸ ʏʍ ɐʔíɦɟÿ ɔʚɝʎʕʊã íʖąɵ ʏʍ ɐʕɜɦɢß ɤʄ ɐĂʐʖʎʚʍ�Γʚɻɐɶʄʟã Ýãɦʍʝã ɤʑɻ ÝãɦɜĆ ß ýʛã ãʖʐɐʈʊ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã äʖɭʐ ʡʖʊ ʓʐß ɔɩɐʚɪʊã ûɐɜíʉʚʍá ʖʚɪʍ ÑΒʕɭʊã ȭɐʚɪʊã ʓɰɰɢ ʌʕʍ ɘɠɒ ȝ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ɔʊɐɠʊã þɥʔ æɦʕɸ ɤʄÿʘɗʊã ɔʙɦɹʑʊã Ȥʘʎʋɼʊã ɺʎɝ͋ã ȝ ʉɲɐʂʊã ʖɳɼʊã ãɥʔ ɦʇì ýß ɤɼɓʁ Ñʘɒɐɗʇ ɔɳʔɐʑ͋ ʓʚǜʚʊÿß

�ûɐʄ ɔɼʁɐʐ Βɾ ɔəëɐɟ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɤɼɖ

éÿí ʏɻ ʓʚʁ ɘɠɒ ɘʙɤɟ äɐɗʇ ȝ Ýɐɝʁ õʖɲʖ͋ã ãɥʔ ýʖɒʖʊ Œɐɗɩʖɾ ûÿɐʑɖɤɼɒ ɕʂɶɗʄã ʘɗʊã åɦʎɚʊã Ȣýß{ ʓʐɐʚɒÿ ʓʂʚʊɊɖ åʖʄ ʓʚʁ ɕʋɝɖÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãåíɐɳɠʊã Βɩ ɺʍ ɦʍʝã ɔʙɐʕʐ ȝ ɐʕʋʚʐ ʏʍ Ȣɤɒ ʡ ɑʙɦɣɗʊã ûɐʎɻß ʏʍ Βɚʈɒ üɐʚʅʊã

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ʓʍʢʇ ʌɗɢ ɤʄÿ Ñäîʡ ɔɒȷ þɤʑɻ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊɐʁ Ñāßɦʊã ãɥʕɒ ʓʚǜʚʊÿß ąòɦʙ ʌʊ�ʘɖɊʙ ɐʎɒ

ɤʚɰʊ ãĂɦ Ȣɣɪʍ ýʖʈʙ ýß ɤʙɦʙ ʡ ʏʍ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã õʖʄÿ Ȫɻ ʀɩɊʙ ʉʔȪɻ éʖʑʙ ʉʔÿ Üʓʍʖʐ ȝ ʘɻɐɶʄʟã Βʍʝã ʃʋʅɖ ʢʚʈʊ ýãíɤ Ćɿʊã ȝ õëɐʂɳʊãȪɻ ýɧɠʙ ʉʔÿ Üʓʋʅɟ äȤɦɣɖ Ąæɐɻ ȡäɐɬ äʢʇ āɦʙ ýß ɤʙɦʙ ʡ ʏʍ ɐʕəÿɤɟʓɗɜÿɧɒ ʆʋ͋ã ɔʐɐɶɒ ʏʍ ʉɜí ɺʊąʖʊ ʉʚɗɪɓʊã ȝ ʏɝɪʙ ýß ɤʙɦʙ ʡ ʏʍ ɐʕɒʖɭʐʓʚʋɻ ʘɿɓʙ ýß ɤʙɦʙ ʡ ʏʍ ɐʕʊɐɼɗɬã Ȫɻ ȬɊʙ ʉʔÿ Üþʖɜʖʊã Ćɤɟß þëɐʅɗʐʡ ÿßɦɚʇß ʓʑʍ ɥɢɋʙ ýßÿ Ñïɐʑʊã ʏʍ ɤɟß ɔʎɟí ɕɠɖ ýʖʈʙ ýßÿ ʀɸʖʍ ÿß ɦʙîÿɐʐßÿ Ñɦʈɬß ʆʊɥʊ Ʋ Üɞɖɐʁ ʓʐß ʘɻȢɤʙ ʏʍ ʓʎɗɭʙÿ ʓʑʚʕʙ ýßÿ Ñʓʚʋɻ òɦʂʙ ɐʎʍëʖʚʅʊã þɥʔ ʏʍ Ñɤʙɤɬ Ýɐʑɻ ɤɼɒ Ñʘʐÿɥʅʐß ʏʙɥʊã ʆɏʊÿß Ñʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã ʏʍ

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åíʖɚʊã þɥʔ ɔɹʁɐɠʍ Ȟá Ñɱʍɐɾ Ƞȵ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ýá ʉɎɐʅʊã Ñʘʐɐɚʊã āßɦʊã āëɋʙÿÑɨʙíɐɒ ȝ åΒɓʈʊã ɤɎãɦɝʊã Āɤɟá ɦʙɤʍ ɐʕɰɰɢ ɔʊɐʅʍ ȝ Ýɐɜ ɐʍ ʆʚʊɌʁ Ñɐ Ăɳʙß ɐʔìʖʂʐ Ȫɻ

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ʌʊÿ Ñîɐɿʊʝã ʏʍ ãĂɧɿʊ ʌʊɐɼʊã ýɐʇíß ɕɻɧɻî ʘɗʊã ɔɭʔɤ͋ã çëãʖɠʊã ûɧɖ ʌʊʏʍ åëÿɤɼʍ ʗʅɓɗɩ ʘɗʊã ɔɓʚɝɼʊã ɔʍîʝã ʆʋɖ Ȣȵ ɨʂʑʊã ʌʋɻ ɘɟɐɓʍ ʀɭɗʈąɖ

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æɊɭʐ ɺɎɐʄÿ ɔʋɪʋɩ ɐʕʐß ïɐʑʊã ȣʏɸ ʓɜʖʊã ãɥʔ Ȫɻ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʘʅʋɖ ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʙÿɤʙɧɖ ʘɗʊã ɑʙȤɦʊãÿ úʖʈɭʊã ɔɜíë Ȫɻ ɐʔɐʐëíÿß ʘɗʊã æɐʎʋʈʊã ûɤɖÿ Ñɔʚʂɢ ʉʍãʖɻ ʏɻ�ʃɎɐəʖʊã ɀʐ Ȫɻ ýÿɂɗʅʙ ʏʙɥʊã Ýɐʎʋɼʊã ɔʎʈɟ ö Ȥʖɪɖÿ ɐ Ăʍɐʕɒá åíʖʇɥ͋ã åíʖɚʊã ȝ ɘɠɓʊãɤɎɐʅɻ üɐʍß ýʛã ʓɪʂʐ Ñåíʖɚʊã ȝ ɑɎɐɯāßí ãì ýʖʈʙ ýß ȣëʖʙ āɥʊã Ñʀɰʑ͋ã Āɦʙ Ñýìá�åȷɐɠʊã øíɐɼ͋ɐɒ ʓɟɐɳʙá íɥɼɗʙ ʌʚɹɼʊã çëɐɠʊã ãɥʔ ýá ɔʋɎɐʄ ʌɻãɧʍ üɐʍß ÿß ÑÝɐʚʎɻÑɨʂʑʊã ʌʋɻ ȝ ʘɗʅʙɦɶɒ ɐĂʑʚɼɗɪʍ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ïíë ȝ ɕɻȴ ɐʍɤʑɻ Ñȟ éʡ ɤʄÿéÿí ʏɻ íɤɯ ɐʍ ûʖʅɼ͋ɐɒ ʌʕɟȴ ʏɻ ăɍɬɐʐ åΒɓʈʊã ɔʍîʝã þɥʔ ȝ Γɢíɋ͋ã úʖʈɬ ýß

�çëãʖɠʊã ʏʍ æɐɻɐʎɝʊãÿ ɔʂɵɐɼʊãÿ ʏʙɤɗʊãʃɶʑ͋ã ʡ Ñæɐɻɐʎɝʊã ʃɶʑʎʁ Ñʆʊì Ȫɻ ýɐʔɦɒ åíʖɚʊã ʆʋɖ æɐɠʂɯ ʏʍ ɔɠʂɯ ʉʇ ȝÿȤʉʇ āßɦʊ ɔʂʊɐɣ͋ã Βɒãɤɗʊã ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã ýɐɪɠɗɩã ɑɓɩ ɐʑʊ ʀɭʈʙ āɥʊã ʖʔ Ñȣȫʅɼʊãʏɻ åΒʕɬ ɔʋʚʊ ȝ øãȴʝã Ćäãʖʐ ûȢɧʑɖ ãìɐ͋ ʉʅɼʊã ɐʑʊ ɞɲʖʙ ʡÿ ÑɐʕɎɐɳɻß ʏʍ ʖɳɻɑʑɗɜʡ ɦɢÞ ɕʄÿ ȝ ɐʕʑɻ ãʖɼʋʄß ɤʄ ãʖʐɐʇ ʖʊ ʌʕʐß ɺʍ ɐʕɒ ʆɪʎɗʊã āɤʙɤɬ ãʖʐɐʇ æãîɐʚɗʍãΓ͋ɐɪ͋ã Ýɐʚʇìʝã ýʖʇ ɔʋɻ úíɤʐ ýß ɐʑʑʈʎʙ ʀʚʇÿ Ñʉʎɗɠʙ ɐʍ Ȫɻ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã äʖɭʐȢāȩ͋ã ïɐʚʅ͋ã ýʖɼɳʙ ýɐɝʋʊã ɱɼɒ ȝ ʌʔÿ Ñãʖʐɐʇ ʏʙɥʊã Ñʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã Ýɐʑɒß ʏʍɦɻɐɭʊãÿ ʓʙîãʖǛʡ ʉɗʅʇ ɔʚɭɟÿ Ăʡɐɼʁß ãʖɒʖɰɗɩã ɤʄ ÑåΒɓʈʊã ïíãɤ͋ã ÝɐɭʐɌɒ ýÿɦʍɊʙÿÜûãʖɟʝã øʢɗɢɐɒ æãɥʊã æɐɓʋʅɖ Ȫɻ ɺʋȢɶʐ ʌʊ ãìá ɔʎɣʂʊã ʘćʐ ćë ýɐɩ íʖɓʄ üɤʔÿ ʓʚĉʑʚɬõɐʑʄʟã ʏʑ Ćɩ Γʁíɐɻ ʏʈʐ ʌʊ ãìá ɔʙíʖɚʊã æɐʇɦɠʊã íɐɭɗʐã ȝ ɑɓɪʊã úãíëá ɐʑʑʈʎʙ ʀʚʇ ʌə

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

åΒɚʈʊã æʡɐʅ͋ã ʏʍ ą ćɀĆʐ ɐʍÿ Ñɐ Ăɼʙȵ ɺʚɭɗɩ ʀʊɋ͋ã ãɥʔ ȝ ɐʕɗʑʚɒ ʘɗʊã íɐʈʁʝã Āíßʌʔß ʘʔ ʘɗʊã Ñɨʎʙɐɗʊã åɤʙɦɜ ȝ Ýɐɜ ÑΓʅʄɤ͋ã Ýɐʎʋɼʊã ʏʍ Βɚʇ ȝ æɦəß ɐʕʐß ɐʑʊ ɕɓɚĆʙ

�ʘɖɊʙ ɐʍ Ñåȩʋʈʐá ʀɠɯ

ûɐɓʙ ʌʊ āɥʊã ýʖɒʖʊ Œɐɗɩʖɾ äɐɗʇ ãʖɼʊɐɶʙ ýß ʌʕȤʋʇ ɔɩɐʚɪʊã ûɐɜí Ȫɻ ɑɝʙɐʍ ɞɲÿɊʁ Ûɔʚɩíɤ͋ã æɐʙɦɹʑʊã ʏʍ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã Βɪʂɖ ȝ ʉʚʄ ɐʎɒ ʓʚʁɨʊɐɝ͋ã Ýɐɳɻß ʌɎãɧɻ ȝ ɐʍÿ Ñɔʙíʖɚʊã æɐʇɦɠʊã ȝ ʉʚɏɳʊã ýɊɭʊã ʏʍ ɑɼɭʋʊûɐɶɒß ȢΒ ąɩ ɐʍÿ Ñýÿëɦʂʑʍ ʌʔÿ ʌʕʎɎãɧɼʊ ɔʅʋɶ͋ã ɔɳʄɐʑ͋ã ʏʍ ýʖɼʎɗɝʍ ʌʔÿþɥʔ ʡʖʋʁ Ñʌʕʚʁ ʉʚʋʅʊã ΒəɊɗʊã ʏʍ ʉʅɼʋʊ ɐʍÿ Ñɔʚʑʙɤʊã éÿɦʊã ʏʍ åíʖɚʊã þɥʔɐʎʇ ëɤɝɗɖ ʡ æɐɼʎɗɝ͋ã ýßÿ ûɐɜɦʊã û Ȥʖɠʙ ʡ ʉʅɼʊã ýß æɐɓəá ɑɼɰʊ åíʖɚʊã

�ʌʚɹɼʊã ýɐɶʋɪʊã ÿÿì ýʖɻ ćȩɭĆ͋ ã ɤʙɦʙ

ʢ͆ʅɗɪʍ ɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ ɕɼʄÿ ʘɗʊã çëãʖɠʊã ʏʍ ɔʋɪʋɩ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɡʙíɐɖ ýá ɐʅ͆ɟɔɰʄÿ Ñʓʑɻ ɺʁãɤʙ ʏʍ ëʖɜÿ üɤɼʊ ɱʅĆʐ āɥʊã Ȥʘʈʋ͋ã üɐɹʑʊã ɔɰʅʇ ɱɼɒ ʏɻ ɐʕɳɼɒåɤʙɤɝʊã ʌɹʑʊã ɔɰʄÿ Ñðʖʚɝʊã ɔɰʄÿ ÑɐʕɎɐʎɻîÿ ɔʚɓɼɭʊã ʏɗʂʊã ɔɰʄÿ Ñɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ãąʃ ĉʁąÿ ɐʕɩíë ɑɝʙ ɔʍëɐɰɗʍ ɔʚɪʂʐ ĀĂʖ Ćʄ Ȫɻ ɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ ɔʊãɤʊã ɮɰʅʊã ʏʍ ʆʊì Βɾÿ Ƽ

�ɨʂʑʊã ʌʋɻ ùĆɦɵýʛã ɤɼɒ ɑ Ćɼɰʙ ʓʐß ɤʅɗɻß ʘʑʑʈʊÿ Ñéÿɀʊã ʏʍ ʓɒ ɐʑʚɖß ɐʍ ɔʎʚʄ ȝ ûëɐɝʙ ɤʄ Ñʌɼʐ

�ʆʊì Ȟá ɦɹʑʙ ýß Βɾ ʏʍ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɡʙíɐɖ ɑɗʈʙ ýß

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Page 16: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

�V�ùăÄ¢* ÍĆÝþĆ

Úđ4ÉÐă* � ßòĊă* ,2Éô(

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Page 17: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ýɐʍɧʊã ýß ɐʕʑʍÿ Ñýɧɠ͋ã ɡʙíɐɗʊã ʆʊì ȝ ɦɹʑʊã åëɐɻá ɕɓɜÿß åΒɚʇ äɐɓɩß ʆʊɐʑʔãÿíɐɯ ïɐʑʊã ýßÿ ÑʏɎãɧɣʊã ʏʍ èɦɣʙ ɥɢß ʃɎɐəʖʊã ʏʍ ãĂΒɚʇ ýßÿ Ñïʖʂʑʊã ýãíʖə ʏȢʈɩ

�ɔʍɐɖ ɔʙɦɠɒ ɐʕʐʖɟɀʙ ʀʚʇ ýʖʎʋɼʙɐĂʑʚɼʍ Ñɐʐíɐʈʁß ȝ Ýȯ ʉʇ ʏʍ ɦɚʇß ɦəɋʚɩ āɥʊã ʖʔ ɘʙɤɠʊã ɨʂʑʊã ʌʋɻ Ȣʉɼʊÿʏʈʎʙ ʘɗʊã Ñʓɖɐʁɐɭɗʇã ʏʍ ɦʇɥʊɐɒ ɮɣʐÿ ÑʌʔΒɩ ʉʍãʖɻÿ ûɐɜɦʊã éÿɦɒ ʌʋɼʊã Ȫɻ ɐʐɐʙáÑɔʚɪʂʑʊã Āąÿɤɼʊãÿ Ñæɐɻɐʎɝʋʊ åΒɪ͋ã ʏʑ ȣɪʊãÿ Ñɔʚəíʟã æãɦəɋ͋ã Ñɡʙíɐɗʊã ɐʕɒ Γɼɗɪʙ ýß

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çëãʖɠʊã ɱɼɒ þɐʑɗʇã Ćíɥɼɖ ÑȞÿʝã ɔʚɣʙíɐɗʊã ʘɚɟɐɓʍ ɥʑʍ Ñȹʂʐ ȝ ɦəß ɤʄÿɐʕɟɐɳʙʟ ɔʙíÿȷ ɔʚɩɐɩß ãĂíʖʍß ýɊɒ æɦɼɭʁ Ñæãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ĆÝʖɭʐ ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ Ñɔʙɦʔʖɝʊãýß ɐʑʚʋɻ ʌɗɠɗʙÿ Ñʓʑʈʍß ɐʍ ûɐʄ āɥʊã ʉʅɼʊã ʏʍ ɐĂɏʚɬ ɦɹɗʑʐ ýß îʖɝʙ ʡ ʓʐɊɒÿ ÑɐʑĆɖʖʂɖ

�þΒɪʂɖ ʏɻ ʉʅɼʊã ɧɝɻ ɐʍ Ȫɻ øʖʄʖʋʊ Āɦɢß ʉɎɐɩÿ ʏɻ ɘɠɓʐɘɠɓʋʊ æɐɟɐʚɪʊã ʏʍ ʓɒ ɕʚɖß ɐʍÿ Ñāɦɹʐ ȝ ɐ Ăɳʍɐɾ åΒɓʈʊã ʉɎɐɪ͋ã þɥʔ ɦʍß ʘ ćʅɒ

�ɦʇɥʙ ɐĂɏʚɬ òʖʎɿʊã ãɥʔ ʏʍ ʉʋʅʙ ʌʊ ɔɲɦʅʑ͋ã æɐʚʐɤ͋ã òɐʅʐß ʏɻæʢ ćɳɼʍ ʏʍ ɔɓʇɦʍ ɔʋɳɼ͋ã þɥʔ ýɊɒ íãɦʄʟã Ȟá ʘʑɗʄɐɩ Βʈʂɗʊãÿ ʉʍɊɗʊã åɦɚʇ ýß ʡáæëíÿɊʁ Ñɔʑɩ ʏʙɀɻ ȝ ʓɗʋɼʁ ɐʍ ãɥʔÿ Ñåɤɟ Ȫɻ ɐʕʑʍ åɤɟãÿ ʉʇ ʏɻ ɘɠɓʊã ɑɝʙ Āɦɢß

�æɐʂʊɋ͋ã ʏʍ ɔʋɪʋɩ ȝ ʘɚɟɐɓʍ ɛɎɐɗʐýß ʓʚʁ ɕʑʚɒ ýß ɤɼɓʁ Ñʌʍʝã íʖɶɗʊ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ʏʑɪʊã ʏɻ Ȟÿʝã ʘɖɐʂʊɋʍ ɤɟß ȝ ɕɚɠɒɦʍʝã ɦɢÞ ȝ ɕʊɐʐ Ñɡʙíɐɗʊã æɐʁëɐɰʍ ɑɪɟ Ȫɻ æɊɭʐ ʘɗʊã ʌʍʝã āß Ñɔʚɣʙíɐɗʊã ʌʍʝãʌʍʝã þɥʔ ɐʕɒ û Ȥʖɠɖ ʘɗʊã ɔʚʂʚʈʊã ɕɠɲÿß ɔʚɠʙɀɗʊã ɐʕʁɐɯÿß æɐɓə ɔɗɒɐə ɔʚɪʂʐ æɐʂɯɔɏʚɓʊã ûɤɓɖ ɤʑɻ ɨʂʑʊã Āɦɻ ʆʂʑɖ ýß ʉʎɗɠʙ ãìɐ͋ ʓʚʁ Ćɕɟȴ ʌə Ñɐʕʐʖʑʁÿ ɐʕɖɐɿʊÿ ɐʕʎɹʐ

�ĂåɊɝʁɔɓʋʅɗʍ ɔʙɀɒ æɐɼʎɗɝʍ Ñʌʍʝã ʏʍ ɔʂʊɋ͋ã ɔʙɀɓʊã æɐɼʎɗɝ͋ã þɥʔ ãɤɻ Ñɤɜʖʙ ʏʈʊÿæɐʂɯ ɔʚɣʙíɐɗʊã ʏɗʂʊã Ȩʇß ɐʔɤʙ Ȫɻ ɕʎɖ ʘɗʊã æɐɻɐʎɝʊã þɥʕʊÿ Ñæɐɻɐʎɝʊã ʗʎɪɖ

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�Ē� ʀʊɋ͋ã ɔʍɤʅʍ

æɐʂɰʊã þɥʔ ʏɻ ɕɚɠɒ ɤʄÿ Ñɐ Ăʍɐɖ ɐ Ăʁʢɗɢã ʌʕʑʍ ʀʊɊɗɖ ʏʙɥʊã ëãɦʁʝã æɐʂɯ ʏɻ ʀʋɗɣɖ�læɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí{ ʓɗʚʎɩ äɐɗʇ ȝ ɐʕɎʖɭʐ ɔʚʂʚʇ ʏɻÿ

āß Ñɐ͆ʙʖʄ Ăʢʍɐɻ ɔʎʕ͋ã ɡʙíɐɗʊã ʉʍãʖɻ Γɒ æɂɒß ʉɒ Ñʆʊì Ȫɻ ɦʍʝã ɂɗʅʙ ʌʊÿÝãíʛã{ ʓɗʚʎɩ āɥʊã Βɢʝã ʘɒɐɗʇ ȝ ɔɓɼɰʊã ɔʊɊɪ͋ã þɥʔ ʏɻ ɕɚɠɒ ɤʄÿ Ñæãɤʅɗɼ͋ãÿß Ñɕʁɦ Ćɻ ɐʎʇ Ñɔʙëãíá ɔʚʋʅɻ ýʖʈɖ ʉʔÿ æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã Ɋɭʑɖ ʀʚʇ ʓʚʁ ɕʑʚɓʁ læãɤʅɗɼ͋ãÿ

�ʉʅɻ ʉʇ ʏɻ ɔʋʅɗɪʍ ɔʙíʖɼɬ Βɾ ýʖʈɖȣɕɓəß ýß ɤɼɒ Ñɕʑʈʎɖ ɤʄÿ Ñɔʚʋʅɻ ɔʙëãíá æȢɤ Ćɻ ýá ãĂíɥɼɗʍ ãĂɦʍß æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã éɐɳʙá ʗʅɓʙ�ʘʔÿ ɔʚɖʛã ɔʎʚɹɼʊã ɔʋɳɼ͋ã ʉɟ ʏʍ Ñüãÿɤʊã Ȫɻ ɔʙëãíá Βɾÿ ɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ ɔʚʋʅɻ Βɾ ɐʕʐß

Üʉʅɼʊã ɐʕɾȤʖɪʙ ʡ æãɤʅɗɼʍ ʉʚɜ ʉʇ ȝ åΒʑʊã ûʖʅɼʊã äɐɒíß äʖɰɗɪʙ ʀʚʇɐ Ăɠɲãÿ ãĂíʖʕɸ åΒɚʇ Γʑɩ ɥʑʍ ɐʕʚʁ ɕɚɠɒ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɣʙíɐɗʊã æʢɳɼ͋ã ʉɟ ɦʕɹʚɩɴɒɦʙ āɥʊã ȫʅɼʊã ʃɶʑ͋ã ɑʐɐɝɒ ɤɜʖʙ ʓʐß Ȫɻ ɔʊãë ɔɝʚɗʐ Ȟá ɕʋɯʖɖ ɤʅʁ Ñýʛã ɤɼɒȪɻ ɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ ýãìʖɠɗɪʙ ýãɥʋʊã ʘʑʙɤʊã ʃɶʑ͋ãÿ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ʃɶʑʍ ɱɼɓɒ ɐʕɳɼɒ íɐʈʁʝã

�ɐʑ ćʐãΒɪʙÿ ɐʑʊʖʅɻʏɻ ɐ Ăɼʑɗʎʍ ʉɹʙ ɔʚɣʙíɐɗʊã çëãʖɠʊã ʏʍ Βɚʇ úãíëá ýß ɕʎʋɻ ʆʊì ɕʅʅɟ ýß ɤɼɒÿ

�ɐʕʑʙʖʈɖ ȝ ΒəɊɗʊã ʉʚʋʅʊã ȫʅɼʊã ʃɶʑ͋ã íʖʑɒ çëãʖɠʊã þɥʔ éɐɳʙáΓʑɩ ąʘɼɩ æɐɠʂɯ ɺɳɒ ȝ ɐʑʔ ɐʔɐʑɰɣʊ ʘɗʊã ɤɻãʖʅʊã Ȟá ûʖɯʖʊã Ⱦɗʄã ɤʄÿʃɚʙ ʘɗʊã æãȨɗɣ͋ã ȝ ɤ ćɝʊã Ȟá åɦʍ Βɾ ɕɼɜíÿ ɐʕʍɐʎɖá ʏʍ ɕɪɏʙ ýß ɤɼɒ ʆʊìÿ ÑåΒɚʇ

�Γʅʚʊã ʌʋɼʊã ʏʍ ɐĂɏʚɬ ûɐʑʙÿ ɔʅʚʅɠʊã ʏʍ ɐʕʚʁ äɦʅʙ ʓʐɊɒ ýɐɪʐʟãʌʋɻ Ȟá ɺɜíß ʘʑʋɼɝʙ ãɥʔÿ Ñɔʙëɐ͋ã çëãʖɠʊã ȝ ɑʚʅʑɗʊɐʇ ɤʚʂʍ ûɐɜɦʊã íʖɾ Ȩɩ ýá

�üãÿɤʊã Ȫɻ ɨʂʑʊãɕʙʖʐ Āɤ͋ã ɔɼɩãÿ ʘɚɟɐɓʍ ʏʍ ɐʕɗɶɓʑɗɩã ʘɗʊã ɛɎɐɗʑʊã ɱɼɒ ýß ȟ ɦʕɸ ɐ͋ÿåíʖɚʊã ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ Ñæãíʖɚʊã éÿí ïíë ɕʊÿɐʑɖ ãɥʈʔÿ Ñçëãʖɠʊã ɱɼɒ Ȫɻ ɐʕɲɦɻß ýß

�ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊãʏʍ ɐʕɗɪɓɗʄã ʘɗʊã Ýãíʛã ɦɚʇß ɕʐɐʇ ĀȨʈʊã åíʖɚʊã þɥʔ ʉʚʋɠɖ ȝ ʉɾʖɖß ɕʑʇ ɐʎʋʇÿ

�ɐ Ăɼɒɐɗɗʍ ãĂíɐʚʕʐã íɐʕʑɖ Ñɔʑʚɗʍ ɐʕʑɸß ɕʑʇÿ Ñɑɗʈʊãʖʕʁ ÑΓɢíɋ͋ã ʏʍ Βɚʇ ʉɼʁ ɐʎʇ ã Ăɤɟãÿ ɐĂəëɐɟ ɤɼʙ Ȣʡß Ñíÿɤʊã ãɥʔ éɐɳʙʟ Ñɑɝʙɕɼʄÿ íʖʍß ɐʕʑʍ åɤɟãÿ ʉʇ ʏɻ Ɋɭʐ ɤʄÿ Ñɤɟãÿ ýÞ ȝ ɕɼʄÿ ɔʋʅɗɪʍ çëãʖɟ ʏʍ ʀʊɋʍæɐʙãÿɦʊã ȫɚʎʇ ãÿíɐɩ ĀȨʈʊã ɔɼɜɐʂʊã ʆʋɖ ȫɚʎʍ ýß ɦʕɹʙÿ Ñɨʂʑʊã ʏʑɩ ʓʚɳɗʅɖ ɐʎɓɪɟ�ʉʎɼʙ ýß ɑɝʙ ɐʍ ʉʎɻÿ Ñûʖʅʙ ýß ɑɝʙ ɐʍ ʌʕʑʍ ɤɟãÿ ʉʇ ûɐʅʁ Ñɐ Ăʅɒɐɩ ɕɼɲÿ ʘɗʊã

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ʌʊ ʌʕʐʖʈʊ ɔɒʖɗʈ͋ã ɔʙãÿɦʊã ȫɚʎʍ ʏɻ Γʙíʖɚʊã Γʋɚʎ͋ã ʆɏʊÿß øʢɗɢã ȝ ʆɬ ʡʏʍ ʌʕʐɊʇ ɐʕɒ ýʖʍʖʅʙ ãʖʐɐʈʁ Ñʌʕʚʋɻ ɐʕʚʋʎɖ ɕʐɐʇ ɔʚʂɢ ĀĂʖʄ ʏʈʊÿ Ñʌʔíãÿëß ãʖɩíɤʙʌʕąɓ ȣɝɼɖ ÑãĂíɤʅʍ ɐ Ăɻɐɓɖã ɐĂɏʚɬ þɦʍß ʏʍ ãʖʇíɤʙ ʌʊ ɐ Ăʅɶʑʍ ʌʕɻɐɓȤɖã ɑɜÿß ɤʄÿ Ñɐʕʊ Γɹʁɐɠʊãɦɶɣɖ ʌʊ ʌʔΒɪɖ ɕʐɐʇ ʘɗʊã ɔʚʂɣʊã Āʖʅʊɐʁ Ñɐʕʊɐɶɒß ãʖʐɐʇ ʘɗʊã çëãʖɠʊã ʏʍ ɐʑʋɚʍʌɩɐɒ ýʖʎʋʈɗʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ýáÿ Ñʌʕʁ Ñʌʔɤʙ ȝ ʌʕʂɼɲÿ ʌʕɖɤɬ ɦʍß ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɴʄ ʌʕʊɐɓɒ

�ʏʙíɐʁʖʚɒ ûɐʄ Ñɔʅʚʅɠʊɐɒ ʌʔɤɎãí ʉʅɼʊã ʏʈʙ ʌʊ Ñʓɒ ýÿΒɪʍ ʌʕʐß ýʖɻȢɤʙÿ ʉʅɼʊã

�ʓʚʊá ɐʑɼʁɤɖ ýɐʇ ɔʍîʝã ʏʈʊÿ Ñûɐɼʁʝã ʏʍ ʓʚʋɻ üʢʐ ɐʍ ʘɖɊʐ ýß ɤʙɦʐ ʡ ɐʑʇ

ɔʑʎʚʕʍ ɦʙëɐʅ͋ ɔɼɲɐɢ ɔʙíʖɚʊã çëãʖɠʊã ýß Ȫɻ üʢʈʊã ãɥʕɒ âíɐʅʊã Ȣʏʊɤɗɪʙ ʡÿʏʍ ìʖʂʑʊãÿ ΒəɊɗʊã äɐɒíʝ ɐʎɒ øȩɼʐ ɐʑʐß ʌʋɼʙ ɑɗʈʊã ʏʍ þɐʑɼɲÿ ɐʍ Ȫɻ ɺʋɶ͋ɐʁ ÑɔʅʋɶʍãĂΒɚʇÿ Ñɐʕʑʍ ʉʚʋʄ Ýȯ ûɐɶɒá Ȫɻ ʡá ýÿíɤʅʙ ʡ ʌʕʐß Βɾ Ñɦʙëɐʅ͋ã ʉʎɻ ûɐɶɒá Ȫɻ åíɤʅʊãāɥʊã ʌ ćʊɐɼʊɐʁ ÑåÝãɤĆɓʊã ɥʑʍ ɐʔΒɩ Ȫɻ ãʖɶʋɪɗʙ ʌʊ ʘɗʊã çëãʖɠʊã ʀʄÿ ʏɻ ýÿɧɝɼʙ ɐʍ�òɦ͋ã ûɐɠʂɗɩã ɤʑɻ ʆʊì ʏɻ þɧɝɼɒ øȩɼʙ ɐʕʋɼʁ ʉɓʄ æɐɒÿɦʈ͋ã ûɐɰɏɗɩã Ȫɻ íɤʅʙ

ʏʙɤʅɗɼ͋ã ʉʎɻ ʏʍ ʘʔ ʘɗʊã Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ȝ ɐ Ăʍɐʈɟß ãʖɖß ʏʙɥʊã ýÿɤʅɗɼ͋ã ùȩʁãåíʖɚʊã þɥʔ ɕʋɸ ʆʊɥʊÿ Ñɐʕɒ ɑɝɼɖ Āɦɢʝãÿ åíʖɚʊã þɥʔ ʏɼʋɖ ɐʎʔãɤɟá �Γɗʄɦʁ Ȟá Ñɐ Ăɳʙßãɥʔ ȝ ȫʅɻ ʃɶʑʍ ʉɢɤɗʙ ýß Βɾ ʏʍ ɔʋʎɜ ɱʁɦɖ ÿß ʉɓʅɖ ʘɗʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ɨʑɜ ʏʍɀɗʑɖ ʡ ÑɐʕɖÝãɤĆɒ ȝ ʉʅɼʊã Ȟá ɤʑɗɪɖ ýß îɐɜ ýáÿ Ñɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã ÿß ɔʚʑʙɤʊã åíʖɚʊɐʁ Ñíɐʚɗɢʡã

�ɐ Ăʅʋɶʍ ʉʅɼʊã Γɒÿ ɐʕʑʚɒ ɔʋɯ ʡ ʘɗʊã ɔʂɵɐɼʊãÿ ʏʙɤʊã ʉʍãʖɻ Ȫɻ Ăåɤʎɗɼʍ ʡáȫʅɼʊã ʃɶʑ͋ã íʖʐ Ȫɻ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã çëãʖɟ ȝ ãʖɚɠɒ ʏʙɥʊã ýʖɢíɋ͋ã ɺɶɗɪʙ ʌʊʌʕɪʂʐß ɐʕɒ ΓʎɎɐʅʊã ýß ɐʎɒÿ Ñɐʕʊ ɐĂəɤɠʍ ʏʈʙ ʌʊ ʃɶʑ͋ã ãɥʔ ýß ɐʎɓʁ Ñɐʔ Ȣȵ ãʖʇíɤʙ ýßʏʍÿ þɐɖß ʏʍ ʓʕʅʂʙ ʌʊ ɦʍß åíʖɚʊã ʆʋɖ ýá ɐʑʋʄ ãìá ɍɶɣʐ ʡ Ñɐʕʕʑʇ Ȫɻ Γɼʋɶʍ Βɾ ãʖʐɐʇĂʢʕɜȳɐ͋ã ʓʚʁ ʉʕ Ćɜÿ Ăʢʚʋʄ ɐĂʇãíëá ûɐɠʊã ʓʚʁ úí ćëĆ ß íÿë ɡʙíɐɗʊã íãÿëß ȝ ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿ Ñʓ Ȣɰʄ

�íÿɤʊã ʆʊɥʇ ɐ Ăɰʄɐʐ ɐ Ăʂɭʇ ʉɓʅɗɪ͋ã ʓʚʁ ʀɭĆʇÿ ɐʍ͆ɐɖɕʐɐʇ ɐʍ Ȫɻ ʡÿ Ñâëɐɓ͋ã ʏʍ þɀʑɖ ɕʐɐʇ ɐʍ Ȫɻ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ýɐɶʋɩ ʌʅʙ ʌʊþɥʔ åʖʄ ȝ ɑɓɪʊã ɐʎʐáÿ Ñ Ăʢʚʋʄ ʡá ɔʎɹʐʝãÿ âëɐɓ͋ɐɒ ȟɐɓɖ ʡ ʌʍʝã ìá Ûɔʎɹʐʝã ʏʍ ʓɼɳɖɐʕɗɼʁãɤʍ ȝÿ ʌʊɐɹ͋ã ɦɎɐɩÿ ûʖʕʊãÿ üɤʕʊãÿ ɞɒãɥ͋ã ʏʍ ʓɗɖß ɐʎɒ ɔɪʐɦʁ Ȳí ȝÿ åíʖɚʊãɤʅʊÿ Ñã Ăɤʙɤɜ ɐ Ăʍɐɹʐ ʡ Ñåɤʙɤɜ ɔʐɐʙë ɐʕɗʍɐʄá ʖʔ éʢɪʊɐɒ ɔɝɜɤ͋ã ɔɒíÿß ûɐʚɟ åɦʁɐɸ

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�Ē� ʀʊɋ͋ã ɔʍɤʅʍ

ɔɼʚʑ͋ã ýɐʍÿɦʊã åʖʄ ɕɼɳɢ ɤʅʁ Ñüÿɐʅɖ ʡ ʘɗʊã åʖʅʊã ʏʍ Ȥāʖʅʊã ɤʅɗɼʎʋʊ ɐʍ ɡʙíɐɗʊã ɕɓəßʉɚ͋ÿ Ñýɐʎʙʟã ʏʍ ɤʎɠʍ ʓɒ Ýɐɜ ɐʍ ʌʕɒʖʋʄ Ýɐɲß ʏʙɥʊã ÿɤɓʊã åɐɻí ʏʍ ðʖʚɝʊ ɑʐɐɝʊãëʖʑɝʊã Ýʡɋʔ ýɐʈʁ Ñäɐʚɚʊã ɔəȢɦʊã ɤʕɼʊã ëʖʑɜ Ćɔʍÿɐʅʍ Ȫɻ ɔɒíÿß úʖʋʍ íɤʅʙ ʌʊ ɔʋɼʊã þɥʔýʖʑɹʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ʘɗʊã ʌʔɤɎɐʅɻ ɀʐ ʉʚɓɩ ȝ ʌʕɪʂʐɊɒ ɔʚɠɳɗʋʊ Ñåɐɻɤʊã ɺʚʎɝʇ Ñʏʙɤɼɗɪʍ

�ʌʊɐɼʊã ëɤɝɗɩ ɐʕʐß

Ñɡʙíɐɗʊɐɒ ɔʄʢɻ ʉʇ ɕɼɶʄ ɤʄ Ʋ ɐʕɖɐɻë ʏɸ ɐ͋ ɐ Ăʁʢɢ Ʋ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ȣɤ Ćɼʐ ʡʘɗʊã ɴɒãÿɦʊã Ȫɻ ãʖɳʄ ɐʎʕʐß ãʖʎɻîÿ ã Ăɤʙɤɜ ɐ Ăʎʙʖʅɖ ʌʔɤɰʅʍ íɐʕɸʟ Ýʡɋʔ çɤɟß ýáÿýɐʇ ɤʅʁ ÑÝȯ ʉʇ ʏʍ ɦɚʇß ïʖʂʑʊã ȝ ʉɯɊɗʍ ʖʔ āɥʊãÿ æʖʎʙ ʏʊ āɥʊãȳɐ͋ɐɒ ʌʕɶɒɦɖĀʖɩ ãʖʋɼʂʙ ʌʊ ʌʔÿ Ñãÿɦɼɭʙ ýß Βɾ ʏʍȳɐ͋ɐɒ Γɼɓɭʍ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ýʖɠʋɰ͋ãɺʍ ʃɒɐɪʊã ɤʕɼʊã ɔʙɧʇɦʍ ʖɠʐ Ȫɻ Βɪʊãÿ ÑĀɦɢß ÝɐʎɩɊɒ Ăåɐʎɪʍ ɔʚʈʋ͋ã ɤʚʊɐʅɗʊã ɔʋɯãʖʍ

�ëãɤɓɗɩʡã ȝ óãɦʁʟãȳɐ͋ã æɐʍʖʅʍ ʏʍ Βɪʙ Ýȯ Āʖɩ ɔʅʚʅɠʊɐɒ ɱʅʑɖ ʌʊ ýáÿ Ʋ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿßɤɓʍ �âëɐɓ͋ã þɥʔ ʏʍÿ Ñʖʎʑʊã Ȫɻ æɦʎɗɩã ʘɗʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ɱɼɒ øɐɭʈʐã Ȫɻ ɕʐɐɻß Ʋɕʄʖʊã ȝ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊãÿ ɔʚʇãȩɬʡã ɑɶʄ íɐɯ āß Ñʌʍʝã ʉʚɝʐá ɞɓɯß āɥʊã åãÿɐɪ͋ãʡÿ ɔʙíʖɵãȨʍʟã íʖʕɹɒ ʓɗʑɖ ʌʊ ʘɗʊã Ñåíʖɚʊã ʆʋɖ ýá ûʖʅʐ ýß ɤɰʅʐ ãɥʕɒÿ Ñȷɐɠʊãæãì ûãɧɖ ʡÿ Ñʏʍɧʊã ɺʍ ɛʙíɤɗʊɐɒ æɀɗʐã ÑɔʙíʖɵãȨʍʟã ɤɼɒ æɦʕɸ ʘɗʊã ɔʎɹʐʝɐɒ

�ïʖʂʑʊã Ȫɻ ýɐɶʋɩ

ʘɗʊã ɑɗʈʊã ýß âíɐʅʊã ĀΒɪʁ Ñâíɐʅʊã üɐʔÿß ʏʍ ãĂΒɚʇ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ȝ ɐʑɚɠɒ õɧʑʙ ɐʎɒíɮʚɯɐʄʝã þɥʔ ʗʅɓɗɩÿ Ñɔʅʚʅɠʊã ʏʍ åɤʚɼɓʊã ɮʚɯɐʄʝã ʏʍ ãĂΒɚʇ āʖɗɠɖ ɐʕʚʁ ɕɚɠɒɤʚʂʙ ɔʅʚʅɠʊã Ȫɻ õʢɵʡã ýß ɺʎʁ Ñʆʊì Ȫɻ ʀɩɊʐ ýß Βɾ ʏʍ ɡʙíɐɗʊã ɑɗʇ ȝ åíʖɶɪʍɊɭʑɖ üɐʔÿʝã ʆʋɖ õʖʎɝʍ ʏʎʁ Ñɺʂʐß äʖɼɭʊã Ȫɻ üɐʔÿʝã ɑʋɿɖ ýß Āɦʐ ɔʂɩʢʂʊã ɱɼɒ�lɔɻɐɝɭʊã ɕɻɐɳʊ ɔʋɵɐɓʊã íɐʈʁʝã ʡʖʊ{ �ʉʚʑɗʐʖʁ ûɐʄ Ñɐʕʊ åΒɪ͋ã ɐʚʋɼʊã äʖɼɭʊã ʉĆɚ Ćʍ

ɤɼɒ ĂʡɐʍÞ ïʖʂʑʊã çíʖɖ ɔʙíʖɵãȨʍʟãÿ ɤʕɼʊã ýʢʚɾÿ úíãë ýɐɜ ɮɰʄ ýá ɐʅ͆ɟʃɎɐʅɠʊã ýɐɶʋɩ ʏʍ Ȣɤɬß ɐĂʐɐɶʋɩ Ýɐɒʛã ʏʍ þɐʑəíÿ āɥʊã Ȥʘʎʔʖʊã çãȩʊã ãɥʕʊ ýßÿ Ñɔʎʙɧʕʊã

�ɡʙíɐɗʊã ëʖʅɖ ʘɗʊã ʘʔ Βɵɐɩʝãÿ Ćæʡɐʚɣʊãÿ üɐʔÿʝɐʁ Ñýɐʚɟʝã ɱɼɒ ȝ

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-*4ĎÓă* 0F4 �BFĕ* $à�*

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ûÿʝã äɐɓʊã

-*4ĎÓă* -Éûè

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ûÿʝã ʉɰʂʊã

ÍĒâÉĒãă* -*4ĎÓă*F ÍĒćĄõă* -*4ĎÓă*

æãíʃɇɷã ɹʇɗɲɃ ���

ʏɻ ɔʎʋʈʊã þɥʔ ä ćɦɼɖ ýß ȿɗʅʙ ʓʐß ɺʍ �åíʖɚʊɐɒ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æɐɒʢʅʐʡã ʏɻ åëɐɻ ýÿȨɼʙ�ɑʔãɥ͋ãÿ íɐʈʁʝãÿ æãɤʅɗɼʎʋʊ ɔʚɎɐɝʂʊã æʡʖɠɗʊã ɺʚʎɜ

ʏʙʖʈɖ ȝ ýɊɭʊã ʏʍ ʏʙɤɗʊãÿ ɦɻɐɭ͋ãÿ ʉʅɼʊã ȶɐʑɼʊ ɐʎɻ ɦɢÞ äɐɗʇ ȝ ɐʑɚɠɒ ɤʄÿåɦʍ ɐʕʚʊá õʖɜɦʊã ʏʍ åɤɎɐʁ ʡÿ Ñýɐɪʐʟã Βɩ ɐʕʚʋɻ ʀʄʖɗʙ ʘɗʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ãÿ íɐʈʁʝã

�Āɦɢßɔʚʋʅɻ ʉʍãʖɻ ʏɻ ɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ Ɋɭʑɖ ɐʕʑʈʊÿ Ñɤʅɗɼʍ ɦʍʝã ɔʙɐʕʐ ȝ åíʖɚʊã ʏɻ ɛɗʑʙ ɤʄʉʅɼʊã ýß ɺʍÿ Ñɑɼɭʊã ʓɳɿɓʙ ʆʋʍ ÿß æʖʅʎʍ ëãɤɓɗɩã ÿß éëɐʁ ʌʋɸ Ȫɻ ÝɐɳʅʊɐʇȞá ûʖɠɗɖ ýß ɤɼɒ ʡá æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ȝ ɦəɋɖ ʡ ɐʕɏʚʕɖ ʘɗʊã äɐɓɩʝã ýɌʁ åíʖɚʊã ʉɯß ʖʔæɐɻɐʎɝʊã ʆʙɦɠɗʊ ɑɜÿ ʌʊɐɹ͋ã ʏʍ ʓʍɤʔ ɑɝʙ ɐʍ íɐʕɸá ʉɼʂʊɐɒ ʏʈʍß ãìɌʁ Ñʀɵãʖɻʘɗʊã ʏʙɤɗʊãÿ ɔʂɵɐɼʊã ȶɐʑɼɒ Γɼɗɩã ãìá ʡá ûɐʑʙ ʡ ăɦʍß ãɥʔÿ Ñûɐʍʛɐɒ ɐʕɒʖʋʄ üɐɼʁáāɥʊã ȫʅɼʊã ʃɶʑ͋ã ýß ąɦɖ Ăʢɚʍ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɥɢ ÑΒɪʊã Ȫɻ ãĂíëɐʄ ýɐɪʐʟã ʉɼɝɖĂʢʚʍ äʖʋʅʊã ȝ ʉɼɜÿ ʌʙɤʅʊã üɐɹʑʊã ąâÿɐɪʍ ʞʎʋʊ ɦʕɸß ɂɼʊã ʆʊì ɔʂɩʢʁ ʓɒ õíɥɖɱɼɒ Ȫɻ ʌɎɐʄ ɺʎɗɝʍ ʉɎɐɳʂɒ ɐĂʐɐʎʙá ïʖʂʑʊã ȝ ʗʅʊß ʘʑʙɤʊã ʃɶʑ͋ã ýßÿ Ñʓʋʙɤɓɖ Ȟáʃɶʑʍ ýßÿ Ñɐʔãʖʄ Ȣɤɬÿ ʌʙɤʅʊã ɐʕʊɐʅɻ ʏʍ ïʖʂʑʊã ʃʋɵß ʘʂɵɐɼʊã ʃɶʑ͋ã ýßÿ Ñâëɐɓ͋ãʌʕɼʁɤʙ ʌʊ ûɐʎɻß øãȩʄã Ȟá ɐʔÝɐɳɻß ɺʁëÿ ɨʊɐɝ͋ãÿ ɔʙɤʐʝã Ȫɻ ìʖɠɗɩã æɐɻɐʎɝʊã

�ɐʕʋɚʍ øȩʄã Ȟá ȣʘʑʙɤʊã ʃɶʑ͋ãÿ ȣʘʂɵɐɼʊã ʃɶʑ͋ãÿ ȣȫʅɼʊã ʃɶʑ͋ãéÿí Ȟá ɐʕɵʖɓʔ ɤɼɒ ʡá ɛɎɐɗʐ æãì ɞɓɰɖ ʡ Ʋ ɐʔíɤɰʍ ýɐʇ ɐʎʕʍ Ʋ åíʖɚʊãÿɤʙɦɖ ʡÿ Ýȯ Ȫɻ íɤʅɖ ʡ ʘʔÿ Ñɐʔíɤɰʍ ýʖʈɖ ʡÿ åíʖɚʊã ʌɗɖ ɔɻɐʎɝʊɐʁ Ñæɐɻɐʎɝʊã

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɕɲȤɦ Ćɟ āɥʊã ɤɠʊã îÿɐɝɖ ýß æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ɘɓʋɖ ʡÿ Ñɐʔëʖʅʙ ɨʚɎí ɐʕʚʋɻ ʏʈʙ ʌʊ ýá ɐĂɏʚɬ�ã Ăɤɒß ɐʕʑɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ʡ ɱʙɦɠɗʊã ýɐʇ ýáÿ Ñʓʚʋɻ

ȝ ɐʔΒɾ ʏʍ ɔʚʎʔß ʉʄß ʘʔ Γɢíɋ͋ã ɑɝɼɖ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɎɐɝʂʊã ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æãíʖɚʊã ýáÿ�íɐʈʁʝãÿ ɺɎɐɓɶʊã æãíʖə ʘʔ åΒɓʈʊã æãíʖɚʊɐʁ Ñýɐʚɟʝã ɱɼɒ

ãɥʔÿ Ñɛʙíɤɗʊɐɒ ʌʍʝã Βɰʍ ɐʕʚʋɻ ʀʄʖɗʙ ʘɗʊã ɔʚʅʚʅɠʊã æãíʖɚʊã ʌɗɖ ɑʊɐɿʊã ȝÿȝ ɞɯß íʖɶɗʊã ɔʎʋʇ Āɦʐ ʆʊɥʊÿ ÑɐʕɖÝãɤɒ Γʚɼɖ ȝ ɑɻɐɰʍ ýʖʅʋʙ Γɢíɋ͋ã ʉɼɝʙ ɐʍ

�åíʖɚʊã ɔʎʋʇ ʏʍ ëʖɰʅ͋ã ʏɻ Βɓɼɗʊãýʖʈɖ ýß Ñæãíʖɚʊã ɦɚʇß ʏʙʖʈɖ ȝ ɐʕʋʎɻ ɐʐɦʇì ʘɗʊã Ñɔʂʋɗɣ͋ã ȶɐʑɼʊã ɞɰɖ ʡȞá ɐʕʎʚɪʅɖ ɐʑʑʈʍß ɴʅʁ ɐʕɗʙɐɾ ɘʚɟ ʏʍ åíʖɚʊã Ȟá ɐʐɦɹʐ ãìá ɐʑʑʈʊÿ Ñɐʕʎʚɪʅɗʊ Ăʢɯß

�ɔʚʑʙë æãíʖəÿ ɔʚɩɐʚɩ æãíʖəÿ ɔʚʎʋɻ æãíʖə

Ɂʇɻɸɩɷã æãíʃɇɷã ���

ȝ Ñʘʔ ãĂΒɚʇ ɦɹʑʊã ʀʄʖɗɪɖ ʡ ɐʕʐß ɺʍÿ Ñɔʚʎʔß æãíʖɚʊã Ȩʇß ʏʍ ɔʚʎʋɼʊã æãíʖɚʊã�ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æãíʖɚʊã ɐʕʋɚʎɒ ʘɖɊɖ ʡ åɤʚɼɒ ɛɎɐɗʐ æãì Ñɑʊɐɿʊã

æɐʁɐɭɗʇʡã ýß ʖʔ ɔɳʕʑʊã ɂɻ ɥʑʍ ýʖʈʊã Ȟá ɐʕɒ ɦɹʑʐ ʘɗʊã åíʖɰʊã û ȣʖɠɖ ȣ ćɁąʁçëãʖɠʊã ýß ɐʕɖɐɓəɌɒ åíʖə ɐʑɩʖʂʐ ɕəíÿß íɐɓɗɢʡãÿ ɔɒɦɝɗʊã Ȫɻ ɔʎɎɐʅʊã ùɦɶʊãÿ ɔʚʈʋʂʊã

�ɔʕʊʛã Ýãʖʔß ʏɻ ʡ Ñûɤɓɗɖ ʡ ɔɗɒɐə ʏʑɩ ʏɻ íɤɰɖɐʕɻʖʐ ʏʍ ɤɜʖʙ ʓʐß ɤʚɒ Ñɐʕɻʖʄÿ Ýɴɓʊ íʖɶɗʊɐɒ æãíʖɚʊã þɥʔ ʗɻɤɖ ýß íɤɜʝãÿɕɓʋʄ ʘɗʊã ʏʙÿíãë ĆÝãíÞ ʆʊì ûɐɚʍ Ñæãíʖɚʊɐɒ ʗɻɤɖ ýß ȣʃɠɗɪɖÿ ɔɻɁɒ ɺʅɖ Āɦɢß æãíʖəȝ ɑɶʊã ʌʋɻ ɕʊʖɟ ʘɗʊã íʖɗɩɐnj æɐʁɐɭɗʇãÿ Ñɑʅɻ Ȫɻ ɐ Ăɩßí Γʑɩ ɺɳɒ ȝ åɐʚɠʊã ʌʋɻɔʚɲɐʅʊã ʏʑɪʊã ʏɻ ɥɭɖ ʡ åíɥʊã ýß ɕɓəß āɥʊã åëɐ͋ã ûʢɠʐã ȝ āßɦʊãÿ Ñɐʕɓɟɐɯ üɐʙß

� ȣʏɹĆʙ ýɐʇ ɐ͋ ɐ Ăʁʢɢ Ýɐʑʂʊãÿ ûãÿɧʊɐɒ ýʖʈʊã ȶɐʑɻ ɺʚʎɜ Ȫɻăýɐɶʋɩ æãɤʅɗɼ͋ãÿ ɦɻɐɭʎʋʊ ɨʚʊ ʓʐɌʁ íɐʈʁʝã ʌąʊɐɻ ʖʔ æãíʖɚʊã þɥʔ ûɐɝʍ ýß ɐʎɒÿ

�ɐʕʚʁ ûëɐɝʙ ýß Βɾ ʏʍ ɐʕʚʐɐɼʙ ýß Ýɦ͋ã Ȫɻÿ Ñɐʕʚʋɻ

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ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æãíʖɚʊãÿ ɔʚʎʋɼʊã æãíʖɚʊã

ɁʇɖȽʇɗɷã æãíʃɇɷã � �

æãíʖɚʊãÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãíʖɚʊã Ʋ åíɐɳɠʊã üɤʅɖ ȣȵ ʘʔ ʘɗʊã ɔʚʎʋɼʊã æãíʖɚʊã ɤɼɒ Ʋ ɦʇɥʐʡá ʃɗɭɖ ʡ ɔʚʎʋɼʊã åíʖɚʊɐʁ Ñɔɶɒãí ɐʕɒ ɐʕɶɒɦɖ ʡÿ ɐʕʑʍ åɤʚɼɒ ɕʐɐʇ ýáÿ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊãýʖʈʙ ʡÿ Ñɔʚʑʙɤʊãÿ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ʌɎɐɻë ʘʔ ʀɵãʖɼʊãÿ ɦɻɐɭ͋ã ýß ɺʍ ʉʅɼʊã ʏʍ

�ɐʕʑʙʖʈɖ ȝ ʉʚɏɲ ýɊɬ Āʖɩ ʉʅɼʋʊɺʑʙß ýɐʎʙá ʖʔ ʘʑʙɤʊãÿ ȭɐʚɪʊã ɤʅɗɼ͋ã ýß læãɤʅɗɼ͋ãÿ Ýãíʛã{ äɐɗʇ ȝ ȣɕɓəß ɤʅʊýʖʈʙ ɤʄ ɤʅɗɼ͋ã ýß ʓʚʁ ɕʑȢʚɒÿ Ñʓʚʋɻ ýɐɶʋɩ ʉʅɼʋʊ ýʖʈʙ ýß Βɾ ʏʍ íʖɼɬʢʊã ʌʊɐɻ ȝɞɓɰʙ ʓʐɐʎʙá ʓʚʋɻ ìʖɠɗɩã āɥʊã Ýɦ͋ã ýßÿ ÑăÝȯ ʓʕɜÿ ȝ üʖʅʙ ʡ ɘʚɠɒ åʖʅʊã ʏʍ ɐĂʐɐʚɟßɔʂʊɐɣ͋ ɔʚʎʔß ʡ ʓʐßÿ Ñþɂʐ ʉʚɓɩ ȝ ʓɖɐʚɟÿ ʓɖëɐɼɩÿ ʓɼʁɐʑʎɒ ɔʚɠɳɗʋʊ ãɤ͆ɼɗɪʍ ĂʡʖɩíɤɎɐʅɼʋʊ ýß ʃɠʊɐʁ Ñʓɓɟɐɯ ɦɹʐ ȝ ɔʅʚʅɟ ýʖʈʙ ýß ɤɼɒ äãʖɰʊãÿ ʉʅɼʋʊ ýɐʎʙʟã ãɥʔ

�ýɐʍîʝã ûɤɓɗɒ ʡá ûɤɓɗɖ ʡ ɐʕʐß ȝÿ Ñíɐʈʁʝã Ȫɻ ɐʕɓʋɿɖ ȝ ɔɓʚɝɻ åʖʄ ɔʚʑʙɤʊãÑåíÿɃʊã ʌʈɠɒ Γɠʍɐɪɗʍ Βɾ ʌʕʋɼɝʙ ɔʅʋɶʍ ɔʅʚʅɟ ɤʅɗɼ͋ã Γʑʍɋ͋ã íɐɓɗɻãÿɔʚʑʙɤʊãÿ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æãíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ʌʕ͋ɐɹʍÿ ʌʔëɐʅɟßÿ ʌʕɖʖɪʄ Ȣȵ ɐʑʊ ɞɲʖʙ ãɥʔÿ

�ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã åíʖə üɐʙß ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ ÑåΒɓʈʊãʘʑʙɤʊãÿ ʘʂɵɐɼʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã Ɋɭʑʍ ɐʑʋʕɜ ýá ãȵ͆ ɔʚɣʙíɐɗʊã ɐʐíãÿëß ɱɼɒ ȣʉɹɖÿȪɻ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ʓɒ ʌ ćɼʑĆɖ ɐʍ ʌə Ñɐʕʑʚɒ ʃʚʁʖɗʊã ɔʊɐɠɗɩãÿ āíÿɃʊã ɐʕɠʍɐɪɖ üɤɻÿ

�åʖʅʊã ʏʍ ɐʕɗʍɤɣʊ åɦ Ȣɣɪ͋ã ɦɻɐɭ͋ãýÿɦʎɗɪʙ øʖɩ ʏʙɥʊã Γɢíɋ͋ã ɔʚʋʅɻ Βʚɿɖ ʏʍ åɤʚɼɒ ɤʕɼʊã ɔɚʙɤɟ âëɐɓ͋ã ʆʋɖÿāɥʊã ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã ýß ɺʎʁ ÑȤȫʅɼʊã ʃɶʑ͋ã ʏɻ ãĂíëɐɯ çëãʖɠʊã ʏʍ Βɚʇ íɐɓɗɻã Ȫɻûãɧʙ ʡ ɔʚʋʅɻ ʉʍãʖɻ ʏɻ ĉ Ɋɭʑʙ ʌʊ çëãʖɠʊã ʏʍ ʓʋəɐʍ ɐʍÿ ɔʑɩ Γɪʎɢ åɤʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ ɑʋʄɞɲÿß āɥʊã éɐɳʙʟã ʆʊì ûɐɚʍ Ñʉʅɼʊã Ȟá ɺɎɐʄʖʊã þɥʔ ýÿɧɼʙ Ýɐʎʋɼʊã ʏʍ ʏʙɦɢɊɗ͋ã ɦɚʇß�ʡɐʄ ìá Ñlüɐɼʊã ɡʙíɐɗʊã{ ɐʎʕɒɐɗʇ ȝ ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã åíʖə ʖɓʐãí ʖʚɪʍÿ ɨʚǛʡ ʖʚɪʍ ʓɒ

ɔɼʊɐɶʍ ʏʍ üʖʅʊã ïʖʂʐ ȝ æɤʊʖɖ ɔʙɧʙɦɾ ɔʇɦɟ ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã åíʖə ýá�üãɤʅ ćʍ ʉʅɻ Ýɐɶɪɓʊã äʖʋʄ ɐʕəíÿß ɔʙëɦʁ æʢʍɊɖ ʏʍÿ ʉʚɝʐʟã

ʌʊÿ åɧʙɦɿʊã ʏɻ Ɋɭʑɖ ʌʊ åíʖɚʊã þɥʕʁ Ñýɐɢíɋ͋ã ýãɥʔ ʌɻî ɐʍ Βɾ ʘʔ ɔʅʚʅɠʊɐʁɔʚʑʙɤʊãÿ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ʏʍ ɐʔΒɿʇ Ʋ ɕɜɦɢ ɐʎʐáÿ Ñɐʕɝɳʐ ȝ ΒəɊɖ ʉʅɼʋʊ ʏʈʙ

�ʏʙɤɗʊã ʃʋɢÿ ɦɻɐɭ͋ã ʏʍ Ʋ ʌʊɐɼʊã ɕɓʋʄ ʘɗʊã

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɔɼɲɐɢ ʘʔÿ Ñúȩɭ͋ Ʋ ɔʚʑʙë ÿß ɕʐɐʇ ɔʚɩɐʚɩ Ʋ æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã íɤɰʍ ýá ɐʅ͆ɟÑʉʅɼʊã ʓʚɳɗʅʙ ɐ͋ ɐ Ăʁʢɢ ýʖʈɗɖ ɐʍ ãĂΒɚʇÿ Ñʉʅɼʊɐɒ ýʖʈɗɖ ʡ ɐʕʐß āß Ñåɤɟãÿ ʏʑɪʊȪɻ ɕɟʡ ýáÿ Ñɔʚʇãȩɬʡãÿ ɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊãÿ ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟãÿ üʢɩʟãÿ �ɔʙìʖɓʊã� ɔʚʔɤɓʊɐʁʃɶʑ͋ ɺɳɣɖÿ Ñɔʋəɐʎɗʍ æɐʑʙɤɖÿ ʀɵãʖɻ Ȫɻ ɔʎɎɐʄ ɔʅʚʅɠʊɐɒ ʘʔ Ñɦʔɐɸ ȡāɦʈʁ ʉʈɬ

�ã Ăɤɒß Ȥȫʅɼʊã ʃɶʑ͋ã Γɒÿ ʓʑʚɒ ɔʄʢɻ ʡʏɻ Ɋɭʑɖ ɤʄ ɐʕʑʈʊÿ Ñïʖʂʑʊã ȝ ɕʋɯɊɖ æãɤʅɗɼʍ ʏɻ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æãíʖɚʊã ɊɭʑɖȪɻ íëɐʄ äɧɟ ʀʊɊɖ Ýɐʚɗɩʡã ãɥʔ Ȣʌɻ ʗɗʎʁ ÑÝɐʚɗɩʡã ɔʎʋʇ ɐʕɼʎɝɖ Āɦɢß äɐɓɩß

�ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ɔɠʁɐʈʍɔəëɐɟ ɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ åíʖɚʊã ýʖʈɖ ʡ ãɥʕʊÿ ÑɛɎɐɗʐ ãì ýʖʈʚʊ Ýɐʚɗɩʡã ʌʇãȩʙ ýß ȿɗʅʙÿɐʕɎʖɭʐ ȝ ɕɻȵß åɦʎɗɪʍ ɔəëɐɟ ʘʔ ʉɒ ÑĀɦɢß åíʖə ɐʕɓʅɼɖ ʗɗɟ ʘʕɗʑɖ ýß ɘɓʋɖ ʌʊ

� Ăʢʚʋʄɱɼɒ ʏɹʙ ɐ͋ ɐ Ăʁʢɢ æãíʖɚʊã ȤɤɬɊɒ ʘɖɊɖ ʘɗʊã ʘʔ ɔɹʁɐɠ͋ã åΒɚʈʊã ʌʍʝã ýß ɐʐɤʑɻÿɐʕɗʍÝʢʍ Ȫɻ þɦʈɖ æɐɏʚɓʊã ɑʋʅɖ ʌɎʢɗʊ Ýɴɓɒ ɔʊʖɠɗʍ Βɾ ɔɹʁɐɠʍ ɕʐɐʇ ìá ɐʕʐʝ Ûïɐʑʊã

�ãɤ͆ɜ Ăɔʎʚɹɻ Γʁɦɶʊã Γɒ Ćɔ Ȣʅ ȣɭʊã ɞɓɰɖ ɐʎʑʚɟ åíʖɚʊɐɒ ɔɗɿɒɞɝʑʙ ʌʋʁ Ñæãíʖɚʊã ȝ õʖʄʖʊã ʏʍ ɛʙíɤɗʊɐɒ ɔɏʚɓʊã ɑȣʋʅɖ ʌɎʢɖ ʘɗʊã ʌʍʞʊ Ȣɦʂʍ ʡÿýß ɑɾɦʙ ýɐʇ āɥʊã ðɦɼʊã Γɒ ɐĂʐɦʄ ɦʎɗɩã āɥʊã õãɧʑʊã ʌɗɢ ȝ ÑđĖĘĘ ɔʑɩ ÑɧʚʋʈʐʟãÑåíʖɚʊɐɒ ʡá ʓɒãʖʐ ʏʍ ɐ Ăʍʖʈɠʍ ýʖʈʙ ýß ʗɼɪʙ ýɐʇ āɥʊã ɑɼɭʊã Γɒÿ ɐ Ăʅʋɶʍ ýʖʈʙɤʎɗɪɖ æãíʖɚʊã ʏʈʊÿ Ñɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ æãíʖɚʊɐɒ ýÿßɤɓʙ ʏʙɥʊã ʌʔ Ñɐʕɗ Ȣʍɐɻ ʡ Ñɔʍʝã ɔɯɐɢÿÑɫʚɝʊã ʏʍ Βɓʇ ʃʙɦʁ ɐʕʎɻë ãìá ʡá æãíʖɚʊã ʌɗɖ ʡ ɤʄÿ Ñɛʚʕʙ ɐʍɤʑɻ ɑɼɭʊã ʏʍ ɐʕɖʖʄʏɻ þĆɤʑɜ ɺʑɗʍã üʖʙ ʉɒ Ñɀɻ ïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊ ïßí ɺɶʄ üʖʙ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ɔʚʈʋ͋ã ʉ ĆʁɊɖ ʌʋʁ

�ʓʑɻ õɐʁɤʊãʡá íʖʍʝã Βɪʊ çȩʈɖ ʡ ʘɗʊã ðʖʚɝʊã ʏʍ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã Āÿɤɼʊɐɒ ɔɓɠ͋ã ûÿɧɖ ɤʄÿȝ ýɐʐʖʚʊã óɐɓɲ ɦȢʈʁ ɔʚʇȩʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ãʖɓʋʅʙ ýß óɐɓɲ ɔɼɳɒ õɐɶɗɩã ɐʍɤʑɼʁ Ñ Ăʢʚʋʄ

�Γʍɐɹʑʊã Γɒ ăʓąɓ ąɬ ʏʈʙ ʌʊ ʓʐß ɺʍ Ñɔʍʖʈɠʊã Βʚɿɗɒ ʌʔɤʚʋʅɖÑɔʚʐɐɓɩʟã æɐʙíʖʕʎ Ćɝʊã ȝ ɺʅʙ ɐʎʇ ʆʊìÿ Ñɔʙɦʈɪɻ ɔʇɦɠɒ ɔʍʖʈɠʊã Βʚɿɖ ʏʈʎʙ ɤʄÿûɐʍÞÿ üɐɻ Ýɐʚɗɩã ʏɻ æíɤɯ ãìá ʡá ɔʎʕʍ ɛɎɐɗʐ æãì ýʖʈɖ ʡ æãíʖɚʊã þɥʔ ʉɚʍ ʏʈʊÿíʖʍʝã ʏʎʁ Ñɔʙɤɝ͋ã æãíʖɚʊã çãɤɟʟ ćʀʈʙ ʌʊ Ñã Ăɤʙɤɬ ɐʍ͆ɐɻ ʏʈʙ ʌʊ ãìá ÑĆÝɐʚɗɩʡãÿ ÑåΒɓʇɔʍʝã ʆʙɦɠɗʊ ɑɝʙ ʓʑʈʊÿ Ñʉɗʅʊãÿ üɤʕʊãÿ ɑʕʑʊã Ȫɻ ïɐʑʊã ʏʍ ɔʍìȴòȢɦɠɖ ýß ɔʋʕɪʊã

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ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æãíʖɚʊãÿ ɔʚʎʋɼʊã æãíʖɚʊã

üɐʕɖã Ȫɻ Γɶɢɐɪʊã ãʖʋ ćʎ ĉɠąʙ ýßÿ Ýɐʚɗɩʡã ʌʚɪɝɖ ȝ Ýɐʎɻɧʊã ɽʊɐɓʙ ýß ɐʕʎɹɼʍ ÿß ɐʕȤʋʇíʖʕʎɝʊã ãʖʋɼɝʙ ýßÿ ÑÝʢɿʊãÿ ɔʄɐʂʊã ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ Ñɔɏʚɪʊã çëãʖɠʊã ɑɓɩ ɐʕʐɊɒ ɔʍʖʈɠʊãʗɗʎʁ Ñʓʐʖɟȩʅʙ āɥʊã ɤʙɤɝʊã üɐɹʑʊã ʏʍ ïɐʑʊã Ȫɻ ʃɚɓʑʚɩ åëɐɼɪʊã ɂɻ ýß ɤʅɗɼʙʓʚʁ ɛɳʑɖ āɥʊã ɕʄʖʊã äĆɦʄ Āÿɤɼʊãÿ Γʅʋɗʊɐɒ æɀɗʐãÿ ïʖʂʑʊã ȝ íʖʍʝã þɥʔ ɕʋɯɊɖ

�åíʖɚʊãɤʄ åΒɢʝã ɕʐɐʇ ãìáÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ ɔʚɠʚɪ͋ã åíʖɚʊã æɊɭʐ ʓɜʖʊã ãɥʔ Ȫɼʁʌʊ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ýʞʁ ÑΓʑɪʊã ʏʍ ãĂΒɚʇ Ȟÿʝã õʖʄÿ ɑȢʋɶɖÿ Ñɔʋʚʋʄ Γʑɩ ȝ ɕɼʄÿʏʍî Ýɐɳʅʐã ɤɼɒ ʡá ɔʙëɐʍ åʖʄ ʉʑɖ ʌʊ ɔʚɠʚɪ͋ã åíʖɚʊã ýß ɺʍ ɫʚɝʊã ɐʕʎɻë ýß ɘɓʋɖʌʕʑʍÿ ÑåÝãɤĆɓʊã ȝ ɔʚɠʚɪ͋ã íɐɰʐß ãʖʐɐʇ ʏʙɥʊã ʌʔ ýãɤĉɓ Ćɼʊãÿ Ćɔʋ ĉʂ Ȥɪʊãÿ ɦɾɐɯʝɐʁ Ñʉʙʖɵɐʔìɐɣɖã åɦɵɐɒʝã ɤɟß Āßí ɐ Ăɳʙß Ýʡɋʔ Γɒ ɐʔíɐɭɗʐã ʉʎʇ ɐ͋ÿ Ñɔɯɐɣʊã Ȟá ɐʔãÿɤɻ æȵ

�ʉʙʖɵ ɕʄÿ ȝ ʡá ʌɗʙ ʌʊ ʓʋʇ ãɥʔÿ Ñɔʊÿɤʋʊ ɐ͆ʚʎɩí ɐĂʑʙë

ɁʇɖȽʇɗɷã æãíʃɇɷã ɈȻȽɄɽ ���

ÑΓʐãʖʅʊã ʏɪʚʁ Ñʓɠʊɐɰʍ ʓʚɳɗʅɖ ɐʎʇ ɺʎɗɝ͋ã äɧɠʊã ãɥʔ ʌɹʑʙ äɧɠʊɂʑʊã ʌɗʙ ɐʍɤɼɒɔʅɓɶʇ Ñɔɓʋɿʊã Ȫɻ ʓɖɤɻɐɩ ʘɗʊã æɐʅɓɶʊã ɺʁɐʑʍÿ ʓɼʁɐʑʍ ɑɪɟ Ȫɻ ɔʎɹʐʝã ɺɳʙÿåíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ɺʄÿ ɐʎʇ Ñɔʂʚʑɻ æɐɻíɐɰʍ ɤɼɒ Γɓʊɐɿʋʊ ɂʑʊã ʌɖ ãìáÿ Ñ Ăʢɚʍ ïÿΒʋʇʟãɴʄɐɪʊã üɐɹʑʊã íɐɰʐß ʌʔëɐʕɶɲã ɺʍ ɔʎʙɤʅʊã ùʖʅɠʊã ʌɎɐɻë ýʖɲʖʅʙ ʌʕʐɌʁ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã

�ʌʕɖëɐɒáÿ ʌʔíɐʙë ʏʍ ʌʕɜãɦɢáÿʓɼʁɐʑʍ ʏɻ ʓɻɐʁë ãɤɻ Ñɤʅɗɼʍ ʏɻ ɑʊɐɿʊã äɧɠʊã ɺʁãɤʙ ɐʎʑʚɟ ʓɗʙɐɾ ɑʙɥɼɗʊã ɽʋɓʙÿʏʍ äɦɼʊã ëɦĆɵ ɐʎʇ ëʢɓʊã ʏʍ þëɦɶʙ ʉɒ Ñɔʎɟɦʊɐɒ äʖʋɿ͋ã äɧɠʊã ʉʍɐɼʙ ʢʁ Ñɔʙëɐ͋ãȝ ʏɼʎʙÿ Ñùãɦɟʟɐɒ èíãʖɣʊã Ȫɻ ɫʚɗʂɗʊã ɔʎʈɠʍ ɕɳʄ ɐʎʇ ʓʚʋɻ ȿʅʙÿ Ñɨʊɤʐʝãɤɲ ɕɼɲÿ ʘɗʊã ɔɚʙɤɠʊã Γʐãʖʅʊɐʇ þɤɲ Γʐãʖʅʊã ʏɪʙÿ Ñɤʕɼʊã íÿë ȝ çɤɟ ɐʎʇ ʓʋɗʄ

�Γʚɻʖɪʚʊãɺʋɪʊã õɐɓɖ ýßÿ Ñɑʔɥʊã üɐʅʍ ùíʖʊã üʖʅʙ ýß ɦʍɊʚʁ ʌʋɹʊã ȝ ɑʊɐɿʊã Āëɐʎɗʙ ɤʄÿüɐɼʊã āßɦʊã û Ȥʖɠɖ ʘɗʊã æãíÿɃʊã ʓʍɤɰɖ ýß ɘɓʋʙ ʡ ʓʐß ʡá ÑĀʖʕʙ ɐʎʇ ɐʕʑʚɼɒ ýɐʎəɊɒɔʚʇãȩɬã åíãîʖʊ ɺʄÿ ɐʎʇÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɦɢãÿß ȝ çɤɟ ɐʎʇ ʆʊìÿ Ñþëãɤɓɗɩã ɤɲȞá Γɓɪɗʑ͋ã ɕɠʑʍÿ ɔʎʚʅɻ Γʐãʖʄ åíãîʖʊã þɥʔ ɕɼɲÿ ɤʅʁ Ñûɐʎɼʊã ʏʍ ɔʂʊɋʍ ɔʚʊãȩɩß

�ɦʕɬß ɔəʢə ȝ ɕɶʅɪʁ ɐʕʚʋɻ üɐɼʊã āßɦʊã ɴɣɪʁ åΒɚʇ æãîɐʚɗʍã æɐɒɐʅʑʊã

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

Ñɤʙɤɜ ʆʋʍ ðɦɼʊã Ȫɻ ɨʋɝʚʊ ɺʄÿ ɤʄ æãíʖɚʊã ɦɚʇɊʁ ÑɔʚɎɐʑɚɗɩã åíʖʇɥ͋ã ûãʖɟʝãÿʓɗʊɐʎɗɩɐɒ ʉɒ ÑĀɦɢß Ȫɻ ɔʅɓɵ ʓʋʚɳʂɗɒ ýʖʈʙ ʡ ʓʎʈɟ íãɦʎɗɩã ýß ʆʋ͋ã ãɥʔ ĉʌʋɼʚʋʁÑʓʚʋɻ ɐʔãɤɟá ɑʋɿɖ ʏʍ ɔɼʐɐʍ ɔʐîãʖʍ ɐʕʐîãÿ ãìá ʡá ʆʊì ûɐʑʙ ʡ ʖʔÿ Ñʓʚʊá ɐʕʋʇ æɐʅɓɶʊãþɥʔÿ Ñʓɖɤʚɩ ɞɓɰɖ ýß ɔʅɓɶʊã þɥʔ ɘɓʋɖ ʌʊ Āɦɢß ýÿë ɔʅɓɵ ùʖʂɖ Ȫɻ ɤɻɐɩ ãìɌʁûÿɐɶɖ ýʖɠʁɐʈʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ɐʍɤʑɻ ɔɪʐɦʁ úʖʋʍ ɐʕʎʋɻ ɤʄÿ Ñɔɩɐʚɪʊã ʏʑɩ ɞɯß ʏʍ ăɔȢʑ Ćɩåɦɵɐɒß ɑʚɰʐ ʉɚʍ ʌʕɓʚɰʐ ýɐʈʊ ʆʊì ʡʖʊÿ Ñʌʔɤɼɒ ʏʍ ïÿΒʋʇʟã ʌə åÝãɤɓʊã ȝ øãȴʝãƲ ɺɒãɦʊã āɦʑʔ íʖɵãȨʍʟã ʉɼʁ ɐʎʇ Ʋ ýÿɦɶɳʙ ãʖʐɐʇ Γɟ ʗɶɩʖʊã ýÿɦʅʊã ȝ ýɐ ʝ͋ã

�ʉʊɥɗɒ ʌʕʑɻ ʖʂɼʊã ãʖɓʋɶʚʊ æãʖɒɐɓʊã åíɐʙî Ȟáȝ ɤʑɝʊã ɔʅɓɵ ɕʄʖʂɖ ɐʎʋʁ Ñɡʙíɐɗʊã íãÿëß ɺʚʎɜ ȝ ćɔȢʑ ȣɪʊã þɥʔ ɔɠɯ ɕɗɓə ɤʄÿȪɻ ʌʕʐʖɼʁɦʙ Ýʡɋʔ íɐɰʁ ʌʔëʖʑɜ åɦʍá ɕɠɖ åɦɵɐɒʝã ɞɓɯß ɔʚʐɐʍÿɦʊã ɔʊÿɤʊã ɦɢãÿß

�ýʖʕɗɭʙ ɐʎʇ ʌʕʐʖɼʋɣʙ ÿß ðɦɼʊãýʖʅʋɶʍ úʖʋʍ Ăʢʙʖɵ ɐĂʑʍî ɐʕɩßí Ȫɻ ʉɸ ýß ɔɪʐɦʁ ɷɟ ʏɪɟ ʏʍ ýá Ñýìáüɐʍî Ȫɻ ãʖɳɓʅʙ ýß ãʖɻɐɶɗɩã ɐʍ ʆʊì ʡʖʋʁ ÑɆ ʏʍ ɤʎɗɪʍ ʌʕʐɐɶʋɩ ýß ýʖɻɤʍïëɐɪʊã ýɦʅʊã ɦɢãÿß ȝ ɔʚʐʖʊʖnj ïßí Ȫɻ ýɐʇ ʖʊÿ Ñɐ Ăɼʍ ýɐ͋Ȩʊãÿ ïÿΒʋʇʟãÿ øãȴʝãāɥʊã òãɦʅʐʡã íɤɠʑʍ Ȟá ɕɶɓʔ ɐʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ úʖʋʍ ʉɚʍ ýʖʍȩɠʍ ýʖʅʋɶʍ úʖʋʍ ɀɻ

�ɔɒíÿß ɔɶʙɦɢ ʏʍ ɐʔʖɠʍ ɑɜÿßɔʚɻɐʎɗɜã æɐɒʢʅʐã ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æãíʖɚʊã ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ýß ʏʈʎʙ ʓʐß ʉɰʂʊã ãɥʔ ȝ ɐʑʚɒʘɗʊã æɐɒʢʅʐʡɐɒ ïɐʅɖ ɐʍɤʑɻ ɔʂʚɼɲ ɦʕɹɖ æɐɒʢʅʐʡã þɥʔ ýß Āɦʑɩÿ ÑýɊɭʊã ɔʎʚɹɻ

�ɔʚʑʙɤʊã åíʖɚʊã ʏɻ Ɋɭʑɖ

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ʘʐɐɚʊã ʉɰʂʊã

ÍĒĊđÝă* -*4ĎÓă*

Āȕɵɷã ɁʇɖȽʇɗɷã æãíʃɇɷã ȗɨ øʃɱʃɸɷ ɧɯɾʆ Ɂʇɾʆɑɷã æãíʃɇɷã Ȋ Ʌɍɀɷã ���

ʏɻ ɔɏɬɐʑʊã ʌʊɐɹ͋ɐɒ ɔʋʁɐɠʊã ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ȝ ɘɠɓʋʊ äɐɗʈʊã ãɥʔ ʏʍ ãĂÝɧɜ ɮɰɣʑɩ�ɔʚɪʂʐ ʉʍãʖɻ

ɐʔȵ ýß ɺʍ ɐʔɦʍß òʖʎɾ åɦɸɐʑʋʊ éʖʋʙÿ ÑåΒɟ äʖʋʅʊã Ćʌɼʂɖ åìɐɭʊã åíʖɚʊã þɥʔ�æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã íɐɭɗʐã ɨʚʍãʖʑʊ ɐ Ăɼɒɐɖ ã Ăɤʙɤɜ ɐĂʑʙë ɐʔíɐɓɗɻã ɤʑɻ Ȫɝɗʙ

ɐʕʍɐʙß ȝ ɤʔʖɬ ɐʍ ýß ÑĀȨʈʊã Ȥʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã åíʖə ȝ ɘɠɓʐ ɐʍɤʑɻ ÑĀɦʐ øʖɪʁýɊɬ ýß Γɖíʖɚʊã Γɖɐʔ ȝ ʘɎí ɤʅʁ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ʓʋɚʍ ɤʔʖɬ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ûãʖɟʝã ʏʍæãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ɞʍɐɪɖ ýßÿ ÑΒəɊɗʊã åɤʄɐʁ æãëɐʕɶɲʡã ýßÿ Ñɤʅɗɼ͋ã íɐɭɗʐã ȝ ʉʚɏɲ ʉʅɼʊãʓʐßÿ Ñɔʂʋɗɣ͋ã ɤɎɐʅɼʊã üëɐɰɖ ʏɻ íɤɰʙ ʌɟʢ͋ãÿ ʌʊɐɹ͋ã ɤɬß ýßÿ Ñʉʚɠɗɪʍ ɔʑʙɐɓɗ͋ã

�ʌʕʐɐʚʇ ʉʙɤɓɖ ʉɓʄ ïɐʑʊã åɤʚʅɻ ʉʙɤɓɖ ʉʚɠɗɪʙąʃʁąÿ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʉʚɝʐá íɐɭɗʐã ȝ ɑɓɪʊã úíɤʐ ʓʋʇ ʆʊì ɐʐɤʑɻ ɕɓɚʙ ýß ɤɼɓʁ

�ʏ ąǜĉʊɐʇ ʉʚɝʐá ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ ÑĀɦɢʝã ɔʚʑʙɤʊã ʉʚɜɐʐʝã ɐʕɒ æɀɗʐã ʘɗʊã ùɦɶʊãʏʙʖʈɖÿ Ñʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã åíʖɚʇ Ñɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãíʖɚʊã ʏʙʖʈɖ Γɒ ɤʙɤɬ ăʓɓɬ ɤɜÿ ãìáÿùɦʂʊã ãɥʔÿ ÑɐʎʕɝɎɐɗʐ Γɒ ãĂɦʔɐɸ ɐ Ăʄɦʁ ʆʊɐʑʔ ýɌʁ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊɐʇ Ñɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æãíʖɚʊãɕɓɚɖ ɔɒɦɝɖ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãíʖɚʊã ȝ ɨʚʊ ʓʐß �ʆʊì ýɐʚɒÿ Ñɐʎʕʍãÿë æÿɐʂɖ ȝ ȢɁʊã ɐʑʊ ɞɲʖʙæãíʖɚʊã ɐʍßÿ Ñôʖʂɠ͋ã éʖʋʊã ȝ ɐʍ Ȫɻ ʌʕɻʢɵã ʘɻɤɗɪʙ ʆʊì ýʝ Ûʌʕʊʢɲ Γʑʍɋʎʋʊûʢɳʊãÿ Ɋɶɣʊã ʏʍ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã ɑʔãɥ͋ã ȝ ɐʍ ɕɓɚɖ ýß ɘɓʋɖ ʌʊ ɐʕɗɒɦɝɖ ýɌʁ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊãȞá ɐĂɓɰɼɖ ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã ɤɬß ɦɶɲã ʓɜʖʊã ãɥʔ Ȫɼʁ Ñɐʕʇɦɖ Ȟá Ʋ úãì ìá Ʋ ïɐʑʊã ɦɶɳʚʁɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ʃʚɓɶɖ ýß íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɤʕɻ ɦɢãÿß ȝ ãÿßí ɐʍɤʑɻ ʌʕɗʅʙɦɵ ʏɻ ûÿɤɼʊã

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ąâëɐɓʍ ɔɼɳɒ Āʖɩ ʌʕɖɐʙɦɹʐ ʏʍ üĆɤʙ ʌʊÿ ÑÝɐʅɭʊãÿ äãɦɣʊã Ȫɻ ɔɪʐɦʁ øãȴá ɑɜÿß�ïɐʑʊã åëɐɼɩ ïɐɩß åãÿɐɪ͋ã ýá �ʉɎɐʅʊã åëɐɼɪʊã ßɤɓʎʇ Ñɐʔɦʍß ʃʚʅɠɖ ɑɼɰʙ

ýʃɷÿʊã ʅɾʆɑɷã éʏɜʌã íȽɝɽß ���

Ñɔʚɒëʝã ʌʕɎëɐɓʍÿ ïɐʑʊã ʀɵãʖɻ ȝ ɐʔΒəɊɖ ɤɗɬã ɐʍɤɼɒ ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã åíʖə ɕʕɗʐãæʖʅʎ͋ã ïÿΒʋʇʟã øɂɖ ëɐʅɗʐã ȝ Ȫɝɗɖ ɕʐɐʇ ɐʕɖÝãɤɒ ȝ ýɊɭʊã åΒɿɰʊã åíʖɚʊã þɥʔÿýɐʇ ɤʅʁ Ñɦʈʂʊã ɔʙɦɟ Ȟá ʌʕɖʖɻë ȝ ʡ Ñʉʚɝʐʟã ñʖɰʑɒ ʉʎɼʊã Ȟá ïɐʑʊã åʖɻë ȝÿýʖʈɖ ýß ɔʚɻɦʊã Ȫɻ ɑɝʙ ʓʐá ýʖʊʖʅʙ ɦɹʑʊã ûɐɜí ýɐʇÿ ÑΒǍɪɒÿɦʇ ɞʍɐɪɗʍ Βɾ ʏǜʊɐʇúʖʋ͋ã ʉɟ ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã ɐʕʎɻ ʘɗʊã ëʢɓʊã ʘʂʁ Ñ Ăʢɼʁ ɺʄÿ ɐʍ ãɥʔÿ Ñɐʕʇʖʋʍ ʏʙë Ȫɻ

�ɐĂʐɐɶʋɩÿ ɐ Ăʄʖʅɟ ɐɒɐɓʊã ʉɠʍʉɎɐɩÿ ýãɤʅʁÿ ʓɗʚʐʢɻ üɤɼʊ Ûɦʍʝã Ýɤɒ ȝ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ Ýɴɓɒ ɤʙɤɝʊã ýɐʎʙʟã ɀɗʐã ɤʄÿÑþíɐɰʐß ɦɚʇ ɐ͋ ʏʈʊÿ Ññɐɣɬß ɔɼɳɒ Āʖɩ ÑđĕĒĐ ɔʑɩ Ñɦəʖʊ Ȟá ʌɳʑʙ ʌʋʁ Ñʓɗɻãìá

�āíÿȷ ɦʍß ʌʕʄãɦɟá ýß ʘɎĆí Ñđĕēĕ ɔʑɩûÿß ýɐʇÿ Ñɔʁÿɦɼ͋ã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ɔʑɪʋʊ ɐ Ăɼɓɖ ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã íɐɭɗʐã ëɐʕɶɲʡã ʉ Ȣʕɩÿɔʚɪʂʑʊã Āÿɤɼʊɐɒ ʓʚʋɻ ʌʕʊɐɓʄá ʌɖ ɤʄÿ Ñøąɦ ćɠʊã ʉʔßÿ åɐɳʅʊãÿ ɔɩÿɐɪʅʊã ʓɒ Γʑʍɋ͋ã

�Γʅʋɗʊãÿʌʕʎʕʙ ʡ ûɐɜí ʓʊʖɟ ʀɗʋʙ ïɐʑʊã Γɒ ɤʙɤɜ ɤʅɗɼʍ ɺʚɭʙ ɐʍɤʑɻ ʓʐß ëʖʕɭ͋ã ʏʍÿüɐʙß ʆʊì ɺʄÿ ɤʄÿ Ñʌʕɻɐʎɵßÿ ʌʕɖãʖʕɬ Ýãÿíʟ ɔʋʚɩÿ ʓʚʁ ý ąÿɦʙ ʌʕʐß Āʖɩ þɦʍß ʏʍɔɜɐɟ ʡ ʓʐá ɦəʖʊ ûɐʄ ɐʎʋʁ Ñåȩʋʈʐáÿ ɔʚʐɐ͋ß ȝ ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ ÑåΒɚʇ ýãɤʋɒ ȝ ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟãɐĂʑʙë ɔɪʚʑʈʊã ûãʖʍß Ȫɻ Ýʢʚɗɩʡɐɒ ʌʔĆɤɼʙ āɥʊã ʏʙɤʊã ɔʚʐɐ͋ß ĆÝãɦʍß ɤɜÿ ûɐ͋ɐɒ ïÿΒʋʇʠʊ

�ɐ Ăɼʁɐʐ ɐĂɓʚɵ

Ɂʇɸɲɩɷã ʅɾʆɑɷã éʏɜʌã åíʃɆ Ɂɻʇɱ � �

ɔʑɩ Γɪʎɢ åɤʍ ɐʔɐʙá ɐʕʋʙʖɠɗɒ ɔɪʐɦʁ ɦ Ȥʍɤɖ æëɐʇÿ Ñɔɒíÿß ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã åíʖə ɕɓʋʄɘʚɟ ʏʍ ɐʕʊ ćɤɼɖ ɔəëɐɟ ɔʙß ʓʋɚʍ ćæɊɖ ʌʊ ɔʎʚɹɼʊã ɛɎɐɗʑʊã ʏʍ ʓɗɖß ɐʍÿ Ñäɦɟ ɔɟɐɩ Ȟá

�ɔʚʋʅɼʊã ɐʕɗʎʚʄ ɔʋʄ

Page 34: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãíʖɚʊã

ɐʔɤɼʄßÿ ïʖʂʑʊã üɐʄß ɐʍÿ ÑåΒɚʇ ʉʅɼʊã ʏʍ åɤʚɼɒ ɀɗʑɖ æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ýß Ȫɻ ɔʊëʝãÿýß ʃɠɗɪʙ ʡ Ñʏǜʊɐʇ ɑʔɥʍ ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ Ñʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã åíʖə üɐʙß ɔʚɖʖʔʢʊã ɑʔãɥ͋ã ʏʍ

�ȫʅɼʊã ʃɶʑ͋ã ɔʕɜ ʏʍ ʓʑɻ ɘɠɓʙȪɻ ʓʑʔɐʇ íɤʅʙ ʌʊ ɐ Ăʁʖɢ ýɐɶʚɭʊã ʏʍ øɐɢÿ ɔʙɤɒʝã ʓɖëɐɼɩ ɦʍß ʓʎʔ āɥʊã ɦəʖʋʁȝ õȴ ýß ɤɼɒÿ Ñʓʎʚɠɜ ʘʅɗʚʊ Ɇ ɐʕɒ ȳɦĆʙ ʘɗʊã ʉɎɐɩʖʊã Āʖʄß ʏɻ ɘɠɓʙ ýɐʇ ʓɗʊãîáʗɠʐßÿ Ñɐʍ͆ɐɖ ɐ Ăɳʁí ýɐɶʋɪʊã ʏʍ ʓɗɪʚʑʈʊÿ ʓʊ ɐʍ ɱʁí åɦʂɿ͋ã ɺʚɒ ȝ ɐɒɐɓʊã ʃɟ íɐʈʐáĀíɐɰʑʋʊ îʖɝʙ ʡ ʓʐɊɒ é Ȣȶÿ Γɪʙɤʅʊã åëɐɓɻÿ øãȩɻʡãÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã ïʖʅɶʊã Ȫɻ ɔʎɎʢʊɐɒʉɳʂɒ ʡá ýʖʈɖ ʡ ɔʙɤɒʝã åɐɝʑʊã ýá ûɐʄ ʌə Ñïɤʅ͋ã äɐɗʈʊã ȝ Ýɐɜ ɐʍ Βɾ ãʖɼɓɗʙ ýßʏǜʊɐʇ ɐʕʁȢɦɻ ɤʄÿ Ñɐʍ͆ɐɖ ã Ăɤʙɤɠɖ þɥʔ lɔʚʊîʝã ɔɏʚɭ͋ã ɔʙɦɹʐ{ ɦəʖʊ ëɤɠʙ ʌʊÿ Ñʓʍɦʇÿ Ɇʏǜʊɐʇ ɤʑɼʁ Ñʓʊ Γɼɒɐɖ ýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊã ɦɚʇß ûãɧʙ ʡ ɑʔɥʍ ïɐɩß ɐʕʋɼɝʁ ʆʊì ʏʍ ɞɲÿɊɒãɥʔ ɔʋɻ ʏɻ ʉɏɩ ɐʎɗʄÿ ʓɒãʖɜ ýɐʇÿ lɔʑɝʋʊ ʏʙɦɢÞÿ íɐʑʋʊ ɐ Ăɩɐʐß ûîʝã ʏʍ íɐɗɢã Ɇ ýß{ɨʙɤʅʊã ʌɻî éɐɳʙá Āʖɩ ʉɼʂʙ ʌʊ āɥʊã Ñʏǜʊɐʇ Āßí ãɥʈʔÿ Ñlʆʊì ëãíß Ɇ ýß{ ʌʋɹʊãΒɾ íɐʑʊã ȝ ʏʙɤʊɐɢ ãʖʐʖʈʚʊ ïɐʐß ʃʋɣɒ ʗąʑ ĉɼĆʙ Ýȯ ʉʇ Ȫɻ íëɐʅʊã Ɇ ýß ÑʏɗɩʖɾÿßȪɻ ɔʙɦʈʂʊã åÿɐɓɿʊã þɥʔ ȟʖɗɪɖ ýß ɦɹʑʊã ʀʄʖɗɪʙ ɐʎʍÿ ÑʌʕʋɎɐɳʁÿ ʌʕʊɐɼʁɊɒ ûɐɓʍ

�ýʛã ʗɗɟ ïɐʑʊã ʏʍ Βɚʇ Ȫɻ åìʖ ĉɠɗɪʍ ʉɹɖ ýßÿ Ñ Ăʢʙʖɵ ɐĂʑʍî ïʖʂʑʊãȝ ëëȩʍ Βɾ ãĂìɐɗɩß ʘʐɐɚʊɐʇ ûÿʝã ýɐʈʁ ÑΒǍɪɒÿí ʏǜʊɐʇ ɔʚɪʂʐ Γɒ ʓɓɬ ʆʊɐʑʔÿɐĂɓʐɐɜ ɔʚʐɐɪʐʟãÿ ɔʁßɦʊã éɦɶɖ ýß ɤʙɦʙ Ɇ ýá{ �ûʖʅʙ ýɐʇÿ Ñʓɓʔɥʍ Ȫɻ ʏʈʙ ʌʊ ʏʍ ʉɗʄ

�lʓʋʚɓɩ ȝ ëɐʕɝʊã ɤʑɻÑΓʑʍɋ͋ã ɔɿʍëß ȝ ʌɏɗʋɖ æɐɳʄɐʑɗ͋ã ýß Ȫɻ þíɐɰʐßÿ ʏǜʊɐʇ ɔʊɐɟ ʏʍ ûɤɗɪʐÿýá ʉɎɐʅʊã lɔʚʊîʝã ɔɏʚɭ͋ã{ ßɤɓʍ Ȫɻ ùʢɢß ɕɓɚʐ ýß ȫʅɼʊã ʃɶʑ͋ã ɘʚɟ ʏʍ ʉʚɠɗɪʚʁʏǜʊɐʇ ąʃĉʋąʙ ʌʊ ʆʊì ɺʍÿ Ñʌʕʊɐɼʁß ɕʐɐʇ ɐʎʕʍ Ñýʖɒɥɼʍ ʌʕɳɼɒÿ ýʖɜɐʐ ïɐʑʊã ɱɼɒ

�ʘʅɶʑʍ Βɾ ïɐɩß Ȫɻ ɔʎɎɐʄ ɔʙʖʄ ùʢɢß õãɤɒá ȝ ɔɒʖɼɯ

ʅɾʆɑɷã éʏɜʌã íȽɚɄɽã ���

ɐʑɒɐɗʇ ȝ ɐʕʑɻ ɐʑɚɠɒ ʘɗʊã ȶɐʑɼʊɐɒ ʉɒ Ñɔʚʋʅɼʊã ΓʔãȨʊãÿ ɑɶɣʊɐɒ ýɐʎʙʟã ãɥʔ ɀɗʑʙ ʌʊɔʙíʖɚʊã íɐʈʁʝã æɀɗʐã ɤʄÿ Ñìʖʂʑʊãÿ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã Āÿɤɼʊãÿ íãɦʈɗʊãÿ ɤʚʇʖɗʊɐɒ āß Ñʃɒɐɪʊã

�ɐ Ăɳʙß ɔʅʙɦɶʊã þɥʔ Ȫɻ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ʆʊì ɤɼɒȝ ïɐʐß ûʖɢë ʉɗʄ ɔəëɐɟ ʉʇ ʏɻ Ɋɭʐ ìá Ñíɐɭɗʐʡã ãɥʔ Ȫɻ ëɐʕɶɲʡã ɤɻɐɩÿɐʕʚʊá íɐɩ íɐʑʊã Ȟá ÑöȨʐɤʐá Ñùãɦɟʟɐɒ ʓʚʋɻ üʖʈɠ͋ã ȳɐʅʊã ąʃʚɩ ɐʎʋʁ Ñɤʙɤɝʊã ɑʔɥ͋ã

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Page 35: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

Γɒ ëãî ýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊã ëɤɻ ýá åãÿɦʊã ɤɟß ûɐʄ ɤʄÿ Ñʓɓʔɥʍ ùɐʑɗɻã Ȫɻ ɔɻɐʎɝʊã ɘɠʙ ʖʔÿ�ʏǜʊɐʇ ɑɗʈɒ ɐʎʍ ɦɚʇß þȨɯÿ þɤʋɜ ʉɼʂɒ ïíãɤ͋ã äʢɵ

ɤʄÿ Ñüʖʅʊã ãʖɓɵɐɣʙ ýß ʏʍ ɐ Ăʁʖɢ ùãɦɟʟɐɒ ʌʕʚʋɻ üʖʈɠ͋ã ɔʑɪʊß ýʖɼɶʅʙ ãʖʐɐʇÿɐʕʑʍ ʌʕɜãɦɢáÿ íɐʑʊã ȝ ʌʕʊɐɢëʟ Ûɤʙɤɟ ʏʍ ʉɩʢɪɒ ɐʙɐɠɳʊã Ćɤʚʚʅɖ Ăʡʖʔ ąɑʙɥɼɗʊã ëãî

�åΒɚʇ æãɦʍɤɼɒ ʖʂɼʊɐɒ ýÿɤɻʖʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ʌʕʐß ɺʍ ɤʙɤɝʊã ʌʕɓʔɥʍ ʏɻ ýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊã ʏɚʙ ʌʊ ʆʊì ʉʇ

�íɐʑʊã ʌʕɪʎɖ ýßɤʄãʖʍ ɔɗɩ ȝ ɤʚʄʖʊã üãȷɌɒ ɦʍß đĕēĕ ɔʑɩ ʓɠʍɐɪɖ ʏɻ ûÿʝã ãʖɪʐɦʁ ûɤɻ ɐ͋ÿýß ɦʕɸ ɤʄÿ Ñüʖʋɼʍ ʖʔ ɐʎʇ ɐʕʚʁ åɤɟãÿ ɔʋɰʅʎɒ ɤʕɼʊã ûɐɜí ʗʂɗʇã ɤʄÿ Ñɨʙíɐɒ ȝɔʚɠʚɪ͋ã Ýãɤʕɬ íʖɼɬ üɤɻ ʆʊì ʉɓʄ ɤʔʖɬ ʓʐá ʗɗɟ ÑΓʑʍɋ͋ã ɤʑɻ ɐ Ăʎʚʊß ʏʈʙ ʌʊ äãɥɼʊãʌʙʖʑɗʊã ùɦɵ ɱɼɒ ýß ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ȝ ɔʁÿɦɼ͋ã ʉɎɐɪ͋ã ʏʍÿ Ñʌʔɐʙá ʓʎʙʖʑɗʊ äãɥɼʊɐɒ

�ɐ Ăʍɐʎɖ ɨɠʊã ʉɶɓɖɐʂʊß ɕɠʋɯĆ ß đĕĖĐ ɔʑɩ ʘʂʁ Ñɐ Ăɼʙȵ ýɐʇ ɑʔɥ͋ã ʆʊì íɐɭɗʐã ýß �ɔɯʢɣʊãÿ�ɦʍʝã Ýɤɒ ȝ Ăʢʚʋʄ ʡá ʓɒ ýʖʊɐɓʙ ʡ ãʖʐɐʇ ʏʙɥʊã Ýãɦʍʝã ʏʍ Βɚʇ ʓʋɠɗʐãÿ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ɔɪʚʑʇ

ɋɺȽɗɄɷã ɁɷȽɍɄɖãÿ Ɂʇɾʆɑɷã æãɑɲɄɩ̸ã üëȽɝɃ ���

ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊãÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãíʖɚʊãÿ Ñɔʙʖʅʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã üîʢʙ ɞʍɐɪɗʊã üɤɻ ýß åɦʍ Βɾ æɦʇìæãɤʅɗɼ͋ã íɐɰʐß Γɒ ɞʍɐɪɗʊã üɤɻ ýß æãíʖɚʊã þɥʔ ɕɗɓəß ɤʄÿ ÑåΒɚʇ ʆʊì Ȫɻ ɔʊãɤʊããìɌʁ Ñ Ăʢɚʍ ɔʚʐãɂʑʊãÿ üʢɩʟɐʇ åɤɻɐɓɗ͋ã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã íɐɰʐß Γɒ ɐʎʍ ɤɬß ýʖʈʙ ɔɒíɐʅɗ͋ãíʖʍʝã ȝ ʡá ʀʋɗɣɖ ʡ ɐʔɐʑʙßí Ăʢʙʖɵ ɐĂʑʍî ɔɪʐɦʁ æɦɶɬ ʘɗʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã Ȟá ɐʐɦɹʐʖʊÿ Ñʓɖëɐɓɻ ɔʚʂʚʇ ȝ ʡá ýɐʂʋɗɣʙ ʡÿ ɤɟãÿ ɐʎʕʕʊá ʘʐɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊãÿ ʘʈʚʊʖəʖʈʊɐʁ Ñɔʙʖʐɐɚʊã�ɐʕʚʋɻ ɤɓɼʙ ʘɗʊã åíʖɰʊɐɒ ȟɐɓʙ ʡ Ɇ ýß ɐʎʔãíʝ ɐʎʔɤʅɗɼʍ öʖɯ ȝ ýɊɬ ʉʅɼʋʊ ýɐʇ

Ȫɻ ʆʚʊʖəɐʈʊãÿ ýɐɗɪɖÿȨʊã ɦʎɗɩã Γʑʍɋ͋ã öɐʍë ȝ ɦəɋʍ Βɾ ʉʅɼʊã ýɐʇ ɐ͋ÿɤʄÿ Ñéɐʙɦʊã èãíëß ɑʔì Γɗʄɦʂʊã Γɒ ʀʚʊɊɗʋʊ úʖʋ͋ã ʓʚʁ ʗɼɩ ɐʍÿ Ñåʖɪʅɒ ûɐɗɗʄʡãΓɒ ýʖʈʙ ʡ Ʋ ëãɦʁʝã Γɒ ʏʈʍß ýáÿ Ʋ ɞʍɐɪɗʊã ýß ɨʚɪʙɤʍÿë ɐʑʙɦɖɐʇ ûɐɒ ʏɻ ɑʔìɤʚɠʙ ýß Βɾ ʏʍ ʌɗɭʊãÿ ɔɭʄɐʑ͋ã íɐʎɾ ãʖɲɐɢ æʖʔʢʊã Ýɐʎʋɻ ɕɼʎɜ ɐʍɤʑɼʁ ÑæɐɻɐʎɝʊãýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊã ʓʚʁ ɞʑʎɖ ɐ Ăʍʖɩɦʍ ɐʔɀʐ ýß ÑđĕĖĒ ɔʑɩ Ñæßí ʌə Ñʓɖɤʚʅɻ ʏɻ ʌʕʑʍ ɤɟãÿ

�éɐɝʑʊã Ȟá äɦʄß ãĂɦʕɜ åëɐɓɼʊãÿ õɐʎɗɜʡã ʃɟ

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Page 36: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãíʖɚʊã

íÿɤɯ íɐɿʙá Βɾ ʓʑɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ʌʊ Ñɐ͆ʚʋʎɻ ɍʚɪʊãÿ ɐ͆ʙɦɹʐ ʏɪɠʊã Ñɞʍɐɪɗʊã ãɥʔÿúȩʙ ʘʈʊ ʆʚʊʖəɐʈʊã ɔɪʐɦʁ äʖʑɜ ȝ Ýɐʙʖʄʝã ýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊã ɤʕɶɲɐʁ ÑΓɒɧɠʊã ûɐɜíäɐɯß ɤʄÿ Ñʌʕʋʎɻ ɴɓɠʙ ɐʍɤʑɻ ʌʕɪɎɐʑʇ ýʖɓʕʑʙÿ ʌʕʐʖɠɒɥʙ ãʖʐɐʇÿ Ñʌʕɖɤʚʅɻ Ýʡɋʔ

�ʆʚʊʖəɐʈʋʊ ɐʕʚʁ ɔʙɦɚʇʝã ɕʐɐʇ ʘɗʊã ɔʑʈʍʝã ȝ ʆʊì ĆΒɹʐ ąýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊãÑ Ăʢʙʖɵ ɐĂʑʍî üɤʊɐɒ ɔɪʐɦʁ ɕɜ Ȣȷ ɔʚʑʙë äÿɦɟ ëɐʅɟʝã þɥʔ ʉɚʍ ʏɻ Ɋɭʐ ɤʄÿɔɯɐɣʊã ɔʚɭɟʖʊã åʖɪʅʊɐɒ õãɧʑʊã ãɥʔ ʀɰɖã ɐʍ ýɐɻɁʊÿ Ñɕʈ ćʂ Ćɩ Ýɐʍɤʊãÿ æɦ ȤʍĆë ɐʕʐɤʎʁ

�ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊãÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã ɺɎɐʄʖʊɐɒĂʡɐɚʍ ɤʚɒÿë ýÿíɐɓʊã ɨʇá ýɐ͋ɦnj ɨʚɎí íɐɯÿ Ñûɐʂɵʝãÿ Ýɐɪʑʊãÿ êʖʚɭʊã ɤʚɒĆ ßʏʙɀɻÿ Γɗʑəãÿ ýɤʍ çʢə þΒʍɤɖÿ ɮɣɬ øʡÞ ɔəʢə üɐʙß åɀɻ ȝ ʓʋɗʅʊ ʓɒ ĀɤɗʅʙýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊã ʉɼʂʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɍʋɗʎɖ ʗɗɟ íɐɒʛã ȝ ʏǜʊɐʇ õɐɓɖß éɦɶʙ úʖʋʐʖʍ ýɐʇÿ Ñɔʙɦʄʉʇɐʚʕʊãÿ íʖɓʅʊã Ȫɻ ýʖʊÿɐɶɗʙÿ ɔʚʈʚʊʖəɐʈʊã ɨɎɐʑʈʊã Ȫɻ ýÿɤɗɼʙ ãʖʐɐʈʁ ʆʊì ʏʍ ʉʄß

�úʖʋ͋ã íʖɓʄ Ȫɻ ʌʔɤɼɒ ʏʍ ɤʕɼʊã ûɐɜí ûÿɐɶɗʇɘʊɐɚʊã āɦʑʔ ɤʕɻ ɦɢãÿß ȝ ɕɠɓɯɊʁ Ñɔɪʐɦʁ Āɦɻ ʆʈʂɖ çëãʖɠʊã ʆʋɖ æɥɢßȪɻ ȫʎɖ ãąʖĉʋɒ ɕʐɐʈʁ úʖʋ͋ã ɔɶʋɩ ɕʊÝɐɳɖ ɤʄÿ Ñɔɪʇɐɭɗʍ ɔʋʅɗɪʍ åΒɿɯ æɐʙíʖʕʎɜÑđĕėė ɔʑɩ ÑʖĆʐɐʍʖĆɓʚʊ ɞɎɐɪʊã ɤʔɐɬ ɤʄÿ Ñɐʕɓʚʊɐɶʍ ʓɗʎɯɐɻ ʏʍ Ȣɦʁ āɥʊã ɘʊɐɚʊã āɦʑʔɔʚɻãɤɗʍ ɨɎɐʑʇÿ Ñäãɦɣʊã ɐʕ Ȣʎɻ Ñʓʚɖãʖnjÿ íʖɖÿ ãąʖʋɒÿ ýɐʚʊíÿß ʉɚʍ ÑåΒɓʇ ɐĂʐɤʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ

�ɔʍɤʕʍ ãĂíʖɓʄÿʘʎʋɖíɐɒ ýɐɩ ɔɠɒɥʍ ʘʔ ɦʇì ßʖɩß ɕʄʖʊã ʆʊì ɺɎɐʄÿ Γɒ ʏʍ ɕʇɦɖ ʘɗʊã ɔɼʄãʖʊãÿ

�ɨʚɪʙɤʚʍÿë ɐʑʙɦɖɐʇÿ ɺɩɐɗʊã ûíɐɬ ÑđĕėĒ ɔʑɩ Ñɐʕɒ ɦʍß ʘɗʊãɐĂɚɠɒ çëɐɠʊã ʆʊì ʉɚʍ õʖʄʖɒ ɦʍʝã Ȫɻ íëɐʄ ʆʋʍ ɤɜʖʙ ʌʊ ʓʐɊɒ Ćüɧɝʊã ɑʋɶɗʙ ʡɕʋɗʄ ɐʎʋʁ Ñɐ͆ʚɓɼɬ ɐ Ăʍɦɜ ʉɒ Ñʆʋ͋ã ʓʁȩʄã ɐ Ăʍɦɜ ʘʎʋɖíɐɒ ýɐɩ ɔɼʄãÿ ʏʈɖ ʌʋʁ Ñɐ Ăʅʚʄë ɐ͆ʚɪʂʐýÿɦʎɖɊʙ ʌʕʐß ɕʑɸ ʏʙɥʊã ýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊã Ýɐʎɻî ʏʍ ɔɪʎɢ ɨʙíɐɒ ȝ ɨʚɪʙɤʚʍÿë ʏʙɦɖɐʇíʖʕʎɝʊãÿ ʘʈʋ͋ã ïɦɠʊãÿ ʆʚʊʖəɐʈʊã øãȴß ɱʅʐã ɨʙíɐɒ ȝ ʆʊì õɐɬÿ ʆʋ͋ɐɒÿ ɐʕɒʆʊì ȝ ɨʙíɐɒ ʉʔß ÿɥɟ æɐʙʡʖʊã ýɐʈɩ ãɥɟ ɤʄÿ Ñɨʂʐ ʘʂʊß ʌʕʑʍ ãʖʋɗʅʁ èíãʖɣʊã Ȫɻ

�ɨʂʐ øʡÞ ɔʚʐɐʎə ʏʍ äɦʅʙ ɐʍ Ýɐʍë ãʖʈʂɪʁ Āÿɤɼʊã ʉʍɐɼɒȪɻ ʌʔΒɾÿ ʆʚʊʖəɐʇ ʏʍ ýʖɢíɋ͋ã ʗɠʐß Ăʢʚʋʄ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã ɔʚʎɠʊã ýɐʍɧʊã ʏȢʈɩ ɐ͋ÿûʢɢ ʏʍ ɂɻ ɔʚɪʂʐ Ȫɻ øʖʄʖʊã ýß ʆʊɥɒ ɐʑʊ ãʖɗɓəɊʁ ɔʎɎʢʊɐɒ ʘʎʋɖíɐɒ ýɐɩ ɔɠɒɥʍ

�íɥɼɗʍ ɦʍß ɦɢÞ ɂɻ ɔʚɪʂʐ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

Ñɔʚʈʚʊʖəɐʈʊã ɔɒíÿß ȝ ëɐʅɗʐʡã ʏʍ Ýȯ ɐʕɻʖʄÿ üɐʙß ʘʎʋɖíɐɒ ýɐɩ ɔəëɐɟ Ȟá ʓ Ȣɜʖʙ ʌʊʓɿʋɒ ɐʍɤʑɻ ʓɟɦʁ åɤɭʊ ɐĂʐʖʑɝʍ ɞɓɰʙ ʘʐɐɚʊã ɑʚʋʚʁ ëɐʈʁ Ñʀɯʖɖ ʡ ɔɩɐʎɟ ɕɓɜÿß ɤʄÿûɐʐ ʖʊ ʓʚʋɻ ɴʄɐɪɗɖ ɕʐɐʇ ɐʎʍ ɦɚʇß ɔɪʐɦʁ ʆʋʍ Ȫɻ ɔɏʑʕɗʊã õãʖʐß ɕɶʄɐɪɖÿ Ñɐʕɻʖʄÿɘʊɐɚʊã íãʖɿʙɦɾ ɐɒɐɓʊã Ȫɻ ãɤɒ ɐʎʇ ɤɟß Ȫɻ íÿɁʊã ɤɓʙ ʌʊÿ Ñäɦɠʊã ɔɟɐɩ ȝ ãĂɧʙɧɻ ã ĂɂʐùʢɵɌɒÿ Ñéɦʂʊã ýãΒʐ ëɐʅʙɌɒÿ �Ñɐʔãɦʇɥʊ ã Ăɤʚʋɣɖ ɔɯɐɢ ɔʎɩÿß äɃɒ ɦʍß ɤʅʁ Ñɀɻýɐʈʚɖɐǜʊã ýãíɤ Ćɜ Ȫɻ íʖɰʙ āíãîɐʁ üɐ Ȣɩɦʊã ʉɼɝɒÿ ÑåΒɚʇ ɨʙëãɤʄ ɔʍɐʄɌɒÿ Ñɺʁãɤ͋ãɔʚɣʙíɐɗʊã Ýɐɓʐʝã þɥʕʁ Ñɤʚɝ͋ã ʓʋʎɼɒ ʓɏʑʕʚʊ ãĂΒʂɩ ɔɪʐɦʁ ʆʋʍ Ȟá ʉɩíß ʌə Ñɐʔɦɸɐʑʍ

�íÿë ʉʇ ȝ Γʑʍɋ͋ã ɔʚɪʂʐ Ȫɻ ɐʑʊɤɖɽʋɒ ɤʅʁ Ñɔʎɠʋ͋ã þɥʔ Ýãîá āɤʙʝã ȝʖɗʈʍ ýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊã ʗʅɓʙ ʡß ɔʚɼʚɓɶʊã íʖʍʝã ʏʍÿÑđĕėĖ ɔʑɩ þɀʐ āɥʊã Ñʖʚʊʖʙ üʖɩɦʍ ȝ ʌʕɠʑʎʙ ɘʊɐɚʊã āɦʑʔ ʉɼɜ ɐ Ăɿʋɓʍ ʌʕɲɐɼɗʍãɐĂʙÿɐɪʍ æɐʐɐ͋Ȩʊã ɱɼɒ ȝ ʌʔëɤɻ ýʖʈʙ ýßÿ ɔʑʚɰɟ ʏʇɐʍß ɔʚʐɐʎəÿ ɔʍɐɖ ɔʚʑʙë ɔʙɦɟ

�ʆʚʊʖəɐʈʊã ëɤɼʊȪɻÿ ʆʚʊʖəɐʈʊã ɑʊɊɖ ɤʅʁ Ñïʖʂʑʊã ȝ éɐʚɖíã ɔʙɦʕʅʊã æãîɐʚɗʍʡã þɥʔ ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ʌʊÿɔʑɩ þëãɤɖíɐɒ ʡá ɺɒãɦʊã āɦʑʔ ɐʕɏʂɶʙ ʌʊ äɦɟ ýãΒʐ ãÿɤʄÿßÿ Ñɧʚɾ ÿë úÿë ʌʕɩßí

�ɕʐɐʐ üʖɩɦʍ ʓɼɲʖɒÿ đĕęēýɐʚɰɼʊã ɔʙãí ýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊã ɺʁí ìá Ñɐʕʚʋɻ ćɱʅʙ ʌʊ ʓʑʈʊÿ Ñɐʕɖÿɥɜ ʀɼɲß ʓʐá Ñʌɼʐʆʋʔ ɘʚɟ ʉʚɬÿíʡ åȶɐɠʍ Ȟá ÑđĖĒė ɔʑɩ Ñʖʚʋɭʙí ɦɶɲɐʁ ɀɻ ɘʊɐɚʊã ɨʙʖʊ üɐʙßʌʕʋʍɐɻ ɔʚʊɐɻ ɔʚɩɐʚɩ éÿí ãì Βʕɭʊã ûɐʑʙëɦʈʊã ãɥʔ ýɐʇ ɐ͋ÿ ÑýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊã ʏʍ đĕĐĐĐ

�ɞʍɐɪɗʊɐɒýß Βɾ ʏʍ ɔʋɒɐʅɗʍ ʉɹɖ ʡ ɔɳʄɐʑɗ͋ã ɤɎɐʅɼʊɐʁ Ñ Ăʢʙʖɵ ɞʍɐɪɗʊã ãɥʔ üɤʙ ʌʊÿȝ ýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊã ʀɼɲ ɐʎʋʁ ÑĀɦɢʝã ɦʕʄ Ȫɻ ɐʕɖíɤʅɒ ɐʔãɤɟá ɦɼɭɖ ɐʍɤʑɻ üëɐɰɗɖýɐʇ ɤʄÿ ÑΓ͋ɐɪʍ ãʖɠɓɯßÿ ɔʚɎãɤɻ ɔʇɦɟ ɔʙɊɒ üɐʚʅʊã ʏɻ ãʖʊɤɻ ɀɻ ɺɒãɦʊã ɨʙʖʊ üɐʙßȝ ʌʔÝɐʅɒ ýß ɐʎɒÿ Ñɨʚɪʄ ėĐĐ ɐʕʊ ɔɪʚʑʇ ĖĐĐ ʌʕʊ ýɐʇÿ ɨʂʐ đĒĐĐĐĐĐ ʌʔëɤɻɺɒãɦʊã ɨʙʖʊ ɤʎɗɻɐʁ ʌʔëɐʕɶɲã ȝ ãÿɥɢß ʆʚʊʖəɐʈʊã ɔʑʕʇ ʓʚʋɻ Ȩɰʙ ʌʊ ɐʎʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ

ʏʍ ɐʔɤɟß �ɔʚʑɵʖʊã ɔɓɗʈ͋ã ȝ ɐʕʑʍ ɔəʢə ɤɜʖʙ ýʛã Ȟáÿ Ñɦɒɐʇʝãÿ þʖɜʖʊã ʏʍ Βɚʇ Ȫɻ ɔʎɩÿʝã ɕɻîÿ �

ɀɻ ɘʊɐɚʊã íãʖɿʙɦɾ åíʖɯ ɔʎɩÿʝã þɥʔ Ȫɻ ɕʎɩí ɤʄÿ Ñïɐɠʐ ʏʍ ɘʊɐɚʊãÿ ɔɳʁ ʏʍ ʘʐɐɚʊãÿ ɑʔì�lèíãʖɣʊã ʉɗʄ{ �ɔʎʋʈʊã þɥʔ ʌə èíãʖɣʊã ùɐʑɻß ʀʚɪʊɐɒ äɃʙ ʆʋʍ ʓɓʐɐɝɒÿ

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ɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãíʖɚʊã

ɐ Ăɼʂʐ ɤɝʙ ʌʊ ʆʊì ýß ɐʎɒÿ Ñʌʕʑʍ ʏʙΒɚʇ ïɐʐß ʉɗʄ ȝ ʓʐɐɩɦʁ Ȫɻ ÑđĖĘĕ ɔʑɩ Ñɀɻúɦɖ Γɒ ýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊã ȢΒɢÿ ɕʐɐʐ üʖɩɦʍ ʗɿʊɊʁ Ñʓʙʖɩʖɒ ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ ÑïÿΒʋʇʟã ʓɶɿɲ

�ɔɪʐɦʁ ëʢɒ åɦɝʔ Γɒÿ ʌʕɓʔɥʍʌʙɦʇ ʉɜí ʀʊß ɔɏʎɼɒíß ɐʕʋɜß ʏʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ æɁɢ ɤʄÿ Ñ Ăʢʙʖɵ åɦɝʕʊã ʆʋɖ æɦʎɗɩã

�ɔʚɖãɥʊã ʌʕɠʊɐɰʍ Ȟá ɐʎʍ ɦɚʇß ʌʔɦɎɐʎɲ Ýãɤʐ Ȟá ãʖɿɯß

Ɂʇɾʆɑɷã æãíʃɇɷã ɈȻȽɄɽ ���

ɐʕʑʍ Βɚʈʊã ΒəɊɖ ýɐʇ ʉɒ Ñʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã åíʖə ʉɚʍ ɔɏʚɩ ɐʕʋʇ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãíʖɚʊã ʏʈɖ ʌʊɤʙɧɖ ɔʚɒëß åɤɟÿ ɑɼɭʊã ɐʕɠʑʎɒ ʘʕʁ �ãɤ͆ɜ ɐ Ăʎʚɹɻ ʌʕɩʖʂʐ ɑʙɥʕɖÿ ïɐʑʊã ʌʙʖʅɖ ȝʉɎɐɓʄ Ʋ ýɐʎʙʟã ʏʍ ʓɒ Ýɐɜ ɐʎɒ Ʋ ɤʎɠʍ ûȢʖɟ ɐ͋ ʆʊì ɤʔʖɬ ɤʄÿ ÑãĂΒɚʇ ɔʙëɐ͋ã ʓɖʖʄ

�åɧʙɧɻ ɔʍß Ȟá ɔʂʚɼɳʊã äɦɼʊãȪɻ íɥɼɗʙ ɐʎɒ ʘɖɊʙ ʉɒ Ñɔɪʐɐɝɗʍ ɔʍʝã ʉɼɜ Ȫɻ ɤʙɤɝʊã ʘʑʙɤʊã ɤʅɗɼ͋ã ɂɗʅʙ ʡÿ

�ɔɗɒɐɚʊã ɔʍʝã ʀɵãʖɻ ȤΒɿʙ ʓʐá āß Ñʓʋɚʎɒ ʘɖɊʙ ýß ýʖʐɐʄ ÿß øʖɪʋʚʁ āßåëɐɓɻ ɐʕʍɐʅʍ ɕʍɐʄßÿ ɔʚʑəʖʊã Ȫɻ ɔʚɣʙíɐɖ åíʖə Ȩʇß ɕɳʄ ɐʎɗʄÿ ʆʊì ɷɟʖʊ ɤʄÿʉʇ ʏɻ ûÿɤɼʊã Ȟá ïɐʑʊã ɤʙɤɝʊã ʏʙɤʊã ãɥʔ ɐɻë ɤʅʁ Ñʉʚʋɝʊã ëʢɒ ûʖʕɩ ʏʍ Ýɐɜ ʓʊáʓʚʋɻ ʉɓʄß āɥʊã ʏʙɤʊã ãɥʔÿ Ñæãʖʎɪʊã æʖʈʋʍ ȝ ʏʙɤʊɐɢ ãʖʐʖʈʚʊ Ûåɐʚɠʊã þɥʔ ȝ ʌʚɼʐʏʍ Ăʡɤɒ ɐ ĂʎɎãë ɐ Ăʎʚɼʐ ʌʔɐʙá þɤɻʖʊ Ûûɐɓʄá ɐʎȢʙß ɫʚɼʊã ɑʚɵ ýʖʍÿɦɠ͋ãÿ ýʖɪɎɐɓʊãÿ Ýɐʄíʝãʏʍ ɤʙɤɝʊã ýɐʎʙʠʊ ɐʍ ɐʑʊ ɕɓɚʙ ãɥʔÿ Ñɐ Ăɳʙß Ýɐʚʑɾʝã Ȫɻ þɦʍß ýɐʔ ɤʄ Ñɐʕʚʁ ʉʍß ʡ åɐʚɟ

�ïʖʂʑʊã Ȫɻ ýɐɶʋɪʊãΒɩ ȝ ãĂΒɓʇ ãĂΒəɊɖ æɦəß ʉɒ Ñæãëɐɼʊã ʉʙʖɠɖ Ȫɻ ɔʚʐãɂʑʊã åíʖɚʊã ɂɗʅɖ ʌʊĂɔʍÝʢʍ åíɐɳɠʊã ȶɐʑɻ ʓʎɎʢɖ ʘʑʙë ɤʅɗɼ͋ ɂʑʊã ʌɗʙ ʗɗʎʁ Ñɔʑɩ ʘʂʊß åɤʍ åíɐɳɠʊãʆʊì Ȟá åíɐɬʟã Βɾ ɥɏɗʄÿ ɔʂɩʢʂʊãÿ ʏʂʊãÿ äëʝã ûɐɜíÿ äɐȢɗĆʈʊã ʉɼʂʙ ʡÿ Ñɐʕɒ ûʖɠɗɖ

�ʌʕʂʚʊɉɖ ȝ ɤʙɤɝʊã ɤʅɗɼ͋ãɤɝʙ ɐʎʐáÿ Ñʉʅɼʊã ʓʚʁ ɦəɋʙ ʡ ɐ͆ʚɩɐʚɩ üß ýɐʇ ɐ͆ʚʑʙëß ăÝãʖɩ ýɐʎʙʟã ɂɗʑʙ ɐʍɤʑɻÿýʖɗɓɚʙ ýÿΒɚʇ ýʖʚɖʖʔʡÿ ĆÝɐɓɶɢ ąʆȤʋ Ćʍ üɐʙß ýɐʇ ɐʎɒíÿ Ñɐʕɒ ʓʚʇɧʙ æɐɾʖɪʍ ʉʅɼʊã ãɥʔÝɐʎʋɻÿ Ýɐɓɶɣʊã ʏʍ Āɦɢʝã ɔʑʍîʝã ȝ ɦʕɸ ʏʍ ëɤɼʇ ɤɎãʖʂʊã ʏʍ ɔʙɀɓʊã Γɒãɦʅʊã ȝ ɐʍ

�ɤʕɼʊã íÿë ɞɒãɥʍÿ ʘʎʋɖíɐɒ ýɐɩ ɔʎɠʋʍÿ ɫʚɗʂɗʊã ʌʇɐɠʍ ãÿɤɝʍ ʏʙɥʊã æʖʔʢʊã

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ʘɗʊã ʘʔ ɔʇɀ͋ã ʌʍʝɐʁ Ñɞʍɐɪɗʊã ʏʍ ɐĂɏʚɬ ɔʙʖʅʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã æãì ʌʍʝã øɦɼɖ ʡÿʏʈʎʙ ʘɗʊã ʘʔ åΒɢʝã ýÿɦʅʊã ȝ ɔɠʍɐɪɗ͋ã ʌʍʝãÿ Ñɔʎʙɤʅʊã ýÿɦʅʊã ȝ ɔɠʍɐɪɗʍ ɕʐɐʇɔʚʑʙë ùɦʁ Ȫɻ ɔʄȩʂʍ Ñýɐʈʙɦʍʝãÿ ɧʚʋʈʐʟã ʉɚʍ Ñʘʕʁ ÑʏʙΒɚʇ äɐɒíß æãì ʌʍɊɒ ɐʕɗɼʐɔɠʍɐɪɗʍ ɐʕʋɼɝʙ āɥʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ëɤɼɖ ýß Βɾ Ñåɤɟãÿ ÝɐʎɩɊɒ ɔʂʋɗɣʍ ɔʕʊÞ ɤɓɼɖÿ åΒɚʇ�ʘʔÿ Ñýʛã ʗɗɟ ʉɠɖ ʌʊ ɔʚɪʂʐ ɔʋɳɼ Ćʍ Ýãîá ɐʑɪʂʐß Āɦʐ ɐʑʔÿ Ñɦʍʝã ɔʙɐʕʐ ȝ ɐʕʂɼɳʙ

�ɐ Ăɼʍ ɞʍɐɪɗʍÿ āʖʄ ɤʅɗɼʍ åîɐʚɟɐʍÿ ʌɹɻʝã ýɊɭʊã ʏʍ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãíʖɚʋʊ ɐʍ ʃɒɐɪʊã ɧʚɜʖʊã ýɐʚɓʊã ʏʍ ɐʑʊ ɦʕɸɔʚʋʅɼʊã ɐʕɗʎʚʄ ʏʍ ʌɾɦʊã Ȫɻ ɡʙíɐɗʊã ëʖʅɖ ʘɗʊã ʘʕʁ ÑȨʇʝã ýɐɶʋɪʊã ʏʍ æãɤʅɗɼʎʋʊɤʄÿ Ñɔɶɒãí ʌʕɶɒɦɖ ʡ Ýɐʂɼɲ ɐ Ăɯɐɣɬß ýʖʈɖ ýß ʏʍ ʌʍʝã ʘʅɖ ʘɗʊã ʘʔÿ Ñɔʋʚʋʅʊãɔʂɪʋʁ ɔʙß ɕɻɐɶɗɩã ɐʍÿ Ñɑʋɶʍ ʖɠʐ þíɐʈʁß ʓɜʖʚʊ ɂɻ ʉʇ ȝ ɐʕʚʊá ýɐɪʐʟã èɐɗɟã

�ýʛã ʗɗɟ ɐʕʍɐʅʍ üʖʅɖ ýß

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ɘʊɐɚʊã ʉɰʂʊã

-*4ĎÓă* �-ÉĆĎā * DÃå

æãíʃɇɷã Ȋ æȽɺʃɵɍɷã ɁɺÿȽɲɺ ɭɩɟ ���

ÑûɐɿɖɦǍʊãÿ ɔʚʇɦɖÿ ýɐɒɐʚʊãÿ ɔʈʚɝʋɒÿ ɔʚʐɐɓɩáÿ ɔɪʐɦʂʇ Ñɔɚʙɤɠʊã ʌʍʝã ʏʍ ăΒɚʇ ʗʐɐɻ�æɐʍʖʈɠʋʊ ɐʕćɓʋʄ ɔʊʖʕɪɒÿ ɔɗɿɒ ɐʕəÿɤɠɒ ɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ æãíʖɚʊã þɥʔ ʀɯʖɖÿ Ñæãíʖɚʊã ąɦʍßɔɻãìʟãÿ ɀʑʊã ùɦɵ ʏɻ ɔɏɬɐʑʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã Āÿɤɼʊã ɔɻȵ ʖʔ ɔɗɿɒ ɐʕəÿɤɟ ɑɓɩÿȪɻ ȣûɤʙ ʆʊɥʁ Ñɐʕʊ æɐʍʖʈɠʊã ɔʍÿɐʅʍ ʀɼɲ ɑɝɼʊɐɒ ȿʅʙ ɐʎʍÿ Ñȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ȝ

�ɐʕɓʄãʖɻ ʀɭʇÿ íʖʍʝã ʃɎɐʅɟ Ȫɻ õʢɵʡã ʏɻ ɐʔɧɝɻɕɓćʋ Ćʄ æɐʍʖʈɟ åɦʍ Βɾ æɤʔʖɬ ɤʅʁ ÑɐĂɚʙɤɟ ãĂɦʍß ɔʊʖʕɪɒ æɐʍʖʈɠʊã óɐʅɩá ʏʈʙ ʌʊȪɻ ɔɼʋɶʍ æɐʍʖʈɟ ɐʕʑʍÿ Ñóʢɓʊã æãɦʍãɋʍ ɐʕɗɶʅɩß ɔʙëãɤɓɗɩã ɔʍʖʈɟ ɐʕʑʍÿ Ñɔʊʖʕɪɒ

�ɐʕʚʂɸʖʍ ɔɶɩãʖɒÿ ɔʁɐɠ Ȥɰʊã ɔɶɩãʖɒ Ȥüɐɼʊã āßɦʊãɔɼɒíɊɒ ʓʎʚɩãɦʍ ɀʐ ɤɼɒ ȴɐɼʊã ûíɐɬ ɺʋɢ �ʘɎɐɝʂʊã óʖʅɪʊã ʆʊì ɔʋɚʍß ʏʍÿąýʖʈɩ þëɐʅɗɻã ʏʍ ɽʋɒ Ñʓʑɻ õɐʁɤʋʊ ɔʋʚɩÿ úɐʚʑʚʊʖɒ þɦʙîÿ ɥɣɗʙ ʌʊ āɥʊã Ñʆʋ͋ã ãɥʕʁ Ñüɐʙßæɐʎɝ ąʔ üɐʍß ʓɖëɐʚʄ Ýʖɪʊ Ñʓɭʚɜ ʉʎɬ ɕȢɗɭɖ ɤʄÿ Ñɤʚɰʊã Ȟá ʓɼʍ ɑʔì ɐʍ ɨʙíɐɒ

�Γʋʚʋʄ åɐɰ ĆɻÑþëãɤɓɗɩã ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ʌʊ ɺʋɣʊã ãɥʕʁ Ñɑɝɼʊɐɒȿʅʙ åΒɿɯ åíʖɚɒ Njʚʋʚʁ ɨʙʖʊ Ćɺĉʋ ąɢÿýÿɤʅɗɼʙ ʡ ʏʙɥʊã ýʖɢíɋ͋ã ʓʊɐʄ ɐ͋ ɐ Ăʁʢɢ ʆʊìÿ Ñʓʑɻ õɐʁɤʊã ʏɻ þëãʖʄ ɧɝɻ ʏɻ Ɋɭʐ ɐʎʐáÿýÿɧɼʙ ʏʙɥʊãÿ Ñåɐɰɼʊã ʏʍ ɦʂʐ ɤʙ Ȫɻ Βɓʇ ɫʚɜ ɐʔɤʙɋʙ ɔʎɹʑʍ ɔʍʖʈɟ óʖʅɩ ýɐʈʍá

�ɔʅʚʅɠʊã ʏʍ åɤʚɼɒ äɐɓɩß Ȟá Njʚʋʚʁ ɨʙʖʊ ɺʋɢʓɖëɐʄ ɧɝɼʊ ʓɒ ɺʂɗʑĆʙ ʌʊ āɤʑɜ ēĖĐĐĐ ʏʍ ʀʊɋʍ ɫʚɜ ɨʙíɐɒ ȝ ɤɜĆÿ ɐʅ͆ɟäȷ ʏɻ ɫʚɝʊã ãʖ ąʕąʐÿ ɔɳʄɐʑɗ͋ã ɦʍãÿʝã Ýɐɶɻá ʏʍ åëɐʅʊã Ýʡɋʔ ɦɚʇß ɐʎʋʁ Ñʌʕʂɼɲÿ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

Ȟá ʆʋ͋ã Ȣɦɶ Ćɲãÿ éɐʂʇ Βɾ ʏʍ åíʖɚʋʊ ɂʑʊã Ȣʌɗʁ ëʖʑɝʊɐɒ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ɕɶʋɗɢã üʖʅʊã�ðɦɼʊã ʏɻ ûɧʑɗʊã

ëɐʎɢá ýß Ȟá Ʋ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí ȝ ɐʑɚɟɐɓʎɒ ɐĂʑʚɼɗɪʍ Ʋ ûɐʐʖɒ ûãɦʑɝʊã íɐɬß ɤʄÿëãʖʅʊã ïÿàí ȝ ăȯ ąʘʅɒ ʖʊ ʓʐß ȢΓɓʁ ÑɐĂʑʈʎʍ ýɐʇ Njʚʋʚʁ ɨʙʖʊ ɺʋɢ Ȟá æëß ʘɗʊã ɔʑɗʂʊãÑäãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ Ȫɻ Ýʢʚɗɩʡã ʏɻ åɐɰɼʊã õëɦɖ ýß ɫʚɝʊã ʏʍ ɔʋĆə ɕɻɐɶɗɩʡ ʉʅɼʊã ʏʍ�ʓʑɻ ʓ ȢʍĆ ß ãʖɒɐʐßÿ ɐĂʈʋʍ āíɐnj ÿë ɕʐʖʈɒ ɔʚʈʋ͋ã íɐɰʐß ʏʍ ãʖʐɐʇ ʏʙɥʊã äãʖʑʊã Ýʡɋʔ ĀëɐʑʊÿÑɔʎʚɹɼʊã çëãʖɠʊã ʏʙʖʈɖ ȝ ýɊɭʊã ʏʍ ɔʙʖʐɐɚʊã åΒɿɰʊãòíãʖɼʋʊ ɐʍ ʆʊì ɐʑʊ ɕćɓɚĆʙɕɓɜÿß ʘɗʊã åΒɿɰʊã ɔʑɗʂʊã ʡʖʋʁ Ñɔʍɐɼʊã ɡʙíɐɗʊã ʏʑɩ ýɐʚɒ ȝ äɐʕɩʟã ʏɻ ɐʑʚʑɿʙÿɐʍÿ ɔʚʐɐɚʊã ɔʙíʖɵãȨʍʟã æɦʕɸ ɐʍÿ đĘĔĘ ɔʑɩ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ɕʍɐʄ ɐʍ Njʚʋʚʁ ɨʙʖʊ ɺʋɢ

�ʉʎɗɠʙ ɐʍ Ȫɻ ïãɧʊʝã ɐʑɼɲß ɐʍÿ ɐʑʚʋɻ ʘɓʑɜʝã íɐɾß ɐʍÿ ýãɤʚɩ ɔɼʄãÿ ɕəɤɟÑɐʕʚʋɻ ĉɦĆɚʙ ʌʊÿ Ñæɐʍʖʈɠʊã Ȟá ɔʐʖɼ͋ã ɤʙ ɐʕɖɦʇì ʘɗʊã æãíʖɚʊã ȝ ɫʚɝʊã Ȣɤ Ćʎąʙ ʌʊÿþɤʙ Ȫɻÿ Ñɔʚʇɦɖÿ ûɐɿɖɦǍʊã ȝ æãíʖɚʊɐɒ üɐʄ āɥʊã ʖʔ ɫʚɝʊɐʁ Ñʆʊì ɨʈɻ ɺʅʙ ɤʄÿɞɓɯß åíʖɚʊɐɒ ɫʚɝʊã üɐʄ ãìáÿ Ñɔʚʈʙɦʍʝã ɔʚʑʚɖʢʊã æɐʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ȝ åΒɚʈʊã æãíʖɚʊã ʌɗɖýɐʇ ɐʍɤʑɻ ɔʚʐɐʍÿɦʊã ɔʊÿɤʊã ɦɢãÿß ȝ ʆʊì ɺʄÿ ɤʄÿ Ñʓɖɦʍá ɕɠɖ ɔʊÿɤʊã íʖʍɊɒ ýʖʎɎɐʅʊã

�åɦɵɐɒʝã ýʖɼʋɣʙ ʏʙɥʊã ʌʔ ëʖʑɝʊãɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ ßɤɓɖ ɐʕʐß ɤʚɒ Ñ Ȥʉʄʝã Ȫɻ ʓɖɤʙɐɠʎɒ ÿß ɫʚɝʊã åɤɲɐɼʍ Βɿɒ åíʖɚʊã ȣʌɗɖ ʡÿɔʑɩ åíʖəÿ đĘĔĘ ɔʑɩ åíʖəÿ đĘēĐ ɔʑɩ åíʖə ȝ çɤɟ ɐʎʇ ʆʊì Ñʉɢɤɗʙ ýß Βɾ ʏʍʌʕɒɐɯß āɥʊã íɐɼʊɐɒ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ïɐʑʊã ɦɼɬ ɐʎʑʚɟ ɔʙíʖɵãȨʍʟã Ȫɻ ɕɳʄ ʘɗʊã đĘėĐ

�ýãɤʚ ćɩ ɔʑʙɤʍ Ȫɻ ýɐ ʝ͋ã Ýʢʚɗɩã ʏʍɨʚʊÿ Ñɐʕɼʚʎɜ ëʢɓʊã Ȟá Āÿɤɼʊɐɒ āɁɖ ɐʕʑʍÿ Ñʌɯãʖɼʊã ȝ æãíʖɚʊã ɦɚʇß ɺʅɖÿɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ɨʙíɐɒ Ȫɻ äʖʑɝʊãÿ ɔʚʐɐɗʙɦɒÿ þɤʐɐǛ ʉʔß íɐə ɤʅʁ Ñɔɗɒɐə åɤɻɐʄ ʆʊì

�üʖʋɼʍ ʖʔ ɐʎʇ ĀȨʈʊã

æãíʃɇɷã ȗɨ ȽʁíȽɝɄɽã ȋá æȽɺʃɵɍɷã ɁɺÿȽɲɺ āëȸɃ ɭʇɴ ���

Βɾ Ñɨ ąʎĆɖ ɐʍɤʑɻ íɐʕʑɖ ɔʂʚɼɳʊã æɐʍʖʈɠʊã ýß ɐʔɐʐɦʇì ʘɗʊã æãíʖɚʊã ɦɚʇß ʏʍ ɐʑʊ ɦʕɸɺʁãɤɖ ʀʚʇ øɦɼɖ ʘɗʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʊã íɐɰɗʐã ýɐʈʍá ɐʑʊ ɕɗɓəß ɔʅɒɐɪʊã ɔʚɩÿɦʊã åíʖɚʊã ýß

�ɐʕɪʂʐ ʏɻ

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æãíʖɚʊã ȝ æɐʍʖʈɠʊã ýɊɬ

ȝ ɔʚɩÿí ɕɓʋ Ćɾ ɐʍɤɼɓʁ Ñåíʖɚʊã þɥʔ ʏʍ ɔʍʖʈɟ Ȫɻ ãĂɦɶɢ ɦɚʇß åíʖə çɤɠɖ ʌʊÑɔʚɻɐʎɗɜʡã æɐʅɓɶʊã ɐʕʚʁ æëɦʎɖ āëãɤɓɗɩʡã üɐɹʑʊã åɤɭɒ ïɐʑʊã ɦɼɬÿ ȼʄʝã ùɀʊãùȨʊãÿ ɤʙȨʊãÿ ɔʙɤʙɤɠʊã óʖɶɣʊã ʖʂɸʖʍ äȷßÿ Ñûʖɶɩʝãÿ ɫʚɝʊã ʏʍ Ýɧɜ ɐʕʑʍÿ

�ʗʎɹɼʊã ɔʙíʖɵãȨʍʟã ʆʋɖ ȝ ɔʋɩãɦ͋ãÿ ʉʅʑʊã ʉɎɐɩÿ ɕɼɶʅʐɐʁ ʉʎɼʊã ʏɻÑɔʚɩÿɦʊã ɔʍʝã ʌɹɼʍ ʌʔ ʏʙɥʊã Γɟʢʂʊã ɔʅɓɵ Γɒ ɺʚɭɖ ɔʙíʖɚʊã åʖɻɤʊã æɥɢß ʌəȪɻ Ʋ Βʍ üɐɹʐ ʓʚɳɗʅʙ ɐʎʇ Ʋ ʌʕʔãɦʇʟ Ýɐʅɬÿ ïɋɒ ɔɭʚɻ ýʖɭʚɼʙ Ýʡɋʔ ýɐʇ ɤʄÿÑú Ȣʢ Ćʍ Ȟá ʌʕʋʙʖɠɗɒ ʌʕɗʊɐʎɗɩã Ȫɻ ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ɕʍɧɼʁ ʌʕʊ ɔʋɿʊã ýʖʈɖ ýß Βɾ ʏʍ ɔɟʢʂʊãøíɐɰʍ æɊɭʐß ʌə Ñʌʕʚɲãíß ʏʍ ãĂÝɧɜ ʌʕɼʚɒ Ȫɻ ʌʕɖëɐɩ ɐʕɒ ɕʔɦʇß Γʐãʖʄ ɕɼɲʖʁøíɐɰ͋ã ʆʋɖ Ȟá ʌʕʐʖʙë ãʖɼʁɤʙ ýß Ȫɻ ýÿȩɭʙ ɐʍ ʏʎə ʓɒ ýÿëɋʙ Ăʡɐʍ ʌʕɲɦʅɗʊ

�ʉʚɯɐɠ͋ã ʏʍ ɔʙʖʑɩ ɐĂɵɐɪʄßʉɖɐʅɖ ýß ɕɻɐɶɗɩã ʓɜʖʊã ãɥʔ Ȫɻ Γɟʢʂʊã ɔʚɩÿɦʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ɕʊɐʎɗɩã ɐʍɤɼɒÿΓɒ ʉɒɐʑʅʊã ýʖʅʋʙÿ ýɤ͋ã ýʖʄɦɠĆʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ʏʙɥʊã ʏʙëɦʎɗ͋ã åɐɰɼʊã Ʋ ɔʎɟí Βɾ ʏʍ Ʋɺʎɗɝ͋ã ɷʂɠʊ ɔʙíÿɃʊã ɔȢʑ ȣɪʊã Ȫɻ ĂåɦɎɐɩ ʌʕʑʍ ʌʕʚʋɻ ɕɳɓʄ ʏʍ æëɐɒɊʁ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã

�ʓɳʅʐ ýÿɤʙɦʙ ʏʙɥʊã ʏʙɦɎɐɚʊã ʏʍʃʙɦʁ ɑʚɝɖ ýß åɦʁɐɸ ɺʍɐɼ͋ã þɥʔ ʏʍ ɕɜɦɢ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɩÿɦʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʊã æßí ʌə�æɐʅʂʑʊã ɑʄɦʙÿ Γʐãʖʅʊã ʏɪʙ ɐ͆ʚɻãȩɬã ɐ Ăɪʋɝʍ æɊɭʐɊʁ ɔʅɠʊã ʓɓʚʊɐɶʍ Ȟá äɥʕ͋ã ɔʍʝãɕɻɐɶɗɩã ɔʚɼʚɓɶʊã ɐʕĆʐɐʇíß ɕɻãɤɖ ɔʍʖʈɟ ýß ʀʚʇ ɔʚɩÿɦʊã åíʖɚʊã ɡʙíɐɖ ɐʑʊ ɕɓɚʙʡ æɐʍʖʈɠʊã ýá{ �ûɐʄ ʏʍ äɐɯß ɤʅʋʁ Ñɐʕɗʙãíëÿ ɐʕɖɐɓɚɒ æɐɒʖɼɰʊã ɤɬß Ȫɻ ɑʋɿɗɖ ýß

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ɝɷãÿ ɁʇɴɓɃ ûȽɇɺ ÑæȽɺʃɵɍɷã æãíʃɆ � �

æɐɟʢɯɌɒ ɕʍɐʄ æɐʍʖʈɟ ʆʊɐʑʔ ýß Βɾ Ñɐʕɒ üʖʅɖ ʡÿ åëɐɻ æãíʖɚʊã üÿɐʅɖ Ćæɐʍʖʈɠʊãɑʋʅɗʊã ÿß æɐɓɚʊã ʏʍ ëʢɓʊã ȝ ɔʚʍʖʅʊã éÿɦʊã ʓɒ ɕʂɰɖã ɐʍÿ Ñæãíʖɚʊã ɔʋʚɰʁ ʏʍ ɔʚɎɐɝ Ćʁ

�ʆʊì ȝ ɐʕɵʖɓɟ ÿß æɐʍʖʈɠʊã þɥʔ éɐɝʐ ȵ ɐʑʊ ɞɲʖʙɔʂʊɋʍ åɤʙɤɜ ɔʎɹʐß Ȫɻ ɐʕʔɦʈɖ ýß ɑɾɦɖ ʘɗʊã ɔʍʝã ýʖʈɖ ɐʍɤʑɻ ɞɝʑɖ ɔʍʖʈɠʊɐʁÑɔʙʖʄ ɔʚʍʖʄ éÿí ʏʍ āß Ñɔɣɩãɦʊã ɤʚʊɐʅɗʊãÿ ɔɗɒɐɚʊã Γʐãʖʅʊã ʏʍ ɔʚʊɐɢ ɔʚɭɟÿ ʉɎɐɓʄ ʏʍûɐɚʍ ýɐɒɐʚʊãÿ Ñïÿɦʊã ɛʐɦʂʙ ýß ûÿɐɟ āɥʊã Ȩʇʝã ïɦɶɒ üɐʙß ɔʚɩÿí ʆʊì ɔʋɚʍß ʏʍÿʡ ÑæΒɿɖ ʘɗʊã ʘʔ ɔʚʑʂʊã ýɐɒɐʚʊã ùɦɵ ʏʈʊÿ Ñæɐʍʖʈɠʊã ɐʕɒ ɕʍɐʄ ʘɗʊã æãíʖɚʋʊ ɦɢÞ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ʆʋ͋ã ýʝ ʆʊìÿ Ñāʖʄ ɤɓɗɪʍ āɦʅɓɻ ʆʋʍ ëʖɜÿ ʘɻɐɪ͋ã ʆʋɖ ȝ éɐɝʑʊã ɑʋɶɗʙÿɔɹʁɐɠ͋ã ʘʔÿ ɦɎɐɚʊã ʖʔ ɥɏɗʄÿ ýʖʈʚʁ ʓʕɜÿ ȝ ɕʂʄÿ ɤʄ Ýɐɼʎɜ ɔʍʝã Āɦʙ ɞʋɰ͋ã

�åëɐɻ ɺʅʙ ɐ͋ ɐ Ăʁʢɢʏʍ üß ɐʕɒ ýʖʎɎɐʅʊã ýɐʇ üʖʅʊã ɔʚʋɻ ʏʍß Ýãʖɩ Ñʉɯʝã ʖʔ æãíʖɚʊã ʆʋɖ ȝ óʖɓɠʊãÿýɐʍɧʊã ɐʔʢɒß ʘɗʊã íʖʍʝã ɐʎʐáÿ ûɤɓɗɖ ʡ ʉʙʖɵ ʏʍî ɥʑʍ ɔɣɩãɦʊã ɔʍʝã éÿɦʁ Ñʌʕɗʋʂɩ

�ûʖɠɗɖ ʘɗʊã ʘʔɔʍʖʈɟ ëȤɤɝɖ ýß ʉʚɠɗɪ͋ã ʏʍ ýß Ȫɻ ɐʑɗʊë ɔɒɦɝɗɒ ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ȝ Γɰʊã ɕʍɐʄɔɝʚɗʐ ʘʔ ɔʈʊɐ͋ã åȵʝã óʖʅɩ ɐʕʑɻ Ɋɭʐÿ ɐʕʚʁ ɕʋɼɗɬã ʘɗʊã åíʖɚʊɐʁ ÑåɊɝʁ ɔʍʝã ʌɹʐɔʊɐɟ ʏɪɠɗʊ ɐʕɒ ʓʍɧʋɖ ýß ɔʚʑʚɰʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʊã æëãíß ʘɗʊã æɐɟʢɯʟã ʏʍ ɑɼɭʊã Ýɐʚɗɩãæɤʙî ýß ɐʕʚʁ ïíãɤ͋ã ɞɗʁÿ ɫʚɝʊã éʢɯáÿ íɐʎʅʊãÿ ýʖʚʁʝã ʌʙɦɠɖ ɑɜÿß ɤʄÿ Ñëʢɓʊã

�ɐʕɪʂʐ æɐɟʢɯʟɐʇ üɐɼʊã āßɦʊã ɕʅʋʄß åëɐʙî ɑɎãɃʊããʖɲȢɦɠʁ ɔʚɒíÿʝã ïíãɤ͋ã ȝ ãʖɩíë Γʚʑʚɯ ɔɼɳɒ ɴɣ ȣɪʊã ãɥʔ ʏʍ ëɐʂɗɩɐʁ

�ɐĂɏʚɬ þɦʍß ʏʍ ʘʑʚɯ ʓʅʂʙ ʡ āɥʊã āíʖʕʎɝʊã üɐɹʑʊã ʏʋɼʚʊ Ûåíʖɚʊã Ȫɻ ɑɼɭʊãɐĂɚɻɐɒ ʉɒ Ñüɤʅɖ ąɘɻɐɒ ʓəɤɟß āɥʊã ɘɻɐɓʊã ćʏʈʙ ʌʋʁ Ñ Ăʢʙʖɵ üɐɹʑʊã ãɥʔ üÿɤʙ ʡÿɔʎʋʈʊ ɔʁëãɦʍ Ñɔʚɒíÿʝã ɔʅʙɦɶʊã Ȫɻ èɦɣɖ āɥʊã Ñʘʑʚɰʊã ɤʑɻ ɔʙíʖʕʎɜ ɔʎʋʈʁ Ñɐ͆ʚɼɜíʓɼɲʖɒÿ ʓɖΒʂɲ ʓ Ȥɰʅɒ ʓʐß ʏɹʙ ʖʔÿ Ñɤʚʊɐʅɗʊãÿ ɔʎɹʐʝãÿ Γʐãʖʅʊã ýɐɶʋɩ ʏʍ íɦɠɗʊã

�ɐʕɗʑ ćɻß ʓɪʂʐ æãʖʕɭʊ ʘɢĆɦʙ ýß ɺʚɶɗɪʙ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ʓɗʍɐʄɌɒÿ ʓɩßí Ȫɻ åìʖɢÑȳɐ͋ã ʌɎɐɻë Ȫɻ ʌʅʙ ʌʊ āɥʊã ɤʙɤɝʊã ɐʕʐɐʚʑɒ ɦʍß ýʖʈʙ ɐʍ ɐĂɓʙɦʄ Γɰʊã ĀȩɩÿΓɰʊã ɦɶɳɗɪʁ ÑȲʖʁ ɺʎɗɝʍ Ýɐʅɒá Ȫɻ åíëɐʅʊã ɦɠɪʊã ɐɰɻ ɤɼɒ ʀɭɗʈʙ ʌʊ ʌʋɼʊɐʁɔɶʋɪɒ üɐɰɗɻʡã Ȟá Ýɐʍɤʊã ɐʕɒ ʆʂɪɖ ʘɗʊã ʏɗʂʊã íɐɠɒ ȝ Γʑɩ ɺɳɒ ñʖɿɖ ýß ɤɼɒãìá üɐɹʑʊã Ȫɻ ïɐʑʊã þãɦʇá Ȟá èɐʚɗɟã ʡ ìá Ûɐʕɗɓʋʄ ʘɗʊã ɔɶʋɪʊã ʏʍ ɤɬß åɤɓɗɪʍʡá ɐʔàɐʑɒ ëɤɝɗʙ ʢʁ ëãɤɜʝã ɐʕʍɐʄß ʘɗʊã ɔʎɹʐʝã æãʖʕɭʊã ɕ ąʍɤ ąʔ ãìá ɐʍßÿ Ñɐ͆ʚəãíÿ ýɐʇ

�ɤʙɤɬ ëãɤɓɗɩɐɒɤʅʁ Ñþɐʑʚɒ ɐʍ ɔɠɯ Ȫɻ Ăʢʚʊë ýʖʈɖ ɤʄ ɔɒɦɝɗɒ ÑΓɰʊɐʇ ÑãĂΒɢß ɔʚʇɦɖ ɕʍɐʄÿɞɓɯß āɥʊã ýɐɶʋɪʊã ãʖɼʋɣʙ ýß ɔʚɒíÿß ïíãɤʍ ȝ ãʖɩíë ýɐɓɬ Γʑɩ ɺɳɒ ɥʑʍ õɐɶɗɩãɨʚɩɊɖ Ȫɻ ýÿíëɐʄ ʌʕʐß Γʐɐɸ óɐɓɳʊã ʏʍ Βɚʇ ʆʊì Ȫɻ ʌʕʐɐɻßÿ Ñùɐɶʙ ʡ þëãɤɓɗɩã

�ʌʔëʢɒ ʉɚʍ ɔʂʋɗɣʍ ýɐʙëß æãì åɦɢɊɗʍ ëʢɒ ȝ ʘɒɐʚʐ üɐɹʐɔʙɦɠʊã ʌʕʊɐɠɗʐã ʏʍ ʌɾɦʊã Ȫɻ Ʋ ãÿą ßí ɤʄÿ ÑãĂíʖʈɭʍ Ăʢʎɻ ýʛã ʗɗɟ Ýʡɋʔ ćæɊʙ ʌʊ�ʓʚʋɻ ãʖɳʄ āɥʊã ɤʕɼʊã ɑʚʊɐɩß ʏʍ ɔɓʙɦʄ ɑʚʊɐɩɊɒ ëʢɓʊã ʌʈɟ Ȟá ýÿɦɶɳʍ ʌʕʐß Ʋ

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æãíʖɚʊã ȝ æɐʍʖʈɠʊã ýɊɬ

ɔɣɩãí ɔʎʙɤʄ ɤʚʊɐʅɖ æãì ɔʍß ʉʙʖɠɖ ȝ ýʖʋɼʂʙ ɐʎʁ Ñʆʊì Ȫɻ ãʖʍʢʙ ýß îʖɝʙ ʡÿõɀʊã ɐʕʚʁ ɤɠɖã ëʢɒ ȝ ɔʊÿɤʊã ʏʙë üʢɩʟã ʗʅɓʙ ʡ ʀʚʇÿ Üɔʙʖʄ ɔʚʑʙë ʀɵãʖɻ æãìÿÛʆʊì üɤʔ ɑ Ćɼɰʙ ÜýÞɦʅʊɐɒ ýɐʎʙʟã Ȫɻ ʘʑɵʖʊã ßɤɓ͋ã ɐʕʚʁ üɐʄÿ ʘʑʙɤʊã õɀʊãÿ ʘʐɤ͋ã

�ʃɒɐɪʊã ɐʕʍɐɹʑʇ ɔʙíʖɗɩë ɔɠɪʍ āì āëãɤɓɗɩã üɐɹʐ Ȟá ɔʚʇɦɖ ɕɼɜí ãɥʊÿΒɿɖ ýß ʉɓʄ ɐʕ ąʎĆɹĆʐ íɐɗɣɖ ýß ɔʍʝã Ȫɻ íɥɼɗʙ ʓʐá �ûʖʅʊã ȝ ɤʕɭɗɪĆʙ äíɐɝɗʊã ʆʋɗɒ

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æȽɺʃɵɍɷã æãíʃɇɷã ȾɸɲɃ ýß ɑɩȿ ʄɲɀɃ ʅɄɷã ɁʇɨȽɻɄɉʎãȣȽɾɩɷã ���

ʏʍ ɤʚɼɒ ʏʍî ɥʑʍ ɕʍɐʄ ʘɗʊã ʌɹʑʋʊ ɐʍ Ȫɻ ɐʑʊɤʙ ɔʚʍʖʅʊã éÿɦʊã æɐɓə ʏɻ ʓʊʖʅʐ ɐʍʌɎʢʙ ʡ Ýȯ ʉɼʁ ʏɻ ýÿɧɝɼʙ ʌʕʑʈʊÿ Ñʆʋ͋ã ɺʋɢ Ȫɻ ýÿɦʎɖɋ͋ã íɤʅʙ Ñʌɼʐ Ñåʖʅʊãȝ ɔɗɒɐə Βɾ âëɐɓ͋ ʉɚʎ͋ã ʓəíãÿ ʓʂʋɣʙ ʌʊ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ɺʋɢ ɐʎʋʁ Ñʆʋ͋ã ɐʕʋɚʎʙ ʘɗʊã âëɐɓ͋ã

�ʌʙɤʄ ßɤɓ͋ ʉɚʎ͋ã úʖʋ͋ã ʏɒã ʓəíÿ ʉɒ Ñïʖʂʑʊãʖʊÿ Ñʓʈʋʍ ɺʋɢ Ȫɻ íɤʅʙ ʡ ɤʅʁ þëʢɒ ɔʍɤɢ ȝ ɐ Ăɻíɐɒ ãĂɦʔɐʍ ɦʙîʖʊã ʏʈʙ ɐʎʕʍÿåɤɟʖʊã ɺʑɯ āɥʊã ʖʔÿ Ñúíɐʎɪɒ óʖʅɪʊ ʗʂʇ ʓʐß ɺʍ Ñõɐɶɗɩã ɐʍ ʆʊì úíɐʎɪɒ ëãíß

�þɤʚɩ ʏʍ åΒɿɯ åíɐɬá Ñþɤɟÿ ɔʚʐɐ ʝ͋ãɐʎʇ Ñʓʋɚʎɖ āɥʊã ßɤɓ͋ãÿ ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ȯʢĆɖ ɔʂʋɗɣʍ äɐɓɩß ëʖɜÿ ɐʑɲɦʁ ãìá ɐʑʐß Ȫɻʡ ʘʅʚʅɠʊã ɺʎɗɝ͋ã üɐɹʐ ɐʕʑʍ ʀʊɊɗʙ ʘɗʊã ȶɐʑɼʊã ýɌʁ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ɺʄÿʏʍ ɐʕʚʁ ɺʄÿ ɐʍ Ȫɻ ɔɪʐɦʁ ʏɻ ʓʎʋɼʐ ɐʍ ɂɗʄã ʖʋʁ Ñʓɪʂʐ ɕʄʖʊã ȝ ɐʕȣʋʇ ûÿɧɖɔʙëɐɰɗʄã åɐʚɟ æãì ɦɸɐʑʋʊ ÿɤɓɖ ɐʕʐß ɺʄãʖʊãÿ ÑȲʖʁ ɐʕʐá ɐʑʋʅʊ Ąɂɻ ɥʑʍ æɐɒʢʅʐʡã

�ɔʎɹʐʝãÿ æɐɒʢʅʐʡã ʏʍ åɤʚɼɒ åɦʎɗɪʍ ɔʚɩɐʚɩ ɔʚɻɐʑɯåɐʚɠʊã ɮɣɖ åΒɿɯ íʖʍß ɡʙíɐɗʊã ɐʕɒ ʌɗʕʙ ʘɗʊã ɔʎʚɹɼʊã çëãʖɠʊã ɑʐɐɝɓʁʏʍ ʀʊɊɗʙÿ Ñã Ăɤɒß ʀʅɖ ʡ ɔʑʎʚʕʍ ʉʍãʖɼʊ ɔɼɒɐɖ ʘʔÿ Ñɐʔɦʇɥɒ ɑɗʈʊã Ɋɓɼɖ ʡÿ ɔʚʍʖʚʊã

�ɔʍʝã åɐʚɟ ɔʎɠĆʊ ɐʕɻʖʎɝʍÑɔʎʚɹɼʊã ûãʖɟʝã ȝ Ýãíîʖʊãÿ úʖʋ͋ã ʌʔ ɑʙí ʡ Üýʖʚʅʚʅɠʊã ɔʍʝã åëɐʄ ĉʏ ąʍ ýìáĀʖʅʊɐʁ Ñɐʕʑʍ ɔʚʍʖʚʊã åɐʚɠʊã ʀʊɊɗɖ ʘɗʊã åΒɿɰʊã íʖʍʝã ȝ ûɐɜɦʊã Ýʡɋʕʊ ýɊɬ ʡ ʏʈʊÿɐʍ ɐʕʚʁ ɦəɋʙ ʡ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɰɣɭʊã Βɾ åíãëʟã ȶɐʑɻ ʘʔ ëʢɓʊã ȤΒɪɖ ʘɗʊã ɔʚʅʚʅɠʊãüãÿɤʊɐɒ ɔʂɰʑ͋ã ɔɹʁɐɠ͋ã ɤʚʊɐʅɗʊã æãì Ñåíãëʟã þɥʕʊÿ Ñæʡʖɠɗʊã ʏʍ ʌʈɠʊã üɐɹʐ ɑʚɰʙ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɐʕʊ ýʖʈʙ ýß ʆɬÿß ɐ Ăɿʋɓʍ ɐʔΒəɊɖ ɽʋɒ ɤʄÿ ÑĀɦɢʝã Āʖʅʊã ɐʕʍɐʍß ʘʑɠʑɖ åʖʄ ÑÝɐʂɣʊãÿ�ʆʊì ʉʚɰʂɖ ʆʚɖɊʚɩÿ Ñɔʚʎɩɦʊã ɔʊÿɤʊã ʏʍ Āʖʄß ɔʚʂɢ ɔʊÿë ʓɒ

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ɺɒãɦʊã ʉɰʂʊã

-*4ĎÓă* � ÍĆĕ* DÃå

ȽʂɄɽÿɓɺÿ Ɂɺʊã éÿí æȽɀɆ ���

Ñɐʕʚɲɐʍ ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ Ñɔʍʝã ʆʋɖ ɔɏʚɒ Ȫɻ øʖʄʖʊã ʌʍʝã Āɤɟá ûãʖɟß Ȫɻ õʢɵʡã üɧʋɗɪʙûɐɜí ʏʍ Βɚʇÿ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ûɐɜí ʉɼʁ ɐʎʇ Ñɐ͆ʙɦɹʐ þíɐʈʐá ʏʈʍß ýáÿ Ʋ ȳɐ͋ɐʁ

�þΒəɊɖ ʗʑʂʙ ʡ Ʋ ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ȝ ɔɩɐʚɪʊãɦɻɐɭʍÿ íɐʈʁß ʏʍ ʌʍʝã éÿí ȶɐʑɻ ýʖʈɗɖ ûɐʚɜʝã ɑʄɐɼɖ ʖʔ āɥʊã ȳɐ͋ã ʘʂʁøɐʑɏɗɩã Ȟá ʉʚɜ ʉʇ ɦĆɶɲʡ ɐʔΒɿɒ Ýɐʅɖíã ʡ ʘɗʊã ȶɐʑɼʊã þɥʔ ʡʖʊÿ Ñüɐʔÿßÿ ɤʚʊɐʅɖÿ

�ʉʎɼʊãɔʐÿɦʍ ʓɒ ʉʕɪɖ āɥʊã æɐɓɚʊã ʏʍ Ýȯ Ȫɻ ɕʐɐʇ ãìá ʡá ɔʍʝã éÿíȶɐʑɻ ɤɵʖɗɖ ʡÿýʖʈɖ ɔʐÿɦʍ ʢɒÿ Ñåɦʅɗɪʍ Βɾ ɔɒɥɒɥʍ ýʖʈɖ æɐɓə ʢɒ ɔʚəãíʖʊã éÿɦʊɐʁ Ñéÿɦʊã ʆʋɖ

�åíɐɳɠʊã üɤʅɖ ʏɻ ɔɏɬɐʑʊã ɔɏʚɓʊã æɐɓʋʅɖ ɔʍÝʢʍ ʏɻ åɧɜɐɻɐʔëʖʅɖ æɐɓɚʊã åɤɬÿ Ñɔʚʊãʖɗʍ æãíʖɚɒ üɐʚʅʊã Ȟá ɐʕʄʖɪɖ ɔʍʝã éÿí ȝ ɔʐÿɦ͋ã åɤɬÿʌɾɦʊã Ȫɻ åɦʅɗɪʍ ɕʋɸ ýá ʉɠʎɳɖ Ñɔʙɀɓʊã õãʖʐʝã ɐʕʑʍÿ Ñåɐʚɠʊã æãÿɥʁ Ñòãɦʅʐʡã Ȟá

�åɤʙɤɝʊã ûãʖɟʝã ʏʍ åɐʚɠʊã Ȫɻ ßɦɶʙ ɐʍ ɔʍÝʢʍ ʏɻ åɧɜɐɻÿ ʏʍɧʊã ɑʄɐɼɖ ʏʍʉʚʋʄ Ʋ ɔʐÿɦ͋ãÿ æɐɓɚʊã āß Ʋ Γɗɳʄɐʑɗ͋ã Γɗʂɰʊã Γɖɐʔ Γɒ ɕʐîãÿ ʘɗʊã ʌʍʝãÿ

�ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ȝ ɧʚʋʈʐʟãÿ Ñɔʎʙɤʅʊã ýÿɦʅʊã ȝ ýɐʍÿɦʊã ɐʕʑʍ ɦʇɥʐÿ Ñɐʔëɤɻɐʔɧɝɼʊ ʘʕʁ Ñɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ æãíʖɚʊã ɤɬɊɒ ʘɖɊɖ ãĂΒɚʇ ɐʕɟÿí ɕɣɩí ʘɗʊã ʌʍʝã ýá ɐʅ͆ɟɔʍÝʢ͋ã þɥʔ ɞɓɰɖ ɐʍɤʑɻ ʀʑɼɒ ɔɏʚɓʊã æɐɓʋʅɖ ɔʍÝʢʍ Ȟá ɦɶɳɖ ʘɝʙíɤɗʊã Ýʖɭʑʊã ʏɻ

�ɐ͆ʙíÿȷ ãĂɦʍßȝ åΒɓʈʊã ɐʕɖãëʖʕɝʍ ĆÝɐɓʐß ʡá ɡʙíɐɗʊã ɐʎʁ Ñʌʚɹɻ Ýɴɓɒ ʡá ɔʍʝã éÿí ɦʅɗɪɖ ʡÿɔɠɜɐʐ Βɾ ɕʍãë ɐʍ ɐʕɎãɧɜß Γɒ ɔɶɒãí ʡ ɔɒɥɒɥʍ ʌʍʝã þɥʔ ʉɹɖÿ Ñɐʕɟÿí ɤʚɵʖɖ ʉʚɓɩ

Page 47: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

Ñɐʔɤʕɻ ɦɢãÿß ȝ ɔʚʐɐʍÿɦʊã ɔʊÿɤʊã Ȫɻ åɦɒãȨʊã íɐɾß ýß ɤɼɒ Ñɔɪʐɦʁ ɕɼɩ ɤʄÿ �ʆʊì ȝ�ɔʚʍʖʄ ɐ Ăɟÿí ûɐʑɗʊ åΒɚʇ ɐĂʐÿɦʄ

ʖʊÿ Ñã Ăɤʙɤɬ íɐɯ ýß ɘɓʋʙ ʌʊ ɐʕɢʖɩí ʏʈʊÿ Ñɦʍʝã ɦɢÞ ȝ ɐʕɗɓɪɗʇã ɐʕʐá Ñʌɼʐʏʍ ɕɰʋɣɗʊÿ Ñɛʙíɤɗʊɐɒ ʌʙɤʅʊã ʘʈʋ͋ã ɐʕʍɐɹʐ íʖɶɗʊ Ûɔʐÿɦ͋ã ʏʍ ʉʚʋʅɒ ɐʕɟÿí ɕʂɰɖã

�ɔʚʍʖʅʊã ɐʕɟÿí ɤʙɤɝɗʊ ùɐɬ ʘɼɩ ʏʍÿ ɐʕɝɎɐɗʐ ʏʍÿ ĀȨʈʊã ɐʕɖíʖəãìɐ͋ ɐʑʊ ɞɲʖɖÿ Ñæɐɒʢʅʐʡã ʏʙʖʈɖ ȝ ɂʑɼʊã ýɊɬ ɔʅɒɐɪʊã æɐɹɟʢ͋ã ɐʑʊ ɕɓɚɖɱɼɒ ûɐɓʄá ɑɓɩ ɐʑʊ ɞɲʖɖ ɐʎʇ Ñʌʍʝã øʢɗɢɐɒ ʀʋɗɣɖ ɛɎɐɗʑɒ åɤɟãʖʊã åíʖɚʊã ʘɖɊɖ

�ɐʕʊ Āɦɢʝã ʌʍʝã ɔʍÿɐʅʍÿ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã âëɐɓʍ Ȫɻ ɔɩɐʎɠɒ ʌʍʝãʏʈʊÿ Ñɐʕʇʖʋʍ ɤɟß Ȫɻ ɕɳʄÿ Γɖíʖə ɦʍß ɕʐɐɻ ɔɹʁɐɠ͋ã åȩʋʈʐá ýß ȝ ɑʙí ʡãɥʔ Ýʖɭʑʊ ɔʚʁɐʇ ɔʐÿɦʍ ɐĂʐɦʍÿ ȳɐ͋ã çãɦɖ ɷʂɠʊ ɐĂʚʁɐʇ ɐĂɖɐɓə ɐĂɗɒɐə ýɐʇ ȹʂʑʊã ɐʕɜãɧʍɦʈʂɖ ʌʊ Ʋ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ûɐɜí ɨʈɻ Ȫɻ Ʋ ʘʔÿ ÑåíÿɃʊã ʓʚɳɗʅɖ ɐʎɓɪɟ èãɧ͋ã

�ʉʅɼʊã ʌɩɐɒ ã Ăɤʙɤɜ ɐ Ăɼʎɗɝʍ ʌʚʅɗʊ Ûëãɤɜʝã çãɦɖ ɱʙʖʅɖ ȝ ɴʄɤʅɠʙÿ ʓɩÿΒʋʇá ɕʅʎʙÿ ʓɗʍʖʈɟ ɦʅɗɠʙ ȹʐɦʂʊã ýɐʇ ɐʎʑʚɒ{ �ûíʖɩ Βɓʊß ûɐʄþíʖɗɩɤɒÿ ʓʑʙɤɒ ɦɣɗʂʙ āɧʚʋʈʐʟã ýɐʇ Ñþëʢɒ Γʐãʖʄ Ȫɻ ëɦʎɗʙÿ ʓɗʍß øãȴß ȪɻèãɦɒɊɒ ɐ Ăʎɰɗɼʍ ɐʕɒ ʀɣɗɪʙÿ ɔɒíÿß ʌʈɠʙ ʓʐɊʇ ýɐʈʁ Ñʓʐɐʚɻß ɨʋɝʎɒÿ ʓɗʍß ɦɒɐʇɊɒÿ

�lɺʚʑ͋ã ʏɰɠʊã ʆʊìɔʚʈʙɦʍʝã æãíʖɚʊã ɡʙíɐɖ ȝ ɘɠɓʊã ɤʑɻ ʌʍʝã Βɰʍ ȝɂʑɼʊã ýɊɬ ɐ Ăɳʙß ɐʑʊ Ȫɝɗʙÿʌʕʄʢɢß ɕʋɠʐã ïɐʐß ʏʍ ɔʂʊɋʍ āß Ñåɤʊʖʍ ɔʚʐɐɓɩʟã ɔʚʈʙɦʍʝã ʌʍʝɐʁ ÑɔʎɎãɤʊã ɔʚʐɐɓɩʟã

�ãĂíɥɼɗʍ ʌʕʎʈɟ ʉɼɜÿ ɔɗɒɐə ɔʚʍʖʄ ɐ Ăɟÿí ʌʕʍɦɟ Ăʡʢɠʐã ɔʑʙɐɓɗ͋ã ɔəãíʖʊã ΒəɊɗɒøʢɗɢã ʏɻ ɍɬɐʑʊã ȭɐʚɪʊã ʌʍʝã ëãɤɼɗɩã Γɒ ʏʙɐɓɗʊã Ȫɻ ɺʋɶʙ ýß ëɦʙ ʏʍÿ

�ýɐɪʑɜ ɐʕʎʈɟ åɤɟãÿ ɔʍß ʏɻ ɘɠɓʚʋʁ ɂʑɼʊãʏʙɥʋʊã ÑΓǍʋʂʊãÿ ɐɒʖʇ Ñʏʙɦɶʅʊã ȝ ɐĂɚʙɤɟ Ȫɝɖ ɤʅʁ Ñɡʙíɐɗʊã ȝ ãĂíëɐʐ ʆʊì ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿʓʚʊá ɕʋɯÿ ɐʍ ɔɜíë ʌʋɼʙ Ƞʉʈʁ Ñʘʐɐɓɩʟã ʌʈɠʊã ɤɼɒ åɤɠɗ͋ã æɐʙʡʖʊã ɐʎʕʚʋɻ ɕʊʖɗɩãüɐʙß ÑΓʑɩ ɺɳɒ ȝ Ñýãɦʎɼʊã ʏʍ ʓʚʊá ɕʋɯÿ ɐʍÿ Ȳʖʂʊã ʏʍ ʘʐɐɓɩʟã ʌʈɠʊã üɐʙß ɐɒʖʇ

�åɤɠɗ͋ã æɐʙʡʖʊã ʌʈɟɐ Ăɼʅʑɗɪʍ ÑåΒɚʇ ɐĂʐÿɦʄ ɦʎɗɩã āɥʊã ýɐɓɩʟã ýɐɶʋɩ üɐʙß ɕʐɐʇ ΓǍʋʂʊã ýß ʌʋɼʙ ȠʉʇÿΓʚʈʙɦʍʝã Ýʢʚɗɩã ɤɼɒ ʓʐßÿ Ñɔɻɐʑɰʊãÿ åíɐɝɗʊã ʏʍ ɔʋɵɐɻ ɔɪɎɐɒ ɔʍß ʓʚʁ ɫʚɼɖ ɐ Ăɼɩãÿɔʙɤʙɤɠʊã ʆʈɪʊɐɒ Ýãɧɜʝã ûʖɯʖʍ ýʖɻɐɶʊãÿ ʗ Ȣʎɠʊãÿ ʏʂɼʊã ʏʍ ɐĂʚʊɐɢ ɞɓɯß ʓʚʋɻ

�ɔʙɐʄʖʊãÿ ɔɠɰʊã äɐɓɩɊɒ ɐ Ăɼɗʎɗʍ ïíãɤ͋ãÿ ɺʐɐɰ͋ɐɒ ɐɹ͆ɗʈʍ

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æãíʖɚʊã ȝ ɔʍʝã ýɊɬ

ʏʍ ɂʑɼʊã ɔʎʋʇ ȝ ɐʍ ãʖʇíɤʙ ʌʊ ʏʙɥʊã ɦɹʑʊã ûɐɜí ëí ɑɝʙ ɔʋɚʍʝã þɥʔ ʉɚʍ ȞɌʁ�ɐʔΒɰʍ Ȫɻ ɦɶʚɪɖ ʘɗʊã ʘʔ ɔəÿíʖ͋ã ɔʍʝã éÿí ýß ãʖʕʅʂʙ ʌʊÿ Ñʘʐɐɼ͋ã

åíʃɇɷã ɁɺĆʊã ʄɲɸɄɃ ɭʇɴ ���

Ýɐʎɻɧʊã ɐʎʐáÿ Ñɐʔɦʍß ɦɒɤɖ ʡÿ ɐʔãɧɿʍ úíɤɖ ʡ ʘʕʁ Ñɐʕʋʇ æãíʖɚʊã ȝ ɤɟãÿ äʖɼɭʊã ýɊɬ�ɐʕʐʖʇɦɠʙ ʏʙɥʊã ʌʔ

Ñåɦʔɐɹʊã ʓɼʁɐʑʍ ȣɃʊã Ȣɨʍ ãìá Ȣʡá ʓɖɧʙɦɿɒ ɑɼ Ȣɭʊã ʏʍ ʃʙɦʁ ɔɻɐɶʊã ɺʋɣʙ ʡÿ�ɴʚɪɓʊã ýɐʚɰɼʊɐɒ ɔʚʋɠ͋ã ɔʇɦɠʊã þɥʔ ʗɻɤɖÿ ÑɐĂɚʙɤɟ ɔʚʐɐǍʑɬ ȝ ɺʄÿ ɐʎʇ ʆʊìÿ

åíʖɚʊã âëɐɓʍ ɐʍßÿ Ñʌʚɹɼʊã ìʖʂʑʊã āÿì ʏʍ ɐʔàɐʎɻî ýɐʇ ãìá åíʖɚʊã õʖʄÿ ʉ ĆʕɪʙÿÑɐʕɓɓɩ ʌʋɼʙ ýß Βɾ ʏʍ åíʖɚʊɐɒ üʖʅʙ ɑɼɭʊɐʁ Ñɛʙíɤɗʊɐɒ ʡá ɑɼɭʊã ɑʋʄ ȝ ʉɢɤɖ ʢʁ�ʉʙʖɵ ʏʍî ɥʑʍ ɕʕɗʐã ɤʄ ýʖʈɖ åíʖɚʊã ýɌʁ ɑɓɪʊã ãɥʔ úãíëá Ȟá ɷɠʊã ʓʄɐɩ ʗɗʍÿ

ʃɠɗɪʙ ɐĂɏʚɬ ʓʇãíëá üɤɻ ɺʍ ʖʔÿ ÑʓɎɐʎɻî åʖɻë ɐĂɓʚɝʍ åíʖɚʊɐɒ ɑɼɭʊã üʖʅʙÿ�ʓʊɐʚɢ ʓʚʋɻ ʓʚʋʎʙ ɐʎɓɪɟ íɐʈʁʝã þɥʔ Ćþëíãʖɗɖ Ýɐʎɻɧʊã Ýʡɋʔ íɐʈʁß ʏʍ ɦʇɥʊã

üɐʍî Ȫɻ ɱɓʅʙ ýß ɐʕɗʙɐɾ ąɦɖ Ăʢɚʍ đėĘę ɔʑɩ ɕɼʄÿ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɥɢ�øãȴʝã ʏʍ Ăʡɤɒ ʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã Ýɐʑɒß íʖʍʝã

ɕʑʋɻß ýáÿ Ʋ ɑɼɭʊãÿ Ñ Ăʢʚʋʄ ʡá åíʖɚʊã þɥʔ Ýɤɒ ȝ ɑɼɭʊã ɔɠʋɰʍ Ȟá ɦɹʑĆʙ ʌʊÿ�ɴʅʁ ʓɒãʖʐ äɐɣɗʐã ȝ ʓʅɠɒ Ƀɖ åëɐʚɪʊã þɥʔ ɕʐɐʇ Ʋ ɐʕʚʁ ʓɖëɐʚɩ

ɔʅɓɶʊã ÝɐʑɒɊʇ ʘɻɐʎɗɜʡã ʌȢʋɪʊã ȝ Ýɐʅɖíʡã Ȟá ɞʍɐɵ Βɾ Ăʢʔɐɜ ýɐʇ ɑɼɭʊã ýß ɐʎɒÿɕʐɐʇ Ñʌʕɖãÿɐɪʍ ȝ ɺʍɐɵ Βɾ øãȴʝã ɔɜíë ʏʍ þɤɼɓɒ ãĂɦɻɐɬ ýɐʇ ʓʐß ɐʎɒÿ Ñʗɶɩʖʊã

�ʌʕɼʁɐʑʍÿ üʖʅʊã ɔʚʋɻ òãɦɾß ʏɻ ãĂΒɚʇ ʀʋɗɣɖ ʓɼʁɐʑʍÿ ʓɲãɦɾßɐʕʚʁ ɑɼɭʊã ʉɢɤɖ ɑɜÿß æɐɻîɐʑ͋ã ʏʍ ʆʋ͋ãÿ ʘɒɐʚʑʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã Γɒ ɺʄÿ ɐʍ ýß ąɤʚɒɦəɋʙ ʡ ßɤɓ͋ã ýß ɐʎɒÿ Ñʆʊɥɒ ɔʚɓɼɬ åíʖə ʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã åíʖə ɕɠɓɯɊʁ ɐĂɏʚɭʁ ɐĂɏʚɬȝ ɦəɋɗʊ Ñɔʙɦɹʑʊã ʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã âëɐɓʍ Ȫɻ ɑɜÿ ʏʙɤɗʊãÿ ɔʂɵɐɼʊã Ȟá ɤʑɗɩã ãìá ʡá

�åɦʔɐɹʊã ɔʚʋʎɼʊã ɺʁɐʑ͋ã ʏʍ ʃɗɭʍ ɞɲãÿ ɤʙɤɜ ýɐʎʙá Ȟá ûʖɠɗɖ ýß Ñɑɼɭʊãþɦɹʐ ȝ ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ãʖʐɐʇ ʏʙɥʊã Ʋ ûɐɜɦʊã ɑɼɭʊã ɺʎɩ ɐʍɤʑɻ ɔɻɁɒ ûʖɠɗʊã ãɥʔ Ȣʌɖùɦɠʙÿ ɑʕʑʙ ąõȴÿ ɔʚɠɲ ýɐʇ ʓʐß Ȩɗɻɐʁ Γʅɒɐɪʊã ʓɖëɐɪʊ Ąÿɐɪʍ ʓʐá ʓʊ ýʖʊʖʅʙ Ʋ

�ʓʊ ʃɟ ȝ øɂɗʙ ʓʐß ɐ͆ʐɐɸ ʉɗʅʙÿ

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Page 49: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɧɎãɦɿʊã äɐɠɯʝ ʉʎɼʊãÿ Βɪʊã ɔʙɦɟ ɞʑʍ ȝ ɔʙíʖɚʊã âëɐɓ͋ã åʖʄ ɕʋɝɖ ãɥʈʔÿ�ʌʙɤʅʊã ɥʑʍ Γʐãʖʅʊãÿ ɤʚʊɐʅɗʊãÿ ɔɏʚɓʊã ɐʕɗɻëí ʘɗʊã åíɐɳʊã ɔʙɦɶʂʊã

ʓɜʖʊã Ȫɻ ʗɻãɤɗɖ ɔ Ȣʍʝã ɔʍɐɻ ɦɜɧɖ ɕʐɐʇ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɻɐʎɗɜʡã ɦɜãÿɧʊã æɥɢß ɐ͋ÿΓʅɒɐɪʊã ʌʕɖëɐɩ ýÿëíɐɶʙ ãÿíɐɰʁ åëÿɤɠʍ Βɾ ʌʕɖʖʄ ýß Ýʡɋʔ íʖɰɖ íʖʇɥ͋ã

Üɐ Ăʎʇɐɟ ɞɓɰʙ ýß ɤɼɒ Ýȯ ʉʇ ʉɼʁ ʏɻ ɑɼɭʊã ɺʑɗʎʙ ʉʔÿ Ñʌʕʊãʖʍß ʌʕʐʖɓʋɪʙÿûɐʍʛãÿ ɤʙɤɝʊã ýɐʎʙʟã ýãʖʑ Ćɻ ɕʐɐʇ ʘɗʊã Ýɐɢʟãÿ åãÿɐɪ͋ãÿ ɔʙɦɠʊã ɔʎʋʇ ɘɓʋɖ ʌʊɧɎãɦɿʊã ʆʋɖ Ñɤʅɠʊãÿ ɤɪɠʊãÿ ɺʎɶʊã ɧɎãɦɾ öʖɪɖ æɥɢß ýß åíʖɚʊã Ýɤɒ ȝ åɤʙɤɝʊãëʖɪʙ ʌʋɹʊãÿ ȣʉɗɣʙ üɐɹʑʊã ʉɼɜ ɐʍ ãɥʔÿ Ñüɐɹʐ ɐʔɦɜɧʙ ʡ ʘɗʊãÿ æɐɻɐʎɝʋʊ ɔʇɦɠ͋ã

�Βɰʄ ɕʄÿ ȝ ȣʌɼɖ Ȳʖʂʊãÿȣʉɸ ɮʋʅɖ Ȥüãʖɼʊã ɔʅɓɵ Ȟá ʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã ʏʍ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɕɶɓʔ ýß ɤɼɒÿæãëʖʕɝ͋ã Ȥëɋɖ ʌʋʁ Ñʀʚɣʍ ɦʍß ɔəÿíʖ͋ã ɧɎãɦɿʊã íɐɰɗʐãÿ ÑɧɎãɦɿʊã ʓʚʋɻ ɕɓʋɿɖÿ ʉʅɼʊãʌɼʐ Ñɔəÿíʖ͋ã ɔʚʐãʖʚɠʊã ɧɎãɦɿʊã ɱɼɒ ɦɜî Ȟá Ȣʡá ɫʚɼɗʊ æɐɼʎɗɝ͋ã ɐʕɒ ɕʍɐʄ ʘɗʊãȢʌɖß õëɦʊã ãɥʔ íɐɯ åíɐɳɠʊã ýãɤʚʍ ȝ ɔʍʝã ɕʍɤʅɖ ɐʎʋʇÿ ÑɧɎãɦɿʊã þɥʔ õëí ʏʈʎʙʉʚɪʊã òɐʁ ʗɗʎʁ Ñãɤ͆ɜ ãĂɦ ćɶɢ ɐʔɦʙɦɠɖ ýɐʇ ãɥʊÿ Ûɐʕʚʋɻ Ýɐɳʅʊã ʉʚɠɗɪʙ ʓʐß ʡá Ñʉʎʇßÿ

�ʓʚʊá ʉɰʙ ɐʍ äȤɦɣʙ ýß ʉɓʄ þãɦɝʍ Ȟá ɺɜɦʙ ʡ

æãíʃɇɷã Ȋ Ⱦɩɚɷã ýȷə � �

ýɐʇ ýáÿ Ʋ ʓʋʎɻ ýßÿ ÑÝɐʎɻî Βɾ ʏʍ Βɪʙ ʡ ɑɼɭʊã ýß æɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí ʏʑɩ ɐʑʊ ɕɓɚɖ�ã Ăɤɒß æɐʇɦɠʊã ʏʍ þɧɝʑĆʙ ɐʍ ëʖʅʙ ʡ Ʋ ʓʚʋɻ òȤɦɟ ɐʎʚʁ ʓɻɐʁɤʐʡ Ñæãíʖɚʊã ȝ ɐ Ăʎʚɹɻ

ɐʕʚʊá ɤʑɗɪɖ ʘɗʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ýÿɦʈɗɓʙ ʡ ʌʕʐß ɺʍÿ ÑΒəɊɖ ɔʚɩɐʚɩ åíʖə ʉʇ ȝ ÝɐʎɻɧʋʊÿýɊɬ æɐɻɐʎɝʊãÿ ðʖʚɝʊãÿ Ýɐʎɻɧʊãÿ âëɐɓ͋ã ʏʍ ȡʉʈʋʁ Ñʉʎɼʋʊ ɔʋʚɩÿ ɐʕʐÿɥɣɗʙ ʌʕʐɌʁ

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�äãʖɝʊã ʏɻ æɧɝɼʊ ɑʚʋʚʁ ɨʙʖʊ ɐʕɼʋɢ ɑɓɩ ʏɻ ɕʋɏɩ

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æãíʖɚʊã ȝ ɔʍʝã ýɊɬ

üɐʄ āɥʊã ʖʔ ɑɼɭʊã ýß ãʖʑɹʁ ÑíʡÿĆ ßÿ ʓʋɭʚʎʇ ÑʏʙΒɚʇ Γʂʊɋʍ ɦʔãʖɹʊã ɕɻɤɢ ɤʄÿÑlɑɼɭʊã ʖʔ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʋʊ ȫɯʝã ʉɻɐʂʊã ýá{ �ʓʋɭʚʍ ûɐʄ ÑĀȨʈʊã ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊɐɒɱɼɒ ʌʔ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã íɐʐ ãÿɤʄÿß ʏʙɥʊã ýá ûɐʅʙ ýß Ɋɶɣʊã ʏʍ ýá{ �íʡÿĆ ß ûɐʄÿƲ đėęę ɔʑɩÿ đėĘę ɔʑɩ ȝ ɺʄÿ ɐʍ Ȫɻ õʢɵʡã ɤɼɒ Ʋ āɤʑɻ ɕɓə ɤʅʁ ÑÝɐʕɜʖʊãʆʊì ýɐʇß Ýãʖɩ Ñɤɟãÿ ɮɣɬ çëãʖɠʊã ȤΒɪʙ ʌʊ ʓʐßÿ Ñåíʖɚʊã ʆʋɖ ʉɶɒ ʖʔ ɑɼɭʊã ýß

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ûɐɜí þɤɝʎʙ ɐʍ ɺʚʎɜ ɧɎɐɟ ʘɖʖʔʡ ýɐʚʇ æãì ɔʍʝã ýá íɐʈʁʝã ɱɼɒ Ȫɻ ëɦʊã ȝ ûɐʅʙɐʑɚɠɒ ɤʑɻ ʆʊì ȝ ɐʑʙßí āɤɓʑɩÿ ÑʉɎɐɳʂʊãÿ Āʖʅʊã ʏʍ ʓʊ ɐʍ ɦʇì ȝ ýʖɓʕɪʙÿ ɔɩɐʚɪʊã

�ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ȝ ɔʍʝã ýɊɬ ʏɻ ýʛãɔʚʍɐɩ ɔʚɰɣɬ æãì Ʋ ɔʕʊʛɐʇ Ʋ ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã ʏʍ ʏʙɦɢɊɗ͋ãÿ Γʍɤʅɗ͋ã ɤʑɻ Ñɔʍʝã ýáʉɗʅɖ ýß ɐʕʊ îɐɜ ýáÿ ɐʕɗɻɐɵá ʏɻ ûÿɋɪʍ ɺʚʎɝʊɐʁ Ñã Ăɤɒß ɍɶɣɖ ʡÿ ʉɼʂɖ ɐʎɻ ûɊɪĆɖ ʡȞá üʖʚʊã ʓĉɗ ąɼ ąʁąí ĉʏ ąʍ ʉʂɩʝã úíɤʊã ȝ ã Ăɤɾ éɦɶąɖÿ ʌʊɐɹ͋ã ȸʄß ʘɖɊɖÿ ùɦɠĆɖÿ ɑʕʑɖÿɤʎɠɒ Γɠɓɪʍ ɐʕʍɐʈɟß üɐʍß ëʖɝɪʊã ʏɻ ɔɩɐʚɪʊã ûɐɜí ûɤɼʙ ʡÿ Ñûɐɶɒʝã Ȥøɐɰʍ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

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�æʖʈɩÿ ĄÝɐʑɻɔʚɻɐʎɗɜã ɔʊɐʎə ʖʕʁ Ñɐʕʋʇ ɔʚʍʖʅʊã ʏɗʂʊã ȝ ʌʕʍ ýɊɬ ʓʊ āɥʊã Ñɦɢʛã ʌɪʅʊã ɐʍßÿɐʕʊȢʖɟ åëɦʎɗʍ ăðʖʚɜ ʌʕɻʖʎɝʍ ʏʍ ʀʊɊɗʙ ïɐʐß ʖʔ āß Ñɔʎʚəß ɔʚɪʂʐ æãì ɔʍëɐʔ

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�ëɦʎɗʙÿ ɐʕʋɜß ʏʍ êɂʙ ʘɗʊãýɐʚɰɻ ʉʇ ɔʊÞ ʘʔ ʘɗʊã åíɐɳʊã ɔɓɾɐɭ͋ã æɐɻɐʎɝʊã þɥʔ Βɾ Ýɐɓɶɣʊã øɦɼʙ ʡÿɥʑʍ Ýȯ ʌʕʑʍ Βɿɗʙ ʌʊ ʌʕʐá{ �ʌʕʑɻ Ćíɐąʚ ćɖ ûɐʄ ʏʙɥʊã õɐɻȤɦʊã ʏʍ ɔʂʊɋ͋ãÿ ʌʙɤʅʊã ɥʑʍɨʚʐɤɗʊ ýʖɓʔɊɗʙ ʌʕʐáÿ Ñåȶɐʚʅʊã ʌɎãɦɝʊ ýʖʅʂɰʙ Ćɕʚ ćɩɐʐ ɐʕʚʁ ʌʔÞí ʘɗʊã ɔʑʍîʝã

�lßɤɓʍ ʉʇ ʌɯʖʊ ɔɶʋɩ ʉʇ Ýãɤʐ Γɓʚɝʍ ʌɎãɦɝʊã õãʖʐß ʌʕʁãȩʄɐɒ æɐɼʎɗɝ͋ãʌʔɤʚʄ ʏʍ ãʖɗʋʂɖ ɥʑʎʁ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß þ ąëãɤɗʍã íÿë ȝ õɐɻȤɦʊã ýɊɬ ɤɗʎʙ ʌʊʌʔÿ Γʐʖɝɪ͋ã ãʖɟ Ȣȴ ɤʄÿ Ñïɐʑʊã ɞɒì ȝ ãÿɥɢß Ñʉʚʋʅɒ ɤʕɼʊã íÿë ʉɓʄ āß ÑđėĘę ɔʑɩ

�ʌʕɟãʖĆʐÿ ʌʕɒãɦɶɲɐɒ íʖɳɠʊã Ȫɪɗʙÿ ʌʕʍʡÞ ɤɗʎɗʊ Ûʌʕɒ ãʖʋɚʍÿ ÑÝɐʚɟßʌʔɧɎãɦɿʊ ɔɻëãɦʊã ɦɜãÿɧʊã Ȫɻ ɔʋʁɐɿʊã āɤʙʝã ȿʅɖ ɐʍɤʑɻ õɐɻɦʊã Βɪʙ ãɥʈʔʌɪɝʊã ãɥʔ ɦʕɹʊ ÛΓɻ ɔʁɦɵ õɐɻɦʊã Ýʡɋʔ ʀəɐʈɖ ʖʋʁ Ñɔəãíʖʊɐɒ ʌʕʚʊá ɔʋʅɗʑ͋ã ɔɭɟʖɗ͋ã

�Ýɐʍɤʋʊ ɐĂʇɐ Ȣʂɩ ʉʅɼʊã ʉʚʋʄ ɐĂʚɾɐɵ Ăʡʖɾɤʅʁ Ñɤʚʑɻ íɐɓɜ ʌʕʕɜÿ ȝ ʀʅʙ ɐʍɤʑɻ õɐɻɦʊã Ýʡɋʔ Ȫɻ ɑʋɿɗʊã ʉʕɪʙ ʓʐß Ȫɻüß ʌʕʎɩã ýɐʇ ʡʖɿʚʊɐʇß Ýãʖɩ ʌʕʊ ýʖʅʂɰʙ ʌʕʐß åȶɐʚʅʊã ʏʅʙßÿ Ñëãɤɓɗɩã ʉʇ ãʖʐɐɻß

�ʓɝʐʡʖɒ üß ΒǍɪɒÿí üß ýÿΒʐ

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æãíʖɚʊã ȝ ɔʍʝã ýɊɬ

ʡ āɥʊã ɔʍʝã ʃʙɦʁ ɦʇɥʐ æãíʖɚʊã ȝ Βɓʈʊã ýɊɭʊã æãì ɔɒɦɣ͋ã ɦʍɧʊã þɥʔ ɑʐɐɝɒÿɐĂʐɐʚɟß ɤʚʂɗɪʙ ýɐʇ ýáÿ Ñʃʙɦʂʊã ãɥʕʁ Ñɐ Ăʅɒɐɩ ʆʊì ɐʑʚɒ ɐʎʇ ʉʎɼʊãÿ ɤɝʊã Ȟá ʡá ãʖɓɰʙ

� Ăʢʚʋʄ Ȣʡá þɦʍß ʏʍ åíʖɚʊã ûɐɜí ʌʋɼʙ ʡÿ Ñɐʕɒ üɐʚʅʊã ȝ ɦʈʂʙ ʡ Ñæãíʖɚʊã ʏʍʏʈʊÿ Ñʌʊɐɹ͋ã øãȩʄã Ȟá ʌʔìʖʂʑɒ Ýɐʎɻɧʊã þëʖʅʚʁ ɐ Ăɼʚɶʍ øʖɣʊã ʓʋɼɝʙ ɤʄ Ñʌɼʐʓɼʁɤɗʁ æãíʖɚʊã ʏʍ ʃʙɦʂʊã ʆʊì ɦɝɳʚʁ ɐʕʐãɧʚʍ ʉʅɚʙ ýß ɘɓʋɖ ʌʊ ɔʚəãíʖʊã ɔʍʝã æɐʍʖʅʍȪɻ íëɐʄ ɨʚɎí ʏɻ ɐĂɚɟɐɒ ʉɠʂɗɪɖ ɐʍɤʑɻ Ȳʖʂʊã üɐʍß øʖʄʖʊã Ȟá ɔɗɒɐɚʊã ɔʍʝã éÿí

�üɐɹʑʊã åëɐɻáëʖɪʙ ýß ʓɗʙɐɿʁ Ñɔɗɓʊß ɔɳʍɐɾ ÿß ɔʚʍɐɩ ɔʚɩɐʚɩ âëɐɓʍ âëɐʕʊã ʃʙɦʂʊã ãɥʕʊ ɨʚʊÿʃʋɶ͋ã ʌʈɠʊã ɑʅɻ ɤʅʁ Ñüãÿɤʊã Ȫɻ Ȳʖʂʊã ɤɼɒ ʌʈɠʊã ãɥʔ üɐʄ ãɥʊÿ Ûʃʋɶ͋ã ʌʈɠʊãüɐɼʊã äɐɣɗʐʡã ɺʁí ɐʍɤʑɻ ɔʚʐɐɚʊã åíʖɚʊã ɑʅɻ ɤʄÿ Ñýʖʚʋnjɐʑʊ ʀɗʔ ɐʍɤʑɻ Ȟÿʝã åíʖɚʊãÑãĂíʖɵãȨʍá ʓʋɼɜ ʌə Ñʌʈɠʊɐɒ þëãɤɓɗɩã Ȫɻ þɦʄßÿ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ɔɩɐɎí Ȟá ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ɨʙʖʊ

�ɔʚɩÿɦǍʊã ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã äɦɠʊã ʉʚɓ Ćʄ āß ÑđĘėĐ ɔʑɩ ʓʍɐɹʐ äʖɰɗɩã ʌəõʢɵʡã ɐʐëíß ãìá ɐʑʊɐɒ ʏɻ ʉɰʂʊã ãɥʔ ȝ ɐʕʚʊá ɐʐȴß ʘɗʊã çëãʖɠʊã ɑʚɿɖ ʡ ýß ąɑɜÿ�ɮʚɯɐʄʝã ȝ Ýɐɜ ɐʎɻ ʀʋɗɣʙ ʓʑʈʊÿ Ñɐʕʚʁ Βɓʇ ýɊɬ ɔʍʞʋʁ Ñæãíʖɚʊã ȝ ɔʍʝã ýɊɬ Ȫɻ

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Page 54: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ʘʐɐɚʊã äɐɓʊã

-*4ĎÓă* 2ĎãÏ ĐÐă* ÍĒãûĊă*

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Page 56: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ûÿʝã ʉɰʂʊã

-*4ĎÓă* CÉđ& üĄ¡*-ÉÌĄþÏ

Ɂʇɝɐɚɷã ûʃɍɃ ���

üɐʙß ɐʔΒɿɒ ýɐɪʐʟã ûʖɠɖ úãíëá ʉʚɠɗɪʙ ʘɗʊã ùʢɢʝã ɔʙɦɹʐ ɦɢÞ ʀʊɋʍ ȝ Ćɕʋ Ȣɰʁ�ɔʚɩɐɩʝã ɐʔȶɐʑɻ ʆʚʊáÿ Ñæãíʖɚʊã

�çëãʖɠʊã ɐʔɦʕɹĆɖ ɔɓʋʅɗʍ ɔʚʅʋɢ ýÿɋɬ Ʋ ɔʚʐɐɚʊã ʓɗʚɪʂʐ ãɤɻ ɐʍ Ʋ Ąâɦʍã ʉʈʊʗʅɓɖ åΒɚʇ ɔʚəãíÿ æɐʚɰɣɬ õɐʎɗɜã ʏʍ ɔɯɐɣʊã ýɐɪʐʟã ɔʚɰɣɬ ʀʊɊɗɖÿɺʅʙ ɐʎʇ ʆʊìÿ ÑãĂΒɚʇ ɔɏʚɓʊã þɥʔ ɕɓʋʅɖ ʗɗʎʁ Ñɑʋʅɗɖ ʡ ɔɗɒɐə ɔɏʚɓʊã ɕʍãë ɐʍ ɔʐîãʖɗʍæãì åɤʙɤɜ ɔʚɰɣɬ ɔʋɠʑ͋ã ȶɐʑɼʊã ʉɗʈɖ ʏʍ ʀʊɊɖÿ ýîãʖɗʊã ãɥʔ ʉɗɢã Ñʏɗʂʊã üɐʙßûɐɜí ʏʍ ãĂΒɚʇ ýß ʆʊì ʏʍÿ Ñɔʙëɐɼʊã ɔʚɰɣɭʊã ʏɻ ãɤ͆ɜ ʀʋɗɣɖ ɛʔɐʑʍÿ ʀɵãʖɻÿ íɐʈʁßΓɓɰɼɗʍ ïɐʐß Ȟá ûʖʕʊã üɐʙß ãʖɓʋʅʐã Ñʌʋɠʊɐɒ Γʁʖɯʖʍ ãʖʐɐʇ ʏʙɥʊã ÑÝɐɳʅʊãÿ éʢɰʊã

�Ýɐʍɤʋʊ Γʇɐʂɩæɐʍîʝɐɒ ΓʎɎɐʅʊã ýá ɐʅ͆ɟÿ ÑɦɢÞ Ă ßɦʍß åɤʙɤɝʊã ɔɏʚɓʊã ΒəɊɗɒ Ýɦ͋ã Βɰʙ ɤʄ ɐʅ͆ɟʏʎʁ Ñɐʐɦʔʖɜ ʏɻ ʀʋɗɣʙ ɦʔʖɜ ʏʍ ʌʕʐß ɐʑʊ éʡ ýáÿ Ñɐʑʋɚʍ ɔʎʚɹɼʊã ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊãÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã

�ʌʕɪʂʐß ñɐɣɬʝã ɦʕɹʙ ɐʕɪʂʐ çëãʖɠʊã íãɦʈɖɱɼɒ ʉɼʂɒ ɔʙëɐɼʊã ɔʚɰɣɭʊã ʉɠʑɖ ɐʍɤʑɻ åɤʙɤɜ ɔʚɰɣɬ ʀʊɊɗɖ ʀʚʇÿ

�āʖʄ ɤʅɗɼʍ åîɐʚɟ �ɐʕʎʔß åΒɚʇ ʉɎɐɩʖɒ ʀʊɊɗɖ ɐʕʐá Üçëãʖɠʊãɔʚɓʚʋɰʊã äÿɦɠʊɐʇ ɔʎʚɹɼʊã æɐʍîʝã ȝ æɤʔʖɬ ʘɗʊã æɐʚɰɣɭʊã ɕʂʊɊɖ ɤʅɗɼ͋ɐɓʁɤʔɐɭʐ ʡ Ñɔʙëɐɼʊã æɐʄÿʝã ȝ ɔɏʚɓʊã ûʖɠɖ üɤɼʊ Ñɐʑʐáÿ Ñɔɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟãÿ

�ïɐʑʊã ȝ ɔʋəɐʎɗʍ æɐʚɰɣɬ Āʖɩɔʑʍîʝã ȝ Ăʢʚʋʄ çɤɠʙ ʆʊì ʏʈʊÿ Ñɔɪʇɐɭɗʍ ɔɳʄɐʑɗʍ æɐʚɰɣɭʊã þɥʔ ɞɓɰɖ ɤʄÿ

�æɐɒãɦɶɲʡã üɐʙß ãĂîíɐɒ ýʖʈʙÿ Ñɔʙëɐɼʊã

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ʃʋɣʊã ʀʊɊɗʙ ʘɗʊã ɦɻɐɭ͋ã ʉɒ Ñæɐʚɰɣɭʊã ûʖɠɖ ɤʑɻ Βɿɗʙ āɥʊã ʖʔ Ýɐʇɥʊã ɨʚʊÿ�ɐʕʑʍ

æãíʃɇɸɷ ɑȻȽɗɷã ɰɸɐɷãȣȽɾɨ ���

Ñɔʚɻɐʎɗɜʡã ɦɜãÿɧʊã ɺʁí ɤʑɻ åɦɟ Βɪɖ åëɐɻ åɦɜëɧ͋ã ɦɻɐɭ͋ã ýß æãíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ȝ ɤʔɐɭʐʗʅɓʙ ʉɒ Ñɐ͆ʚʋʇ ɐ Ăɼʁí ɤʚʊɐʅɗʊãÿ ɑʙɥʕɗʊãÿ Γʐãʖʅʊã Ȟá åɤʑɗɪ͋ã ɦɜãÿɧʊã þɥʔ ɺʁɦɖ ʡÿ�åɦɶɣʊã ɦɻɐɭ͋ã ýãíʖə ʀʄÿ ȝ ɱɼɓʊã ãɥʔ ɺʂʑʙÿ Ñæɐɒʢʅʐʡã ʏʍ ʌɾɦʊã Ȫɻ ɐʕɳɼɒ

ʏʍ ʌɾɦʊã Ȫɻ ɐʔΒɪɖÿ ɔʍʝã æɐɓʋʅɖ ëɤɠɖ ʘʕʁ Ñɦɜãÿɧʊã þɥʔ Āʖʄß ɂʑɼʊã éÿíÿɕʊɤɓɖ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ýß Ăʢɚʍ ɐʑʊ ɦʕɹʊ ɡʙíɐɗʊã ʓ Ȣɰʄ ɐʍ Ȟá ɐʐɦɹʐ ʖʋʁ Ñíʖʍʝã ɦʔãʖɸāíʖɵãȨʍʟã üɐɹʑʊã Ȟá åíʖɚʊã üɐɹʐ ʏʍ ɔʋʚʋʄ Γʑɩ ȝ ɕʋʅɗʐã āß Ñɤɟãÿ ýɦʄ ȝ ãĂΒɚʇíʖʍʝã ɦʔãʖɸ ýß ɺʄãʖʊãÿ ÑāíʖɵãȨʍʟã üɐɹʑʊã ȞɌʁ åíʖɚʊã üɐɹʐ ȞɌʁ ʘʈʋ͋ã üɐɹʑʊã ȞɌʁ

�æΒɿɖ ʘɗʊã ʘʔ ɐʔɤɟÿɔʚʂɵɐɼʊã ȶɐʑɼʊã ȝ ýʛã ɘɠɓʑɩÿ Ñɐʑʋɼʁ ɐʎʍ ɦɚʇɊɒ ɔʍʝã ɑʋʅɖ ëÿɤɟ ɞɲʖʐ ʡÿʏʍ ɦʇìɊɩÿ Ñæɐɻɐʎɝʊãÿ ëãɦʁʝã æɐʚɰɣɬ Βʚɿɖ Ȫɻ æãíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ɐʔĆíɐɭɗʐã ɤɻɐɪʙ ʘɗʊãΒəɊɖ ɷɟʖʊ ɤʅʁ Ñɔɩɐʎɠʊãÿ ʖʔɧʊãÿ ɤɪɠʊãÿ ñɦɠʊãÿ øʖɣʊãÿ ɤʅɠʊã �ȶɐʑɼʊã þɥʔ

�ĀȨʈʊã ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ȝ ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ Ñɐʕʋʇ ɡʙíɐɗʊã æɐɒʢʅʐã ȝ ȶɐʑɼʊã þɥʔ

ɑɲɍɷã � �

ɔʚʂɵɐɼʊã ʌʔɦʔɐɹʍ ɤɟß ʖʔ Ýȯ ʉʇÿ ʌɹʑʊãÿ ïɐʑʊã Ȫɻ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ûɐɜí Ćɤʅ ćɟãʖɗʅʍ ʉɒ ʌʕɎãɤɻß ɕʅʎɒ ûɐɜɦʊã Ýʡɋʔ ćʀɗʈʙ ʌʋʁ Ñʌʕɗʚɪʂʐ ȝ ɘɠɓʊã ɤʑɻ ÿɤɓɖ ʘɗʊãʓɒ ýʖʂɰʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ɐʍ Ȟá ɐʐɦɹʐ ãìá{ �ɐĂɚʙɤɟ äɐȢɗĆʈʊã ɤɟß ûɐʄ Ññɐɣʊã ʌʕɒɧɟ Ýɐɳɻß ɐ ĂɳʙßÑlΓ͋ɐɹʊãÿ ɔʋɗʅʊãÿ ɦɎɐʎɳʊã ʘɼɎɐɒÿ Γɒìɐʈʊãÿ ɔʐʖɣʊã Āʖɩ ʌʕʚʁ ąɦʐ ʌʊ ɐ Ăɳɼɒ ʌʕɳɼɒΓʙȨʙʟãÿ Γʚʐʖɗʐãɤʊãÿ ΓʙɤʐÿΒɝʊã íÿɤɯ ȝ Ȫɾ āɥʊã ɤʅɠʊã ʆʊì Ăʡʖʕɝʍ ýɐʇ ɐʍÿ�ʓʂʊɐɣʙ ʏʍ âɦʍã ʉʇ ʉɗʅɒ Ȣʡá ɤʅɠʊã ãɥʔ ßɤʕʙ ʌʋʁ Ñýÿëíɐɶɗʙ ãʖʐɐʇ üɐʙß ΓʙΒǍɪɒÿɦʊãÿΓʑʍɋ͋ɐʇ Ñãÿíɐɯ ʃɠʊã Ȫɻ ʌʕʐß ãÿɤʅɗɻã ɐȢ͋ ΓɝɎɐʕʊã Ýʡɋʔ ýß ʖʔ ʆʊì ɑɓɩÿÿß ʘʑʙɤʊã ýɐʎʙʟã ɑɟɐɰʁ Ñʌʕɓʔɥʍ Ȫɻ ʏʈʙ ʌʊ ʏʍ ɔɠʍɐɪʍ ýʖʅʚɶʙ ʡ Ñʏʍî ʉʇ ȝãìá ʓʋʚɓɩ ȝ ʉɗʅʊã ʏɻ ɦɢɊɗʙ ʡ ʖʔÿ Ñɐ ĂʎɎãë ʓʐɐʎʙá Ȫɻ ïɐʑʊã ʉʎɟ Ȟá ʉʚʎʙ ʘʂɵɐɼʊã

�ʆʊì õɐɶɗɩã

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æãíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ʃʋɣʊã æɐɓʋʅɖ

þɥʔ üɤɖ ʌʊ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ûɐɜí Γɒ ɕʄɦʁ ʘɗʊã ëɐʅɟʝã íɤɰʍ ʉʅɼʊã ýɐʇ ʖʊÿʏɻ ʏʙɧɜɐɻ ɐʕɒɐɠɯß ʉɼɜ ɔʂɵɐɼʊãÿ ʏʙɤɗʊã ʃĆʋ Ćɢ ʏɻ ɐʔíÿɤɯ ʏʈʊÿ Ñ Ăʢʙʖɵ ëɐʅɟʝãÑɺʚʎɝʊã ɤʑɻ åɤɟãÿ åɤɭɒ æɦʕɸ ɐʕʋʇ äãɧɟʝã ɤʑɻ ɤɟãÿ ɐʔíɤɰʍ ýß ɐʎɒÿ ÑɞʂɰʊãɐĂʈʂɩ íɐʚʐɐɗʐʖ͋ã äɧɟ ʏʍ ʉʄß ãʖʐʖʈʙ ʌʊ ΓʙɤʐÿΒɝʊã ýß ɔɠʚɠɰʊã ʃɎɐəʖʊã ɕɗɓəß ɤʅʊÿɤʄÿ Ñɤʚɓɖ ýß ɔɒʖʋɿ͋ã äãɧɟʝã Ȫɻ ɑɝʙ ʓʐɊɒ ýʖʚɪʚɒ ɺʍ éȶ ʏʍ ûÿß ãʖʐɐʈʁ ÑÝɐʍɤʋʊûʖʕʊã ɔʅʙɦɵ Ȣɤɼɖ Ȣʡß ɑɜÿ ʓʚʋɻÿ ÑȨʎɗǍɩ ɞɒãɥʍ ɽʙʖɪɖ ãʖʊÿɐɟ ʌʕʐß íʡÿß ʖʚɪʍ ȢΓɒʌʕɎãɤɻß ʖɠʐ ýʖɓʊɐɿʊã ýʖʑʍɋ͋ã ɐʔɥɣɗʙ ʘɗʊã åëɐɒʟã ùɦɵ ʏʍ ʉɒ Ñõɐʁɤʊã ùɦɵ ʏʍþɤʅɗɼ͋ ɐ Ăʂʊɐɣʍ ã Ăɤʅɗɼʍ ʃʚɶʙ ʡ Ʋ þíɐʈʁß ʏʙɐɓʙ ɐʍ ʉʎɠɖ ýáÿ Ʋ ýɐɪʐʟɐʁ Ñʏʙíʖʕʅ͋ã

�ã Ăɤɒßɺɶʄ ɥʑʍ ûɤɓɗɖ ʌʊ ăɔʑɩ þɥʔ Ñɔʚʑʙɤʊãÿ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æɐɻîɐʑ͋ã ȝ äʖʋɿʎʋʊ üʢɩ ʡʗɗɟ ʘʐɐʍÿí øʡÞ ɔɗɩ Ýɐʔî äɐʄíÿ êʖʚɭʊã ɨʋɝʍ Ýɐɳɻß ʏʍ ʖɳɻ ʘɗɏʍ äɐʄí Ȣʢʚɩɑʙí ʡÿ Ñäʖʋɿʍ ʀʊß ʏʙɀɻ ʏʍ ɦɚʇß ñɐɯɦʊɐɒ ãʖʋąɗ ąʄ ʏʙɥʊã Γɓʊɐɿʊã ýʖʍʖʈʊã ûɐɜí

�ȳɐ͋ã ȝ ɕʋɼʁ ɐʎʇ ʉɓʅɗɪ͋ã ȝ ɐʕʎʈɟ āɦɝɗɩ ɔȢʑ ȣɪʊã þɥʔ ýß ȝÑɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß æɦʕɸ ʘɗʊã ëɐʅɟʝã ɑɓɩ þɤɟÿ æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã øʢɗɢã ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿɐʎʍÿ Ñɑɝɼʊãÿ ñɦɠʊãÿ ɤɪɠʊɐʇ Āɦɢʝã ɦɻɐɭ͋ã ʏɻ ɐ Ăɳʙß ëɐʅɟʝã ʆʋɖ æíɤɯ ʉɒñɐɣɬʝã Γɒ ɺʅʙ ýɐʇ ɐʎʁ Ñɤʅɠʊã ȝ ɔʂʋɗɣ͋ã äãɧɟʝã ûɐɜí åʡɐɿʍ ɦɻɐɭ͋ã þɥʔ ʓɗɓɜÿßɤɼɒ ã Ăɤɟãÿ ɔʋɰʅ͋ã Ȟá äãɧɟʝã ąÝɐɩàí ùʖɪʙ ýɐʇ íʖʍʝã üɐʍî Ȫɻ ɱɓʅʋʊ ɔʎɟãɧ͋ã ʏʍ

�ɦɢʛãÑëɐʅɟʝã ʏʍ ʓʑɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ɐʍÿ üɐɪʅʐʡã Ȟá ʉʚ͋ã ɔʚʑʚɖʢʊã éÿɦʊã ȶɐʑɻ ʏʍ ýß Āɦʐÿɨʚʊ{ �ûɐʅʁ ɂʚʄ ïʖʚʊʖʙ ʆʊì Ȟá ʓɓɗʐã ɤʄÿ Ñʌʕʊʢʅɗɩã ýʖʚʊʖɿʊã ɐʐëãɤɜß õɐɲß ʓɓʁíãë ÿß ɔʙɦʄ ÿß åíʖʇ ɐʕʚʁ ɨʚʊ ʓʐß ɐʎʇ Γɒɧɟ Ȟá ɔʎɪʅʑʍ Βɾ ɔʑʙɤʍ ûʖɿʊã ëʢɒ ȝ�léʢɪʊɐɒ ɐʕɖãíɐɜ ɔʑʙɤʍ ʌɜɐʕɖ ýß Βɾ ʏʍ ɔʑɩ ȿʎɖ ɐʎʋʄÿ Ñäɧɠɗʊã éÿí ʏʍ ɔʚʊɐɢɦɻɐɭ͋ɐɒ ãĂ ȢΒɪʍ ýɐʇÿ Ñʉʚʋʄ ʏʍî ɥʑʍ ʡá ɔʁɦɼ͋ã íÿë ȝ ʉɢɤʙ ʌʊ ýɐɪʐʟã ýß ɐʎɒÿɔʚɒɦɠʊã ɔɩíɤ͋ã åɥɖɐɩß ɤɟß íɐɬß ɤʅʊÿ Ñɡʙíɐɗʊã ȝ ɤʅɠʊã ýɊɬ ɐʑʊ Ȫɝɖ Ñæãɤʅɗɼ͋ãÿɔɻɐɝɭʊã Ȟá ʘɻãë ʡ{ �ûɐʄ ɘʚɟ äÿɦɠʊã ɱɼɒ ȝ ɤʅɠʊã ɔʂɵɐɻ ɔʚʎʔß Ȟá ýʡʖʇ ɤɎɐʅʊãʏɪɟß ʏɻ ɐʑɚɠɒ ãìáÿ Ñýʖʚʋnjɐʐ Ȫɻ ɦɢʖʋɒ ɂʐ āɥʊã ʖʕʁ Ñɤʅɠʊã Ȟá ɐʎʍ ɦɚʇß äɦɠʊã ȝÑëɤɼʊã ʏɻ ɐʎʍ ɦɚʇß íʖʂʑʊãÿ ɱɿɓʊã ʏɻ æíɤɯ ɤʄ ɐʔɐʑʙßí ɐʕʍɧɟßÿ ɔʙɦʈɪɼʊã æɐʇɦɠʊãʌʔíÿɤɯ ȝ ýɐ ʝ͋ã ʓʋʎɠʙ ýɐʇ āɥʊã ɤʅɠʊã ʡʖʊ đĘėĐ ɔʑɩ äɦɟ ɔɝʚɗʐ ɕʐɐʇ ãìɐʍÿ

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Page 59: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ãʖʐɐʇ ʏʙɥʊã ïÿɦʊã Ȫɻ ɤʙɤɭʊã ýɐɒɐʚʊã ɤʅɟ ýá ɐ Ăɳʙß ûʖʅʙ ýß ʀʊɋ͋ã ãɥʔ ʏʈʎʙÿʡ ãʖʐɐʇ ʌʕʐß ɐʎɓʁ ïÿɦʊã ɐʍßÿ ÑÝʡɋʔ Ȫɻ ʆɏʊÿß æɂʐ ʘɗʊã äɐɓɩʝã ɤɟß ʖʔ ʌʕʐÿíëɧʙʆʊì ëãɧʁ ʌʔʖɠʐ ɔʑʚɿɳʊã ʏʍ ɐĂɏʚɬ ãʖʋʎɠʙ ʌʊ ʌʕʐɌʁ ýɐɒɐʚʊã ʏɻ Βɪʙ Ýȯ Βɾ ýʖʎʋɼʙ

�ʌʕʂɼɲÑɐʕʐÿëëɦʙ ïɐʑʊã ûãɧʙ ʡÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß Ýɐɢʟã ɔʎʋʇ þãʖʁʝã ɕʇʡ Ñʌɼʐåȩɗɪ͋ã ëɐʅɟʝã åɤɬ ʏʈʊÿ Ñäãɧɟʞʊ ɤɻãʖʄ ʏʍɐɳɗʊãÿ ɔʚʐɐɪʐʟãÿ ʌʋɪʊã ɔʎʋʇ æíɐɯÿ

�ʘʂɣʊã ÝȻʊɐɒ ɕɪʚʊ ȷɐɠʊã ɺʎɗɝ͋ɐɒ ɔʄɤɠ͋ã íɐɶɢʝãÿ æɐʎʋʈʊã þɥʔ ɕɠɖ

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ãʖʐɐʇ ʏʙɥʊã ɤʕɼʊã ûɐɜɦʁ Ñɤʅɠʊã ýɊɬ ʏʍ äɦʅʙ ʌʚɹɻ ýɊɬ æãíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ȝ øʖɣʋʊãʖʐɐʇ ʏʙɥʊã ʏɗʂʊã āΒɚʍ ɤʚɻÿ üɐʍß ʏɓɝʊã āɤʙɤɬ ãʖʐɐʇ ɔʋɰʅ͋ã üɐʍß ɔɻɐɝɭʊã āΒɚʇ

�ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɐʑɪʊɐɝʍ ɡʙíɐɖ ɮɣʋʐ ɐʍɤʑɻ ʆʊì Āɦʑɩÿ Ñäãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ Ȫɻ Γɶʋɪɗʍʉʄɐɼʊã ɦʕɹʎɒ íʖʕɹʊã ýɐʇÿ Ñʏʍɧʊã ʆʊì ȝ ɐʕʋʇ þɦʔɐɹʎɒ øʖɣʊã ɤʔʖɬ ɐʅ͆ɟåɐɳʄÿ üɐʕɖʡã ʖʂɸʖʍÿ ɨʊɐɝ͋ã Ýɐɳɻß ʃɒɐɩ ɤʅʁ Ñïɐʑʊã ʓʁɐɣʙ ɐʍ øʖɢß ûɤɗɼ͋ãʏʍ øʖɣʊã ɕʊãîß åɧɝɼʍ ýß ʖʊÿ ÑʌɎãɦɝʊã øãȩʄã ȝ āß Ñøɦɶɗʊã ȝ ʌʕʍʖɰɢ ʌʇɐɠ͋ã

�Āɦɢß ɔʕɜÿ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʋʊ ýɐʇÿ ɦɢÞ Βɩ ɐʕʊ ýɐʈʊ ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã

ʃʁɔɷãÿ ɑɗɍɷãÿñɓɍɷã ���

ñɦɠʊã ýʖʈʚʁ õɐʎɗɜʡã æɐʚɳɗʅʍ ɔʙëɐɼʊã æɐʄÿʝã ȝ ɔʚʂɵɐɼʊã ȶɐʑɼʊã þɥʔ ɺɓɗɖã ĂɤɎɐʄ Ƞāɤʑɜ ʓʚʁ íɐɯ ãìɌʁ Ñɑɖãɦ͋ã üɐɹʐ Ȫɻ ʌɎɐʄ ɺʎɗɝʍ ȝ åíÿɃʊã ʌʈɠɒ ã Ăëÿɤɠʍâɦʍã ʉʈʊ îɐɜ ʓʐß ɐʎɓʁ æãíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ȝ ɐʍßÿ Ñʉʙʖɵ ʏʍî Ýɐɳʅʐã ɤɼɒ ʡá ɺʅʙ ʡ ʆʊɥʁɐʕʊ ʉʔß ʓʐß ʌʔɦʅɟß ʏɹʚʁ ïɐʑʊã ɤʑɻ ɛʚʕʙ ñɦɠʊã ʃʋɢ ýɌʁ ɑɖãɦ͋ã Ȫɻß ȝ ɤɼɰʙ ýß

�ʓɗʙɐɾ ʓʚʁ ʖʔɧʊã ɽʋɓʚʁäɐɓɩß ʏʍ ɐĂɓɓɩ øãȴʞʊ ïɐʑʊã ɤɪɟ ýɐʈʁ Ñɔʙíʖɚʊã íãÿëʝã ȝ ʌʚɹɻ ýɊɬ ɤɪɠʋʊÿøãȴʝɐɒ ɐʕɵʢɗɢã ɦɚʇÿ åʖɶɩÿ Ăʡɐʍ ɐʕʚʁ ʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã æëãî ɐ͋ÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãɔʊɐɠʊã þɥʔÿ Ñã Ăɤʙɤɬ ɐĂ͋ ß ɐʕɪʂʐ ȝ ɕɪɟɊʁ ʌʕʑʍ ɐʔɤɼɓɒ Ʋ ʆʊì ʏʍ ʌɾɦʊã Ȫɻ Ʋ æɦɼɬ

�åãÿɐɪ͋ɐɒ ɔʋɎɐʅʊã ɔʚʂɪʋʂʊã ɑʔãɥ͋ã Ȟá åɦɻɐɬ Βɾ ʉʚʎɖ ɐʕɗʋɼɜ ɔʚɟÿɦʊã

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æãíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ʃʋɣʊã æɐɓʋʅɖ

ʏʍ üʖʚʊã þãɧɿʍ úíɤʐ ʌʊ ɐ͋ Γɓɓɩ ɤɪɠʊãÿ ɔɟÿɦɝ͋ã ɨʂʑʊã åɧɻ ɕʐɐʇ Ñýìáɑɳɿʊãÿ Ʋ ýÿɦʇɥɗʙ ɐʎʔΒɾÿ ãíɐʍÿ ʓʙíɐʇ ʉɚʍ ɤʕɼʊã ûɐɜí ʏʍ Βɚʇ ýɐʈʁ Ñëɐʅɟʝãɕɻɐɶɗɩã ɐʍÿ ÑΓʚɻɐɶʄʟã Ýãɦʍʝã Āɤʊ ɔʙʖʐɐə ʀɎɐɸÿ ãÿɤʋʅɖ ʌʕʐß Ʋ þɥɢɊʍ ʌʕʑʍ ɥɢÞåɤʚɩ ɤʑɻ Ýɐɭɼʋʊ ɐʕɖɤʊãÿ ɺʍ ʃɒɐɪʊã íÿɤʊã ȝ ɕʚ ćɻĆë ɐʍɤʑɻ ɐʕʐß ȸʑɖ ýß ýʡÿí üãɤʍ

�åɤɎɐ͋ã üɤɢ ɺʍ þɐɗʊÿɐʑɖ åΒɓʇĆɍʚɪʊã ɔɶʋɪʊã øɂɖÿ ʆʋ͋ã ɦʍãÿßÿ ɑɎãɃʊã ʏʈɖ ʌʊ{ �ûÿíɐʂʙí øʖɪʋʚʂʊã ûɐʄʏʍ æɦʕɸß ɔʍʝã ýá ʉɒ Ñɔʍʝã ʏʇɐɩ ɐʔɤɟÿ æíɐəß ãĂíʖʍß åɐɳʅʊã ɨɻɐʅɖÿ åʡʖʊã í ĉʖ ąɜÿ

�lɦɢÞ Ýȯ Ȫɻ þɦʕɹɖ ʌʊ ɐʍ øãȴʝã ɔʅɓɵ Ȫɻ ɤʅɠʊãɔʙɦɠʊã Ȟá ʘɼɪʊã ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʋʊ ɐĂɓɓɩ ýɐʇ ʖʔɧʊã ýá{ �ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ûɐʄ

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ɁɖȽɻɍɷã ���

åíʖɚʊã ʆʋɖ ɕʐɐʇ ɤʅʁ Ñɤʎɠʍ ʏʙë āȴɐʐ ɔɩɐʎɟ ûɤɼɖ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ȹɩɋʍ ɔɩɐʎɟɐʕɒ ãʖ ąɳʄÿ ɐʔʖɪɩß ʌʕʐß Ȣûÿʝã ʘɻãȩɬʡã ɨʋɝ͋ã ȝ ʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã ûɐɜí ɤʅɗɻã ɔʐɐʙëʉɿɬ ʏɖɐʁ ûɐʚɢ ɤɜÿ ɐʍÿ Ñʓɲɐʅʐß Ȫɻ Āɦɢß åíɐɳɟ ɐʕɒ ãʖʍɐʄßÿ Ñʌʙɤʅʊã ɺʎɗɝ͋ã Ȫɻßɤɓʍÿ Ýɐɢʟã ßɤɓʍ ýá ýʖʊʖʅʙ ûɐɜɦʊã ʆɏʊÿß ýɐʈʁ Ñûɐʚɣʊã ʆʊì ʏʍ ɦɚʇß ýɐɪʐʟã ɑʋʄȳɐ͋ɐɒ ʃɎʢɼʊã ɕɼɶĆʄ ɐ͋ ʓʐáÿ Ñɔʙɤɒß åëɐɼɩ ʌʍʝã ýɐɠʑʎʙ ɐʎʔʖʑʋɻß ʏʙɥʋʊã åãÿɐɪ͋ã

�ʃʋɶ͋ã ʉʅɼʊã íʖʐ Ȫɻ ãĂɦɎɐɩ ɤʙɤɝʊã ɺʎɗɝ͋ã ɞɓɯß ɫɟʖɗ͋ã ʌʋɹ͋ãÑɐ Ăɼʙȵ ýɐʇ ïɐʑʊã þɐɓɗʐã ýʝ ʆʊɥʁ ɔɩɐʎɠʊã þɥʔ üɐʅʍ Ăʡɐɟ üɐʄ ɤʄ ʀʑɼʊã ýɐʇ ãìáÿʓɜÿ ȝ Γɓɲɐɾ Ýãɤɬß ãʖʂʄÿ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʉɩí ýß ȝ Ɂʊã úãíëá ɐʑʚʋɻ ʉ Ćʕɪʙÿɤʚʊɐʅɗʊã ýɐʚɪʐÿ ȳɐ͋ã ɥɓʐ ãÿëãíß ɐ͋ ʌʕʁ Ñʌʕʍʢɟß ʃʚʅɠɖ ʏʍ ɔɼʐɐ͋ã ɔʚʍʖʚʊã ʃɎãʖɼʊãȞá ãÿɦɶɲã ÑΒɿɗʙ ýß ʘɒɊʙ ɀɓʊãÿ Ñõɐɶʅʐã Βɾ ʏʍ ɦʕɹʙ ȳɐ͋ã ýɐʇÿ Ñɀɓʊã ɤʙɤɝɖÿʌʔɦʍãÿʝ ëɐʚʅʐʡã Ȫɻ ïɐʑʊã ýʖʔ ćɦʈʙ ãÿɥɢɊʁ Ñõʖɳɣʊã ʏʙɤʙɦʍ Βɾ ʌʔΒɩ ʏɻ ʀʄʖɗʊãʀ ćɩß ýß ɘɓʋʙ ʌʊ āɥʊãÿ Ñʓʚʋɻ Ȣȿʅ͋ã ʃɒɐɪʊã üɐɹʑʊã Ʋ ɔʙɐʕʑʊã ȝ Ʋ ʓɒ ãÿëɐɻß ɴɿɳɒ

�ʓʚʋɻ ïɐʑʊãɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã ȝ ãĂΒɚʇ üɤɖ ʌʊ ʘɗʊã Ȟÿʝã üɐʙʝã ɔɩɐʎɟ ýß ɦʇɥʊã ʃɠɗɪʙ ɐʎʍÿȞá ʉʚʎɖ ɕʐɐʇ ʘɗʊã Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ðʖʚɝʁ Ñɐʕɖʖʄ Ȣȵ ɕʐɐʈʁ Ñðʖʚɝʊã ȝ ɕʚʅɒýß ɤɼɒ Ăʢʙʖɵ ɐĂʑʍî ɐʕɗɻɧʐ Ȫɻ æɦʎɗɩã Ñɔʙíʖʕʎɜ ɔɪʐɦʁ ɞɓɰɖ ýß ʉɓʄ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã

�ɔʙíʖʕʎɜ Βɾ ɔɪʐɦʁ æíɐɯ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ëɦɖ ʘʔÿ Ñɔɏʚɓʊã æʡʖɠɖÿ ʘʐɐʍʝã ɱɼɒ Ñɐ ĂʂʐÞ ɐʕʚʁ ɐʑɚɠɒ ʘɗʊã Ñʃʋɣʊã æɐɓʋʅɖ ɺɓɗɖɔʚɪʂʑʊãÿ Ñɔʙíʖɚʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊãÿ Ñɔʚʑʙɤʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊãÿ Ñɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã �æɐʚɪʂʐ ɺɒíß Ȟá

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Page 62: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ʘʐɐɚʊã ʉɰʂʊã

ÍĒËĎþõĒă* ÍĒãûĊă*F ÍĒĊđÝă* ÍĒãûĊă*

åíʃɇɷã ëʃɗɃ ʅɄɷã æȽʇɗɯɾɷã ɹʇɗɲɃ ���

ʡÿ Ñʉɰɗʍ ʖʔ ɐʍ ɺɶʄ Ȟá Ʋ ɐʔΒɿɒ ʘʎʋɼʊã ɘɠɓʊã ʉʚɠɗɪʙ ʘɗʊã Ʋ æɐʎʚɪʅɗʊã āëɋɖ�Ýãɧɜß Ȟá ʓʋʙʖɠɖ ɤɼɒ ʡá úíɤʙ ʡ ʉɰɗ͋ɐʁ Ñʆʊì ʏʍ ɦʂʍ

ȶɐʑɻ ʉɰʁ Āʖɩ åíʖɚʊã ëʖɪɖ ʘɗʊã æɐʚɪʂʑʊã ʀʋɗɣʍ Γɒ ʃʙɦʂɗʊã ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿÑéʖɲʖʊã ʏʍ ʆʊì ʉɒɐʅʙ ɐʍ ʉʚʑʊ ɔɠɰʊãÿ ɴɓɳʊã ʏʍ ʉʚʋʄ úɦɖ ɑɝʙÿ Ñɔʋɢãɤɗʍɘɠɓʊã ɤʑɻ ɐʕʋʚɰʂɖ ʏʈʎʙ ʡ ʃɒɐɪʊã ʉɰʂʊã ɦɢÞ ȝ ɐʕʚʊá ɐʐȴß ʘɗʊã ɔʚɩɐɩʝãȶɐʑɼʊɐʁ

�Ýãɧɜʝã ąɔʈɓɗɭʍ ɐʕʚʁɱɼɒ ȝ ɐʕɳɼɒ ɦəɋʙ ʡ ʘɗʊã ɔɒíɐʅɗ͋ã åΒɚʈʊã ʃɶʑ͋ã õãʖʐß þΒɪɖ ýɐɪʐʟã ýß ɐȢʑʚɒýɐʚɼʋʊ ɐʕʑʚɒ ùɦʂʊã ÿɤɓʚʁ Ñçëãʖɠʊã ΒəɊɗɒ õãʖʐʝã þɥʔ õîɐʑɗɖÿ Ñɔʙëɐɼʊã æɐʄÿʝã ȝ

�ɔʎʚɹɻ ɔʚɻɐʎɗɜã æɐɒʢʅʐãÿ ɔʙëɦʁ æɐɒãɦɶɲã Ȟá ʆʊì āëɋʚʁ

Ɂʇɾʆɑɷã Ɂʇɗɯɾɷã ���

üɐʑɯß ʉʈɬ Ȫɻ ʉɚʎɗɖ ɔʙʖĉʋ Ćɻ Āʖʄ Ȟá ɔʎʚɹɻ åíɤʄ ɐʔëɐʑɩɌɒ ʏʙɤɗʊã éÿí ʀɯʖɖʏʍ Βɚʇÿ ɐʕʋʇ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ïɐɩß ʘʔ éÿɦʊã þɥʔÿ Ñɽʚɯÿ ôɐʂʊßÿ äɐɰʐßÿ

�ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ãûɐʑɖ åΒɓʈʊã ɔʚɓɼɭʊã ʏɗʂʊãÿ Ñʀɵãʖɼʊã ɦɎɐɩÿ ɦɻɐɭ͋ã ʏʍ ăɺɓɭ Ćʍ ȣʘʑʙɤʊã ʃɶʑ͋ãÿĂʢʚʋʄ ɐĂɏʚɬ Ȣʡá æʡʖʅɼ͋ã ʉʚɓɩ ȝ ʌʕɖɐʚɟ ʏʍ ýʖʊĆɥɓʙ ʡ ïɐʑʊã ýɐʇ ãìáÿ Ñʓʑʍ ɐʕɖʖʄ

�ʓʐÿɤɓɼʙ ȡʘʑʙë ûɐʚɢ ʉʚɓɩ ȝ ɐ Ăɻʖɵ ɐʕʋʇ ɐʕʐʖʊĆɥɓʙ ʌʕʐɌʁ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɐʕɗʅʊß ʘɗʊɐʇ ɔʚʑʙë ɔʚʎɟ ïɐʑʊã äʖʋʄ ȝ ɕʅʊß ýß ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã Ćâëɐɓʍ ɘɓʋɖ ʌʊɔʂəɐʈɗ͋ã ɔəÿíʖ͋ã ɨʂʑʊã ɔʕɜÿ ɐʕʋʙʖɠɖ Βɾ ʆʊɥɒ ʉɼʂɖ ʌʊÿ Ñɔʅɒɐɪʊã ɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã

�ʏʍɧʊã ɺʍɔʚʑʙɤʊã ʌʕɗʚɪʂʑɒ Ʋ ýʖʕɒɐɭʙ ʌʔÿ Ñåɤʙɤɭʊã ɤʕɼʊã ûɐɜí ɔʚʎɟ ʏʍ ɑɝɼɖ ʡ ãĂìáýʖɖʖʇÿ ΒǍɪɒÿɦʇ ûʖʕʊã íÿë ûɐɶɒß ýɐʇ ɤʄÿ Ñʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã íÿë ȝ ýɐɗɪɖÿȨʊã Ʋɔʋɵɐɓʊã ɔʕʊʛã ʉʚəɐʎɖ ʓʍɤʕɒ ʓʐß Ȣʏɸ āɥʊã ɕʇʖʚʊʖɒ ýʖʕɓɭʙ Ăʢɩí ʌʔΒɾÿ ɕɩʖɜ ýɐɩÿúɤʊ ʘʂʈɖ ɔʙɦɠɪʊã ʌʕɿʚɯ ýß ãÿɤʅɗɻã ɐʎʋʁ Ñɐ͆ʚʐãɂʐ ʌʊɐɼʊã ʉɼɝʙ ʓʐɐʎʙá ʉʚɓɩ ȝȤāʖʅʊã ʌʕʐɐʎʙá ʉɳʂɒ ɔɒíÿß ãʖɓʋɾ ɤʄÿ Ñúʖʋ͋ã Ȫɻ äɦɠʊã ɦʕɬ ȝ ãÿëëȩʙ ʌʊ ðÿɦɼʊã

�ʀʚɼɳʊã ýɐʎʙʟã ɑʋɿʙ āɥʊãȝ ΒǍɪɒÿí ûɐʄ ɤʅʁ Ñʌʕʊɐʎɻß ùëß ȝ ɦʕɹʙ ɔɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã Ýɐʎɻî ʏȣʙɤɖ ýɐʇÿāíʖʕʎɝʊã ʌʈɠʊɐɒ ɦʍß Ȟɐɼɖ Ɇ ýá{ �Ɇ ýʖɼɒ øʖʂɠʍ ʓʐß ɤʅɗɼʙ ʖʔÿ Ñʓɓɶɢ Āɤɟáɐ Ăʍʖɩɦʍ ɺɳʙ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ Ʋ ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ʏʙɤʊ ʌɹɻʝã Ȩɠʊã ʖʔÿ Ʋ ʉɼɜÿ ÑlåÝãɤĆɓʊã ɥʑʍȪɻ ɨʊɐɜ ʖʔÿ Ñʗʅʊßÿ Ñlɨʂʑʊã ëʖʋɣɒÿ Ȟɐɼɖ ώɐɒ ʏʍɋɖ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã ɔʍʝã ýß{ �ʓʚʁ Ýɐɜ

�ɔʋʙʖɵ ɔɹɻʖʍ Ñ Ȥäɦʊã ɤʚɻ üʖʙ ðɦɼʊãüʖʋɹ͋ã ÝāȨʊã Ȫɻ ɷʁɐɠʙ ʌʚɹɻ íëɐʄ ʓʊá ëʖɜÿ{ �ΒǍɪɒÿí� ýɐʚʋʎɪʈʍ ɤʅɗɻãÿʘɒʖʅɼʚʊã ɑʔɥ͋ã ȝ ýʖʑɼɶʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ʏʙɥʊã èíãʖɣʊã ýɐʇÿ Ñlɦʁɐɹʊã üɦɝ͋ã ɑʄɐɼʙÿ

�ɔʋɰʅ͋ã Ȟá Ȣʡá ʌʕɗ͋ã ɐʕʑʍ èɦɣʙ ʡ ýɐʇ ʘɗʊã ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɔʎʈɠ͋ã Ȟá ýʖʋ ąɩɦĆʙɔɩɐʚɪʊã ûɐɜí Γɓʁ Ñɐʕʐãʖʑ Ćɻ ʖʔ āɥʊã ΒǍɪɒÿí æʖʎɒ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ćɕʎɖ ʌʊÿɔʎʙɤʅʊã ɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãɤʅɗɼʎʋʊ ʏʈʙ ʌʊ ýáÿ Ʋ Ýʡɋʕʁ Ñʓɗʚɪʂʐ ʓɓɭɖ ɔʚɪʂʐ āÿì ɐ Ăɩɐʐß Āɦʐʏɻ Ʋ åíɤʅ͋ã ɤʑɻ Ʋ ɔɻɐɩ ýÿɦɢɊɗʙ ʡ ɔʚɩɐʚɩ ʌʚʊɐɼɗʊ ýʖɼɳɣʙ Ʋ ʌʕʚʋɻ ýɐɶʋɩʌʕɪʂʐɊɒ ýʖ ȣɠɳʙ ʏʙɥʊã Γʑʙɤɗ͋ã ɤʑɻ Ñʉʚɜ ʉʇ ȝ ëɐɬíʟã ɔʅʙɦɶʁ Ñɐʕʚʋɻ ïɐʑʊã ʉʎɟ

�åëɐɩ ýÿΒɰʙ ɐʎʑʚɟ åɤɟãÿ Ñʌʔɤʅɗɼʍ ɀʐ ʉʚɓɩ ȝʖʔÿ Ñʓʊãʖʑʍ Ȫɻ Γɝɩɐʑʊãÿ ΒǍɪɒÿɦɒ Γɓɝɼ͋ã ëɤɻ ɦɚʈʙ ýß ʘɼʚɓɶʊã ʏʍ Ñýìáʡá ýɐɪʐʟã ɺʍ æɊɭʐ ʘɗʊã úíãɤ͋ã ûÿɧɖ ʡÿ Ñʓʇíãɤʍ ɺɶʅɖ ʌʊ ɔʋɰʅ͋ɐɒ ʓɩßí ɺɶ Ćʄ ýáÿ

�ʏʙɤʅɗɼ͋ã ɦɢÞ ûãÿɧɒʌʔÿɧɻ Ȫɻ ýÿɦʎɗɪʙ øʖɩÿ Ñ Ȥʘʑʙɤʊã æãíʖɚʊã ʓɜÿ Ȟá Γɢíɋ͋ã ɦɚʇß ʓɓɗʑʙ ʌʊʖʚɪ͋ åíɐɓɻ ʃɒɐɩ ʉɰʁ ȝ æɦʇì ɤʄÿ Ñʓʑʍ åɤʚɼɓʊã ȫʅɼʊã ʃɶʑ͋ã Ȟá çëãʖɠʊã ʏʍ ãĂΒɚʇɐʕəíÿß ɔʙëɦʁ æʢʍɊɖ ɔɝʚɗʐ{ ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã åíʖə ýá ɐʕʚʁ ʡɐʄ ʖɓʐãí ʖʚɪ͋ÿ ɨɓǛʡ

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ɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊãÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã

ɕʍɐʄß ʘɗʊã æãɤʅɗɼʎʋʋʁ Ñʉʅɼʊã ɐʔíɤɰʍ ýß ʏɸ ãìá æãíʖɚʊã þɥʔ úãíëá ʏʈʎʙ ʢʁɔʑɩ Ȫɻ íɐɩ ɐʕʋʇÿ Ñɤɟãÿ íɤɰʍ Ñɔʚɩɐʚɩ üß ɕʐɐʇ ɔʚʑʙëß Ýãʖɩ Ñʓɖɤɼʄßÿ ʌʊɐɼʊãɔʚʔɤĆɓʊã ýß ɦʕɹʙ ʌɼʐ Ñʉʅɻ ʉʈʊ ɐ Ăʁʢɢ ɕʎɖ ɐʍ ãĂΒɚʇÿ Ñʉʅɼʊɐɒ Ȣʌɗɖ ʌʊ ɐʕʐß āß Ñåɤɟãÿɑʔɥ͋ãÿ ɔʚʇãȩɬʡãÿ ɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊãÿ ɦɠɪʊãÿ ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟãÿ üʢɩʟãÿ ɔʚʐãɂʑʊãÿ �ɔʙìʖɓʊã�Ñåɤɟãÿ ɔʚʑʙëÿ ɔʚʂɵɐɻ ʌɎɐɻë ɐʕʊ ýá �ã Ăɤʇɋʍ ûʖʄß ʘʑʑʈʊÿ Ñɔʑʙɐɓɗʍ æãɤʅɗɼʍ ʘʐɐɟÿɦʊãΒəɊɗʊã ʏʍ ʉʅɼʋʊ ɐʎɻ ɔɏɬɐʐ ɐʕɖʖʄÿ Ñȫʅɼʊã ʃɶʑ͋ã Γɒÿ ʓʑʚɒ ɔʄʢɻ ʡ ɐ Ăʅɶʑʍ ɺɓɗɖÿ

�ɐʕʋʙʖɠɖÿ ɐʕʑʙʖʈɖ ȝ ʉʚɏɳʊãȝ æɀʐ ɔʊɐʅʍ ȝ ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ȝ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã Γʚɩɐʚɪʊã ɐʑʋɩí ɔʚɪʂʐ ɕʋɰʁ ɤʄÿýʖʊɊɪʙ{ �Γʅɒɐɪʊã ɐʑɎãíîÿ ɤɟß ȣɨʎɖ ʘɗʊã ɔʊɐʅ͋ã þɥʔ ȝ Ýɐɜ ÑåΒɓʈʊã ɤɎãɦɝʊã Āɤɟá�ɔʙɦɣɪʋʊ ɐʚʁ Üʏʙɤɠʋ͋ã ɔʄɦʁ ʏʍ ʖʔ ʉʔ Ñýʢʁ ʖʚɪʍ ɐʕʚʊá ɑɪɗʑʙ ʘɗʊã ɔʄɦʂʊã ʏɻɤɎɐʅɼʊɐɒ ɤɠɝʙ ʓʐß ǚʚʑɜÿ ɔʍÿí ʓćʑɼʊÿ ʘɼɲÿ ýɐʎʙá āß þíɐʚɗɢã üɤɻ ɺʍ Ñɺʎɪʐ Ƽʌʚʅʚʊ ʆʊɥʁ Ýɐɪʋʍ ãɥʈʔ ɔɠʚʂɰʊã ʉɼɜ ýá ʖʕʁ Ñɔʁÿɦɼ͋ã ɨɎɐʑʈʊɐɒ ɦ Ćʂʈʙÿ Ñɔʙɤʚʋʅɗʊãʓɗʎʈɠʍ ʉʅɖ ʏʊÿ Ñɔɪʚʑʇ ʉʇ ʏʍ ɦɚʇß Ąõɤɒ æãì ʘʔ ʘɗʊã ɔɯɐɣʊã ʓɗɪʚʑʇ ɐʕʚʋɻ

�låëɐʎʇíʖɖ ʌʇɐɠʍ ɦʕɬß ʏɻ ɐʕɠʍɐɪɖ üɤɻÿ ɐʕɓɰɼɖ åɤɬ ȝ ɔʚɭʚɗʂɗʊãʏʍ ɐ͆ʚʑʍî ʌʚʋɼɗʊã ýʖʈʙ ýß ɑʋɶʙ ʓʐɊɒÿ Ñʌʚʋɼɗʊã ɔʙɦɟ ʏɻ Ȳɦʙ ʡ ʓʐɊɒ éȶÿ{ÑɺɎɐɓɶʊãÿ æãëɐɼʊã Ýʖɭʐ åãíãɤʍ Ȟá þíãɦɶɲʡ ʆʊɥʁ ùãɦɟʟɐɒ ʉʅʙ ʌʊ ýá ʖʔÿ Ñʓɜÿ ʉʇɤʄÿ Ñæʖ͋ɐɒ ɐʕʋʇ ɑʔãɥ͋ã Ȫɻ ʌʈɠʋʊ ɔʚʑʍɧʊã åʖʅʊɐɒ Γɼɗɪʙ ïɐʑʊã ʉɗʄ ʏɻ þɧɝɼʊ ʖʔÿɔʎʚəß ɔʍɦɝʍ ɐʕʑɻ Ȳɦʙ ʡ ɔʂɪʋʁ ʉʇ ýá ûʖʅʙ ʓʋɼɜ ɐ Ăɿʋɓʍ ʓʚʁ ɦʈʂʊã ɔʙɦɟ ɕɿʋɒãɥʔ þëɐʅɗɻã ɑɜÿßÿ Ñɔʅʋɶ͋ã ɔʅʚʅɠʊã Ȫɻ ɺʋȢɵã ʓʐß ʌɻɧʙ ʖʔÿ Ñɔʙɦɣɪʊãÿ Ýɧʕʋʊ ɔɓɜʖʍʏʍ Ʋ ɦʕɹʙ ɐʎʇ Ʋ ýʢʁ ʖʚɪʎʁ �ɐ Ăɼʚɹʁ ãÿ͆ɤɻÿ ɐ Ăɼʚʑɬ Ăʡʖɾ ʓʂʊɐɣʙ ʏʍ ʉʇ Ȩɗɼʙ ýß

�lɔʙɀɓʊã Γɒãɦʅʊã Ȟá ɐʕɭɶɼɖ ȝ ʌʊɐɹʊã ʆąʊʖ Ćʍ ʓʊʟã ʓćɓɭĆɖ ʘɗʊã ʉʅɼʊã ɔʕʊÞ õɐʚɬßëʖɝɪʋʊ ã Ăɤʚʕʎɖ ýÿɦʄ ɔɼɳɒ ɥʑʍ ɕʎɶɟ üɐʑɯß ʏʍ ʌʇÿ Ñɔɒʢɢ ʘʐɐʍʝã ýá ʡß{

�lɘʙɤɟ ʌʑɯ üɐʍßûëɐɝɖ ýß ʖɿʋʊã ʏʍ ɞɓɯß ɤʅʁ ʉʚʋʄ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã Ȫɻ ʉʅɼʊã ýɐɶʋɩ ýß ɐʎɒÿÑɔʚʋʅɼʊã ɔʎʚʅʊã ʏʍ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊãÿ ɔʙíʖɚʊã âëɐɓʎʋʊ ɐʎʚʁ Ʋ ïɐʑʊã ɱɼɒ ʉɼʂʙ ɐʎʇ Ʋɔʙɦɹʐÿ åãÿɐɪ͋ã ɔʙɦɹʐ ɔɒɦɝɗʊã ɕɒȢɥʇß ɐʑʚʋɻ ăÝãʖɩÿ Ñɐʑʎʕʙ āɥʊã ʖʔ þɤɟÿ ɐʔΒəɊɖÿ

�ɐʕɒɥʈɖ ʌʊ üß Γʐãʖʅʊɐɒ ɺʎɗɝ͋ã ɤʙɤɝɖ ɔʙɦɹʐÿ Ȥāɦɶʂʊã éʢɰʊã

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Page 65: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

Ɂʇȿʃɲɩʇɷã Ɂʇɗɯɾɷã � �

ʌʚɪʅɖ āß ȝ ʓʚʊá ɤɟß ʘʑʅɓɪʙ ʌʊ ʓʐß ɺʍ Ñlɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã{ Βɓɼɖ Ȫɻ Ćɕɠʋɶɯã�ñɐɢ ȡȹʂʐ õʖʐ Ȫɻ ʓɗʊʡɤʊ Ûýɐʇ

ɐʑɗɩɐʚɩ ȝ Ăåɦəɋʍ ûãɧɖ ʡÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ûɐɜí ɔʚɪʂʑʊã þɥʔ æëɐɩ ɤʅʁ�åȷɐɠʊã

ãʖʐɐʇ ɤʄÿ ÑʌʔΒɪʙ ʉʅɼʊã ýßÿ ʏʙɤɗʊã ʃĆʋ Ćɢ ʏʍ ýʖʋɵɐɻ ʌʕʐß ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã ʌɻî�ã Ăɤɬɦʍ ɐĂʙëɐʔ ʓʐÿɥɣɗʙÿ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ʉʅɼʊɐɒ ýÿɤʕɭɗɪʙ

ãɥʔ Ȟá ʏʙɐɖ ɑʔìÿ Ñûʖʅɼ͋ã Ȟá õɧʑɖ ɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã éÿɦʊã ýß Γɢíɋ͋ã ɦɚʇß āßí ɤʄÿȝ Ýɐɜ ʓʐß Βɾ Ñæʡʖʅɼ͋ã ȝ ʌʕɖʡɐɿʍ Ȟá ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã ûɐʎɻß ʏʍ ãĂΒɚʇ ãɧɼʁ ɤɩɐʂʊã āßɦʊã

�ɐʕɳɼɒ ʆʚʊɌʁ Ñɦɹʑʊã ȣʃɠɗɪɖ ʘɗʊã ʃɎɐʅɠʊã ɱɼɒ ʌʕʑɻ ʓɚɠɒ

ɤʋɒ Ȥāß ʘʂʁ Ñɀɓʊã ɤʑɻ íëɐʑʊã ÝȻʊɐɒ ȣāɦɹʑʊã ʉʅɼʊãÿ ɨʂʑʊã åɧɻ ʏʈɖ ʌʊʏʙɀɻ Ýɦ͋ã ɦʎɻ ɽʋɒ ʗɗʍÿ Ñýɐʚʑʂʙ ʡ Ñɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã éÿɦʊã íɤɰʍ ɐʎʔÿ Ñɐʎʔãɦʐāɥʊã ɺʎɗɝ͋ã Ȩɗɻɐʁ þʖʔîÿ ʓʋʅɻ Ȫɻ ȣʌɿʊã ìʖɠɗɩã åɐʚɠʊã úȩɼʍ ʉɢɤʁ ɔʑɩûɐʚɜʝã ʓɖɤɜÿß ɤʄ ɺʎɗɝ͋ãÿ Ñ Ȥāɦɹʑʊã ʓʋʅɻ üɤʅɖ ýÿë ûʖɠʙ ãĂɧɜɐɟ ʓʚʁ ɕɓʐɺʑɯ ʏʍ ʏʈʙ ʌʊ ʓʐß āß Ñɔʊʖɠɗ͋ã åΒɚʈʊã ɐʕɖɐɜɐʚɗɟã ɑɪɟ Ȫɻ ɔɓʄɐɼɗ͋ãɐĂɎîɐʔ ʓʚʂɗʇ âɤɗɓ͋ã ʆʊì ȣɧʕʙ ʌə Ñüʖʋɼʍ ʖʔ ɐʎʇ ɡʙíɐɗʊã ɺʑ Ćɯ ʏʍ ʉɒ Ñʃɶʑ͋ãʃɖɦʊã ʓʚʋɻ ÿɤɓʙ āɥʊãÿ üɐɹʐ Ȫɻ ʌʅʙ ʌʊ āɥʊã ü ćɦʕʊã ʘɻɐʎɗɜʡã Ýɐʑɓʊã ãɥʕɒ

�ɺʚʄȩʊãÿΒǍɪɒÿí ɑɶɢ Ȟá āß Ñûɐɜɦʊã ʆɏʊÿß ɞɎãɦʄ ʓɗɝɗʐß ɐʍ ʏɪɟß Ȟá ãÿɦɹʐãȞáÿ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍÿ ûÿʝã ʘɻãȩɬʡã ɨʋɝ͋ã æɐɭʄɐʑʍ Ȟáÿ ɕɩʖɜ ýɐɩÿɐʕʚʁ ãʖɖß ʌʕʐß ãÿɦɖ ʌʔɦʙíɐʅɖÿ ʌʔΒɬɐʑʍ Ȟáÿ íɐʚʐɐɗʐʖ͋ãÿ ΓʙɤʐÿΒɝʊã ûãʖʄßʏʍ üɐɵ ɦɠɒ ȝ ùɦɿʙ ýɐʇ ʌʕʋʅɼɖ ýßÿ Ñʓʋʄß ɑʋɶɗʙ ɐʎɻ Βɓɼɗʋʊ üʢʈʊã ɦɚʇɊɒüɐʔÿʝã ʏʍ ʉʅɼɗ͋ã ʓɾɐʍë ȝ íÿɤʙ ɐʍ Ýãíÿ Βɪʙ ʘɒʖʅɼʚʊɐʁ Ñɔʎɣʂ͋ã ôɐʂʊʝãêɂʚʁ ʓʚʊá ʓʚɟʖɖ ɐʎɒ Ȣʡá Ɋɓɼʙ ʡÿ ɐʔΒɾ ʏʍ ɦɚʇß þɤʑɻ ʘʔ ʘɗʊã æʡɐʚɣʊãÿ

�ɂʑʊã ɑʇʖʍ ȝ ʀɗʕʙ ɐʎʇ ïɐʑʊã Γɒ

�ɐ Ăʍɐʎɖ ʘɒʖʅɼʚʊã ɔʚɪʂʐ ʌʕʁ ʓʐß ɤʅɗɻß ʡ Ñʏʙɐɖ ýɐʚɓɒ ɑɝɻß ɕʑʇ ýáÿ Ñʘʐáÿ

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Page 66: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊãÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã

ʀʊɊɗɖ Ʋ ɐʑʍɐʙß ȝ üß ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ȝß Ýãʖɩ Ʋ ʘʅʚʅɠʊã ʘɒʖʅɼʚʊã éÿɦʁ�ɐʕʐɊɬ úãíëʟ ɐʕʋʚʋɠɖ ɑɝʙ ȶɐʑɻ ʏʍ

Ȫɻ þɤʅɗɼʍ ɨɩɋʙ ʡ ʓʐßÿ Ñʉʅɼɗʍ Βɾ ɤʅɗɼʍ ʘɒʖʅɼʚʊã ýß Ȫɻ ʉʚʋɠɗʊã ãɥʔ ɐʑʊɤʙÑæɐʚʋʅɼʊã ʏʍ ɔɼɓɭʍ ɕʐɐʇ ýáÿ Ñʓɓɶɢ ýßÿ Ñþɤʅɗɼʍ ɑąʊɐʄ ȝ ʉʅɼʊã ɑʈɪʙ ʉɒ Ñʉʅɼʊãäɐɜʝ ʉʅɼɗʊã ʏʍ ʓʚʋɻ üʢʙ ɐʍ ɔɓɪʑɒ ʉʅɼɗʙ ȣʘɒʖʅɼʚʊã ýɐʇ ʖʊÿ Ñ Ăʢʚʋʄ ʡá ɐʕʚʋɻ Βɪʙ ʡýß Ȫɻ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɤʕɻ ɥʑʍ Ñåɤʔɐɭ͋ã ɐʑɗʊë ɤʄÿ Ñýɐʚɟʝã ɱɼɒ ȝ ʉʅɼʊã ÝãɤʐΒəɊɖ üɤɻ ȝ ɑɓɪʊãÿ Ñʓɗɼʑʍ ȵ ʖʔ ãɥʔÿ Ñɴʄ ʓʚʁ ɦəɋʙ ʌʊ ã Ăɤʙɤɩ ýɐʇ ɐʎʕʍ ʉʅɼʊãå ȤΒɪ͋ã ɔʚʂɵɐɼʊã ʓɖɐɻɐʁɤʐã ɔʍÿɐʅʎɒ ʓʊ ɞʎɪʙ ʡ ɦɹʑʊã ɂʄ ʏʍ ʓʚʁ ɐʍ ýß ʖʔ ʓʚʁ ʉʅɼʊã

�ʓʊʀɵãʖɼʊãÿ ʀʚɼɳʊã ʉʅɼʊã āß Ʋ ʏʙɂʑɼʊã ʏʙɥʔ ʏʍ ɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ʀʊɊɗɖ ʡÿɤʅɗɼʍ ÿì ȣʘʅʚʅɠʊã ȣʘɒʖʅɼʚʊɐʁ Ñɐ Ăɳʙß ɦɢÞ ɂʑɻ ʏʍ ʀʊɊɗɖ ʉɒ Ñɐʎʔɤɟÿ Ʋ ɔʙʖʅʊãɂʑɻ ɐʑʊ ÿɤɓʙ ɐʑʔ Üɤʅɗɼ͋ã ãɥʔ ʏʇí ɐʎʁ Ñʓɏɭʑɖ ʡÿ ɤʅɗɼ͋ã ʌɻɤɖ ɔʂɵɐɼʊãÿ ÑɡɩãíÑåɤʙɤɜ ĂɔʕʊÞ ɔʎʙɤʅʊã ʓɗʕʊÞ üɐʅʍ üɐʄß ʏʙɤɗʍ ʘɒʖʅɼʚʊɐʁ Ñɐ Ăʅɒɐɩ ʓʚʁ ɐʑɚɠɒ āɥʊã ʏʙɤɗʊãʡÿ Ñɔʚʕʊá åʖʄ ɐʕʚʊá ÿɧɼʙ ʓʐɌʁ ʓɪʂʐ Ȫɻ āʖʄ ýɐɶʋɩ ɽʚɰʊãÿ ôɐʂʊʞʊ ýɐʇ ʓʐß ɐʎɒ āßȪɻ ʉʚʊɤʊãÿ Ñûɐʎɻʝã ȸʄß øãȩʄã ʏɻ ɑʋɶʊã åΒɚʈʊã ɔʕʊʛã þɥʔ ɔʍɤɢ ʉʚɓɩ ȝ ɦɢɊɗʙ

�Γʐãʖʅʊã ʏʍ ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ȝ ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã ʓȢʑɩ ɐʍ ʆʊìʏʎɳɗɖÿ Ññʖɰɣʊã Ȫɻɨʎɠʊã ʃʚɳʊã ʃʋɣʊã āÿì ɤʑɻ ɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ɦʕɹɖÿʏʍ ɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã éÿɦʊã Ȫɻ ɑȢʋɿɖ ɐʍÿ Ñʓʚʁ ɤʅʑʊã ɦəɋʙ ʡ ã Ăɤʚʑɻ ã Ăȶɐʄ ãĂɦʈʁ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã þɥʔΒɾ íʖʍʝã ʏʍ ʓʇãíëá üɤɼʊ ʖʔÿ Ñɔɜãɥɪʊã Βɚʇ ʘɒʖʅɼʚʊã ʉɼɝʙ ɔʂɵɐɼʊãÿ ʏʙɤɗʊãóɐɓɖíã ʓɖʖʂʙÿ ʃɎɐʅɟ ɔʚʎʔʖʊã íʖɰʊã ʏʍ þíÿɐɪʙ ɐʍ ýß ʏɹʙ åɦʔɐɹʊã ɐʕɖɐʄʢɻ

�ã Ăɤɒß ʓʊɐʚɢ ʏɻ ûʖɠɗʙ ʢʁ çëãʖɠʊãʓʋʅɻ ʀɼɳʊ Βɪʙ ɐʎʐáÿ ÑȤȫʅɼʊã ʓʅɶʑʍ ʘʄɦʊ üɐəʛã ʘɒʖʅɼʚʊã øȩʅʙ ʡ ÑýìáɦɎɐɪʇ Ʋ ʖʔÿ Ñʀʅʚʁ ɔʚʍɐɪʊã úíãɤ͋ã ÿì ʉɜɦʊã ëëȩʙ ɘʚɟ Ȟá ɐ Ăɼʁɤʑʍ ã Ăɤʅɗɼʍ

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ʏʍ óʖʑʅʊã ȝ ʡá ʆʊì ɐʑɼʂʑʙ ʡÿ Ñʉʅɼɗʍ ʓʐá ɐʑʊʖʅɒ Ȥʘɒʖʅɼʚʊã þɐʑɗʇã ɐʑʚʋɻ íɥɼɗʙ�þɦʍß ɔʁɦɼʍ ɐʑʊ æɁʚɖ ăʏʙɤɗʍ ăɨ ćʎ ąɟ ʓʐá ɐʑʋʄ ãìá ɐʍßÿ Ñʉʅɼʊã

Ʋ Ƞāʖʅʊã ʏʙɤɗʊãÿ åɤʙɤɭʊã ɔɩɐʎɠʊãÿ ʀʚɼɳʊã ʉʅɼʊã āß Ʋ ɔəʢɚʊã íʖʍʝã þɥʔÿ�ɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã éÿɦʊã ȶɐʑɻ ʘʔ

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Page 68: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

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ɔɶɢɐɪʊã ɔɓʋʅɗ͋ã ɔɒɦɶɳ͋ã ïʖʂʑʊã ʏʍ ëɤɻ Ȫɻ ʏʍî ʉʇ ȝ æɐɼʎɗɝ͋ã ʉʎɗɭɖɤʚʄ ʢɒ ɐʕʊɐʍÞ ɕʅʅɟ ɔʙɦɠɩ åʖʄ ýß ʖʊÿ Ñɐʕɪʂʐ ɔʑɗʂʋʊ ɔʑɗʂʊã ȝ ɔɓɾãɦʊã ëɦʎɗʋʊ ɔɓʔɊɗ͋ã

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Page 69: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɔʂɵɐɼʊã ʏʍ Ăʡɤɒ Ñʉʅɼʊã ʏɻ æíɤɯ ãìá ʘʕʁ Ñåɦɶɢ Βɾ ɔʙíʖɚʊã éÿɦʊã ýʖʈɖ ɤʄÿȪɻ Ăʢʚʅə åëɐɼʊãÿ ɤʚʊɐʅɗʊã ʌʈɟ Βɰʙ ɐʍɤʑɼʁ ÑÝɐʅɖíãÿ üɤʅɖ ʉʍɐɻ ɕɠɓɯß Ñʏʙɤɗʊã ÿßʓʙîãʖǛʡÿ ʓʋʚćʋ ąɿʇ ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɔʋʅɗɪ͋ã ûʖʅɼʊã āÿì ʏʍ ïɐʐß ʉɳʂɒ ʓʑʍ ɮʋɣɗɖ åíɐɳɠʊã

�ʌʊɐɼʊã ȝ ɔɻɐʑɰʊãÿ ýʖʑʂʊãÿ üʖʋɼʊã üɤʅɖ Ȫɻ ãʖʐɐɻß ʏʙɥʊã íʖɗɩɐnjÿ ʏʙÿíãëÿýɐɪʐʟã ʉɹʊ ʌʔʡʖʊ ʏʙɥʊã ʌɸɐɻʝã Ýʡɋʔ ʏʍ ëɤɻ ɔʍß ʉʇ ȝ ýʖʈʙ ýß ɑɝʙÿæɐʁɐɭɗʇʡã ʏʍ ɐʕɓɟɐɯ ɤʑɻ ɐʍ ɦ ćʕɹĆɖ ʘɗʊã ɔʙíʖɚʊã åßɦɝʊã ɑʋɶɗɖÿ Ñøʖʕʈʊã ȝ ɐ ĂɭɎɐɻɕɠɖ ɐʍ ɐʕɒ úíɤʙ Ăɔʁɐɰɟÿ Ñïɐʑʊã Γɒ ɔʙíɐɝʊã íɐʈʁʝã ʏʍ ʓɒ ɮʋɣɗʙ ɐ͆ʚʑʔì Ăʡʢʅɗɩã

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ùɐʁʛã ìãɥɬÿ Γɶɠʑ͋ã ʏʍ ɔɻɐʎɜ Ȫɻ ʉʎɗɭɖ ýß ɐʕʋʇ ɔʐɤʎɗ͋ã æɐɼʎɗɝ͋ã Ȫɻ íȤɤ ĆʄÑüɦɠ͋ã åΒɓʈʊã ýɤ͋ã ʃʙɦʁ ʌʕʑʍ ʀʊɊɗʙ ʏʙɥʊã ɔʋɗʅʊãÿ ñʖɰʋʊãÿ íãȴʝãÿ Γɓʐɥ͋ãÿüɐʙß ʌʕʊ õëãí ʡ ʏʈʊÿ Ñɨʚʊʖɓʊã ûɐɜí āß Ñó ą ȣɀʊã ʌʔ ɐʎʐá ʌʋɪʊã üɐʙß ʌʕʊ ýʖɻîãʖʊãÿÑʌʔëʖʑɜ åíʖɚʊã ûɐɜí ɺʎɝʙ ʌʕʑʍÿ Ñãʖɓʋɪʙÿ ãʖʋɗʅʙ ýß ɐʕʚʁ ʌʕʚʋɻ ʉʕɪʚʁ Ñæãíʖɚʊãʡÿ ɐʕʑɻ ýʖɼʁãɤʙ ʘɗʊã ɔʙɐɿʊɐɒ ýʖʊɐɓʙ ʡ Ʋ ɑʕʑʊãÿ ʉɗʅʊã Βɾ ȝ ʌʕɼʎɵ üɤɼʊ Ʋ ʌʔÿɑʋɪʊãÿ ʉɗʅʊã ʏʍ ʌʕɹɟ ýʖʈʙ ɐʎʑʚɟ ɦʅʕʅɗ͋ã äɧɠʊã Ȟá üɐʎɳʐʡã ʏɻ ɔɻɐɩ ýÿɦɢɊɗʙ

�ɦɚʇß þɤʑɻʘɖɊʙ āɥʊã ʃʙɦʂʊã Ñûɐɳɼʊã æɐɼʎɗɝ͋ã ĆÝãë ʌʔ ʏʙɥʊã Γʍɦɝ͋ã Ýʡɋʔ Ȟá øɐɳʙÿɦʍî Ȟá ʌɳʑʙ ýß ɘɓʋʙ ʡ āɥʊãÿ ɤɎɐɪʊã üɐɹʑʊã ʏʍ øʖɣʊã ʓʚʋɻ ìʖɠɗɪʙ ɐʎɗʄÿ ɦʈʑ͋ãÑüɐɹʑʊɐɒ ʉɣʍ ʉʂɠɜ Γʅʙɦʂʊã ʏʙɥʔ ʏʍ ʀʊɊɗʙÿ Ñʏʔÿ üɐɹʑʊã ãɥʔ āȩɼʙ ɐʎʑʚɟ åɐɰɼʊã

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ɔʍɦɝ͋ã ɔʚɪʂʑʊãÿ ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã

ɨʋɝʍ ʗɗɟ ȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã ɥʑʍ ɕʍɐʄ ʘɗʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã ɺʚʎɜ ɕɓʔíß ɐʕʐá ɐʅ͆ɟåíʖɚʊã Βɩ ýɐʈʊ ɐʕʚʋɻ ɕɳʄ åɧɝɼʍ ýß ʖʊÿ ÑΓʑɩ ɀɻ åɤʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ɕəɐɻÿ ɤʕɼʊãʉʅɼʋʊ ɨʚʊÿ Ñɐʕɒÿɦɾ ʗɗɟ ɐʔɦɝʁ ɥʑʍ Ýɐʍɤʊɐɒ ɐʕɗɜ Ȣȷ ɤʅʁ Ñɺʄÿ ɐʍ Βɾ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã

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Page 72: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

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ïʖʂʐ ȝ ɐʕʊʖɢë ɤɼɒ ʡá ɛɎɐɗʑʊã ʗɗɭɒ Ʋ ɐʔíɤɰʍ ýɐʇ ɐʎʕʍ Ʋ æãíʖɚʊã ʘɖɊɖ ʡ�æɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí ɔɝʚɗʐ Ȩɗɼɖ ɑɓɪʊã ãɥʕʊ ʘʔÿ Ñæɐɻɐʎɝʊã

Ȣȫɻ ȿʅɖ åíÿɃʊã ýɌʁ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí ʏɻ ɦɢÞ äɐɗʇ ȝ Ăʡʖɶʍ ɕɚɠɒ ʘʑʐß ɺʍÿ�ûʖʄß ʆʊì Ȫɻÿ Ñɔʚɩɐɩʝã ɐʕʑʑɩ ɐʑʔ ɦʇìß ýɊɒ

ʓɗʚɰɣɭʁ Ñëɦʂʑʍ ʖʔÿ ʓʑɻ ãɤ͆ɜ ʀʋɗɣʙ Ʋ ɔɻɐʎɝʊã ʏʍ Ýɧɜ ʖʔÿ Ʋ Ýɦ͋ã ýáĆÝɦ͋ã ʉɰɗʙ ýß āíÿɃʊã ʏʍ ɨʚʊÿ Ñåɦɻɐɭʊã Βɾ ɔɻɐʎɝʊã ɔʚɰɣɬ ȝ ʗʑʂɖ åɦɻɐɭʊãþɥʔ ʏʙʖʈɗʊ Ñɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ ʘʂʈʙ ʉɒ Ñɔɻɐʎɝʊã ɔʚɪʂʐ ɑɪɗʈʚʊ ɐ͆ʙëɐʍ Ăʡɐɰɖã ɔɻɐʎɝʊɐɒ

�ɔʍɐɼʊã ɦɻɐɭ͋ãÿ æʡɐɼʂʐʡã ʏʍ çëãʖɠʊã ɱɼɒ ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ɐʍ ɔʚɪʂʑʊãɺɲɐɣʊã íʖɼɬʢʊã ɑʋɿɗɒ ʀɰɗʙ ñɐɢ èãɧʍ ɐ͆ʚɗʄÿ ɦʕɹɖ ʘɗʊã ɔɻɐʎɝʊã éÿɦʊÿ

�æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ʃɶʑʍ ʗʎɪʙ ñɐɢ ʃɶʑʍ üɐʈɟʝûɐɼʂʐʡã ɔɻȵÿ ʃʙɤɰɗʊã ɔɻȵ ȝ ɐʔʖʋɾ æɐɻɐʎɝʋʊ Āɦɢʝã øɐɯÿʝã ʏʍ ɤɼʐÿĀÿɤɼʊãÿ ɤʚʇʖɗʊɐɒ ʡá ɐʕɻɐʑʄá ʏʈʎʙ ʢʁ Ñûʖʅɼ͋ɐɒ ɦəɊɗʊã ʏɻ ɐʔɧɝɻÿ ɂɓɗʊã üɤɻÿʉʇ ʃʙɤɰɖ Ȫɻ ɐʕʋʎɟ ʏʈʎʙÿ Ñɐʕʚʁ ΒəɊɖ äíɐɝɗʊãÿ ʃɎɐʅɠʋʊ ɨʚʊÿ Ñìʖʂʑʊãÿ íãɦʈɗʊãÿ

�ɐʔɤʑɻ ʉʚɠɗɪʍ ʖʔ ɐʍ ëʖɜÿ üɤɼʊ ĄÝȯɐʔɦɻɐɭʍ ȝ ɔɵɦʂʍ ɐʕʋɼɝʙ ûɐɼʂʐʡãÿ ɦəɊɗʊã ɔɻȵ ʏʍ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ʓɒ ʀɰɗɖ ɐʍÿɺʁɤʙ ɱʙɦɠɖ ʉʄɊʁ Ñåíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ȝ óãɦʁʟã ãɥʔ ʌɹɼʙÿ Ñɔɼʁɐʐ ÿß åíɐɲ ýʖʈɖ ʘɗʊãæɐɻɐʎɝʊã ʓɒ ʀɰɗɖ ɐʍ ɐ Ăɳʙß æãíʖɚʊã ȝ ɤʙɧʙÿ Ñûɐʎɻʝã ȸʄɊɒ üɐʚʅʊã Ȟá ɥɏɗʄÿ æɐɻɐʎɝʊãÑɮʚɯɐʄʝã ʏʍ ʓʅʙɤɰɖ ʏʈʎʙ ʡ ɐʍ ɔɠɯ ɤʅɗɼɗʁ ʃʙɤɰɗʊã ɔɻȵ ʏʍ ɔʙëɐɼʊã ûãʖɟʝã ȝɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß íÿɧʙ ýɐʇ ɐʍɤʑɻ Ñɱɓʄ ɑɼɭʊã ýß ɽʐɐʙ íʖəíß ɔʙãÿí ʆʊì ʏʍÿ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

Ñɔʈʋ͋ã ʓɖɦʍß ɐʎʇ ɔʑʙɤ͋ã ʀɪʑʚʊ Ýɐɜ ʓʐß þëɐʅɗɻʡ ʓʋʚʊë Ȫɻ Ñýʖʍɦʋʇ ʏʍ ɔɓʙɦʅʊã ɺɒɐʑ͋ãýʢʚɿʊã ʏʍ þɐʙá ʏʙȤëɐɻ ʆʋ͋ã ɕʚɒ ʏɻ ɘʙëɐɟʝã ɺʑɬß ýʖʋʄɐʑɗʙ Ñʆʊì ɤɼɒ Ñïɐʑʊã ɥɢß ʌə

�ɕʙíɐʂɼʊãÿäʖʚɻ ʓʑɻ íɤɰɗʁ åíɐɳɠʊã ʌʋɩ ʏʍ ãĂΒɚʇ ɴɓʕʙ Ñɔɻɐʎɝʊã ʏʍ Ýɧɜ ʖʔÿ Ñýɐɪʐʟãÿýáÿ ɔɻɐʎɝʊɐʁ Ñɔʊʖɶɓʊãÿ ɔɩɐʎɠʊã õãʖʐßÿ ëãɤɓɗɩʡãÿ ʌʋɹʊã õãʖʐß āß Ñɐʔɐʙãɧʍÿ ɔɩãɀʊãÑɐ Ăʅʋɢÿ ãĂíʖɼɬ ʓʑʍ ʗʎɩß ýʖʈɖ ɤʄ ëɦʂʑ͋ã ʉɜɦʊã ʏʍ ʗʐëß ɔʚʋʅɼʊã ɔʕɝʊã ʏʍ ɕʐɐʇ

�ɐʕɪʂʑɒ ʘɠɳɖ ýß ɐʕʚʋɻ ʉʕɪʙ ɐʎʇ ɐ Ăʎəá øȩʅɖ ýß ɐʕʚʋɻ ʉʕɪʙÿɞʚɰʚʁ Ñɐʔëãɦʁß ȝ ΒəɊɗʊã ʏʍ ɐʕʊ ɐ͋ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ȝ ɔʚɰɣɭʊã ùʢɢʝã Ȯʢɗɖÿþɥʔ ɔʋɚʍß ɦɚʇß ɐʍÿ Ñ Ăʢɶɒ ûɥʑʊãÿ ɐ Ăʍɦɝʍ ɞʊɐɰʊãÿ ã Ăɤʅɗɼʍ ɤɠʋ͋ãÿ ɐ Ăʁʢɗʍ ʉʚɣɓʊã ɐʕʚʁ

�ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß æʡʖɠɗʊãʡ ɐʍ Ñýɐ͋ɦǍʊã Ýɐɳɻß ʏʍ üß ýɐʇ Γʂʋɠ͋ã ʏʍß Ýãʖɩ Ñɺʎɗɝʍ ʖʔÿ Ñāɤɓʙ ýɐɪʐʟãÿ

�ýʖʐɐʄ ȝ āßí ÿß ɔʚɳʄ ȝ ʌʈɟ ʏʍ ëɦʂʑʍ ʖʔÿ ʓʊɐɓɒ ɦɶɣʙʌʔɦɻɐɭʍ ɤʚɟʖɖ �ɐʔëãɦʁß ȝ ɔɻɐʎɝʊã ΒəɊɖ ʏɻ Ɋɭʑɖ ʘɗʊã ɛɎɐɗʑʊã ʌʔß ʏʍÿʏʙʖʈɖ Ȫɻ ɘɻɐɓʊãÿ Ñɔʎʚɹɻ åʖʄ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ɑɪɗʈɖ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã åɤɟʖʊã þɥʔ ʏʍÿ ÑʌʕʎɎãɧɻÿȪɻ Āÿɤɼʊɐɒ ɔɻɐʎɝʊã Γɒ ûɐʎɻʝãÿ æɐʇɦɠʊãÿ ɦɻɐɭ͋ã íɐɭɗʐã ʖʔ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã åɤɟʖʊã þɥʔ

�ñʖɰɣʊãʏʙʖʈɖ ʏʈʊÿ ÑĀÿɤɼʊɐɒ çɤɠɖ ɐʕʐá Üɔʇȩɭ͋ã ɦɻɐɭ͋ãÿ åëãíʟã ʆʋɖ çɤɠɖ ʀʚʇÿȝ þΒəɊɖ ʏɻ ÑɐĂɓʙɦʄ Ñʌʋʈɗʑɩ āɥʊã ʌʚɻɧʊã ʖʔ íɤɰ͋ã ãɥʔÿ ÑãĂíɤɰʍ ɑʋɶɗʙ Āÿɤɼʊã þɥʔ

�ɔʇɦɠʊãÿ Βɪʊã ʏɻ ɧɝɼɖ ʌʚɻî ʢɒ ɔɻɐʎɝʊɐʁ Ñɔʙíʖɚʊã æɐʇɦɠʊãúãíëáÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã çëãʖɟ Βɪʂɗʊ Ûæɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí ʏʑɩ Ȫɻ õʢɵʡã ɑɝʙÿÝʡɋʕʊ ɔɼʁãë ɕʐɐʇ ɔʙíʖɼɬʢʊã Āʖʅʊã ýß ɐʎɒÿ ÑɐʕɎɐɳɻß íʖɶɖÿ ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã Βɩ

�ýÿɤʙɦʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ɐʍ øʢɢ ɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ ýʖʋɼʂʙÿ ýʖʊʖʅʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ʌʕʐɌʁ Ýɐɳɻʝãæɐʍʖʈɠʊã ɦɚʇß Āɦʐ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí ʏʑɩ úíëß ɔɩɐʚɪʊã äɐɶʄß ʏʍ ɐ Ăʅʙɦʁ ýß ɺʍÿɞɳɗɖÿ Ñæɐʍʖʈɠʊã ɦɚʇß óʖʅɩ ʉʕɝʊã ãɥʔ ʉʕɩ ɤʄÿ Ñʓʋʕɝʙ ûãɧʙ ʡÿ Ñɐʔɦʍß ʉʕɜ ɤʄɐʕɒ ɕɶʅɩß ʘɗʊã ɔʊʖʕɪʊã Ȫɻ õʢɵʡã ɤʑɻ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí ʉʕɜ ʏɻ ɔɏɬɐʑʊã íɐɶɢʝãýɐʇ āɥʊã ɤɎɐʅʊã ʉʕɜ ɤʅʁ ÑNjʚʋʚʁ ɨʙʖʊ ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ Ñíʖʍʝã Ýɐʚʊÿß ɱɼɒ åΒɿɯ ɔʑɗʁāëɋʙ ɤʑɝʊɐɒ ɔɻɐʎɝʊã óʢɗɢã ýß ʆʋ͋ã ʆʊì ʏɻ õɐʁɤʋʊ ɔʚʁɐʇ ã Ăëʖʑɜ ÑđĘĔĘ ɔʑɩ ëʖʅʙɺʋɢ ʉʕɝʊã ãɥʔ ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʁ Ñʌʕɖɐɓɜãʖɒ ʌʕʍɐʚʄ üɤɻÿ Ýʡɋʔ ʉʋɬ Ȟá Āÿɤɼʊãÿ Γʅʋɗʊɐɒ

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ɔʙíʖɚʊã æɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí

æȽɨȽɻɊɷã æȽɀɸɲɃ ùɓɩɷã éÿí ëɑɍɃ ɭʇɴ ���

āɥʊã ùɦɼʊã éÿí ýß ʡá Ñɐʕɖɐʂɯ ɱɼɓɒ ʀɰɗʙ ʓʐʝ Ûɔɻɐʎɝʊɐɒ ɑɼɭʊã ʓʚɓɭɖ ʏʈʎʙéÿɦʊ ɤʕɻ ʡ æɐɓə ùɦɼʊã éÿí ʘʂʁ Ñæɐʂɰʊã þɥʔ æɐɓʋʅɖ ëɤɠʙ ɑɼɭʊã ʓʚʊá ʘʎɗʑʙ

�ʓʋɚʎɒ ɔɓʋʅɗ͋ã ɔɻɐʎɝʊãéÿí Ȫɻ éÿɦʊã þɥʔ ɑʋɿɗɖ ʏʍɧʊã ɺʍ åɦʅɗɪʍ ɔʚəãíÿ éÿí ɑɼɭʋʊ ɕʋɰɟ ʗɗʍÿ

�ɔɻɐʎɝʊãʓɓʋʅɖ Ýãíÿ ýß ʌʋɼʑʊ ʏʈʊÿ Ñɑʋʅɗ͋ã ɦʕɹʎɒ ɔɻɐʎɝʊɐʇ Ʋ ɐĂʐɐʚɟß Ʋ ɑɼɭʊã ɦʕɹʙÿɡʙíɐɖ ɕɓəß ɤʄÿ Ñùɦɼʊã éÿí ɐʕʎɻɤɖ ɔʋɯɊɗʍ ɔɗɒɐə ɧɎãɦɾ ʓʍɤʔÿ ʓ͋ɐɹʍÿ ʓɗɩɐʎɟÿɑʙɦɣɗʊã éÿí Ȫɻ ɔɗɒɐɚʊã éÿɦʊã ɑʋɿɗɖ ʀʚʇ ɐʔɤɼɒ āɥʊã ýɦʅʊã ɡʙíɐɖÿ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã�ɔʎɹʐʝã ʏʍ ʓʍɤʔ ɐʍ Ýɐʑɒ Ăʡɐɟ ɑɼɭʊã ɐʕʚʁ ëɤɜ ʘɗʊã æãɦ͋ã ɦɚʇß ɐʍÿ Ñɦʍʝã ɔʙɐʕʐ ȝ

ȝ ΒəɊɗʊã ʉɎɐɩʖʁ Ñæɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí ȝ ʉʕɪʙ ɐʎʇ ɑɼɭʊã éÿí ȝ ΒəɊɗʊã ʉʕɪʙ ʡÿɐʔëí ʏʈʎʙÿ Ñɑɗʈʊãÿ ɑɶɣʊãÿ æãȷɐɠ͋ãÿ ɤɎãɦɝʊɐʇ ɔɏʚɶɒ ɔɜʖɼʍ Βɪɖ ɑɼɭʊã éÿí

�Āÿɤɼʊãÿ ìʖʂʑʊãÿ íãɦʈɗʊãÿ ɤʚʇʖɗʊã �ʘʔÿ ɐ Ăʅɒɐɩ ɐʔɐʑʂɯÿ ʘɗʊã ȶɐʑɼʊã Ȟáʃʙɦʁ ʏʍ ɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ āɁɖ ʡ ɐʕʑʈʊÿ ÑåɊɝʁ þȵɊɒ ɐĂɓɼɬ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã Āÿɤɼʊã ûɐʑɖ ɤʄÿɛʚʕʙ ýɐʇ ýáÿ Ñɑɼɭʊãÿ Ñɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã ɀɗʐã ãɥʈʕʁ Ñɛʙíɤɗʊɐɒ ʡá ɦɢÞ Ȟáʆʊì ɤʔʖɬ ɤʄÿ Ñÿɧɿʊɐɒ þɤʙɤʕɖÿ ʓʎɗɭʇ çëãʖɠʊã ɱɼɒ ɔɗɿɒ þΒɚɖ ɤʄ Ñɔɻɐʎɝʊã ʏʍ ʉʄßɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã ɔʍʝã ʆʙʖɪʐ ɦɒÿë úÿë ɤɻʖɖ Γɟ ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß åɦʍ ΒɾÛʓɪʂʐ ȷß ʉɒ Ñþɤɟÿ ɀɻ ïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊ ʆʊɥɒ Ƀʙ ʌʊ úÿɤʊã ãɥʕʁ Ñɐʕɗʚɪʂʐ Ăʢʔɐɜ

�ʓɗʋɖɐʅ͋ ɫʚɜ ùʖɩ ɑɜÿß ìáɦɻɐɭ͋ã þɥʔ åʖʄ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ úíɤʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɐʕʋʇ ʌʍʝã ȝ åɊɝʁ ɦɻɐɭ͋ã íɐɝʂʐã ɤʔɐɭʙÿɕʊʖɠɖ ɐ Ăʂʚɣɩ ɐĂʑɭɢ ýɐʇ āɥʊã ȭÿɦʊã éʢʂʊã ýß ʆʊìÿ Ñɔʚɩÿíÿ ɔʚʐɐɓɩá Ȫɻ íɐɾß ɐʎɗʄÿɐʕʂɶɗʅʐ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɖʛã åíɐɓɼʊã ʏʍ ʆʊì Ýʢɝɗɩã ʏʈʎʙÿ Ñýʖʚʋnjɐʐ åíɐɿɒ ąɦɼɬ ɐʎʑʚɟ ʓɖɐʂɯ

�ɐʕʈʚʊáÿ Ñɕʚɒãɧʚʊá Ñûÿʝã íɤʑʈɩá ɂʚʅʊã ɔɜÿî ɔʊɐɩí ʏʍ

íʖɼɭʊã ʆʊì ýɐʇÿ Ñɐʐëÿɤɟ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ îÿɐɜ ɐʎʑʚɟ ïÿɦʊã äʖʋʄ ɕʋɼɗɬã ɤʅʊʌʕʊãʖʍß ãʖɻɐɲß ʏʙɥʊã êʖʚɭʊã íɐɯÿ Ñëʢɓʊã ȝ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ʉɾÿß ɐʎʋʇ ʖʎʑʙÑ Ąɧɣʍ ɞʋɯ ʏʍ ɐʐɤʑɻ ʉɳʁß Ýȯ ʉʇÿ ÑɐʑɗȢʋ ąɢ ʓɒ ȣɤɪʐ ɐʍ ɤɝʑɩ �ýʖʊʖʅʙʏʍ ʌʕɒ ʃʚɠʙ ɐʍ Ȟá ýɦɹʑʙ ʡ ɫʚɝʊã ȝ èãÿîß Ȣʏʕʊ ʘɖʢʊã Ýɐɪʑʊã ɕɠɓɯßÿ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ʆʊì ʉʇÿ Ñæʖ͋ɐɒ ɔʚɩÿí Ȫɻ Ýɐɳʄ ʖʔ āɥʊã ɞʋɰʊã ʡá Γɭɣʙ ʡÿ íɐɶɢʝã�ʓʚʋɻ íɤʅʙ ʌʊ ɂʚʅʊã þëãíß ʖʊÿ Ñɂʚʅʊã ûɐɓɒ ɦɶɣʙ ʌʊ

ûɤɗɪʙ ʏʙɥʋʊã Γʚɖʛã ʏʙɦʍʝã ɐʕɖɤʊãÿ Ȫɻ åíʖʇɥ͋ã ɕʚɒãɧʚʊá åíʖɵãȨʍʟã ɕ Ȣɰʄ ɤʄÿ�ɕʚɒãɧʚʊá ɕʊɐʄ Ñɔʍÿɐʅ͋ã ʏʍ ïÿɦʊã ïʖʂʐ ȝ ɐʍ ɔɜíë Ȫɻ ɐʎʕɒ

ȝ ʌʔʖʎɩÿÿ ʌʕɭʚɜ ȝ Γɟʢʂʊã ɱɼɒ ʖʈɩʖʍ ȝ ýʖʚɪʐɦʂʊã üɤɣɗɩãʉʚʅʁ ɔʎ Ȥɪʊã þɥʔ ʏɻ ʌʔɤɟß ûɊɩ ɤʄÿ Ñãÿȣɦʂʙ ʢʚʈʊ ʉʚɣʊã ĆʌɩʖĆɖ ɐʎʇ ʌʕʙɤʙßëʖʑɜ ʏʍ ýʖʇßß ɐĂɓɝɻ ɐʙ � ĂʢɎɐʄ êɂʁ ȹʐɦʁ āɤʑɜ ʓʐß Ȫɻ ûɤɖ ɐʕʐá ʓʊíʖɳɠʊã ʉɜíß Ȫɻ ɐʔɐʍíÿ þɤʙ ɐʕɒ ɺɶʄÿ ɐ ĂɩɊʁ ɥɢß ʌə �ɔɪʐɦʁ íʖɵãȨʍá

�þɥʔ ʌʈɗʎɩ ãÿɥɢ � ĂʢɎɐʄɱɼɒ ʌʕʂɶɣʊ ɐ Ăɟʢʁ ʏʙɀɻ Ȫɻ ʖʈɩʖʍ ȝ ýʖʚɪʐɦʂʊã ɱɓʄÿýɐʇÿ Ñɔʚɩÿɦʊã ɔɿʋʊɐɒ ʉɗʅʊã ʌʈɟ ʌʕʚʋɻ ãÿßɦʄÿ ʌʔʖʂɰʁ ÑΓɪʐɦʂʊãýß ʌʕʚʊá ãʖɓʋɵ ʆʊì ʏʍ Ăʡɤɒ ʌʕʑʈʊÿ Ñʖʂɼʊã ãʖɓʋɶʙ ýß ýÿɦɹɗʑʙ ýʖʚɪʐɦʂʊãýÿɦɢʛã øɐɣʙ ýß ʏʙɦɹɗʑʍ ñɐɯɦʊɐɒ ûÿʝã ãʖʋɗʄ ʌə ÑãʖĆɓȤʋ ąɰʚćʊ ʌʔʖʋʕʎʙąʘʅɒ ʏʍÿ ɘʊɐɚʊãÿ ʘʐɐɚʊã ãʖʋɗʄ ʌə Ñʌʕʇʖʋɩ Γɪɠɗɒ ãÿɤɼʙÿ ʖʂɼʊã ãʖʊɊɪʚʁ

�ÿɤɼʊã ɔʎɟí ʌʕʑʍ ɤɟãÿ ɦɶʎɗɪʙ ýß Βɾ ʏʍ ñɐɯɦʊɐɒ ʏʙɀɼʊã ʏʍ

æɐʑɎɐʇ ëʖɜÿ ɤʅɗɼʙ ɑɼɭʊɐʁ Ñʏʙɤɗʊã ʃʋɢ ʏʍ ɔɼɓɭʍ ɔʚɓɼɭʊã éÿɦʊã ýʖʈɖÿçíʖʙÿ Ñɤʙɦɖ ɐʎʇ íʖʍʝã ʉʙʖɠɖ Ȫɻ åíëɐʄ Ñûɐɜɦʊã ʌɸɐɻßÿ æɐʍʖʈɠʊãÿ ɔʕʊʛɐʇ Ñɔʙʖʋɻüß ýɐʇ Ăʢɜíß Ýãʖɩ ëʖɓɼʍ Ȟá èɐɗɠʚʁ åëɐɓɼʊã Ȟá ã Ăɤʙɤɬ Ăʢʚʍ ɑɼɭʊã ɤʑɻ ʃʋɣʊã ãɥʔ

�ãĂɥʅʑʍ ɐ Ăɠʚɪʍ ɑʋɶɗʙ Ȳʖʂʊã ʓʂʚɣɖ ɐʍɤʑɻÿ ÑɐĂɓʔɥʍɛʙíɤɗʊɐɒ ɺʅʙ ãɥʔ ɐʕʊɐʅɗʐã ýß Ȣʡá Ñɤʅɠʊã Ȟá åëɐɓɼʊã ʏʍ æɐɻɐʎɝʊɐʇ ʉʅɗʑɖ äʖɼɭʊãÿÑýãɤʋɓʊã ʀʋɗɣʍ ȝ ûɐʅɗʐʡã ãɥʔ ɤʔɐɭʙÿ Ñɨʍß ʓɖɤɓɻ ʏʍ üʖʚʊã ʏɼʋɖ ɤʅʁ Ñɑʊɐɿʊã ȝʉʙʖʍÿɦʈʁ Ñʆʋ͋ã èɐɖ ɱʁíÿ ɔʈʊɐʍ Ăå ą ĉȵß ɴʅɩß āɥʊã ʉʙʖʍÿɦʇ ɡʙíɐɖ ʆʊì Ȫɻ Ȣûë ɐʎʇɺɶʄÿ þȨʄ ʏʍ þɤɪɜ õɧĆɗʐã ʗɗɟ ýɐɗʑɩ ʓɖʖʍ Ȫɻ ɱʎʙ ʌʊ úʖʋ͋ã ʏʁɤʙ ɐʎʇ ąʏʁĆë āɥʊã

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ɔʙíʖɚʊã æɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí

Ɂʆíʃɇɷã æȽɴɓɍɷã Ȋ ÝȽɻɨɔɷã ýȷə � �

ʏʍ ɔʋɵɐɻ ýʖʈɖ ɐʎʑʚɟ Βɪʊã ʏɻ ɧɝɼɖ ɔʙɤʐʝãÿ ʌʍʝãÿ ɨʊɐɝ͋ãÿ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ýß ɐʐɦʇìɔɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí ýß Ʋ Ýɐɳɻʝã ʀɎɐɸÿ ʌʋɼɒ ɐĂʑʚɼɗɪʍ Ʋ ɦɢÞ äɐɗʇ ȝ Ćɕʑʚɒÿ Ñɐʔëʖʅʙ ɤʚɩ�ɔʅʋɶ͋ã ɔɻɐɶʊã ɐʕʍɧʋĆʙÿ åɤɟãÿ åëãíá ɐʕɠʑʎʙ āɥʊã ʖʕʁ Ñɐʕʎʚɻî éÿɦɒ ɴɓɖɦɖ åɦɻɐɬʢʊãɔʅʙɦɵ Ȫɻ ʓɟɐɝʐ ʀʄʖɗʙÿ Ññʖɰɣʊã Ȫɻ Γʅʋɗʊɐɒ ɔɻɐʎɝʊã ȝ ʌʚɻɧʊã ɦəɋʙ

�ãɤ͆ɜ ʉʕɩ ɔɻɐʎɝʊã Γʅʋɖ ýß åΒɚʈʊã äíɐɝɗʊã ɕɗɓəß ɤʄÿ ÑʓʑʚʅʋɖÑåɦʍɐɿʍ ɔʋɩɐɒ ÿß ɔʍɦɝʍ ÿß ɔɝɎɐʔ ÿß ɔɎëɐʔ ÑΓʅʋɗʊã õãʖʐß ɑɪɠɒ ýʖʈɖ ɔɻɐʎɝʊãÿÑɦʔɐɹʊã Āʖɩ ʉʅɼʊã ʏʍ ɐʕʚʁ ɨʚʊ Ñȫʅɻ ɦʕɹʍ æãì ýʖʈɖ ýß îɐɜ ýáÿ Ñûãʖɟʝã þɥʔÿ

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�ʌʕɵʖʅɪʊ ɕʂɗʔ ɐʎʇ ûʖʕʊãɑɝʚʁ Ñɔʎʕɓʍ åíʖɰɒ ʡá ɤʕɼʊã üëɐʅɖ ɤɼɒ ʌʕʐɊɬ ɷɟʢʙ ʡ Ñãȵ͆ ʌʔΒɪʊ Ýɐʎɻɧʊãÿʆʙɦɠɖ ɔʊʖʕɩ ɕɓɚɖ ʘɗʊã ɔɚʙɤɠʊã çëãʖɠʊã ȝ ʓʑɻ ɘɠɓʙ ýß ýɊɭʊã ãɥʔ Ýʢɝɗɩʡýá ûɐʅʙ ɤʄ ʘɗʊã Γʐɤɼ͋ãÿ ɤʙȨʊã ʘʂɸʖʍ æɐɒɐɰɗɻã Ȟá ɐʑʔ Βɭʐ ʡÿ Ñïɐʑʋʊ Ýɐʎɻɧʊãāɥʊã èɦʕʊɐʇ Ñɐʕʚʁ ɔɻɐʎɝʋʊ ɔɼʂʑʍ ʡ ʘɗʊã çëãʖɠʊã Ȟá Βɭʐ ʉɒ Ñʌʔàɐʚɗɩã ʖʔ ɐʕɓɓɩʌʊ āɥʊã ɦʙΒʁ ȣāʖɲʖʂʊã ɔʚʐɐɓɩá ȝ üɤɻĆ ß üʖʙ ɨʙíɐɒ ȝ ɔʚʇãȩɬʡã Ýɐʎɻî ɱɼɒ ʓɓɜÿßùʖɪʊ ɨʙíɐɒ ȝ Ýɐʎɻɧʊã ɱɼɒ ɱʙɦɠɖ ʗʂʇ ɤʅʁ Ñɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ʓʑɻ ɐĂɏʚɬ ïɐʑʊã ɺʎɪʙãÿɂɗʄã ɐʕʑɻ ýʖʎɜɐʕ͋ã ɺʁĆë ɐ͋ÿ Ñɐʕʄãɦɟá ɤɰʅɒ ɔʚʐɐɓɩʟã åíɐʂɪʊã Ȟá ʘɓɼɬ ɫʚɜ

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Page 78: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

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ɱʄɐʑɗɖ ɐʎʑʚɟ Ăʢʚʋʄ ɔɻɐʎɝʊã þɥʔ ʉɼʁ ýʖʈʙÿ Ñ ăɔɻɐʎɜ Ñýɐ͋Ȩʊɐʇ ÑΒɓʈʊãȭɐʚɪʊã ɨʋɝ͋ãɔʑʙɐɓɗʍ æɐɻɐʎɜ ãì ɐ Ăɪʋɝʍ ɔʂʋɗɣ͋ã ɺʁɐʑ͋ã æãì äãɧɟʝã þɥʔ Ȩɗɼɖ ɤʄÿ Ñɐʕɒãɧɟß ɦɻɐɭʍäɧɟ ʉʇ ȝ ʡá æɐɻɐʎɝʋʊ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã åɤɟʖʊã ïʖʍɐʐ Ȫɝɗʙ ʡ ɥɏʑʚɟÿ ÑɐʕɎɐʎɻɧʊ ɔɼɲɐɢ

�äãɧɟʝã ʆʋɖ ʌɎãɧɻ Γɒ ɺʎɝɖ ʘɗʊã ʘʔ ɐʔɤɟÿ ɔʚɎɐʑɚɗɩʡã ûãʖɟʝãÿ Ñʓɖɤɟ Ȫɻʡ ɐʍ ɨʋɝ͋ã ȝ ýʖɒʖɰɗɪʚʁ Ñ ĆʓĆʊɐɜí ʓʚʁ ʗʑʂʙ ýɐʚʇ ɨʋɝ͋ã äãɧɟß ʏʍ ʉʈʊÿɨʙʖʊ Ȫɻ æʖ͋ɐɒ ʌʈɠʊã éãȩʄã ʏʍ þÝɐʚɗɩã ʖʚʐɦʁ Āɤɒß ɤʅʁ Ñʓʐÿɤʙɦʙ ʡ ɐʍÿ ʓʐÿɤʅɗɼʙ

�ȟɐɗʊã üʖʚʊã ȝ éãȩʄʡã ʆʊì ʏɪɠɗɩã ʓʑʈʊÿ Ñɀɻ ïëɐɪʊãÑɐʕʋʇ ɨʋɝ͋ã äãɧɟß ȝ ÑɐĂʐɐʚɟß Ñãÿɦəɋʙ ýß Ýɐʎɻɧʊã ʏʍ ìʖʂʑʊã ÿÿì ɺʚɶɗɪʙÿɨʋɝʍ Ýɐɳɻß ȝ Ýɐʎɻɧʊã ʏʍ ʉʚʋʄ ëɤɻ ΒəɊɖ ʆʊì ʏʍÿ Ñåɤɟãÿ ɔɻɐʎɜ ɐʕʑʍ ãʖʂʊɋʚʁ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɦɻì ɨʚʊÿ Ñʓʂɼɳɒ ɦɼɭʙ ʆʋ͋ã ãɥʔ ýɐʇ ɐʎʑʚɟ ɀɻ ïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊ þɐɝɖ ȹʚɩɊɗʊã�ûʖʕɝʍ ɦʍɊɒ ΒǍɪɒÿí ʏʍ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ

ʏ ćʕąɖ ɐʍɤʑɻ Ʋ ʆʋ͋ã ąʖɻɤʙ ýß ʌʚɹɼʊã Ɋɶɣʊã ʏʎʁ Ñ ăɔ Ȣʍɐɻ ăɔȢʑ Ćɩ ɨʊɐɝ͋ã ʆʋɖ æɐʂɯïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊ üãɤɻá Ȟá äãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ õɐʎɗɜã Āëß ɤʅʁ Ñõɐʎɗɜʢʊ ɐ Ăɪʋɝʍ Ʋ ʓɖʖʄɐʍɤʑɼʁ Ñãʖʋɒ ȝ ɐ͆ʚɒɐʚʐ ɐ Ăɪʋɝʍ ɺʎɜÿ ɨʙíɐɒ íëɐɾ ɐʍɤʑɻ ʓɬɦɻ ɘʊɐɚʊã āɦʑʔ ɤʅʁÿ Ñɀɻýß ʗɻëãÿ Γʂɸʖ͋ã ûɧɻÿ ɑɎãɃʊã ȢΒ ąɿʁ ã Ăɤʚɩ ʓɪʂʐ Ȣɤ ąɻ ʆʋ͋ã ʀɼɳɒ ɨʋɝ͋ã ãɥʔ ɦɼɬ

�åʖʅʊã ʏʍ ýʖʐɐʅʋʊ ɐʍ ʓɖãíãɦʅʊɨʋɝ͋ã ʉɠɗʐã ýß ɤɼɓʁ Ñɐʕʋʇ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝʍ ȝ ɦɻɐɭ͋ã ȣʖĆʋ Ćɾ ɤʔʖɬÿɐ Ăʂɸʖʍ ɀɻ ïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊ Ȩɗɻãÿ Ñʌʇɐɠʊã ʖʔ ʓʐß ʏʋɻß ɛʙíɤɗʊɐɒ åëɐʚɪʊã ȹʚɩɊɗʊãʓʐɐɶʋɩ íɐʕɸá ȝ óɦʁß ʌə Ñ Ăʡɤɗɼʍ ɦʍʝã Ýɤɒ ȝ ýɐʈʁ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ Ýɐɜ ʌə ÑɐĂɶʚɪɒÑæɐʕɓɭʊɐɒ ʌʕʚʋɻ ʌʈɠʊã îɐɜßÿ ʌʕɪʂʐß ʏɻ õɐʁɤʊã Ȣʃɟ Γʎʕɗ͋ã ʓɒ ąüɦɟ ɐĂʐʖʐɐʄ ȢʏɪʁΓʙȨʙʟã ʌə ΓʙɤʐÿΒɝʊã ëʢɝʊã ʉɗʅʁ ʓɎɐɳɻß ûɐɗɗʄã Ȟá Ýɐʍɤʊã ʆʂɩ ȝ ʓʐɐɼʍá Āëß ɤʄÿ

�ΓʙΒǍɪɒÿɦʊã ʌə Γʚʐʖɗʐãɤʊã ʌəÑɐʔɤɯɐʅ͋ ɔʂʊɐɣʍ ɛɎɐɗʐ ɐʕʐɐʚɖá ɔʋɻ ɐʑʊ ɞɲʖɖ ɨʊɐɝ͋ã ɦɻɐɭʍ ȝ ɑʋʅɗʊã ɔɻȵÿȞá ɔɪʐɦʁ ʘʈʋ͋ã äɧɠʊãÿ ʘʈʚʊʖəɐʈʊã äɧɠʊã ʏʍ ʀʊɋ͋ã ȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã ùɐɩ ɤʅʁȞá ɐʕʄɐɩ ɐʎʇ Ñɐʕɗʍɐʄá ɤʙɦʙ ýɐʇ ʘɗʊã ɔʙíʖɗɩɤʊã ɔʚʈʋ͋ã ʏʍ Ăʡɤɒ åɤɓɗɪʍ ɔʙíʖʕʎɜ

�ɐʕʑɻ õɐʁɤʊã ȣëąʖąʙ ýɐʇ ʘɗʊã ɔʐɐʙɤʊã ýɊɬ Ýʢɻá ʏʍ Ăʡɤɒ ïÿΒʋʇʟã ëɐʕɶɲã

ɁʇɖȽʇɗɷã Ɂʆɑɽʊã éÿí ���

åΒɓʈʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã ʏɻ Ñåɤɟãʖʊã ɺʁɐʑ͋ãÿ æãɤʅɗɼ͋ãÿ Ýãíʛã æãì ÑåΒɿɰʊã æɐʚɼʎɝʊã ʀʋɗɣɖʀɎãʖɵÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã ɦʇɥʐ åΒɿɰʊã æɐʚɼʎɝʊã þɥʔ ʏʍÿ ÑɐʕʎɎãɧɻÿ ɐʔɦɻɐɭʍ åɤɟʖɒʀɰʑʊã ȝ ɔʙɁʊã æɐʚɼʎɝʊãÿ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ɔʙɤʐʝãÿ ʃɒɐɪʊã ɤʕɼʊã ȝ Γʁȩɠ͋ã

�ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ȝ ûɐʎɼʊã æɐɒɐʅʐÿ ýʖɩɐ͋ã ʉʁɐɠʍÿ ɀɻ ɺɩɐɗʊã ýɦʅʊã ʏʍ ûÿʝãʀʊɐɣɗ͋ã ɨʋɝ͋ã Γɒ ùɦʂʊã ʏɻ ɘɠɓĆʙ ýß Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã Βɩ úãíëʟ Ñ ąȾɗʅĆʙÿÑíãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɤʕɻ ʗɗɟ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã Ȫɻ æɦɶʚɩ ʘɗʊã ʘʔ ɔʙɤʐʝɐʁ Ñɨʐɐɝɗ͋ã āëɐʑʊãÿ

�üʖʋɼʍ ʖʔ ɐʎʇ ɤʕɼʊã íÿë ȝ åɤʙɤɬ åɦɶʚɪʊã þɥʔ ɕʐɐʇ ɤʄÿʏɻ ɔɏɬɐʑʊã ɐʕʎɎãɧɻ åɤɟąÿ ʌɾí Ȫɻ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí ɨʚʍãʖʑʊ ɔʙɤʐʝã ɺɳɣɖÿýɐʇ āɥʊã ʘɒʖʅɼʚʊã āëɐʑʊã ȝ ɤʔʖɬ ɐʎʇ Ýɐʎɻɧʋʊ Γʈɗɪɖ ʘʕʁ Ñɐʕʚʁ äãɧɟʝã ýãɤʅʁ

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ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã éÿí

ȝ ɐʎʍ ɑɼɯß Ʋ ɔɪʐɐɝɗ͋ã ɔɻɐʎɝʊã ȝ āß Ʋ āëɐʑʊã ȝ ʌʚɻɧʊã ΒəɊɖ ýʖʈʙÿÑɐʔíɐɖÿß ʏʍ ʉʚʋʄ ëɤɻ Ȣɧɗʕʙ ýß ʘʂʈʙ ɔʂʊɐɣɗ͋ã ɔɻɐʎɝʊã Βɪɖ ʘʈʋʁ Ñɔʑʙɐɓɗ͋ã ɔɻɐʎɝʊãɑɝʚʁ åɤɟãÿ ɺʁɐʑ͋ãÿ ɦɻɐɭ͋ã ýʖʈɖ ɘʚɟ Ʋ Ăʢɚʍ āëɐʑʊɐʇ Ʋ ɔɪʐɐɝɗ͋ã ɔɻɐʎɝʊã ɐʍßÿ

�ɐ Ăɩÿàɦʍ ʌʚɻɧʊã ɞɓɰʙ ɤʄ ãɥʕɒÿ Ñɺʁɐʑ͋ãÿ ɦɻɐɭ͋ã þɥʔ åãíãɤʍ ɐʕʄʖɪʊɔʑɩ āß ýʖʍʖʈʊã üɐʙß ʗʂʇ ɤʅʁ ÑɐʕɎɐʂɢ ȝ ɔʎʚɹɻ ăåʖʄ ɔɪʐɐɝɗ͋ã æɐɻɐʎɝʋʊÿāɦʋʙʖɗʊã ɂʄÿ ɔʙɤʋɓʊã íãɤʇ ɨʙíɐɒ ɔʚʑɒß ʉʎɜß ùãɦɟʟ ɔʚʂɢ ɦʍãÿß ɔɼɳɒ ÑđĘėđɦǛʖʋʊã ɂʄ ɥɏɗʄÿ æɥʅʐß ʘɗʊã ʘʔ ɔʁëɐɰ͋ãÿ Ñøɀʊã ɔʄʖɜ ɕʚɒÿ ɔɓɩɐɠ͋ã ýãʖʙëÿûɐʎɼʊã Ýɐʎɻî ɐʔíɤɰʙ ʘɗʊã ɦʍãÿʝã Ȟá üãȩɟɐɒ ʗɿɰĆʙ ýʛãÿ Ñɔʚʑʂʊã íɐəʛã ʏʍ ʓʚʁ ɐʍÿɔʙíʖɚʊã ɔʚɼʎɝʋʊÿ ɨʙíɐɒ ɔʙɤʐʝ ëɐʚʅʐʡã ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿ Ñäãʖɰʋʊ ɐʕɗʂʊɐɣʍ ʌɾí Ȫɻ ýÿȩɗɪ͋ãɐ Ăɻɐɻí ùʖɪɖ Ʋ ɐʕʑʍ ɤɟãÿ ɦʍɊɒ Ʋ ɕʐɐʈʁ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ʆʊì ʏʍ ʉʄß åëɦʎɗ͋ãɨʋɝʍ ɡʙíɐɖ ȝ ɐʑɚɠɒ ɤʑɻ ÑĀɦʑɩÿ Ñʓʚʋɻ ɐʕɓʊɐɶʍ Ýʢʍʟ ʘɻãȩɬʡã ɨʋɝ͋ã Ȟá Γɠʋɪʍåɤɭɒ ɮʚɯɐʄʝã ʓɗʂɯÿ āɥʊã Ñɨʋɝ͋ã ãɥʔ ëɐʚʅʐãÿ ãĂΒɚʇ æãíɐɿʊã þɥʔ ʉɚʍ õʖʄÿ Ñɤʕɼʊã

�Ýɐɾʖɿʊã ʏʍ ɔɒɐɰɻ ɦʍãÿʝ ÑïɊɓʊããìɌʁ ÑɐʕɎɐɳɻß åíãëá ȝ ΒəɊɗʊã ʏʍ ɔɻɐʎɝʊã éÿɦʊ ɐʍ Ȫɻ ɔʅɒɐɪʊã æɐɹɟʢ͋ã ɐʑʊɤɖɞɓɰʙ ɤʄÿ Ñʆʊì ʏʍ Ȣʉʄß ýɐʇ ʡáÿ Ñɐ Ăʎʚɹɻ ΒəɊɗʊã ãɥʔ ýɐʇ ɔɪʐɐɝɗʍ ɔɻɐʎɝʊã ɕʐɐʇÿß üɐɠɗʊʡã ɔʂʚɼɳʊã æɐɻɐʎɝʊã Ȫɻ ʀʊɐɣɗ͋ã ɨʋɝ͋ã ȝ åɥʁɐʑʊã æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ɑʋɿɗʊ ɐ Ăʎʚɹɻ

�ɨʋɝ͋ã ãɥʔ Ýɐɳɻß Γɒ Āÿɤɼʊɐɒ ɦɻɐɭ͋ã ɱɼɒ íɐɭɗʐʡʏɻ øãȴʝã ʓʚʁ ąûȢɧʑɖ āɥʊã íãɦʅʊã ʖʔ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ΒəɊɖ Ȫɻ þëíʖʐ ûɐɚʍ Ćʏɪɟßÿɑɓɩÿ Ñ�ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß� ɨɶɪɾß ɦʕɬ ʏʍ ɔɼɒãɦʊã ɔʋʚʋʊã ȝ ɔʚɻɐɶʄʟã ʌʕɖãîɐʚɗʍãʖʔÿ ʓʙßí ʏɻ ʀʙȴ ʉʇ ʉɏɩ ʖʋʁ Ñýÿëɦʂʑʍ ʌʔÿ ʌʔΒɾ ɔɻɐʎɝʊã ȝ ʌʔÿ ïɐʑʊã ýß ʆʊì

�ã Ăɤɒß ʓʄʖʅɟ ʏɻ ûɧʑɗʙ ʡ ʓʐß äɐɜʝ ëɦʂʑʍɨʊɐɝ͋ã ΒəɊɖ Ȫɻ ɔɓʚɝɻ ɔʋɚʍß Ñɔʐʢʚʔ ɔɪʙɤʅʊã åɦʙɧɜ ȝ ʖʔÿ Ñýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ëíÿß ɤʄÿɺʎ Ćɩ ɐʍ Βɾ Ȫɻ ýÿΒɪʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ɐ Ăɯɐɣɬß ɕʄʖʊã ʆʊì ȝ øëɐɰʐ ɐʑʇ{ �ûɐʅʁ ɐʕɎɐɳɻß ȝʓʐɊɒ éȶÿ äɦɠʊã æΒɗɢã ɐ͋ ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã Ȩʑʍ ȝ ɤɼɯ ʓʐß ąɦɖ Ăʢɚʍ ɛʐʖʍ ɥɢ Ñʌʕʑɻɺʚʎɜ ʉɗʅʙ ýß ëʖʙ ýɐʇÿ Ñ ȣÿɤɼʊã ɐʎʕɟɦɝʙ ʏʙɥʋʊã Γʊÿʝã Γʙɤʑɝʋʊ ɐ Ăʍɤʅʍ ʓʚɗʑɒã ɑʕʙɔɜÿɦʁ ɞɒì Ȟá ɦɶɲã ʖʊÿ Ñɐ Ăʂɼɲ ʌʔɤɬßÿ ɔəɐʍë ïɐʑʊã ɦɚʇß ʏʍ ýɐʇ ʓʐß ɺʍ Ñøãȴʝã

�lʓʍɐʍß ʓʋɼʂʙ ýß ɤɟʝ ɞʎɩ ɐʍÿ ʆʊì ʉɼʁ ɐʍ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɕɷȽɊ̸ã Ȋ ʅɊʆíɑɄɷã ɓɨȽɚ̸ã ëãɑɄəã � �

ɐʕʎɩɦʐ ýß ɐʑɼɶɗɩʡ ɐ͆ʚɲɐʙí ɐ Ăɩɐʚʄ ɱɼɓɒ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ɦɻɐɭʍ ɱɼɒ ɨʚʅʐ ýß ɐʑʑʈʍß ʖʊʘʐɐɚʊã ʓʁɦɵ Ȟá ɴɓʕʙ ʌə ɔɻɁɒ ʌə Ýɴɓɒ ûÿʝã ʓʁɦɵ ʏʍ ɤɼɰʙ Ąʏɠʑʍ ɴɢ Ȫɻɔɲɦɠ͋ã æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ɦɻɐɭʍ ûȣʖɠɖ ɔʊëɐɼʍ ɔʊëɐɼ͋ã þɥʔ ʗʎɪɖ ýß ʏʈʎʙÿ Ñɐ͆ʙëʖʎɻ

�ãɦ͆ʎɗɪʍ ɐ Ăɳʙɦɠɖɔɗɒɐə ɔʋɻ ýß Ȩɗɼʐ ýß ɐʑʊ îɐɝʊ ɐʈʚʐɐʈʚ͋ã ʏʑɪʊ ɔʕɒɐɭʍ ɨʂʑʊã ʌʋɻ ʏʑɩ ɕʐɐʇ ʖʊÿþɐɝɖãÿ ɕɒɐə íãɤʅʍ æãì åʖʄ ýß üʖʋɼ͋ã ʏʎʁ Ñɔɻȵ ɦɻɐɭ͋ã ɤʙɧɖ ΒəɊɗʊã åɦʎɗɪʍ íãɤʅ͋ãýʖʈɗʁ ɔɻɁʊã åɤɎãî ɔʇɦɟ üɦɝʊã ȝ çɤɠɖ üãɦɜʝã ɤɟß ȝ åɦəɋ͋ã ɔʚɒìɐɝʊɐʇ ɦʎɗɪʍʏʙɀɻÿ Ȟÿʝã ɔʚʐɐɚʊã ȝ íɐɗʍß åɀɻ ɔʚɒìɐɝʊã ΒəɊɗɒ Ýɐɳʂʊã ȝ ɴʄɐɪʊã üĉɦ ćɝʊã ɔɻȵ

�ɔɚʊɐɚʊã ɔʚʐɐɚʊã ȝ ãĂȩʍ Γəʢəÿ ɔʚʊɐɗʊã ɔʚʐɐɚʊã ȝ ãĂȩʍʡ åɦʎɗɪʍ æãɦəɋ͋ ɔɼɒɐɗʊã ɦɻɐɭ͋ã ɔɻȵ ʓɒ ïɐʅɖ ɤʄ āɥʊã ïɐʚʅ͋ã ãɥʔ ýß Βɾʓɩɐʚʅɒ ʀʄʖɗʊã ãɥʔ úãíëá ʏʈʎʙÿ ÑΒəɊɗʊã ʏɻ ɔɗɿɒ æãɦəɋ͋ã þɥʔ ʀʄʖɖ ɑɓɩ ɐʑʊ ɞɲʖʙʡ ã Ăëÿɤ Ćɟ ʌʊʝãÿ åɥʋʊ ýß Ýɐɳɻʝã ʀɎɐɸÿ ʌʋɻ ɤɻãʖʄ ʏʎʁ ÑÝɐɳɻʝã ʀɎɐɸÿ ʏʑ Ćɩ Ȫɻʡ ɐʐÝɐɳɻß ýßÿ Ñɨɠʊã ȝ ʉʋɬ Ýɐɳɻʝã Ȫɻ ɤʙɤɭɖ ʉʇ ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ʓʐßÿ Ñɐʕʙ Ȥɤɼɖ ʏʈʎʙïɐʚʅʍ Ȫɻ ëɤɭɖ ʘɗʊã ɤʚʊã ýßÿ Ñëʖʕɝ͋ãÿ ʌʊʝãÿ éɦʂʊã ʏʍ ëÿɤɠʍ íãɤʅʍ Βɾ ʉʎɗɠɖ

�ʓʇɐɪʍá ʏɻ ʀʈʊã Ȟá åɊɝʁ ɦɶɳɗʁ ɐʕɖʖʄ ɤʂʑɗɪɖ ýß ɘɓʋɖ ʡ åʖʅʊãɐ Ăɳʙß ʌȤʋɪʐ ýß Ñɨʊɐɝ͋ã ȝ ɔɗɿɒ ɦɻɐɭ͋ã ɱɼɒ Ýɐʂɗɢã ɔʋɻ ʏɻ ɘɠɓʊã ȝ Ñɑɝʙÿþɥʔ ɦɻɐɭʍ ɤɗɭɖ ɤʄÿ Ñ Ȥʖʎʑʊã ʏɻ ɑʋɿɗ͋ã äɧɠʊã åʖʄ ɐʕɗɻëí ɦɻɐɭʍ æãì äãɧɟß ëʖɜʖɒíɐʚʐɐɗʐʖʎʋʊ ɺʄÿ ɐʎʇ ʆʊìÿ Ñäɐɓɩʝã ʏʍ ɑɓɪʊ ɑʋɿɗ͋ã äɧɠʊã ʀ Ćɼɳʙ ɐʍɤʑɻ äãɧɟʝã

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Page 84: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

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Page 86: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

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Page 90: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ȝ Γɢíɋ͋ã ÝãíÞ

Ȫɻ æąíąɤʄ ɔɪʐɦʁ ɐʕɓʙɦɣɖ ɺʍ ɔʍʖʈɟÿ Ñæɐʚɗʂʊãÿ ûɐʂɵʝã ʏʍ Βɚʇ ïÿàíÿ Γʐɐʎɚʊãýß ɤɼɒ ɐʕɩßí ɺɶ Ćʄ ɔɪʎʑʊã ȝ ʆʋ͋ã ɕʚɒ ʏʍ åΒʍßÿ Ñéʢɪʊɐɒ ɔɝɜɤ͋ã ɔɒíÿß åíɐɾ ɺʁëýɐʇ ãĂíʖɵãȨʍá ɕɜÿɧɖ ýß ɤɼɒ ɐʕʐɐʈʍ ȝ ɕʍɐʄ ɐʕɎɐɒɦʄß ʏʍ åΒʍßÿ Ñɔɪʐɦʁ ɔʈʋʍ ɕʐɐʇɐʔʖʋĆɗʅʙ ʌʊ ʘɗʊã ɔɰʅʊã ʆʋɖ ȝ ɨʂʑʊã Ýɐʎʋɼʊÿ Ñɐʕʋɚʍ ɡʙíɐɗʊã ćÿɦʙ ʌʊ íʖʍß ɐʕȣʋʇ ÑɐĂɶɒɐɲæɐʙɦɹʑʊã ʏɻ ãʖʊ ąɤɻ ãìá Ȣʡá üɤʅɗʙ ʡ ɨʂʑʊã ʌʋɻ ýß ýʖʂɭɗʈʙ ɐʕɓʁ ÑåΒɚʇ ɤɎãʖʁ ɐ Ăɰʚɠʎɖ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɔʅɗɭ͋ã ɤɻãʖʅʊãÿ ɔʋɚʍʝã þɥʔ ɑɪɟ Ȫɻ ûɐɜɦʊã ãÿíɤʅʙ ýß ùʢɢʝã Ýɐʎʋɻ Ȫɼʁɔʋɚʍß ýÿîȨʙ Ʋ ȷß ʏʍ ʌʔʖɝʔÿ ëɐʁß ʏʍ ʌʕɟɤʎɒ Ʋ ʌʔÿ Ñõɐʎɗɜʡã æɐʚɳɗʅʍ ʏʍ

�åíɐɳɠʊã Βɪʊ ɔʙíÿȷ ɔʚʄʢɢßÑɺʎɗɝ͋ã ýß ʆʊìÿ Ñʆʊì ĆΒɿʁ ɨʂʑʊã Ýɐʎʋɻ ɔʕɜÿ ɐʍßÿ Ñùʢɢʝã Ýɐʎʋɻ ɔʕɜÿ ʘʔ ʆʋɖÑʆʊɥɒ ãʖʊɐɓʙ ʡ ýß ɨʂʑʊã Ýɐʎʋɻ Ȫɻ ɑɝʙ ÑʓɎɐʅɒ ɦʍß ȝ ʉʔɐɪɗʙ ýß ʓʊ ʃɠʙ ʌʊ ýáÿɦʙɤʅɗɒ ãʖʎɗʕʙ Ȣʡß ɑɝʙ ʓʐɌʁ ɔʚʎʋɻ åɦɹʐ ûɐʎɻʝã Ȟá ãÿɦɹʑʙ ýß ʌʕʚʋɻ ýß ɐʎɒ ʆʊìÿçëɐɟ āß üɐʍß ɤɯãɦʊã ʉɚʎʇ ʌʕʋąɚ ąʍ ýʖʈʙ ýß āß ÑɐʔΒɪʂɖ Ȟá Ȣʡá ãʖɼɪʙ ʡ ýßÿ Ñɐʕɼʁɐʑʍþɐʙɐɠɲ ɤɏʙ ýɐʇ ʓʙíɐʇ ýß ÑðɊɝʊã ɴɒãí ʖʔÿ Ñßɦʅʙ ýß ýɐɪʐʟã Ȫɻ ɑɼɰʙ ʌɼʐ Ñýɐʇʡ ýß Ñûɐʎɻʝã þɥʔ ʉɚʍ þɐʑɗʇʡ Ñɑɝʙ ʓʑʈʊÿ Ñäãɥɼʊã ɤɬß ʌʕʅʙɥʙÿ ʌʕʐʖʚɻ Ɋʅʂʙ ýß ɤɼɒʘʔÿ æʖɓʈʑɼʊã Ýãîá ɔɼʚɓɶʊã Ýɐʎʋɻ ýɊɭʇ ʓʐɊɬ ýʖʈʙ ýßÿ ɐʕʚʁȩʅʍ Ȫɻ ʌʊɐɼʊã ɴʚɭɗɪʙ

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ýß ɺʄãʖʊãÿ Ñåɤɓɗɪ͋ã ɔʚʈʋ͋ã ɤɲ ɕɓ ćɭʐ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ýá Γɢíɋ͋ã ʏʍ Βɚʇ ûʖʅʙòʖ Ćɳ ąɼʊã ĆʆĉʋĆ͋ ã Ȫɝɖ Ñʌɼʐ Ñʉʙʖɵ ʏʍɧɒ ɐʔíɐɝʂʐã ʉɓʄ ëãɤɓɗɩʡã ʏɻ ãʖʊ ąɤɻ ɔɪʐɦʁ úʖʋʍãʖʐɐʇ Ʋ ûÿʝã ãʖɪʐɦʁ ʌʕʑʍÿ Ʋ ʓʋɓʄ ãÿɦʕɸ ʏʙɥʊã úʖʋ͋ã ʏʈʊÿ Ñɀɻ ɺɒãɦʊã ɨʙʖʊ üɐʙßȝ ãʖɓʋ Ćɾ ɐʍ ãĂΒɚʇÿ ÑĀɦɢß åɦʍ æɐʐɐ͋ɦǍʊãÿ ïÿΒʋʇʟãÿ åɦʍ Γʚɻɐɶʄʟã Ýãɦʍʝã ýʖɻíɐʅʙɧɻß ʏɻ Āìʝã ʀʇ Ȫɻ í ćɤʅʙ ɘʚɠɒ åʖʅʊã ʏʍ ʏʈʙ ʌʊ ûÿʝã ãʖɪʐɦʁ ýá ʗɗɟ Ñúíɐɼ͋ã þɥʔʓɪɓɟ ýɐʇΒɒ ʓʅʙɤɯÿ þΒɭ Ćʍ ýʖɒíʖɪʊã þɦʇ ɐʎʋʁ Ñýɐ͋ɦǍʊãÿ ýʖɒíʖɪʊã Ýãîá ʓɎɐʄɤɯßÑʓʄʢɵʟ ɔʊɐȢɓʐ ûɐɩíá Ȟá ʆʋ͋ã ɦɶɲɐʁ ʆʊì ýʖɒíʖɪʊã ɱʁɦʁ ʓʋʚɓɩ ɔʚʋɣɗɒ ʆʋ͋ã ɦʍɊʁʌʑɗɾã ýʖɒíʖɪʊã ýß Βɾ ÑɦǛʖʋʊã ɂʄ ȝ ʓɗɩãɦɟ Βɾ ʓɗʙɐʎɠʊ ɔʋʚɩÿ ʆʋ͋ã ɤɝʙ ʌʊÿɐ͆ʚɟ ù ćɦɟĆ ß æʖ͋ɐɒ ʓʚʋɻ ýɐ͋ɦǍʊã ʌʈɟ ýß ɤɼɒÿ Ñɔʚʐɐə ýɐʇΒɒ ʏɝɪʁ ʆʋ͋ã äɐʚɾ ɔɯɦʁ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɰȿȽɗɷã üȽɦɾɷã âÿȽɗɺ ���

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ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ʃɒɐɪʊã üɐɹʑʊã âëɐɓʍ

Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã äɐɓɩß ɔʋʎɜ ʏʍ Āɦɢʝã æɐʅɓɶʊã Ȫɻ ʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã Ýɐʑɒß Ćɤʅɟÿɑɼɭʊã ɕʅʎʙ ʌʋʁ Ñɔʚʈʋ͋ã Ȫɻ ʌʔɤʅɟ Ȫɻ øãȴʞʊ ʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã Ýɐʑɒß ɕʅʍ ûɤʙ ʡÿȝ ûÿʝã ʘɻãȩɬʡã ɨʋɝ͋ã ɦʈʂʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɛʙíɤɗʊɐɒ ʡá ʘɓʑɜʝɐɒ ʓɗəɐɿɗɩãÿ ʓɭʚɶʊ ʆʋ͋ãɔʚʈʋ͋ã ýɐʈʍ ȝ ɔʙíʖɗɩë ɔʚʈʋʍ ʉɠɖ ýß ʖʔ ʓɒ ʌʋɠʙ ýɐʇ ɐʍ ʉʇÿ Ñɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ɔʍɐʄá

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ɰȿȽɗɷã ɑʂɩɷã Ȋ åȽʇɍɷã � �

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íɤɖ ÑåΒʊ ēĐĐ ɒ ʃɒɐɪʊã íÿɤʊã ȝ Āɀɖ ɕʐɐʇ ʘɗʊã Ñʘɵ ĉ ȣɀʊã ɔʂʚɸÿ ɕʐɐʇýɐʇÿ ÑåΒʊ đĒĐ ɮɣɭʊã Ȫɻ ɱɓʅʊã ʏʎə ýɐʇÿ ÑåΒʊ ĔĐĐĐĐĐ ɐʕɓɟɐɰʊ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɑɎãɃʊã ʗąɓɝĆɖ ýß ʖʔ ɐʕʚʁ ɨʎĆɗʊã ɐʍ ʉʇÿ Ñɐ͆ʙíʖə ãĂɦʈʁ ɱɎãɦɼʊã þɥʔ ćʖɠɖ ʌʊÿíʖɗɩë ɺɲʖʙ ýßÿ Ñåãÿɐɪ͋ã åɤɻɐʄ Ȫɻ òąɦʂĆɖ ýßÿ Ñɐʕʚʋɻ äãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ ɔʅʁãʖʍ ɤɼɒɔʚʈʋʍ ɔʅʋɶ͋ã ɔʚʈʋ͋ã üɐʅʍ ɕʍɐʅʊ ɑʚʊɐɶ͋ã þɥʔ æɧʚɜĆ ß ʖʋʁ Ñɔʍʝãÿ ʆʋ͋ã ɔɶʋɩ ʓʚʁ Γɼɖ

�ʉʎɗɠʙ ɐʍ Ȫɻ åíʖɚʊã ɕɓʑɗɜʡÿ ɔʙíʖɗɩë

Ɂʇɗɽɓɯɷã åíʃɇɷã üȽʆß Ɂʇɵɸ̸ã ɓɨȽɚ̸ã ûʃɍɃ ���

ýáÿ Ñɐ Ăɼʙȵ Ăʡʖɠɖ ʘʈʋ͋ã üɐɹʑʊã þɐɝɖ ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã ɦɻɐɭʍÿ ɑɼɭʊã ɦɻɐɭʍ ɕʊʖɠɖÝɐɳɻß ʓʚʁ ʉ Ȣɝɒ āɥʊã ɕʄʖʊã Γɒ Ñɦʎʙ ʌʊ ìá ÑɐĂɏʚɭʁ ɐĂɏʚɬ åëɐɻ ûʖɠɗɖ ɦɻɐɭ͋ã ɕʐɐʇɺɳɒ Āʖɩ Ñʓɩßí ʓʚʁ ɺɶʄ āɥʊã ɕʄʖʊãÿ ɀɻ ïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊ ûÿʝã āíʖɚʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã

�Γʑɩāɥʊã ɑɠʊɐʁ Ñåɤɟãÿ ɦɻɐɭ͋ ʘɼɲʖʍ ʉʙɤɓɖ Āʖɩ ɔʚɠɶɪʊã æʡʖɠɗʊã ʆʋɖ ʏʈɖ ʌʊýß �ʆʊì ýɐʚɒÿ Ñʓʊ ɔəíãʖʊã åɤʙɤɝʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʋʊ þÿɦʕɸß ɤʄ ʆʋʎʋʊ ïɐʑʊã þɦʕɹʙ ýɐʇɑɼɭʊã ʓʚʋɻ ʉɓʄß ɔʎʚɹɻ åíɤʄ ʓɠʑʍ Ɇ ʏʍ ʓɖʖʄ Ʋ ʃɒɐɪʊã íÿɤʊã ȝ Ʋ ʆʋ͋ã ëãɤʎɗɩãäíɐɝɗʊã ɕɗɓəß ɐʍɤʑɻ ɔʅʋɶ͋ã ʆʋ͋ã åíɤʅɒ ïɐʑʊã ýɐʎʙá ʀ Ćɼɲ ɤʄÿ Ñûɐɓʄá ɐʎʙß ɐʕʋɜß ʏʍɞʎɪɖ ʡ ʘɗʊã Ñɔɻɐʎɝʊã ɕɚɠɒÿ þìʖʂʐ ʆʊɥɒ ʆʋ͋ã Ɂɣʁ ʌʔʖʊã Ȫɻ ɔʎɎɐʄ åíɤʅʊã þɥʔ ýß

�ɦɢÞ ëʖɓɼʍ ʏɻ Ñɐʕʚʋɻ þȤʖʎʙ ýß ɴʄɐɪʊã ʓʊʠʊʌʊ ʓʐß ɨʍɐɟʝã Γʑʍɋʎʋʊ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã Ýɤɒ ɥʑʍ åíɦʈ͋ã çëãʖɠʊã ɕʂɭʇ ɐʅ͆ɟɐʕʊÿ ɐʕɗʋɖɐʅʍ Ȫɻ åíëɐʄ Āɦɢß Āʖʄ ʆʊɐʑʔ ýßÿ Ñåʖʅʊãÿ ûʖɠʊã ʏʍ Ýȯ ɔʚʈʋʎʋʊ ąʃɓʙæßí ʘɗʊã æɐɻɐʎɝʊã üɐʍß ɔʚʈʋ͋ã ɔɶʋɪʊã ûɐɟ ýʖʈʙ ɐʍÿ Ñɐʕʐɐɶʋɩ ʏʍ ʌɹɻß ýɐɶʋɩæɐɒɐɰɼʊã æɐʎɝʔ ɺʁë ʏɻ ɨʙíɐɒ ȝ ʆʋ͋ã ɧɝɻ æßíÿ ʆʋ͋ã Ȫɻ äãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ ɑʋɿɖ

Üʓʑɰ ćɟ ʏɻ ɔɠʋɪ͋ãæɐɻɐʎɝʊã ʓɖ Ȣɤʍßÿ äãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ åíɤʄ æëãɧʁ ʆʋ͋ã ʀɼɲ ʆʊɥɒ ýɐʚ ćɼʋʊ ɞ ąɲÿ

�ɐʕɖʖʅɒʓʄɐʂɖãÿ ʆʋ͋ã íãɦʁ ɤɼɒÿ ʉʚɗɩɐɓʊã Ȫɻ Ýʢʚɗɩʡã ɤɼɒ ʘʈʋ͋ã ýɐʎʙʟã üãë ɤʅʁ ʆʊì ɺʍÿÑɔʚɪʙíɐɓʊã ʏɗʂʊã íɤʅɖ ʌʊ ɘʚɠɒ åʖʅʊã ʏʍ ʉɯɊɗ͋ã ýɐʎʙʟã ãɥʔ ʉɸÿ Ñɑʐɐɜʝã úʖʋ͋ã ɺʍʏʍ Βɓʇ Ýɧɜ ȝ ɐĂɗɒɐə ʘʅɓʁ �Ñʓʊɐɰɏɗɩã Ȫɻ Ñɀɻ ïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊ ʉɗʄ Ȟá æëß ʘɗʊã

�ɐʕʇʖʋ͋ ʘəãíʖʊã ɔʍʝã ɔɓɠʍ Ȫɻ Ăʢʚʊë ɀɻ ɨʍɐɣʊã ɨʙʖʊ ɤʕɻ ȝ ɺʄÿ āɥʊã ʘɖʛã çëɐɠʊã ʓʋɭʚʍ ëíÿß �

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ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ʃɒɐɪʊã üɐɹʑʊã âëɐɓʍ

ʌʊ ʘɗʊã æãɦʍãɋ͋ã ʏʍ æɐʙɦʙɤ͋ã ȝ ɺʄÿ ɐ͋ ɐĂɓɓɩ ýɐʇÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ɔɪʐɦʁ�Βɓʇ Ýɐʑɻ ɤɼɒ ʡá ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ɐʔɤʎɣʙ

Ñɐʕʚʋɻ Ýɐɳʅʊã ʏɻ åɧɜɐɻ ɔʋɰʅ͋ã ʉɼɜ ïʖʂʑʊã ȝ ɔʚʈʋ͋ã ɦɻɐɭ͋ã êʖɩíÿÑɨʙíɐɒ ɐɬɐɟ ɔɪʐɦʁ Ýɐɠʐß ȝ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ɔʎɎɐʄ ɔʚʈʋ͋ã åʖɻɤʊã æɦʎɗɩɐʁÝʢɝɒ ɐʕʐɐʈɪʊ ʆʋ͋ã ʀɼɲ íʖʕɹʊ Ûʘʈʋ͋ã ýɐʎʙʟã ɐʕʚʁ Ȯʢɖ ʘɗʊã æɐʙɦʙɤ͋ã ɱɼɒÿɦɻɐɭ͋ã ʆʋɖ æɤɻɐɩ ɤʄÿ ÑΓʚʈʋʍ ɐĂɒãʖʐ ɔʙɦʙɤʍ Ĕę ɕɓɣɗʐã íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɤʕɻ ʘʂʁ Ñéʖɲÿÿāɥʊã æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ éɐɝʐ Ȫɻ ÑåΒɚʇ ʌɟʢʍ ɤɼɒ ɐʕɟɐʎɜ åíʖɚʊã ɕɠɓʇ ʘɗʊã Ñɔʚʈʋ͋ã

�ʃɒɐɪʊã üɐɹʑʊã ʏʍ ãĂΒɓʇ ãĂÝɧɜ ɤʚɼʚʊÿ ÑΓʅɒɐɪʊã úʖʋ͋ã ðɦɻ Ȫɻ ȟʖɗɪʚʊ Ýɐɜ

ɨʚʍ ȝ òɦʍ ɫʚɝʊɐɒ ʃɠʋʚʊ ɑʔì āɥʊã ɀɻ ɨʍɐɣʊã ɨʙʖʊ ýß Ăʢʚʊ ɨʙíɐɒ ȝ ïɐʑʊã ʌʋɻʀɰɗʑʍ ȝ ɨɎɐʑʈʊã äãʖɒß ɕɠɗʁ ʌə Ñýʖʎʋɼʙ ʡ ɘʚɟ Ȟá ɔʋɓʋɒ ȝ ãÿíɐɩÿ ʌʕɼɜɐɳʍ ãʖʇȩʁɊɓʑʊã ʏɻ ýʖʊÝɐɪɗʙÿ ɱɼɒ ʏʍ ʌʕɳɼɒ äȩʅʙÿ Ñùɦɶʊã ùíɐʂʍ ȝ ýʖɼʎɝɗʙ üʖʅʊã ɥɢßÿ ÑʉʚʋʊãÑʆʋ͋ã Ýɐʂɭʊ ɔʚɻëʝã ʏʍ ʓʐÿßɦʅʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ɐʍ ɺɶʅʙ ɔʑʕʈʊã Ýɐʈɒ ýɐʇ ɤʄÿ Ñãʖʁíɐɼɗʙ ýß Βɾ ʏʍïɐʑʊã ʓʅʐɐɻ ʆʋ͋ã ûʢɒá Ȩɣɒ ʗɖß āɥʊã ûʖɩɦʊã Ýɐɜ ɐ͋ÿ Ñʓʋʙʖɻÿ ʓɓʚɠʑɒ ʌʕɓʚɝʙ íʖʕʎɝʊãÿl�ʆʋ͋ã ʘʂɬ{ �ʌʕʁɐɗʔ ʏʍ õíãʖɭʊã æÿëÿ Ñɦʁɐɹʊã āîɐɿʊɐɒ ʌʔΒɩ ʓɒ ãÿíɐɩÿ Ñʓʐɐɰɟ ãʖʋɓʄÿ

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ɘʊɐɚʊã ʉɰʂʊã

ÉĆF ÍĒãĉßûă* ,4ĎÓă* CÉđ& ÍĒãûĊă* ďëĎûă*DÉæă* ĈĆ ÍûâĚûă* �(Êãĉ

ȽʁíȽɚɄɽãÿ Ɂʆíʃɇɷã âëȽɀ̸ã íɑɝɺ ���

ɔʚʂɣʊã åɐʚɠʊãÿ Ñɦɻɐɭ͋ãÿ ɤʚʊɐʅɗʊã ʏɻ æɊɭʐ ɔʚʂɢ åɐʚɟ ýãʖʑɻ åɦʔɐɹʊã ýɐɪʐʟã åɐʚɟýɌʁ ʏʔÿ âëɐɓ͋ã þɥʔ äɐɯß ãìáÿ Ñɔʑʎʚʕʍ âëɐɓʍ ʓʚʁ ç ćɤɠɖÿ ýɐɪʐʟã ɤɬɦɖ ʘɗʊã ʘʔ

�ɐʕʐɐʈʍ ȝ ɕĆɓʑɖ Āɦɢß âëɐɓʍçëãʖɠʊã ʏʍ æãíʖɚʊã ʓɒ ʘɖɊɖ ɐʍ ýß Ȟá âíɐʅʊã ʓʚɓʑɖ ʖʔ æɐɹɟʢ͋ã þɥʔ ʏʍ ɔʙɐɿʊãÿȝ ʃʚʄɤʊã ɘɠɓʊã ýß Ȟáÿ ÑɐĂɏʚɭʁ ɐĂɏʚɬ ïʖʂʑʊã ȝ ɺʄÿ ȡʘʂɢ Ýʖɭʐ ɔɝʚɗʐ ʖʔ åɦʔɐɹʊã

�æãíʖɚʊã þɥʔ âëɐɓʍ ɐʕʚʁ ɕɗɓʐ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ɔɼʅɓʊã ɮɠʁ ɑʋɶɗʙ æãíʖɚʊã Āɤɟáúãíëá ʏʈʎʙ ʡÿ Ñɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ ɤɟãÿ ʉʚɜ åɤʍ ɐ͆ʚʂɢ ʘɝʙíɤɗʊã âëɐɓ͋ã Ýʖɭʐ ʉɹʙʉʚɝʊã ûÿß ȝ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ûãʖɟʝã ʏʍ ɔʚɻɐʎɗɜʡã æɐʅɓɶʊã ɤʑɻ ɐʍ ïɐʚʅɒ ʡá ʓɖɦɎãë õɐɪɖãɤʕɻ ȝ ɔʚʈʋ͋ã Ȟá Ýɐʎʋɼʊã ɐʕɒ ɦɹʑʙ ýɐʇ ʘɗʊã ɔʂʋɗɣ͋ã íɐʈʁʝã Ȫɻ õʢɵʢʊ ɑɝʙÿ ÑþɦɢÞÿʖɾíʖɖ æɐʙɦɹʑɒ ʓʙʖɩʖɒ æɐʙɦɹʐ ʉɒɐʅʐ ýß ɀɻ ïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊÿ ɀɻ ɺɒãɦʊã ɨʙʖʊɆ ʏʍ åɤʎɗɪʍ ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ɔɶʋɩ ýá �ûʖʅʙ ýɐʇ āɥʊã Ñʓʙʖɩʖɒ ýß Āɦʐ ʆʊɐʑʕʁ Ñɔʚɩɐʚɪʊãýɐʎʙá ʏɻ ȤȨ ąɼĆʙ ýɐʇ Ʋ ïɐʑʊã üɐʍß Γʊÿɋɪʍ Βɾ úʖʋ͋ã ýáÿ Ñþɤɟÿ úʖʋ͋ã ɑɩɐɠʙ āɥʊãɦʙîʖʊɐʇ Ʋ ýʖɠʋɰ͋ã Ýãíîʖʊã ʓɓɗʇ ɐʍ ýß Āɦʐÿ Ñɐ͆ʚʑʙë ɐĂʐɐʎʙá ɔʅʋɶ͋ã ɔʚʈʋ͋ɐɒ ïɐʑʊã�ʘʕʊʟã úʖʋ͋ã ʃɟ ýÿë ʏʍ ɔʍʝã ʃɠɒ øȩɼɖ Āɦɢß Ąéÿí ʏʍ ɐ Ăɼɓɭʍ ýɐʇ Ʋ ʖɾíʖɖ

ïɋɓʊãÿ ɑɎãɃʊãÿ ɴɠʅʊãÿ äÿɦɠʊã ɐʕʑʍ ÑåΒɚʇ ûʖɠɗʊã ãɥʔ ɕɓɜÿß ʘɗʊã çëãʖɠʊãÿüãȩɟã üɐʅʍ çëãʖɠʊã þɥʔ ɕʍɐʄß ɤʅʁ Ñɀɻ ɨʍɐɣʊã ɨʙʖʊ ɤʕɻ ɦɢÞ ȝ ɺʄÿ āɥʊã üɐɼʊã

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

éʖʑɩ ɤʑɻ íʖʕɹʋʊ åɤɼɗɪʍ ïʖʂʑʊã ȝ åíʖə Ʋ ɛʙíɤɗʊɐɒ ɕɻɧɻɧɖ ʘɗʊã Ʋ ʆʋ͋ã ɔɶʋɩ�ɔɯɦʁ ûÿß

ɔɻȵ Ɂʂʐ ãɥʕɒ Ñʓʊʢɠʐã ʌɗʙ ýß ɘɓʋʙ ʌʊ ûʢɠʐʡã ȝ ȹʂʑʊã èãɧ͋ã ßɤɒ ʗɗʍÿʏʈɖ ʌʊ ʘɗʊã âëɐɓ͋ã þɥʕʁ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ïɐʑʊã Γɒ âëɐɓ͋ã ʏʍ Βɚʇ íɐɭɗʐãýáÿ Ñɔɠʊɐɯ ɔɏʚɒ ɐʕɗʁëɐɰʍ üɤɼʊ Ûåíʖɚʊã ʆʋɖ çÿɤɟ ʉɓʄ ɐʔĆΒəɊɖ ɦʕɹʙ ʌʊ ɔɚʙɤɟȝ ãĂΒɚʇ ɀɓʊã ɐʔëëí ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ïɐʑʊã æʖʕɗɩã ʘɗʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ýá ʉʅʁ ɕɏɬÝɐʎʋɻ ɺʁãë ɤʄÿ ÑȾʍ ɐʎʚʁ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã ʌʕɗɶɢ ɧʚʋʈʐʟã Ȟá ɕɟÿß ʘɗʊã ʘʕʁ Ñȳɐ͋ãɔʚɓɼɭʊã ɔɶʋɪʋʊ ɐʍ Γʑʋɼʍ ʏʙɤɓɗɪ͋ã Γʑɻʡ ɔʑɩ ʘʂʊß ɥʑʍ ɔʙɦɠʊã ʏɻ Γɖʢʊãÿ ýɐʐʖʚʊãɑɗʈʊã ȝ ʌʕɎɐɒɉʇ ʉɎɐɪ͋ã þɥʔ ɺʚʎɜ ãʖʎʋɼɖ ʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã Ýɐʑɒß ýß ɺʍÿ Ñùʖʅɠʊã ʏʍʀʚʇÿ Ñʓʚʁ ʌʕɝʚʕɖ ýß ɺʚɶɗɪɖ āɥʊã ɕʄʖʊã ɤɼĆɓʊ ʌʕʑʇɐɩ úɦɠɖ ʌʊ ɐʕʐɌʁ ɔʚɩíɤ͋ã

Üɑɖãɦ͋ã üãȩɟã ʓʚʁ æëʖɼɖ ʏʍî ȝ ɔʍʝã ȝ ɦȤəɋɖãʖʂɭɗʈʙ ʌʊ ʌʕʁ Ñʌʕʚʊá Āɧɼʙ ɐʍ ĆΒɾ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã çÿɤɟ ȝ ɔʂɩʢʂʊã ΒəɊɖÿÑûʢɠʐʡã ȝ ßɤɓɖ ɐʍɤʑɻ æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ɐʕʍÿɐʅɖ ʡ ʘɗʊã ëɐʅɗʐʡã éÿí ãʖʎʐß ɐʎʐáÿ Ñã Ăɤʙɤɜ ɐĂɏʚɬɕʋɠʎɲã ʗɗʍÿ Ñɐ Ăʍȩɠʍ ýɐʇ ɐʍ Ýãíëîã Ȟá ïɐʑʊã è ȣíɤɖ ëɐʅɗʐʡã éÿí ʖʎʐ ʏɻ Ɋɭʐ ɤʄÿ

� Ăɔɗɿɒ ʘɻɐʎɗɜʡã ýɐʚʑɓʊã ɴʅɩ æɐʍĆɦ Ćɠʊãÿ ɤʚʊɐʅɗʊãʡÿ āɤɗʅʙ āɥʊã ɑɼɭʊã ȝ ΒəɊɗʊã ʏɻ ãÿɧɝɻÿ Ñɔʎʋɼɗ͋ã æɐʅɓɶʊã ȝ ɔʂɩʢʂʊã ɦȢəßøãȴʝã ýɐʇÿ Ñåÿɦɚʊã äɐɠɯß ʏʍ ʏʍɧʊã ʆʊì ȝ ɔɩɐʎɟ Γɠʋɰ͋ã ɦɚʇß ýɐʇÿ Ñõɤɗɓʙýʖʂɗʕʙÿ ÑΓʚʑɵʖʊã åãÿɐɪʍÿ ýɐɪʐʟã ùʖʅɟÿ ʘɻɐʎɗɜʡã ɤʅɼʊã ɘɟɐɓʍ Ȟá ýʖɶɭʑʙ

�ʌʕɗʚʋʔß üɤɻÿ ʌʔąëãɤɓɗɩãÿ ɔʚʊɐɼʊã ɑɖɦʊã äɐɠɯß åɤʅɗʑ͋ã ɔʚʋʚɚʎɗʊã æɐʙãÿɦʋʊæɐʅɓɵ æɦɼɬÿ ÑÝɐʚɗɩɐʁ äãɦɶɲã ʌʕʎɻ ɺʎɗɝ͋ã ýɐʇíɊɒ ʌʕɗʅə ïɐʑʊã ɤʅʁ ʗɗʍÿ

�ɐʔĆ ȤΒɪɖ ɕʐɐʇ ʘɗʊã ʉʍãʖɼʊã ûãÿɧɒ ɺʎɗɝ͋ãɐʔΒəɊɖ ʏʈʊÿ Ñɤʚʊɐʅɗʊã ûɐʅəß ɔɻɧɻɧʊ øãȴʝãÿ äɐɗʈʊã ȝ ɤʅʑʊã éÿí ćʀʈɖ ʌʊ Ñʌɼʐíÿɤʊã ȝ ɔʚʐɤ͋ã ɔʍʖʈɠʊãÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ýá ɐ ĂʂʐÞ ɐʑʋʄ ɤʄÿ ÑĀɦɢß ɔʙʖʄ æãɦəɋʎɒ ʌɻĆëɔʚʐɐɚʊã ɑʚɰʙ Ȟÿʝã üɤɯ ýɐʈʁ Ñɐ Ăʅʚəÿ Ăʢɯÿ Āɦɢʝɐɒ ɐʎʔãɤɟá Γɗʊʖɯʖʍ ɐɗʐɐʇ ʃɒɐɪʊãõɧɻɧɗʙ ýß ʉɓʄ Γʎʋɼɗ͋ã ïʖʂʐ ɐʕɗʁɐɻ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã ɤʚʊɐʅɗʊã ýá �ûʖʅʐ ýʛãÿ ÑåíÿɃʊã ʌʈɠɒȞá æʖʔʢʊã ʌʊɐɻ ʏʍ ïʖʂʑʊã ûɐʅɗʐã ɑɜÿß āɥʊã ʌʋɼʊã üɤʅɖ ɑɓɪɒ ʆʊìÿ Ñʘʈʋ͋ã ßɤɓ͋ã

�ʌʋɼʊã ʌʊɐɻ

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Ƽ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ɔʚɪʂʑʊã Ȳʖʂʊã

ɐĂʐÿɦʄ ïɐʑʊã æëɐʄ ʘɗʊã ɤʚʊɐʅɗʊã ýɊɒ Ʋ Ýʖɭʑʊã ãɥʔ ʉɼʂɒ Ʋ ɦɼɭʙ ýɐʇ ɦɸɐʑʊɐʁɐɰɻ ʏɻ ɘɠɓʙ ýɐʇ ʏʙß ʏʈʊÿ Ñɐʕʋʙɤɓɖ āíÿɃʊã ʏʍ ýßÿ Ñɔʎʚʄ æãì ɕɪʚʊ åΒɚʇ

Üʃɒɐɪʊã ýɐʚʑĆɓʊã üɐʅʍ ɤʙɤɜ ʘɻɐʎɗɜã ýɐʚʑɒ ɔʍɐʄá Ȫɻ åíëɐʅʊã ɦɠɪʊãýɐʇ ʉʔÿ Ñɤʚʊɐʅɗʊãÿ ɔʕʊʛã ɐʕɖ ćɁɢ ʘɗʊã åíɤʅʊɐɒ ʉʅɼʊã ʀɯÿ Ȫɻ õɐʎɜʟã ɺʄÿýɊɬ ʌɹɻ ãɥʈʔ Üʓɖɐʁɐɭɗʇã æɦɚʇ āɥʊã ʖʔÿ æɐɼʎɗɝ͋ã ʉʙʖɠɖ Ȫɻ ʓɖíɤʄ ȝ ʆ ąɭĆʙ

�ɤʚʊɐʅɗʊã ýɊɬ ûÝɐɳɖÿ ïʖʂʑʊã ȝ ʉʅɼʊãʏʍ ɐʔ ȢΒ ąɩąÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã íɐʐ ɤʄÿßÿ Ñʉʅɼʊã Ȟá åíɤʅʊã ʆʋɖ ɤʑɩß āɥʊã Ñßɤɓ͋ãÿɺʎɗɝʍ ɔʍɐʄáÿ ȳɐ͋ã ëʖʚʄ ʌʚɶɠɖ Ȫɻ ïɐʑʊã ʓɒ ýɐɼɗɩã āɥʊã ʖʔ Ñɐʔɦɢß Ȟá ɐʕʊÿß

�ɤʙɤɜȳɐ͋ã ȝ Ȣɤ Ćɻ ɐʍ ɺʚʎɜ ýß ɔʂɩʢʂʊã æɐʙɦɹʐ ʏʍ ɑɼɭʊã Ȟá Ýɴɓɒ ɴɓʔ ɐʍ ɮ Ȣɣąʋʙÿüɤɻÿ Γʅɒɐɪʊã åëɐɪʊã ɔɻɐɵʟ ʉɠʍ ąʃɓʙ ʌʊ ʓʐßÿ Ñüãȩɟʡɐɒ ɦʙɤɜ Βɾ ɞɓɯß ɐ Ăʍȩɠʍ

�ëÿɤɠʊã āɤɼɖüãɤʍ æɦʇì ɤʄÿ Ñåɤʙɤɝʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã þɥʕʊ ɔɝʚɗʐ ûÿß ëÿɤɠʋʊ ïɐʑʊã åîÿɐɝʍ ɕʐɐʇýʖʐʖʈɗɩ{ �ΓʋɎɐʄ æɐɒɦɼʊã ʗʄɦʍ Ȟá ýʖʅɖɦʙ ýɐɭʐʖʊ þɧʑɗʍ ȝ ãʖʐɐʇ üãʖɼʊã ýß ýãȨʋʚɝʚʁ

�læɐɒɦɼʊã ȝ ʏɠʐ ýʖʈʐÿ ɐʑʂʋɢ üëɐʅʊã üɐɼʊã ȝʉʚɓʄ ɺʚʎɝʋʊ Ăʢʍɐɬ ýɐʇ ʉɒ Ñüãʖɼʊɐɒ ɐɯ͆ɐɢ Ýɐʚɗɩʡãÿ ëÿɤɠʊã åîÿɐɝʍ ɦʍß ʏʈʙ ʌʊ

�ʏʙɐɖ ûɐʄ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã

ʏʙɤʄɐɟ æɐʙʡʖʊã øãȴß ýɐʇÿ Ñʌʔíɐɓʇ Ȫɻ ʏʙɤʄɐɟ ïÿΒʋʇʟã íɐɿɯ ýɐʇÑʌʕɎãȨʇ Ȫɻ ʏʙɤʄɐɟ Γʚɻɐɶʄʟã Ýãɦʍʝã íɐɿɯ ýɐʇÿ ÑΓɒɦʅ͋ã øãȴʝã Ȫɻ

�ýɤ͋ã ýɐʈɩ Ȫɻ ʏʙɤʄɐɟ Āɦʅʊã ýɐʈɩ ýɐʇÿ

Ñɑɼɭʊã Ȟá ïÿΒʋʇʟãÿ øãȴʝã ʏʍ ɕʋʅɗʐã ʘɗʊã Ñɔʚɪʂʑʊã Ćûɐɠʊã ʆʋɖ ɕʊʖɗɩã ʌəɐʍßÿ Ñlðʖʚɝʊɐɒ Γʅəãÿ ɐʑɪʊ{ �äãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ éɐɗɗʁã Γɟ ɦʈʚʐ ûɐʄ Ñɐ Ăɳʙß ɫʚɝʊã Ȫɻëʖʑɝʊã ɐʍßÿ Ñɔʂɪʋʂʊɐɒ ýʖʋɿɗɭʙ ãÿɥɢßÿ Ñʘʐɐɪʐʟã ɑʔɥ͋ã íɐɰʐß ʏʍ ãʖɠɓɯɊʁ óɐɓɳʊãʌʕʇíãɤʍ ȝ åãÿɐɪ͋ã âëɐɓʍ ɔʊʡɤʊ ʆʊìÿ Ñɔʂɪʋʂʊɐɒ ãʖʋɿɗɭʙ ʌʊ ýáÿ ýʖɼʚɶʙ ʡ ãʖʐɐʈʁ

�ɔɻɐɶʊãÿ ɔɩɐɎɦʊã ýʢɶĆɒ Ȫɻ ɔʂʚɣɪʊãûãÿî ɕɓɜÿß Ñɫʚɝʊã ɐʕʑʍÿ Ñɺʎɗɝ͋ã æɐʅɓɵ Ȫɻ ɔʚɪʂʑʊãȲʖʂʊã ɕʊʖɗɩã ýß ɤɼɒÿ

�ûÿíɐʂʙí ûɐʄ Ñʃɒɐɪʊã üɐɹʑʊã

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

âëɐɓʍ ɫʚɝʊã ûɐɠɗʐãÿ Ñʆʋ͋ã ʏɻ ɫʚɝʊã ȫɣɖ ʖʔ ɔʚʈʋ͋ã Ȫɻ Ⱦʄ āɥʊã ýá�ɔɚʊɐɚʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã

ɼɺ ɹʁíʃɯɽ ÑɁʇɗɽɓɯɷã åíʃɇɷã ɼʆʃɵɃ Ȋȭɨ ɼɺȽɇɷã ýɓɲɷã Ɂɯɖʏɮ ͿɆȷɃ ���Ɂʇɢãɓɱʃɻʆɑɷã

ɔʍʖʈɠʋʊ ɐ Ăɻɐʚɬß Ñåíʖɚʊã éÿí ïɐʑʊã ȝ ãʖɣʂʐ ʌʕʐß ʏĆɸ ʏʙɥʊã Ñɔʂɩʢʂʊã ȢɤɼĆʙ Ȣʡß ɑɝʙɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ýʖɗʅʎʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ɤʅʁ Ñɔɏʚɪʊã æãëɐɼʊãÿ üɐʔÿʝã ɱɼɒ ãʖʋɖɐʄ ýáÿ ÑɔʚɓɼɭʊãÑëɐʕɶɲʡãÿ ɑʙɦɣɗʊã ʏʍ ɐʔÝãíÿ ɦɝɖ ɐʍ ʌʕʎʋɼʊ Ûýɐʐʖʚʊã ɡʙíɐɖ ȝ ɐʕʐɊɬ ʏɻ ãʖɚɠɒ ʘɗʊãüãʖɼɒ ɦʍß ʉʇÿ Γʐãʖʅʊã ɐʕʚʁ óɐʑɖ ɔʍʖʈɟ ɐʕʐɊɒ{ �ʖɶɩíß ʏʍî ȝ ɕʁȤɦɻ ʘɗʊã ʘʔÿ

�lΓɓɾɐɭ͋ã ɱɼɒ ɤʙɦʙ ɐʎʇ ýÿΒɪʙÿ åɦɒɐɓɝʊã ʏʍ ʌʕɪʂʐß ýÿȨɗɼʙɔʍʖʈɠʊã ʏɻ ÑΒɗʊʖǜʊ ɐ Ăʂąʋ ąɩ ʃɠɒ Ȩɗɼʙ āɥʊã ʖʔÿ Ñʉʚɒ ïɦɶɒ ʓʊɐʄ ɐʍ ʆʚʊáÿ

�ɔʑʚəß ȝ ɔʚɓɼɭʊã

ëɐʕɶɲãÿ ɐʕʑɗʁÿ ɐʕɒãɧɟß üɐɪʅʐãÿ ɔʑʚəß ɨʊɐɝʍ ɡʙíɐɖ ýɐɪʐʟã ßɦʅʙ ɐʍɤʑɻýɊɒ ʌʈɠʙ ÑΓɓɾɐɭ͋ã Ýɐɓɶɣʊã ɤɟß ɤʙɦʙ ýɐʇ ɐʎʇ Ñʌʕʚʂʐÿ ʌʕćʋɗʄÿ ɐʕʁãȴßʏʙɥʊã Γʊɐɗɠ͋ã ʏʙíɐəɦɚʊã ʏʍ ɔɏʂʊ ã Ăɤɓɻ Ñɔʅʚʅɠʊɐɒ Ñýɐʇ íʖɣʂʊã ɑɼɭʊã ʆʊìɔʚʈʋ͋ã ɔʚʐÿɤʈʍ ɡʙíɐɖ ȝ ɘ ćɠĆɒ ʖʊÿ Ñɞʙɦʊã ɑʕʍ ȝ ɔɭʙí ʓʐɊʇ ʓʐʖɓʋʅʙ ãʖʐɐʇ

�ɔʑʚəß ȝ ɤɜÿ ɐʎʇ ëãɤɓɗɩãÿ ʌʋɸ ɔʋɚʍß ʓʚʁ æɤɜĆÿ ɐʍ

ʀɯÿ ýß ɤɼɒ ûë ɤʅʁ Ñʆʊì ʏʍ ʉʄß ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ȝ ʖʚʈɪɗʐʖʍ āßí ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿɔʍʖʈɠʊã ʓʚʊá ûÿɋɖ ɐʍ Ȫɻ Ñåɤɓɗɪ͋ãÿ ɔʚʈʋ͋ãÿ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã Ñɔəʢɚʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ûɐʈɬß

�ʘʔÿ Ñɔʚɖʛã æɐʎʋʈʊɐɒ ɔʚɓɼɭʊã

ÑΓʐãʖʅʊã ɔʂʊɐɣʍ ȝ ɔʙɦɠʊã ýÿɦʙ ãÿíɐɰʁ Γʐãʖʅʊã ʉɸ ȝ ãĂíãɦɟß ïɐʑʊã ýɐʇʉɢɤʙ ɐʍ ýɐʇÿ Ñã ĂɁ Ćɻ ßɤɓʍ ʖʔ ɐʍÿ ɔʁɐɣɩ ɔʎʈɟ ʖʔ ɐʍ ýʖ ȣʎ ąɪĆʙ ãʖɠɓɯßÿýìá ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊɐʁ Ñëãɦʁʞʊ ɐĂʈʋʍ ûɐ͋ã ɕʚɒ ɞɓɯɊʁ ëãɦʁʝã ʏʍ ɺʎɝʙ ûɐ͋ã ɕʚɒ

�ïɐʑʊã ɱɼɒ åʖʄ ʏʍ ɐʕɖʖʄ åɤʎɗɪʍ ɔɏʚʔ Āʖɩ ɕɪʚʊ

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Ƽ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ɔʚɪʂʑʊã Ȳʖʂʊã

ɐʍ ʌʕʚʁ íɐɿɯ åɦɒɐɓɜ Ʋ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã āß Ʋ ɔʚɓɼɭʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ȝ ɦʕɹʙüɐʍî Ȫɻ ɱɓʄ ùɐɶʙ ʡ ʌʔĆɦʍß ɞɓɯß ʗɗʍÿ ÑɱɎɐʅʑʊã ʏʍ Βɓʈʊã íɐȢɓɝʊã ȝ

�Ýȯ ʉʇ ɑɼɭʊã Ɂɣʁ ɤɟãÿ íɐȢɓɜ ʌʈɠʊãåãÿɐɪ͋ã ȝ åʡɐɿ͋ã ʏʍ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ʓʚʊá ɦɝɖ ɐʍ äɐʑɗɜã ɑɜÿ ʆʊɥʊ

�ëʢɓʋʊ ʘɓʑɜʝã ÿɧɾ ȞɌʁ ʃʋɶ͋ã ʌʈɠʊã Ȟá ɔʙëɋ͋ã

ʘʔ åɤɓɗɪʍ ɔʍʖʈɟ Ȟá ûʖɠɗʊã ʏʍ ɔʚʈʋʎʋʊ ɔɼʐɐ͋ã ɔʙíʖɗɩɤʊã ɔʙɧʚʋʈʐʟã ɔʍʖʈɠʊãÿ�ãɤ͆ɜ ɐ Ăʂʚɼɲ ýɐʇ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ȝ øʖɪʋʚʂʊã ãɥʔ ΒəɊɖ ýß Βɾ ÑȪɻʝã ʖʚʈɪɗʐʖʍ ʉąɚ ąʍúɐɓʊÿß ʌʕʑʍ ɐʑʚʑɚɗɩã ɐʎɒíÿ Ñɴʄ ɔɩɐʚɪʊã ãʖɩíɐʎʙ ʌʋʁ øíɐɼ͋ã åɦɎãë ʖɼɲãÿ ɐʍßÿãʖʐɐʇ ʏʙɥʊã ɔəʢɚʊã Ýʡɋʕʁ Ñɔʙɦɠʊã ɑʔɥʎɒ ɐĂɓʔɥʎɗʍ ɐ͆ʚʈʋʍ Ñÿíɤʙëÿ ΒɗʊʖǛ ʉɚʍ Ñýɐʇ āɥʊãʌʊ Ñɔɪʚʑʈʊã Ñɔʂɩʢʂʊã åÿɤɻ ýʖʋɖɐʅʙÿ ñʖɰɣʊã Ȫɻ ɔʚɰɣɭʊã ɔʙɦɠʊã ʏɻ ýʖɼʁãɤʙʏʍ ÝȻɒ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɺʂɗʑɖ ʌʊ ɑɓɪʊã ãɥʕʊÿ ÑΓʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙë ÿß Γʚʇãȩɬã ãʖʐʖʈʙ

�ʌʕɎëɐɓʍ�ûɐʄ ɤʅʁ Ñɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʋʊ ɺʚɭɗʊã ʉʚʋʄ ΒɗʊʖǛ ýɐʇ

ɺɗʎɗɖ ʘɗʊã åΒɿɰʊã ëʢɓʊɐʁ ÑåΒɿɯ ãĂëʢɒ Ȣʡá ʌɎʢɖ ʡ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã Āíßýɐɓʔɦʊã íɐʙëß ȝ ɐʎʇ Ñæʡɧʊã ʏʍ Βɚʇ ɐʕʚʁ ɺʄÿ ýáÿ Ʋ ʘɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ʌʈɠʊɐɒåɤʑʊɦʙá ɞɒãɥʎʇ ɞɒãɥʍ ʡÿ Ñʘʎʋɖíɐɒ ýɐɩ ɔʎɠʋʎʇ ʌɟʢʍ ɐʕʚʁ ɺʅɖ ʡ Ʋøȩɿʙ ʏʍ Ȫɻ ɔʄɐɭʊã ûɐɿɬʝɐɒ ɐʕʚʁ ʌʈɠʙ ʡÿ Ñɫʚɗʂɗʊã ɔʎʈɠʍÿ ɔʚʋʅɯÿʏʍ ɕʂʊɊɖ ãìá ʆʊì Βɾ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ʆʋɖ ýʖʈɖÿ Ñʓʑʎə āëɋʙ ʡ Ýɐʍ ɦɠɓʊã ʏʍ

�ʌʚɠɝʊã ʘɟãʖʐ ʏʍ åΒɓʇ ɔʚɟɐʐ ȝ Γɵɐʚɭʊã

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åɤɟãÿ Γʐãʖʄ ʏɪɖ ýß ɑɝʙ ʓʐßÿ Ñýɐʈʍÿ ýɐʍî ʉʇ ȝ ýʖʋəɐʎɗʍ ʌʕʋʇ ïɐʑʊã ýßÿ ÑȞÿʝãɐʍ ɺʎɩɐʁ Ñʖɩÿí ëɐʅɗɻɐʇ ýɐʇ Γɠʊã ʆʊì ȝ ïɐʑʊã ëɐʅɗɻã ýß ɦʕɹʙÿ Ñåɤɟãÿ ɔʎɹʐßÿɔʋʚɳʂʊã ýß ȝ ʆɭʙ ʉʔÿ Ñɐʕʑʚʐãʖʄ ʏʍ ɐʕɰɎɐʅʐÿ ɔʍʝã ʉɎɐɳʁ ʃɗɭĆɖ{ �ïʖʚɪʚʂʋʔ ʓʊɐʄ

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Ɂʇɗɽɓɯɷã åíʃɇɷã üȽʆß Ɂʇɯɗɸɯɷã ʄɣɖʃɷã Ɂɲɀɣɷã âëȽɀɺ � �

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ɔʚɻɐʎɗɜʡãÿ ɔʚʂɪʋʂʊã ʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã âëɐɓʍ Γʚɼɖ ɑɼɰʙ ʓʐß ɺʍ�ýɐɪʐʟã ùʖʅɟ ýɐʚɒ ȝ ɔɰɣʋʍ ɤɻãʖʄ ɺɳɒ Ȟá ɐʔȣëí ʏʈʎʙ

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āɥʊã ʖʔ þΒəɊɖ ýɌʁ þíɐɭɗʐɐɒ ȡíɐɲ Βɾ ɑʔɥ͋ã Ɋɶɢ ýß ɐʎɒ �ûʖʅʑʁ ëʖɼʐÿ Ñɐ Ăʅɒɐɩ ɐʑʋʄɘɠɓʙ ýß ïɐʑʊã ȝ þΒəɊɖ ɔʚʂʚʇ ʀɭɗʈʙ ýß ëʖʙ āɥʊã øʖɪʋʚʂʊã Ȫɻÿ Ñʓʚʁ ɘɠɓʊã ɑɝʙ�ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ɕʐɐʇ ɐʎʇ åΒɚʇ üɐʔÿʝã ʏʈɖ ʌʊ ɐʎɒíÿ Ñʌʕɒ ɔɶʚɠ͋ã üɐʔÿʝã ȝ

ɔɼʚɓɵ ʓɒ ïɐʑʊã í Ȣʖɰąɖ āɥʊã ɑʙɦɿʊã ɦʙʖɰɗʊã ãĂíʖʕɸ üɐʔÿʝã ɤɬß ʏʍ ɤ ĆɼʐÿÝɐɜ ɐʎʇ Ʋ Γɠʊã ʆʊì ȝ ïɐʑʊã ɤʅɗɻã ɤʅʁ ÑȞÿʝã æɐɼʎɗɝ͋ã ɔɼʚɓɵÿ Γʊÿʝã ɐʐëãɤɜßýßÿ Ñɔʚʊɐɻ ĂʢĆɚ Ćʍ ɕʐɐʇ æɐɼʎɗɝ͋ã ýßÿ Ñ Ăʢʍɐʇ ýɐɪʐʟã ʃʋɢ Ɇ ýß Ʋ æɐʚʋʚɎãȵʟã ȝýß ɔʙɦɶʂʊã ɔʊɐɠʊã Ȟá õʖɜɦʊã ßɤɓʍ ɘɓʋʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɐʕʚʊá ëʖɼʊã ɑɝʙ ʓʐßÿ Ñɐʕɖɤɪʁß åíɐɳɠʊãȪɻ ûɤʙ ʘɖɐʂʊɋʍ ȝ ʓʑɻ ɕɚɠɒ āɥʊã ȭɐɩʝã ùʢɢʝã ßɤɓʍ ýá{ �ʖɩÿí ûɐʄ Ñɐʍ͆ɐɻ ɞɓɯß

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ʀʇɟȽɺ ɼɨ ýȽɗɽʌã ɶɝɮ ýȽɵɺá Ȋÿ ɽãʃɲɷã åʃɱ ȊïȽɾɷã üȽʁÿß ���

ʏɻ ýɐɪʐʟã ʉɰʁ ßɤɓʍ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɔʎɹʐʝ ɐ Ăɩɐɩß æɥɣɖã ʘɗʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ʏʍ ɤ Ćɼąʐýß Γɠʊã ʆʊì ȝ ýʖɻȩɭ͋ã ɤʅɗɻã ɤʅʁ Ñɔʎɹʐʝɐɒ ɺʎɗɝ͋ã ɤʙɤɝɖ ýɐʈʍá ßɤɓʍÿ ʓʚɲɐʍãʖʍɧɼʁ ʉʚʊɐɲʝãÿ æɐʁãɦɣʊã ʏʍ ɺɓɭʍ Ʋ åɤʚɼɓʊã ɔʚʊɐɣʊã ýÿɦʅʊã ãɤɻ ɐʍ Ʋ ȳɐ͋ãã Ăɤʙɤɜ ɐ Ăʎʙʖʅɖÿ ã Ăɤʙɤɜ ɐ Ăɣʙíɐɖ Ʋ ʌ ćʔɤ ćɰʅʍ íɐʕɸʟ Ʋ ãʖʐȢÿëÿ Ñʓɒ ɔʋɯ ʉʇ ɺɶʄ Ȫɻýÿíëɐʄ ʌʕʐß ʌʕʑɸ Ýɐʂʇß ïɐʑʊã ýß ʌʕʎʔʖɖ ɑɜÿßÿ Ñûʖɰʂʊãÿ íʖʕɭʊã Ýɐʎɩß ΓʊȤɤɓʍ

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Page 106: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

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ùʖʅɟ æɐʐɐʚɒ ȝ åíʖʇɥʍ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɐʕʚʋɻ ɕʍɐʄ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɩɐɩʝã ùʖʅɠʊã âëɐɓʍ ýáɤʄÿ Ñđėęĕ ɔʑɩÿ Ñđėęē ɔʑɩÿ ÑđėĘę ɔʑɩ ȝ ɺɒɐɗɗʊɐɒ æɀĆʐ ʘɗʊã ɔəʢɚʊã ýɐɪʐʟã

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ʀɼɲ ɺʍ Βɓʇ ýɊɬ Ʋ lÝɐɢʟãÿ åãÿɐɪ͋ãÿ ɔʙɦɠʊã{ āß Ʋ āíʖʕʎɝʊã íɐɼɭʋʊåíɤʅʊã ûɤɼɖ ɔʎʚɹɻ åíɤʄ ɐʐíĆɤɜ Ȫɻ ɫʅʐ āɥʊã ɦɟɐɪʊã íɐɼɭʊã ãɥʕʊÿ Ñɔʚʋʅɼʊã ʓɗʎʚʄÑþíɐɭɗʐã ʉ Ȣʕ ąɩ äʖʋʅʊã ȝ ûɐʍʛã ʏʍ þɐʅʊß ɐʍÿ Ñôɐʂʊʝã ɱɼɒ Ȟá åɦɠɪʊã ɐʔÿɧɼʙ ʘɗʊãýɌʁ ʌʊɐɼʊã ȝ åíʖə ɕʍɦɶɲã ãìá ýʛãÿ Ñʓʋʚɓɩ ȝ ʌʕɪʂʐɊɒ ïɐʑʊã øʖʊß ʗ Ȣɠɲ ɤʄÿ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ýß ɘɓʋɖ ʌʊ ɔʚʐãɂʑʊã ɔɪʚʑʈʊɐʁ Ñʓʚʋɻ ïɐʑʊã ɔɹʁɐɠ͋ ʘʂʈʙ ʡ ßɤɓ͋ã ýʢɻá ʏʈʊÿ�ʌʕɓąɶ Ćɢ ȝ Ȣʡá ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã Ýɐʎɻî ʓɒ Ɋɓɼʙ ʌʊÿ Ñāɦɹʑʊã åãÿɐɪ͋ã ßɤɓʍ ʏɻ ɕʊąɤɻ

Ȫɻ ûɤʙ ʌʕɳɼɒ ɤʑɻ åãÿɐɪ͋ã ßɤɓʎʁ Ñïɐʑʊã øʢɗɢɐɒ åãÿɐɪ͋ã ʗʑɼʍ ʀʋɗɣʙÿɔɓʄɐɼʙ ɤʑɻ ʖʔÿ Ñʓʐÿë âɦʍã ʉʇ ýʖʈʙ ýßÿ Ñã Ăɤɟß ʓʄʖʁ Āɦʙ Ȣʡß ȝ ýɐɪʐʟã ɔɓɾíûɐɶɒá Ȟá ʘɼɪʊãÿ Ñɔʚʋɳʁß ʉʇ ɕʅʍ Ȫɻ ʌʑʙ ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ɔɓʄɐɼʙÿ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã

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�ʓɓɎɐʐÿ ȟãʖʊã Γɒÿ Ñɦʙîʖʊãÿ ɔʍɐɼʊã

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Page 110: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɔʚɩɐʚɩ åíʖə ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ýá{ �ûɐʄ ɤʅʁ Ñʆʊɥʊ ʓɓɗʐã ʏʍ ûÿß ʖʔ ʉʚʂʇʖɖ ýß ʏɸßÿ�lëɐɬíʟã åʖɻɤʊɐɒ ëʢɓʊã ȝ ɐʕʋɚʍ ɕʋɾʖɖÿ Ñɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãíʖɚʊã ɴʎʐ Ȫɻ æíɐɩ

ʓɗɓɜÿß ɐʍ éɐɳʙá ɐʑʚʋɻ ʉ Ćʕɩ ʘʑʙë ɂʑɻ ʏʍ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ȝ ɐʍ ɐʑʙɤʊ ɕɓə ãìáÿíʖʍʝã þɥʔ ýß ɡʙíɐɗʊã ɕɓəß ɤʅʁ ÑÝɐʑʁÿ äÿɦɟÿ ɞʍɐɪɖ üɤɻÿ ýãÿɤ Ćɻÿ ɑʙɦɣɖÿ èɐʚʔ ʏʍ

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ÑΓʙʢʍ ɔɪʎɢ ʌʔëɤɻÿ Ñýʖɓɢɐʑʊã ɑɣɗʐɐʁ Ñʆʊì Ȫɻ üɐɼʊã āßɦʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ɕʅʁãÿʏʍÿ ÑɑɎɐʐ đĒĐĐ Ñøãȴʝã ʏʍ ɑɢɐʐ đĕĐĐĐĐÿ ïÿΒʋʇʟã ʏʍ ɑɢɐʐ đĐĐĐĐĐ ʌʕʑʍ�ïÿΒʋʇʟã ýʖʋɚʎʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ēĐĐ ʌʕʑʍÿ Ñɔɚʊɐɚʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã ýʖʋɚʎʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ĕĘė äãʖʑʊã Ýʡɋʔäãʖʐ ȩɩ ɐʎʋʁ ÑȞÿʝã æɐɻɐʎɗɜʡã ɥʑʍ äãʖʑʊã ʆɏʊÿß Γɒ ɔʚɟÿí æɐʁʢɗɢã æɤɒ ɤʄÿʌʕɖãîɐʚɗʍã ɑɪɟ Ȫɻ ʆʋ͋ã üɐʍß ʌʕɩÿàí Ʋ ûÿʝã õɐʎɗɜʡã ȝ Ʋ ïÿΒʋʇʟãÿ øãȴʝãɔɚʊɐɚʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã äãʖʐ ɐɻë ɐ͋ÿ ÑÝʡɋʔ Ȫɻ ʆɏʊÿß ɛɗɟã ʌʔɤʚʋʅɖ ɔɚʊɐɚʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã äãʖʐ ëãíßÿãʖɰɠʂʙ ʘʈʊ úȩɭʍ õɐʎɗɜã Ȟá Γɖɤʚɼɒ Γɗ ąʔĉëąí ȝ Γɼʎɗɝ͋ã ïÿΒʋʇʟãÿ øãȴʝã äãʖʐΓʋɚʎʍ ʌʕɪʂʐß ɔɚʊɐɚʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã äãʖʐ Ȩɗɻã ɥɎɤʑɼʁ Ñʆʊì øãȴʝã ɱʁí ɔɒɐʚʑʊã ʃɎɐəÿíëãʖɒ ɕɟʡ ãɥʈʔÿ Ñɨɒɐʚɩ ïɐʎɭʊã éãȩʄã Ȫɻ Ýɐʑɒ ɔʍʝã õʖʎɝʍ ʏʍ ɔɏ͋ã ȝ ęĕ ʊ

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ȦʇɖȷɄɷã ɕɸɊ̸ã � �

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ȝ ʉɒ Ñɐʔɤɟÿ ɔɪʐɦʁ ɡʙíɐɖ ȝ ʡ Ñʌʚɹɻ çëɐɟ ʉʚɗɩɐɓʊã Ȫɻ Ýʢʚɗɩʡã ýá�ʌʊɐɼʊã ɡʙíɐɖ ȝ ã Ăɤʙɤɜ ãĂíÿë ɞɗʁ ɤʄÿ Ñɐʕʋʇ ɔɒíÿß ɡʙíɐɖ

ûÿß Ñɑɼɭʊã ʗɶɻß ʓʐß çëɐɠʊã ʆʊì ɔʎʚʅʁ Ñɔɿʊɐɓ͋ã ʏʍ Ýȯ ɴʚɪɓʊã ûʖʅʊã ãɥʔ ȝɔɶʋɪʊã Ć ßɤɓʍ ûɧʊɧɖ ʗɗʍÿ Ñɔʂʚɣʍ ɕʐɐʇ ʘɗʊã ʆʋ͋ã ɔɶʋɩ ʏʔÿ Ȫɻ ɐ Ăɠɲãÿ Ăʡɐɚʍ Ñåɦʍñɐɣʊã ʓʑɰɟ ʏɻ õɐʁɤʊã ʏɻ ɧɜɐɼʊã ʆʋ͋ã ʏʍ ɑʋɶʙ ʡ āɥʊã ÝȻʊã ɐʍÿ Ñɐ Ăɼʙȵ ʉɠʐã�Ýȯ Ȫɻ íɤʅʙ ʡ Ñȳɐ͋ã ȝ åʖʅʊãÿ ûʖɠʊã ÿì Ñɤʚɪʊã ɞɓɯß ãɥʈʔ Üɑɼɭʊã æʢʎ ąɟ ûɐʚɟÑʉʚɗɩɐɓʊã Ȫɻ Ýʢʚɗɩʡã ɤɼɒ ɑʐɐɜʝã ɔʄɧɖɦʍ Ȫɻ ɦʕɹɖ ëɦʎɗʊã æɐʍʢɻ æɥɢß ɤʄÿɔʙɤʋɓʊã íãë Ȟá ɑʔìÿ ɔʚʐɐə ɦʈʚʐ ʗɻɤɗɩã ʌə ÑʌʕɠʙɁɗɒ ɀɻ ïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊ ȳɦʁùíîʝã Ñɔəʢɚʊã ýãʖʊʝã æãì åɤʙɤɝʊã ɔʙãɦʊã ʏɪɠɗɩãÿ Ñɕɼʄÿ ʘɗʊã íʖʍʝã äʖɰɗɩɐʁɔʙãí Γɒ ɺʎɝɖ ɕʐɐʇ ʘɗʊãÿ Ñɕʙɐʁʡ ʘʑɵʖʊã ïɦɠʊã ɤɎɐʄ ɐʕɒ ʗɖß ʘɗʊã Ñɦʎɟʝãÿ ɱʚɒʝãÿ

�ɨʙíɐɒ ɔʑʙɤʍ ɔʙãíÿ ʆʋ͋ãɔʚɯɐʐ Ȫɻ ʓʚʁ ɱɓʅʙ ɑɼɭʊã õȴ āɥʊã ɕʄʖʊã Ȫɻ ʉʚɗɩɐɓʊã Ȫɻ Ýʢʚɗɩʡã ɐʑʊ Ćɤʙÿɨʊɐɝ͋ã æãɦʇãɥʍ ȝ Ýʢʚɗɩʡã ʆʊì ɤɼɒ ɦʕɹɖ ɞʋɪ͋ã ɑɼɭʊã ɔʋɢãɤʍ æɥɢß ɤʅʁ Ñʌʈɠʊã

�ɔʙíʖɚʊãÑüãȩɟɐɒ ɐʕʑɻ ãʖə Ȣɤɟÿ ɔʋɢãɤ͋ã þɥʕʊ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʘɢíɋʍ ʏʍ Βɚʇ ɑɝɻ ɤʄÿʉɼʂʙ ʌʊ ɑɼɭʊã ýß ãÿßɦʊ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí ʏɻ Ñʉʄʝã Ȫɻ Ñɐ͆ʚɠɶɩ ɐĂɚɠɒ Ýʡɋʔ ɘɠɒ ʖʋʁÑʉʚɗɩɐɓʊã Ȫɻ Ȟʖɗɩã ɑɼɭʊã ýá �ʌʕʊąʖʄ Ɋɶɣʊã ʏʍ ýßÿ ÑÝɐʎɻɧʊã ɱɼɒ þëãíß ɐʍ ΒɾÝɐʎɻɧʊã ɱɼɒ ýß �ʖʔ ʃɠʊã ûʖʅʊɐʁ �ɡʊá ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ʉɗɟãÿ Ñāɦʋʙʖɗʊã Ȫɻ ʌɝʔÿÑɡʊá āɦʋʙʖɗʊãÿ ʉʚɗɩɐɓʊã Ȟá ɐʔʖʄɐɩ ɑɼɭʊã ʏʍ æɐɒɐɰɻ Ʋ ɔʙɤʐʝã ɔɶɩãʖɒ Ʋ ãʖɼʎɜäãɧɟʝã ɤɬß Ȫɻ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ɕʎɝʔ ʘɗʊã ʘʔ ɐʕɪʂʐ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã þɥʔ ýßÿ�ɐʕɎɐɩàí āßí Βɾ æɐɻɐʎɝʋʊ ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿ ÑÝɐʎɻɧʊã Ýãʖʔß ɑɪɟ Ȫɻ ɐʕʑɻ ɕɼʁãëÿ ɐ Ăʁʢɗɢãýʖɟʢʂʊã Ȩɗɻɐʁ ÑΓʅʋɗʊã ʉɼʂɒ Āɦɢß ýʖɰɟ Ćɑʙɦɣɖ ʉʚɗɩɐɓʊã Ȫɻ ąÝʢʚɗɩʡã ąɑ ąʅ ąɻÿýɐʇÿ Ñɨʙíɐɒ ýɐʈɪɒ ʏʙɤɗʅʍ ɐʕʐʖʄɦɠʙ ãʖʅʂɵÿ åΒɿɯ æʢʚɗɩɐɒ íʖɰʅʊã ʏʍ ãĂΒɚʇ

�ɔʚɻɐɶʄá ɐĂʇʖʈɯ íʖɰʅʊã ʆʋɖ ȝ ãÿɤɜÿ ɐʎʋʇ ɤɗɭʙ ʌʕɓɳɾ

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ȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã éÿí

Ñɑɼɭʊã þɐɝɖ ʏɓɝʊã Βɚʇ ýɐʇ Ñʆʋ͋ã üɐʍß ɔɩɦɶɾ ɦʕɸß āɥʊã ÑȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ãÿɕʐʖʈʊã ʀʙɀʊã éãȩʄã Ȫɻ õɐʎɜʟɐɒ ɨɶɪɾß ɦʕɬ ʏʍ ɔɼɒãɦʊã ɔʋʚʋʊã ȝ ʃʁãÿ ɤʅʁɕʎɖ ɤʄÿ Ñɔɓɾɐɭ͋ã üɐɗɢ ʆʊɥɒ ɐĂʚɜãí Γʚɻɐɶʄʟã Ýãɦʍʝã ùʖʅɟ ÝɐɿʊɌɒ ʉɎɐʅʊã āãʖʐÿëɨʋɝ͋ã Ýɐɳɻßÿ åɤɟãÿ ɔɼʁë øãȴʝã æãîɐʚɗʍã ɐʕɒ ɕʚɿʊß ʘɗʊã ɔʚɻɐʎɜʟã ɔʅʁãʖ͋ã þɥʔȞá ɦɹʑʊã ɤʑɻ ȭɐʎɠʊã òíɐɼʊã ãɥʔ ʉɚʍ ɐʑʊ ɞɳɗʙÿ Ñéɦʂʊã åɤɬ ʏʍ Γʇɐɒ ýʖʅʐɐɼɗʙ�øʖɣʊã ɐʕʚʋɻ ìʖɠɗɩã ʘɗʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã ȝ ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ Ñæɐɻɐʎɝʊã ȝ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã Āÿɤɼʊã ʉɼʁ

Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɕɓʑĆɗɜʡ Γʑɩ ɺɳɓɒ ʆʊì ʉɓʄ ʌʕɖãîɐʚɗʍã ʏɻ øãȴʝã ɺʋʄß ʖʊÿɑɎɐɾí åëɐʙî Βɾ ɐ Ăʔɦʇ ùʖʅɠʊã úɦɖ ɤʚʂʙ ʡÿ Ñʓʐãÿß ɤɼɒ ʆʊì ɺʄÿ ɤʄÿ ʉʎɼʊã ɐʍ ʏʈʊÿɐ Ăɻʖɵ ɑʚʊɐɶ͋ã ɞʑʍÿ íʖʍʝã ɑʄãʖɻ ʀɭʇ ɔɩɐʚɪʊã ʌʊɐɻ ȝ ɑɝʚʁ Ñʌʕʋɜʝ ɕʇɦɖ ʏʍ

�ɐ Ăʔɦʇ ʓʚʁ ɞʑʎɖ āɥʊã ɕʄʖʊã ʉɠʙ ýß ʉɓʄāɥʊã ȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã íãɦʄ Ȫɻ ɔʅʁãʖ͋ã ȝ ʏʙɦʕɬ åɤʍ ɀɻ ïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊ ëëɦɖʏɻ ʉʅɖ ʡ ɔɒɐɰɻ Ýɐʎɻɧʊã ʓʚʊá ùɐɪʁ āɐɩɦʁ Ȟá ɑʔì ʌə Ñɨɶɪɾß ʏʍ Ĕ ɔʋʚʊ þíɤɯßÑïãɦɠʊã ɱɼɒ ɕʋɗʄÿ ʘʈʋ͋ã ɂʅʊã ɧɜãʖɟ ɔɒɐɰɼʊã þɥʔ æɁʈʁ Ñɮɣɬ øʡÞ ɔɼɓɩʌʕɒãɦɟ ïÿàí Ȫɻ ýʖʋʎɠʙ ïɐʐßÿ êɂɖ ɔɻɐʎɜ Γɒ ɨʙíɐɒ Ȟá ʓɖȵßÿ ʆʋ͋ɐɒ Ýʘɜÿ

�ïɦɠʊã Ȫɗʄ æɐʍɐʔÑɐʕɎɐʎɻîÿ ɔʙɤʐʝã ɔʎɟí ɕɠɖ āß Ñʓɗɳɓʄ ʆʋ͋ã ɞɓɯßÿ ɑɼɭʊã ɔʇʖɬ ɕʎɹɻ

�ΓʇȢɦʊã ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʏʇí ɕʐɐʈʁ Γʑɩ ɀɻ ɔʚɓɼɭʊã ɔʇʖɭʊã þɥʔ ɕʍãëÿȢɤɟ ɔʚɓɼɭʊã ʏɗʂʊã æîÿɐɜ ɑɼɭʊã åëɐʚɩ ßɤɓʍ ȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã ýʢɻá ʌɾí Ȫɻÿ�üɐɹʑʊã Ȟá ɺʚʎɝʊã Ćëʖɼʙ Ñɔʙɤɒß åëɐɼɩ ïɐʑʋʊ ʏʎɳʙ ãĂíʖɗɩë ʓɼɲʖɒ Ñʓʐß Āßɦʁ ʓʐʖʑɸʆʊì ýɐʇÿ Ñåíʖɚʊã ʆʋɖ üɐʙß ɨʊɐɝ͋ã ʉɿɬ ɐʔɤʙɤɝɖ ʌə ɐʕɳʅʐ ʌə Γʐãʖʅʊã ʏɩ ýɐʇʏʍÿ Ñæɐɼʎɗɝ͋ã ʉʙʖɠɖ Ȫɻ åíëɐʄ Γʐãʖʅʊã ýß ɨʊɐɝ͋ã þɥʔ Ýɐɳɻß ëɐʅɗɻã ʏɻ ɐĂɏɬɐʐýɐɪʐʟã ùʖʅɟ ȝ ʓɎëɐɓʍ ʓʚʁ ɮɣʊÿ ȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã þɀʐ āɥʊã öʢɓʊã Γʐãʖʅʊã þɥʔ

�ëʢɓʊã íʖɗɩë ɺɳʙ ɐʎɚʙíȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã ʗʐɐɻ ɤʄÿ Ñɔʚɓɼɭʊã ʏɗʂʊã ȝ ɑɶɣʊãÿ æɐɾʢɓʊãÿ íʖɗɩɤʊã ɦəɋʙ ʌʊÿäɐɠɯß ýɐʇ ɤʅʁ Ñɔʙɤʐʝã Ȟá ɤʑɗɪ͋ã øɦɶɗ͋ã äɧɠʊã ëãɤɓɗɩã ʓʚʁ ùɐʅ Ȥɭʊã Ȣäë āɥʊãʌʕɓɶɣɒ õɐɻȢɦʊã ýʖɝʚʕʙ Ʋ Ȩʙáÿ ãíɐʍÿ ýʡʖʎʙë ʉɓʍɐʇÿ ýʖɗʐãɤʇ Ʋ Ýɐʎɻɧʊã ʏʍ ìʖʂʑʊã

�ȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã Ȫɻ ʆʊɥɒ ýʖɶʋɪɗʚʁ ʌʔɤɎãɦɜÿʏʍ Ē ȝ ȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã ɦʍɊʁ Ñʏɗʂʊã þɥʔ Ýɐʑəß ȝ ëʢɓʊã ɔʚʊɐʍ ʏɪɠɗɖ ʌʊÿþɥʔ ʉʚɯɐɠʍ æíȤɤ Ćʄÿ Ñɔɪʚʑʈʊã úʢʍß Ȫɻ Ýʢʚɗɩʡɐɒ ɐʕɝʊɐɼʙ ýß đėĘę ɔʑɩ Ȩʎʁʖʐ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɐʕʑʎə íȤɤ Ćʄÿ ýʖʚʋʍ ʘɗɏʍ ɽʋɓʎɒ Γʑʍɋ͋ã ʏʍ ɔɪʚʑʈʊã ɐʔɥɢɊɖ ɕʐɐʇ ʘɗʊã åɐʇɧʊãÿ úʢʍʝãɔʂʄɐɩʝã ʏʍ æɐɏʍ ɺɳɒ Ȫɻ õîʖɖ úʢʍʝã þɥʔ ʉʚɯɐɠʍ ɕʐɐʇÿ Ñæãíɐʚʋʍ ɔəʢə ɽʋɓʎɒƲ ɔʚʑɵʖʊã úʢʍʝã ɤɼɒ ɐʎʚʁ ɕʚ Ȥʎ Ćɩ ʘɗʊã Ʋ úʢʍʝã þɥʔ ɕʋɼɝʁ Ñóʢɓʊã ïÿΒʋʇáÿʉɓʄɊʁ ýʖʚʋʍ ɔɏʎɼɒíß ùãíÿʝã þɥʔ ʏʍ Ȟÿʝã åɦ͋ã ȝ íɤɯÿ Ñɔʙɤʅʑʊã ùãíÿʞʊ ɐĂʐɐʎɲĔĕ ɽʋɓʁ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã íÿëÿ ɤʕɼʊã íÿë ȝ ɤʙî ɐʔíãɤʅʍ ʏʈʊÿ ÑåÝãɤɓʊã ȝ íʖʕʎɝʊã ɐʕʚʋɻ

�æɐʎʚɗʑɩ ɔɼɳɒ Āʖɩ āÿɐɪɖ ʡ åΒʋʊã ɔʄíÿ ɕɠɓɯɊʁ ãĂíɐʚʋʍæãíãɦʄ Ȫɻ ʃʁãʖʙ ʡß ÑɐĂɚɓɻ Ñûÿɐɠʁ ʓɗʚɬɐɟ ʓɖɦɾß ʀʚɼɳʊã ɀɻ ïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊÿÑȫɠʍ ʘʑɵÿ ïɦɟ ɐʔɦʂɣʙ ɔʙíʖə æɐʙɤʋɒ Āɦʅʊãÿ ýɤ͋ã ȝ ɕʂʊɊɖÿ ÑȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ãȝ ýɤ͋ã þɥʔ ɕʋɩíßÿ Ñɔɜɐɠʊã ɤʑɻ ɐʕɪʂʐ ʏɻ õɐʁɤʊã Ȫɻ ʃʂɗɖ åíÿɐɝ͋ã ýɤ͋ã ɕʐɐʇÿïíɐʍÿɤʐɐɬ ʘɟ Ȟá ʉɜí đĔĐĐĐ ʏʍ ɐ Ăʂʊɋʍ ɐ͆ʚʑɵÿ ɐ Ăɩɦɟ ÑđėęĐ ɔʑɩ ʓʚʊʖʙ ʏʍ đĔ

�ʘʑɵʖʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã ʓȢʑɩ āɥʊã íʖɗɩɤʋʊ ñʢɢʟã Γʎʙ ʆʋ͋ã ʌɪʄß ɘʚɟ ɨʙíɐɒ ȝɐʕʑʋɻß ʘɗʊã âëɐɓ͋ãÿ ɔʚəãíʖʊã ɔʚʈʋ͋ã âëɐɓʍ Γɒ øʢɗɎʡã íɥɼɖ Γʎʚʊã þɥʔ ʌɾí Ȫɻÿʏ ćʈɩĆ Ɋʁ ÑãĂΒɩß ɨʙíɐɒ Ȟá ʃʚɩÿ Ñʏʙíɐʁ ȝ ʓʚʋɻ ąɱćɓ Ćʅʁ Ñíãɦʂʊã Ȟá ʆʋ͋ã Ɋɝɗʊɐʁ Ñɨʋɝ͋ãüɐʚʅʊã ʓʅɖɐɻ Ȫɻ ȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã ɥɢßÿ Ñʓɗɶʋɩ ȝ øɂɗʊã ʏʍ ɺćʑ Ćʍÿ Ñāɦʋʙʖɗʊã ɂʄȪɣɖ āɥʊã Ñɀɻ ïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊ ʀʄʖʎʇ èɦɟ ʀʄʖʍ ȝ ʆʋʍ ɤɜĆÿ ɐʍÿ Ñɔʍʖʈɠʊã íʖʍɊɒ

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ȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã éÿí

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

Γʋʍɐɟ ʘɻãȩɬʡã ɨʋɝ͋ã Ȟá ʓʚʐʖʙ ʏʍ ĒĐ ȝ ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã Ýɐʎɻî ʌʕʄɐɪʁ Ñëʢɓʊɐɒ ýÿɦʎɖɊʙ�ʆʋ͋ã ãʖʎɗɬÿ āɦʋʙʖɗʊã ɂʄ Ȫɻ ãʖʊʖɗɩã ʌə Ñɺʋɣʊɐɒ ʆʋ͋ã ɐʕʚʁ ýÿɤɻʖɗʙ ɔɳʙɦɻ

ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã ɤʚɻÿ ýɐʇ ɐʎʑʚɓʁ ÑʓɎãɧɜ ʉʚʐ Ȟá ɀɻ ïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊ ùʖɪʙ íɤʅʊã ýɐʇɤʄÿ Ñʏʙíʖʊ ëÿɤɟ Ȟá ȭÿɦnj ɫʚɜ ûʖɯÿ ïɐʑʊã ʌʋɻ åΒɚʇ æɐʙɦʙɤʍ ɑɳɿʙ ɔʚʈʋʎʋʊȞá ʌʕɖëɐɻáÿ ɨʙíɐɒ ýɐʈɩ ʀʙʖɣɖ Ȫɻ íɤʅɖ ɐʕʐß ɕʚʐãʖɗʐß āíɐʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ ɔʈʋʍ ɕʑɸëɤʔ āɥʊã ʆʙʖɪʐɦɒ úÿë ɞʙɂɖ ɀʑʙ ýß ýɐɩΒʁ æɦʍɊʁ Ûɤʙɤʕɗʊãÿ ɤʚɻʖʊɐɒ ʆʋ͋ã åɦʍáɤʅʁ Ñɕɼʄʖɖ ɐʍ Βɾ ɔɝʚɗʑʊã ɕʐɐʈʁ ÑlÝʖɪɒ ʆʋ͋ã åȵß ɕɓʚɯß ãìá ɐʕɓʙɦɣɗɒ{ ɨʙíɐɒ ʓʚʁ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

çëãʖɠʊã ʆɩɐʎɖ Ȫɻ �ʘɻãȩɬʡãÿ ȹʚɩɊɗʊã� Γʊÿʝã Γʙíʖɚʊã Γɪʋɝ͋ã ɡʙíɐɖ ɐʑʊëÿɐʕɖɐʅʋɟ ɐʍßÿ ÑȞÿʝã ɐʕɖɐʅʋɟ ȝ øɂɗʐ ɤʄ æãíÿȷ ɔʋɪʋɩ ɐʕʐßÿ Ñɱɼɓɒ ɐʕɳɼɒæíɤɯ ýáÿ Ñûÿʝã ȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã æãíãɦʅʁ Ñɐʑɖëãíá ʏɻ ɔʋʅɗɪʍ ʀʚʈɗɖ ɐʕʐɌʁ Āɦɢʝãàɦɝʙ ýɐʇ ʏʍÿ Ñɂɓɖÿ ʉʅɻÿ åëãíá ʉʇ ʏɻ ɔʋʅɗɪʍ ɐʕɝɎɐɗʐ ɕɼʄÿ Ñåëãíʟãÿ ʉʅɼʊã ʏɻʆʊɥɒ Ȩɣʙ ýß ɺʚɶɗɪʙ ÿß ɀɻ ïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊ ʉɗʄ ɑʋɵ Ȫɻ đėĘę ɔʑɩ ûɐɜí ʏʍɤʚʊɐʅɗʊã Ȟá õʖɜɦʊɐɒ ʌə ÑȲʖʂʊɐɒÿ ɔʋɰʅ͋ɐɒÿ Ȩʇʝã ûʖʕʊɐɒÿ þɤʐɐǛ äÿɦɠɒÿ ʉɗʅʊã

Üāɤʙɤɟ āɤʑɜ ɤʙ Ȫɻ üɐɹʑʊãÿʏɻ æɊɭʐ ʘɗʊã çëãʖɠʊã ɦʕɸß ɐʔʖʎʐÿ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ʏʍ ɔʍʖʈɟ ʀʚʊɊɖ ýɐʇ ɐʎɒíÿȪɻ Ýʢʚɗɩʡã āß Ʋ ɐ Ăʅɒɐɩ åíʖʇɥ͋ã çëãʖɠʊã ûʢɢ ʏʍÿ ÑȞÿʝã ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã ûɐʎɻßʘʈʋ͋ã ïɦɠʊã ʉɗʄÿ āɦʋʙʖɗʊã æɐɻëʖɗɪʍ Ȫɻ üʖɝʕʊãÿ āɐɩɦǛ ɂʄ Ȫɻÿ ʉʚɗɩɐɓʊã

�ɐʕɎɐʎɻî éÿíÿ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí ʏʑɩ Γɓɗʐ Ʋ ʓʊɐʅɗɻãÿ ʆʋ͋ã ɺʋɢÿÑɐʕʋʇ æɐɶʋɪʊã æɤɓɼɗɩɐʁ ÑɐĂɏʚɭʁ ɐĂɏʚɬ ëʢɓʊã æëɐɩ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ɔɶʋɩ ýß Āɦʑɩÿ

�ɦʍʝã ɔʙɐʕʐ ȝ ɐʕʋɠʍ ɕʋɟ ʌə

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ɘʊɐɚʊã ʉɰʂʊã

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ɑʂɩɷã ɕɸɊɺ Ɂɝɱ ���

ýʖʈɖ ʡ íãÿëʝã ɤɟß ëʖʕɬ ýß ɐʑʊ ɕɓɚɖ ʘʔÿ ÑåΒɚʇ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ɡʙíɐɖ ʃɎɐəÿ�ïɐʑʊãÿ çëãʖɠʊã ʏʍ ʓʐÿɤʔɐɭʙ ɐʎɒ ɔɠʚɠɯ ʌʕʍɐʈɟß

ýɦʄ ȿʍ ɤɼɒ ʡá ʃʚʄɤɗʊã ʏʍ ɔɠɪʍ ɐʕʚʋɻ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊɐɒ üɐʈɟß íɤɰɖ ʌʊÿɑʋɶɗʙ ʆʊì Ȟá ûʖɯʖʊɐʁ Ñʓɜÿ ʉʇ ʏʍ åɤʙɤɩ üɐʈɟʝã þɥʔ ʏʈɖ ʌʊÿ Ñɐʕɒʖɭʐ Ȫɻ ʉʍɐʇɺʍ ɔʅʚʅɠʊã ɕɓɝɟ ʘɗʊã ɮɰʅʊã åÿɐɭɾ ʀɭʇÿ ɔʎʙɤʅʊã ʏɎãɧɣʊã ʏʍ ʃɎɐəʖʊã èãɦɢá

�ʏʍɧʊãȝ Ăʢɼʁ ɮɰʅʊã ʆʋɖ ɤɬß ɤʕɼʊã ýʢʚɿɒ ĆÝɐɒʛã ʌʕɗɼʐ āɥʊã ʆɏʊÿß ɔɰʄ ɕʐɐʇ ɐʎɒíÿïɐʑʊã ȝ ɕʇɦɖ éʢɪʊɐɒ ɔɝɜɤ͋ã ɔɒíÿʝÿ åɦɎɐɚʊã ɔɪʐɦʂʊ ɤʕɼʊã ûɐɜí Ćɔɒíɐɠʍÿ Ñïʖʂʑʊã

�ɀɓʊã ɔʑʚɵ ʏʍ ʗʎɩß ɔʑʚɵ ʏʍ ýʖʄʖʋɣʍ ɐʕʊɐɶɒß ýß ýʖʑɹʙ ʌʕʋɼɜ ãĂΒəɊɖɐʕʐɊʇ ɦʕɹɖ íÿɤʊã ʆʊì çëãʖɟ ɕʍãë ɐʍ ɐ ĂɿɎɐɩ ýʢʚɿʊɐɒ ûɐɜɦʊã ʆɏʊÿß ʀɯÿ ʉɹʙÑɤʕɼʊã ðʖʚɜ ûɐʎɻɊɒ ɴʋɗɣɖ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ðʖʚɝʊã ûɐʎɻß ɕʍãë ɐʍ āß Ñåɤɟãÿ ɔəëɐɟɦɹʑʊã ýʖɳɿʚʁ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ðʖʚɝʊã ʓɗʊɐʐ āɥʊã Ȥɧɼʊã ʏʍ ïɐʑʊã ɫʔɤʙ óʢɗɢʡã ãɥʕɓʁɤʅʑʊã ʉɳʂɒ æɦʕɸ ɔʅʚʅɠʊã ýß Βɾ Ñɑʙɦɣɖÿ ʉɗʄÿ åʖɪʄ ʏʍ ɤʕɼʊã ðʖʚɜ ʓɗʁȩʄã ɐʎɻãʖʊɐɓʙ ʌʊ ʏʙɥʊã Ñɤʕɼʊã ûɐɜí ćɁɢÿ ɐʕʊ ïɐʑʊã üãȩɟã Ȫɻ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ɕɹʁɐɠʁ Ñɘʙɤɠʊã

� Ȣʘɒëʝã ʌʕʍɐʅʍ Ñɔʚʋʔʝã äÿɦɠʊã Βɿɒʏʍ Ýɐɳɻß ɔəʢə ÿß ʏʙʖɳɻ Āʖɩ Γɠʊã ʆʊì ȝ ðʖʚɝʊã ɦʍɊɒ ʌɗʕʙ ʌʊ ʓʐá ɐʅ͆ɟɐʍÿ ɐʔëãȢʖʄ Ýɐʔëÿ ɐʔëɤɻ ʉɳʂɒ ʡá ðʖʚɝʊã þɥʕʊ ɂʑʊã ʌɗʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ýɐɝʊʏɻ ʓʚʁ ɘɠɓʐ ÑɦɢÞ ʉɰʁ ȝ Γɓʐ øʖɩÿ Ñʌʕɒʖʋʄ Ȟá ɔɩɐʎɠʊã ʏʍ ɤʙɤɝʊã ýɐʎʙʟã ʓʋɢëßɔɼɓɭʍ æíɐɩÿ Ñéʢɪʊã ɔʚʇɐɭʊã ɔɒíÿß Ȫɻ ðʖʚɝʊã ʆʋɖ æɂɗʐã ʀʚʇ Ñɔʙíʖɚʊã ðʖʚɝʊã

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɕʍɐʄßÿ ëÿɤɠʊã Ȟá ɕʋɯʖʁ Ñʏʍɧʊã ʆʊì ʉʚɝʐá ʘʔ ʘɗʊã åãÿɐɪ͋ãÿ ɔʙɦɠʊã âëɐɓʍ ʏʍɐʔɦʍß ɕʋʕɜ ʘɗʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ɔʚɪʂʐ ʏɻ ʀʋɗɣɖ ɔɯɐɢ ɔʚɪʂʑɒ ɔʈɪʎɗʍ ɔʋʙʖɵ åɤʍ ɐʕʚʁ

�ɔʙɐʕʑʊã ȝ ɐʕɖíëîãÿ åÝãɤĆɓʊã ȝõãȩɬʡã Ȫɻ ãÿɂɗʄã ɐʎʐáÿ Ñðʖʚɝʊã íɐɰɗʐɐɒ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ûɐɜí ûɐɓʙ ʌʊÿðʖʚɝʊã ʆʋɖ ʉɜß ʏʎʁ Ñɔʋɰʅ͋ɐɒ ɔɪʐɦʁ ɤʙɤɝɖ ãÿëãíß ʏʙɥʊã ʌʕɎɐʎɻî Ýãʖʔß ʃʁÿ ɛʂʊãɘɠɓʊɐʁ Ñýʛã ûÿɧʙ ɥɢß ʉʚɝɓɗʊã ãɥʔÿ Ñ Ăʢɝɓʍ ɐ Ăɣʙíɐɖ ɤʕɼʊã ɔɰʄ æíɐɯ ɔʋɪɓɗɪ͋ãʆʊɥɒ øȩɻã ɤʄÿ ÑÝɐʇɥʊãÿ ʉʅɼʊã ȫʚʋʄ ãʖʐɐʇ ʌʕʐß ɕɓəß ɤʕɼʊã ýʢʚɾ ɔʚɪʂʐ ʏɻ ʉɰʂ͋ãåíʖɚʊã ɡʙíɐɖ� þɐʎɩ āɥʊã ʓɒɐɗʇ ȝ ûɐʄ āɥʊã íʡÿß ʖʚɪʎʇ Ñʌʕʑɻ ɐ Ăɻɐʁë ïɐʑʊã ɤɬß

��ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã

đėęę ɔʑɩÿ đėĘę ɔʑɩ Γɒ üɐʄ āɥʊã ʉʚɝʊã ýá ïɐʑʊã Ćûʖʄ ʌʔʖʊã ʏʍāɥʊã ʉʚɝʊãÿ ʓʋɓʄ Ýɐɜ āɥʊã ʉʚɝʊã ʏʍ ɺʁíß āß ýʢʚɿʊã ʏʍ ʖʔ ɔʎʚɹɻ ûɐʎɻɊɒɔʚʑɵʖʊãÿ ɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã äãɧɟʝãÿ ɔʙɤʋɓʊã æɐʚɼʎɝʊã ʖɪɩɋʍ ʏʈʙ ʌʋʁ Ñþɤɼɒ Ýɐɜɨʙʖʊ üɐʙß ɔɪʐɦʁ ûɐɜí ʏʍ ɐ Ăɾʖɓʐÿ ĂÝɐʇì ʗʎɩß ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊɐɒ ɕʍɐʄ ʘɗʊãÑʌʔÝɐʎɩß ɡʙíɐɗʊã ɷʂɟ ʏʙɥʊã ʆɏʊÿß ýɐʇ ʉʔÿ Ñɑʚʋʚʁ ɨʙʖʊ ÿß ɀɻ ɨʍɐɣʊãāÿì Ñɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã Ýɐɓɶɢ ɑɶɢß ʌʕʐʝ ÿß Ñɨʙíɐɒ éɁʍ ȝ ʌʔíʖʕɹʊÑāɦʅɓɼʊã ɑʚɶɣʊɐɒ ɑʅʋʙ ýß ʖɒãΒʍ ʃɠɗɪʙ ɤʄ Ñʌɼʐ Üåíëɐʐ ɺɎɐɓɵÿ ɐʙãɧʍȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ȝ ɐʑɎɐɓɶɢ ʏʍ ɞɰʁß ʖʚʐɦʁÿ ýʖɗʐãëÿ ΒǍɪɒÿí ýɐʇ ʉʔ ʏʈʊÿ

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ʏʍ ÝȻɒ ãʖʂɰɗʙ ʌʊ ʌʕʐß ɐʑʙßí ýʖɼʎɗɝʍ ʌʔÿ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ûɐɜí ʏɻ ɐʑɚɠɒ ãìáÿʌʕʋʎɻ ýßÿ Ñʌʕʚʋɻ ãɤɒ ɐʎʇ ɔɻɐʎɜ Ȫɻ Ćɤɓʙ ʌʊ øʖɣʊã ýßÿ Ñɔɻɐɝɭʊãÿ ɔʋʚɳʂʊãÿ Ýɐʇɥʊã

�ɑɶɣʊã ȝ ɂɠʐãʘɗʊã ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã ʏɓɜß Ñúʖʋ͋ã ɤɻʖɗʙ ýɐʇ āɥʊã Ñûɐɗɣ͋ã ɨʋɝ͋ã ãɥʔ ýɐʇʀɝɖɦʙÿ Ñɔʙíʖɚʊã ɔʚɼʎɝʊãÿ ɔʙɤʐʞʊ ëɐʅʑʙ ɤɓɼʊɐʇ ýɐʇ ɤʅʁ Ñɐ Ăɻʖɳɢ ɐʔɤɬßÿ ʌʊɐɼʊã ɐʕʁɦ ąɻÑʏɗʂʊã āΒɚʍ ɐʙɐɯʖɒ ʉʎɼʙÿ Ñüʖʙ ʉʇ ʓʚʋɻ ȟʖɗɪɖ ɕʐɐʇ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɓɼɭʊã ëʖʁʖʊã üɐʍß ɐ Ăʄąɦʁɤɼɒ ɐʕɎɐɿʊá Ȟá ɦɶɲã ɔʎʚʅɻ Γʐãʖʄ Ȣʏɪʁ ʌʔɐʙɐɯʖɒ ʉʎɻÿ ʓɎɐɳɻß ʉɓʐß ʌʕʚʊá ʌʋɩ ɤʄÿ

�õɐʎɗɜʡã ɔʔëí ãʖʇɦɖ ýßāɥʊã úíɤʊã ʌʋɼʙ ýß ëʖʙ ʏʍÿ Ñɔʋʚʋʄ ɨʋɝ͋ã ʆʊì ʉɚʍ ɔʂʚɼɲ ʘʔ ʘɗʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ãÿ

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ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ éÿí

Ɂʇȿʃɲɩʇɷã ɁɽȽʆɑɷã íȽɝɄɽã ͿɆȷɃ ���

ʉʎʇ ɤʄÿ Ñɔɯɐɣʊã ʓɗɿɓɯ ɤʕɼʊã íÿë ɕɠʑʍ ʘɗʊã äɐɓɩʝã ʌʔß ʏʍ ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɔʐɐʙɤʊã ɤɼɖ�ʏʙʖʈɗʊã íʖɵ ȝ ɕʐɐʇ ʘɗʊã åɤʚʅɼʊã öʖɯ íÿɤʊã ãɥʔ ȝ

ùʖʅɟÿ åɦɶʂʊã āß Ʋ ȶɐʑɼʊã þɥʔÿ Ñɔʂʋɗɣʍ ȶɐʑɻ ʏʍ åɤʚʅɼʊã þɥʔ ʀʊɊɗɖÿʡ ʉʚɝʐá ûʖɰʁ Ʋ ɔʚɓɼɭʊã ɔɶʋɪʊãÿ ʘɻɐʎɗɜʡã ɤʅɼʊãÿ åãÿɐɪ͋ãÿ ɔʙɦɠʊãÿ ýɐɪʐʟãʌʊɐɼʊã ãÿɦɣɪʙ ýß ãʖʊÿɐɟ ɤʄÿ Ñʌʕɗɶʋɪɒ ýɐʎʙʟã ʖɣɩãí ăʉɩí ɐʕʊÿ Ñʓʚʁ ýʖʑʍɋ͋ã ûëɐɝʙ

�ʉʚɜ ʉʇ ȝ ʏʙɤʅɗɼ͋ã ýɊɬ ÑɤɟɊɒ Γʊɐɓʍ Βɾ åʖʅʊɐɒ ɐʕʊʏʍ Ʋ ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã åíʖə ʏɻ ɐʑɚɠɒ ȝ ɐȢʑȢʚɒ ɐʎʇ Ʋ ʖʔ èíãʖɣʊã Ȫɻ ɤʅɠʊãÿΓɒ õãɂʊã ýß ʘʑʙɤʊã éʢɯʟã åíʖə ɐʑʊ ɕɗɓəß ɤʄÿ ÑåΒɓʈʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã õɐɓɖß æɐʂɯȝ ʌʕʂʊɐɢ ʏ͋ ɤʙɤɭʊã ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã ûɐɗʄ ʏʍ ɑ ąɝɼĆʙ ʡ ʆʊɥʊÿ Ñɐ Ăʂʚʑɻ ýʖʈʙ ɔɓʙɦʅʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã

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äɦɠʊã ýÿɦʕɭʙ ʌʕʋɼɜ ɐ Ăɿʋɓʍ āíʖɚʊã ɤʅɗɼ͋ã ɔʋʚɳʂɒ ʌʕɗʅə ɕɿʋɒ ʌə Ñʌʕʇʢʍßÿ Γʑɵʖ͋ãÑΓɪʙɤʅʊã Ýɐʎɩß ʓʑʍ ãʖʁɥɟ ɐ Ăʎʙʖʅɖ ãʖɼɲʖʁ úʖʋ͋ã Ȫɻ ɐʔÿɦʕɬ ýß ɤɼɒ ɔʕʊʛã Ȫɻɑʔɥ͋ã ïʖʅɵ ûɤɼɖ ïʖʅɶɒ üãëɦɖʖʐ ɔɪʚʑʇ ȝ ɐʕʐÿɤɓɼʙ ãÿíɐɯÿ Ñʉʅɼʋʊ ɔʕʊÞ ãÿɤɜÿßÿɐʕʐɐʈʍ ȝ ɔʚɰɣɬ ɔʐɐʙë ΒǍɪɒÿí üɐʄß ʗɗɟ ɔʐɐʙɤʊã þɥʔ æɦʎɗɩã ɤʄÿ Ñʘʈʚʊʖəɐʈʊã

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�ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ȝ ʓʑʍ ɤɬß ɤʔʖɬ æɐʂɰʊãÝɐɳɻß äãʖʑʊã Ýʡɋʔ ɘʋə ýɐʇÿ ÑɑɎɐʐ ɔɏʎɼɓɩÿ Γɪʎɢ Ȫɻ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ʉʎɗɬãäÿȷ ʏʍ ãʖɖß ɐʎɒ Ʋ ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã ɞɝʐ ɤʄÿ Ñʘɻãȩɬʡã ɨʋɝ͋ãÿ ȹʚɩɊɗʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã ȝäãʖʐ ʏʕʍ ʏɻ ɐʑɚɠɒ ãìáÿ ÑΓɓɢɐʑʊã õɐɒíß ɔəʢə ɐʕɼɵɐʄ ʘɗʊã ʓɖɐɒɐɣɗʐã ȝ Ʋ äɐʔíʟãΓʍɐɠ͋ã ʏʍ ɔʂʊɋʍ ɕʐɐʇ āß Ñýʖʐɐʅʊã ûɐɜí ʏʍ ʗʎɹɼʊã ʌʕɗʙɦɚʇß ɐʑʙßí ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ìʖɠɗɩã āɥʊã äãʖʑʊã ąʃʙɦʁ Ʋ ɐĂɓɰɼɖ ûʖʕʊã ûɐɜí Ȣɤɬß ýɐʇ āɥʊã Ʋ ΒǍɪɒÿí ëɐɩ ʌə�ɔʐɐʈɗɩʡãÿ ûȣɥʊɐɒ ą ćȳɦąʁ Ñøʖɣʊã ʓʚʋɻ

ʖɳɼʊã ɔɏʎɪʎɢ ʏʍ āß �Γʚʋʕɪʊã� ΓʋǍʊã äɧɟ ʏʍ ɨʋɝ͋ã ʆʊì ȝ Ýɐʚʇìʝã ýɐʇɔɼʁɐʑʊã ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ûɐʎɻß ɐʕʚʊá Āąɧ ĉɼĆɖ ʘɗʊã ɔʚʑʂʊã ýɐɝȤʋʊã ɕʂʊɊɖÿ ÑΓɒɥɒɥ͋ã ʏʙëëȩ͋ãýɐɝȤʋʊã íʖʍɊɒ ʌʕĆʇɐʎʕʐã ɑɜÿßÿ Ñɔɩɐʚɪʊɐɒ äɧɠʊã ãɥʔ Ýɐɳɻß ćûɐɓʙ ʌʊÿ Ñäɧɠʊã ãɥʔ ʏʍɘʋə ʏʍ ɦɚʇß āʖɗɠɖ ʡ ɨʋɝ͋ã ãɥʔ æɐɪąʋ ąɜ ɕʐɐʇ ãɥʊÿ Ñɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ʌʕɗʍîʢʍ üąɤɻÑüɧɠʊãÿ æɐɓɚʊã ʃʋ ĆɣĆɒ Γɠʊɐɰʊã Ýɐʚʇìʝã Ýʡɋʔ øɐɰɖã üɤɻ ʀɩʝã ʘɻãÿë ʏʍÿ ÑäãʖʑʊãÝɐʎɻɧʊã ʌʕʚʋɻ ʓʚʋʎĆʙ ýɐʇ ɐʍ äãʖɰɗɩã Ȟá ʌʕɼʁë øʖɣʊɐʁ Ñɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ ʌʕʋĉɚ ćʍ ʖʔ ʏʍ ýɊɬ

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ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ éÿí

ɐʕɖɦʙȵÿ ɔʍɐɼʊã ɔʍʢɪʊã ɔʑɝʊ ɔʙɐɾ ʏɻ Ñɔʑɩ ʏʙɀɻ ɤɼɒ Ñɦʙíɐɒ ʉɏ Ćɩ ɐʍɤʑɻɐʕʐß ɤʅɗɼʙ ɐʑʍ ɤɟãÿ ʉʇ ýɐʇ ʘɗʊã ɐʑɖɐʚɟ ɷ ąʂ ĉɠąʐ ýß ɤʚɟʖʊã ɐʑ ȣʎʔ ýɐʇ� �äɐɜßþĆíɐɜ ʓ ąʅ ćɓ ĉɪąʙ ýß ʏʍ ɐ Ăʁʖɢ þíɐɜ ïßí Ćɺąɶ ĉʅąʙ ɐʑʍ ɤɟãÿ ʉʇ ýɐʈʁ Ñɦɶɢ ȝ

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Page 130: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

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ɑʂɩɷã ɕɸɊɺ üȽʆß Ɂʆíʃɇɷã ɁʇɩɻɊɷãÿ Ɂʆɑɽʊã ýȷə ���

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

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ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ɔʍʖʈɟ

Ʋ ʌʔΒɿɒ ãʖɪʚʄ ãìá Ñûãɤɗɻʡã ʏʍ Ýȯ Ȫɻ ãʖʐɐʇ ʏʙɥʊã Ʋ ýʖʙɤʐÿΒɝʊã ëɐɩÿíɐɯ āɥʊã ÑΒǍɪɒÿɦʊ ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿ Ñʌʕʑʍ ʓɒɐɗʇÿ ʓɪʚɎí ɑɣĆɗʐɐʁ åÝãɤɓʊã ȝ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍɔɗɩ Āʖɩ ʉʑʙ ʌʋʁ ÑΓɠʊã ʆʊì ȝ ʉʚɏɲ ìʖʂʐ Āʖɩ Ñʃʋɶ͋ã ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ɤʚɩ ɥɎɤɼɒ

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�ʓɓʚɰʐ ʉɚʍ ýʖʈʚɩ Ñʌʕʂɼɳʊ ʓʑɻ ãʖɼʁãɤʙ ýß ãʖɼʚɶɗɪʙ ʌʊ ʏʙɥʊãåíʖɚʊã ʓɒ ɕʍɐʄ ʘʐʖʑɜ ʉʎɻ ʓʐß ɐʑʙßɦʊ ʓɖɤɎɐʁ ɘʚɟ ʏʍ ʆʋ͋ã ʉɗʄ Ȟá ɐʐɦɹʐ ʖʊÿɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ȝ æɐɻîɐʑʍ ɑɜÿßÿ ɐʐɤɲ ɔɒíÿß üɐʄßÿ ɔʚʋʔß ɐĂɒɦɟ çɤɟß ɤʅʁ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

åȨɗɼʍ Βɾ ʌʚɩãɦ͋ã ɦɠɩ ɤʅɗɼɖ ýß ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã ɤʚʊɐʅɖ ʏʎʁ Ñÿɦɾ ʡÿ Ñđėęĕ ɔʑɩ�ʖɓʐãí ʖʚɪʍ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊɐɒ Γɓɝɼ͋ã ɦɒɐʇß ɤɟß ûɐʄ Ñɔʚɲɐ͋ã äíɐɝɗʊã óʖɓɠɒ

âëɐɓʍ ʌʕɾʖɰɒ ʌʕʐß ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ Ýɐɳɻß ʏʍ ʌʙʖʅʊã ýɐʎʙʟã ÿÿì ɤʅɗɻãýÿɤʎɣĆʙÿ ʌʕʐÿĆɤʕʚʁ ʌʕʍʖɰɢ ýʖɭ ćʔɤĆʙ ýʖʐɐʄ ɑʊɐʄ ȝ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã

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úíëß ɤʄÿ Ñûɐʎɻʝã äɐɒíßÿ Ýɐʕʅʂʊã ʏʍ Βɪʙ Βɾ ã Ăëɤɻ āʖɗɠʙ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ýɐʇÿȞá þʖʎɪʅʁ ɔʍʖʈɟ ɦʙɤʙ ýß ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʎʇ ëɤɼʊã Βɚʇ ɨʋɝʍ Ȫɻ ʉʚɠɗɪʙ ʓʐß Ýʡɋʔɔʚɻãíɧʊã ɔʑɝʋʊãÿ ɔʚʊɐ͋ã ɔʑɝʋʊãÿ õãȩɬʡã ɔʑɝʊÿ ɔʍɐɼʊã ûɐɿɬʝã ɔʑɝʋʇ ɔʋʅɗɪʍ ýɐɝʊɨʋɝ͋ã ɐʕʚʋɻ ʃʁãʖʚʊ ɔʚʐʖʐɐʄ ɞɎãʖʊ ɍʚʕɖ ýɐɝʋʊã þɥʔ æɥɢß ʌə Ñɡʊá Ƽ ɔʚʑʂʊã ɔʑɝʋʊãÿɔʍëɐʔ Βɾ ɨʋɝ͋ã ûɐʎɻß ʉɼɜ ȝ ýɐɝʋʊã þɥʔ Ȟá ɺɜɦʙ ʉɳʂʊãÿ Ñɔʍɐɼʊã ʓɖɐɪʋɜ ȝɦɚʇß ýɐʇÿ Ñāȩ͋ã ïɐʚʅ͋ãÿ ɔʚʊɐɼʊã ïíãɤ͋ã ÝɐɭʐɌʇ ɺʂʑʊã åΒɚʇ ãĂíʖʍß ɕɖß ɤʅʁ Ñɐ Ăʍɐʎɖɤʄ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æɐʎɯɐɣ͋ã ãʖɓʑɗɝʚʊ Ûýɐɝʋʊã þɥʔ Ȟá ýÿɦʂʙ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ Ýɐɳɻß

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ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ɔʍʖʈɟ

Ȫɻ ãɥʔ ɨʚʊÿ Ñɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ûɐʎɻßÿ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ðʖʚɜ ûɐʎɻß Γɒ üɐɗʊã ʃʙɦʂɗʊã�Βɪɼʊã ɦʍʝɐɒ ʏʙȶɐɼ͋ã

ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ɔʑɗʂʊã ɔɎɤʕɖ ȝ ɞʋʂʙ ʌʊ Ýãʖʔʝã ɐʕɒ ɘɓɼɖ ɔɓɼĆʊ ýɐʇ āɥʊã ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍÿʏɻ äɐɾ ɐʎʑʚɟ íɐʅɗɟʢʊ ɐɶ͆ɠʍ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ýɐʇ ʆʊɥʊÿ ÑȲʖʂʊã íɐɠɒ ȝ ɐʕʁɥʄ ʘɗʊãûɐʄ ÑΓʑɩ çʢə íʖʍʝã üɐʍî Ȫɻ ʓɳɓʄ ɤɼɒ āß Ñđėęė ɔʑɩ ɦɒʖɗʇß ʏʍ ĒĖ ȝ ëʖɜʖʊã

�ʓʋɎɐɩí Āɤɟá ȝ Ñʏʎʈʑʙíë ýÿíɐɓʊã ʘɜʖɩʝã òʖʂ͋ã

ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ɕʎʈɠɖ ʘɗʊɐʇ Ýɐʕʂɪʊã åɦɝʂʊã ʏʍ ɔɻɐʎɜ ɔʍß ȝ ʌʈɠɗɖ ʡß ʖɜíß�ɘʙɤɠʊã ɐʕɒʢʅʐã Ýɤɒ ɥʑʍ

íãʃɄɴɓʆɑɷã ɁɺʃɵɌ ȷɚɾɺ Ñɑʂɩɷã ɕɸɊɺ ɁʆȽʂɽ � �

ɦɢãÿß ȝ ã Ăɤʙɤɜ ãĂíʖɗɩë Ʋ Γʐãʖʅʊã ΒəɊɗɒ ʓʐɐʎʙá Βɿʙ ʌʊ āɥʊã Ʋ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ɺɲÿíʖɗɩɤʊã ãɥʔ ȝ Ýɐɜÿ Ñɴʄ ʓɒ ʉʎɼʙ ʌʊ āɥʊã Ñđėęē ɔʑɩ íʖɗɩë ʉɠʍ ʉɠʚʊ ÛʓʍɐʙßãĂʖɳɻ ĒĕĐ ʏʍ ʀʊɋʍ êʖʚɬ ɨʋɝʍ �ýɐɪʋɝʍ ɔʚɻãȩɬʡã ɔɶʋɪʊɐɒ üʖʅʙ ʓʐß ɤʙɤɝʊãɔɻɐʎɜ Ȟá ɔʙɥʚʂʑɗʊã ɔɶʋɪʊã ȝ ɤʕɼʙ ʓʐßÿ Ñʖɳɻ ɔɏʎɪʎɢ ʏʍ ʀʊɋʍ ýɐɓɬ ɨʋɝʍÿɨʋɝʍ ʌʕʑʚɼʙÿ ɔɏʍ ɨʎɣʊã ɨʋɝʍ ʌʕɠɬɦʙ Ýɐɳɻß ɔɪʎɢ ʏʍ ɔʂʊɋ͋ã �íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã�ʡá ÑʓɎɐɳɻß ʏʍ ɤʙɤɝʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã Ýɐɳɻß ɐɚʋə ýʖʈʙ ýß ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ Ⱦʄ ɤʄÿ ÑêʖʚɭʊãȪɻ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ʌʈɟÿ Ñæɐʙɦʙɤʍ ɀɻ Āʖɩ ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã ćûãʖʙ ʌʋʁ Ñɥʂʑʙ ʌʊ íãɦʅʊã ýß�æɐɒɐɣɗʐʡã ʏɻ Γʚʈʋ͋ã ȽʅĆʚʊ ʆʊìÿ Ñɤɒɋ͋ã ʘʂʑʊɐɒ ɔʚɓʑɜʝã ëʢɓʊã Ȟá ʏʙɦɜɐʕ͋ã ɺʚʎɜɐĂɏʚɬ ʉʋʅʙ ʌʊ ʖʕʁ Ñɦɹɗʑʙ ýɐʇ ɐ͋ ɐ Ăʁʢɢ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ȝ íʖɗɩɤʊã ãɥʔ ýʢɻá ɦəɋʙ ʌʊɔʑɩ ɦɒʖɗʇß ʏʍ đĕ ȝ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ æɤɻʖɖ ʘɗʊã ɔʑɗʂʊã ɐʕʎʔß ʏʍÿ Ñɔʚɓɼɭʊã ʏɗʂʊã ʏʍʌʋɩÿ ɑɎɐɗʇ Ƀɠɗɩɐʁ ʓʊɐʚɟ õɐʁɤʊã Ȫɻ üɧɼʁ ʓʚʊá ɐ Ăɭʚɜ Ýɐʎɻɧʊã ùɐɩ ɤʅʁ ÑđėęĕÑʓɗʚɗɭɖ ɦʍß ȝ ÑÝɐʂɣʊã ʌʊɐɻ ʏʍ ɦʕɹʙ ɥɢß āɥʊã Ñæíɐnjɐʐʖɒ Ȟá ɤʕɻÿ ïãíɐɒ Ȟá ɐʕɖëɐʚʄʏʍ äɦʅʊɐɒ åɐɰɼʊã Ȫɻ ñɐɯɦʊã ʃʋɵß ɐʎʋʁ ɔɻɁɒ þɤʙ Ȫɻ ɕʚɗɭɗʊã ʆʊì ʌɖ ɤʄÿʏʈʙ ʌʊ āɥʊã üîɐɠʊã ʉʎɼʊã ãɥʔÿ ÑȪɗʅʊã ʏʍ æɐɏʍ ɺɳɒ Γʇíɐɖ ãÿȣɦʁ úÿí ýɐɩ ɔɪʚʑʇɦɢÞ ɔʑɗʂʊã ʆʋɖ ɺʎʄ ýɐʇÿ Ñɫʚɝʊã æɐʇɦɟ ɔɻȵ ʏɻ íɤɯ ʓʋɚʎɒ ɤʕɻ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝ͋ýɊɒ Ñđėęĕ ɔʑɩ ɦɒʖɗʇß ʏʍ ĒĖ ȝ ɨʋɝ͋ã ãɥʔ éȶ ìá Ûɔʎʕ͋ã ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ûɐʎɻß

�íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ Ȟá íʖʍʝã ɐ ĂʎȤʋɪʍ Ñɕʕɗʐã ʓɗɒɐʚʐ

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ɧɝɻ ɐʕʎʔßÿ Ñɤʕɼʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ ûɐʎɻß ʏʍ ɔɶɓʑɗɪ͋ã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ïÿíɤʊã ʏʍ ãĂΒɚʇ ɐʐɦʕɸßɦʕʅʊã ʉɎɐɩÿ ʏʍ ɔʍʖʈɟ ɤʑɻ ʏʈʙ ʌʋʁ Ñ Ăʢʙʖɵ ïʖʂʑʊã Ȫɻ ɑʋɿɗʊã ʏɻ ʌʋɹʊãÿ ɴɿɳʊãɔʋɰʅ͋ã ʌɾí Ȫɻ Ʋ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ʏʈʊÿ Ñɤʕɼʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ ɤʑɻ ýɐʇ ɐʍ ʉɚʍ ëãɤɓɗɩʡãÿȞá ɦɶɳʙ ýɐʇ Ʋ ɔʍíɐɰʊã Γʐãʖʅʊãÿ ëʢ͆ɝʊã ɺʍ æɐʙʡʖʊã Ȟá Γʋɩɦ͋ã Γɲʖʂ͋ãÿ ɔʎɎãɤʊãëɦʎɗɖ ɨʙíɐɒ ʘɟãʖɲÿ æɐʙɦʙɤ͋ãÿ ýɤ͋ã ɕʐɐʇÿ Ñüãÿɤʊã Ȫɻ æãɦʍãɋ͋ãÿ ʏɗʂʊã ɔɠʁɐʈʍ

�ïÿàɦʊã øʖʊß ʉɰʄ ʌɾí Ȫɻ õɐɶʅʐã Βɾ ʏʍïʖʂʑʊã ȝ ɕɣɩí ɔʚʂɢ Āʖʄ Ʋ ʘʔɐʑʊã ɦʍʛã ʓʐß ʏɸ āɥʊã Ʋ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ äíɐɟɦʍß ʏʍ ɐĂɏʚɬ úíɤʙ ʌʊ ʓʐß �ʆʊì ɑɓɩÿ Ñþãɦʇʟãÿ ɴɿɳʊã ʉʁɐɠɜ ʓʚʁ ɦəɋɖ ʌʊ ɐ Ăɢʖɩí

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Page 136: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

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Ɂʇɗɽɓɯɷã åíʃɇɷã ɹɷȽɦ̸ Ɂʇɗɯɾɷã äȽɀɖʊã ���

ʘɗʊã âëɐɓ͋ã þɥʔÿ Ñɤʙɤɜ ýɐʎʙá ɔʙíʖɚʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ʓʐß ɔʅɒɐɪʊã ûʖɰʂʊã ȝ ɐȢʑʚɒɐ Ăɳʄɐʑɖ ûɐɼʁʝã Γɒÿ ɐʕʑʚɒ Āɦʐ Ʋ Ýɐɢʟãÿ ɔʙɦɠʊã ɤɝʎɖ ɕʐɐʇ ýáÿ Ʋ ɔʂɵɐɼʊã ɐʕ Ćʍãʖʄɞɒãɥʍ ɕʍɐʄß ʘɗʊãÿ Ñɔʙɦɠʊɐɒ ãʖɼɗʎɗʙ ýß ïɐʑʋʊ ɞʎɪɖ ʌʊ ʘɗʊã ýɐʙëʝã ɦɚʇß ýɊɬ Ñɐʍ͆ɐɖÑʌɼʐ Ñæãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ɞʍɐɪɖ üɤɻ ʏɻ ʉʎɼʊãÿ âëɐɓ͋ã Γɒ ʏʙɐɓɗʊã Ɋɭʑʙÿ ÑÝɐɢʟã üɐʅʍ ɔɼʚɹʁþãɦʇá ȝ þíɐɰʐß ɔɓɾɦʊ ʌʊɐɹ͋ã øãȩʄã Ȟá ûÿɋʙ þɦʍß ʏʈʊÿ Ñʌʋɠʊãÿ ɔʁßɦʊɐɒ ʏʙɤʊã ɦʍɊʙ ɤʄüɐʙß üɐʄ āɥʊã Ȩʇʝã ûʖʕʊã ʏʈʙ ʌʋʁ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʌʊɐɹʍ Ɂʂʐ ãɥʕɒÿ Ñʓʚʋɻ ïɐʑʊãÝɐɿʊáÿ ʘʎʋɖíɐɒ ýɐɩ ɔɠɒɥʍÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã äÿɦɠʊãÿ ɫʚɗʂɗʊã ɔʎʈɠʍ õʖʐ ʏʍ ʡá åíʖɚʊã þɥʔÑïʖʚʑʚɪʐɐɜ íɐɰʐß ëɐʕɶɲãÿ ɔɪʐɦʁ äʖʑɜ ȝ ýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊã ëɐʕɶɲãÿ ɕʐɐʐ üʖɩɦʍ

�ɤɟãÿ ȹʂʐ ɺɓʑʍ ʏɻ ɐʕʋʇ æíɤɯ íʖʍß þɥʕʁæɐɏʍ ëɦɵ Ȟá ʓɼʁë āɥʊã ʖʔ ʓʐɐʎʙá ýß Βɾ ÑɐĂ͋ ɐɸ ɐĂʈʋʍ ɀɻ ɺɒãɦʊã ɨʙʖʊ ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿʉɎɐɩÿ Ɋɭʑɖ ʡÿ Ñʌʕʑʍ ãĂΒɓʇ ɐ Ăʅʙɦʁ ʏɝɩÿ ʉɗʄ ýß ɤɼɒ ɔɪʐɦʁ ʏʍ ýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊã ʏʍ øʖʊʝãýɐʇ ɤʅʁ Ñʌʕɒʖʋʄ ȝ èíãʖɣʊã ʓʚʅʋʙ øʖɢ ʏɻ ýÿɤʅɗɼ͋ã ɐʕɒ õíɥɗʙ ʘɗʊã åɦʔɐʅʊã ɷɻʖʊãíɤɰɖ ɐʎʐáÿ Ñɀɻ ɺɒãɦʊã ɨʙʖʊ ɤʕɻ ȝ ɦɶɣʊã ȫʚʋʄ ïʖʚʑʚɪʐɐɜ íɐɰʐßÿ ýɐɗɪɖÿɦǍʊãþɐʙá ʌʔíɐʈʐá ɤʅɗɼʙ ïɐʐß Ȫɻ Ñʃɠʊɐɒ ʆɪʎɗʍ ʓʐß ʌɻɧʙ Ñʌʇɐɟ ɑɳɾ ʏɻ ʉɎɐɩʖʊã ʆʋɖ

Üʓɗʊãîá Ȫɻ íëɐʄ ʖʔÿ ʌʕʊʢɲ Ȫɻ ʉɜɦʊã ʆʊì Ȩɰʙ ʀʚʇÿ Ñëɐʑɻ ʏɻûʖʕʊã ûɐɜíÿ ąɀɻ ɺɒãɦʊã ɨʙʖʊ ʉʋɼɖ ãɥʈʔÿ Ñʏʍî ʉʇ ȝ ýÿɤʅɗɼ͋ã ʉʋɼɖ ãɥʈʔÑɀɓʊã ëɤɝʙ ʃɠʊã ãɥʔ ʌʔɂʐ ýßÿ ʃɠʊã Ȫɻ ʌʕʐß ʌʕɼʚʎɜ Ýʡɋʔ ɤʅɗɻã ɤʅʁ ÑȨʇʝãɺʍ úʖʋ͋ãÿ ɔɪʚʑʈʊã ʉʔɐɪɖ ʏʍ ɦɚʇß ʌʕʍʖɰɢ ʖɠʐ ãʖʋʔɐɪɗʙ ýß ýʖɼʚɶɗɪʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ʉʔÿ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

Ñɐʕȣʋʇ ýɐʙëʝã ɕʍɐʄ ɐʕʚʋɼʁ Ñɐ͆ʙíÿȷ ãĂɦʍß ûʖʕʊã ɔʅʙɦɵ ʉʚɜ ʉʇ ȝ ýÿɤʅɗɼ͋ã ɤɻãʖɓʑɗɝʙÿ Ñɐʔɦʍãÿß Ȫɻ ãʖɹʁɐɠʚʊ Ûʌʚɠɝʊã ȝ āɤɒß äãɥɼɒ ïɐʑʊã æíɥʐß ɤʄ ýɐʙëʝã þɥʔÿ

�ɐʕʚʔãʖʐãʖʐɐɼɗɩãÿ ÑʌʕɎɐɒÞ ɔʅʙɦɵ Ȫɻ ãÿíɐɩ ɤʄ ʘɒʖʅɼʚʊã ɤʅɗɼ͋ã ʉɩí ýʖʈʙ ʆʊì Ȫɻÿɔʙɐɻɤʊã ȝ ɐ Ăʄɦɵ ɥɣɖʡ Ñɔʚʇãȩɬʡɐʇ Ñɤʙɤɜ ɤʅɗɼ͋ üʖʚʊã ɂʑʊã ʌɖ ʖʊÿ ÑʌʕʋɎɐɩÿ ʉɚʎɒ

�Ȩʇʝã ûʖʕʊã ɔʎʈɠʍÿ ɫʚɗʂɗʊã ɔʎʈɠʍ ùɦɵ ʓɒɐɭɖÑɐ Ăɰʄɐʐ ʓʚʋɻ ɐʑ Ćɻʢɵã ýɐʇ Ñɴʅʁ ɔʚʑʙë ɔʑɗʁ ʏɻ ɐĂɏɬɐʐ ʘɒʖʅɼʚʊã ûʖʕʊã ɐʐȨɗɻã ãìáÿåΒɚʇ ɔʚɖãì ɺʁɐʑʍ íʖɰʑ͋ã ɤʅɗɼ͋ã ãɥʔ Ȟá ʌɳʐã ʓʐß ɐʑʇãíëá ɤʑɻ õʢɵʡã ãɥʔ ʌɗʙÿÝʡɋʔ ɑʐɐɝɒ ýɐʇ ʓʑʈʊÿ ÑΓɓɰɼɗ͋ã ʉɩɦʊã ʏʍ ăʉʚʋʄ Ȩʇʝã ąûʖʕʊã íãëß Ñʌɼʐ Ñʓʑɻ ɔʋʅɗɪʍɤʅɗɼ͋ã ãɥʔ ãÿɤɻ ʏʙɥʊã ûɐɜɦʊã ʏʍ Βɚʇ Ñʌʊɐɼʊã ãÿëɤɝʙ ýß ʃʚɳʊã ʌʕʋʅɼɒ ãÿßí ʏʙɥʊãʌʕʇɦɖ ɐʎʑʚɟ ɦʁɐɹʊã ûÿʝã ɤɎɐʅʊã ýʖɼɓɗʙ ʌʕʋɼɜ āɥʊã ɑɓɪʊã ʖʔ ãɥʔÿ ÑÝãɦəá ɔʋʚɩÿ

�ʉʙíʖɩ Βɓʊß ûɐʄ Ñþʖɓɰɗɾã ɐʎɒ ýʖɼɗʎɗʙ

üɐʍî Ȫɻ ʓɒ Γɳɒɐʄ ãʖʋɸ ʌʕʐʝ Ûûʖʕʊã Ȫɻ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ûɐɜí ʉɓʄßȪɻ Ʋ ʌʔÿ ÑþΒɿɒ ʌʕɓɯɐʑʍ ɷʂɟ ýʖɼʚɶɗɪʙ ʡ ʌʕʐß ʌʔëɐʅɗɻʡÿ Ñɔɶʋɪʊãɔʅʚʅɠʊɐɒ ãÿɦɹʑʙ ʌʊ Ʋ ɔʊÿɤʊã ɔʍʢɪʊ ʡá ɐĂɏʚɬ ãʖʋɼʂʙ ʌʊ ʌʕʐá ʌʕʊʖʄ ʌɾíɐʍÿ Ñɐ͆ʚʍʖʈɟ ɐ Ăʍɐɹʐ Βɰʙ ýß ʉɓʄ ɔʋʚɩÿ ýɐʇ ûʖʕʊɐʁ Ñʌʕɪʂʐß ɔʍʢɩ Ȟá ʡá

�ɔʋʚɩʖʊã íȨʚʊ ʡá üɐɹʑʊã õɤɗɒã

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ʓʋɚʎɒ ćæɊɖ ʌʊÿ Ñûãʖʍʝã ɑʋɩ Ȟá ɐĂʙëɋʍ ïɐʑʊã Γɒ ɐ Ăʄɦʂʍ Ȩʇʝã ûʖʕʊã ýɐʇ�ñʖɰʋʊã ʏʍ ɔɒɐɰɻ

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ȝ ɕʎʚʄß ɤʄÿ Ñþãɦʇáÿ ɦʕʄ ɔɶɩãÿ Ȩʇʝã ûʖʕʊã üɐʙß ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʌʇɐɠʍ ɕʐɐʇûɐʄ Ñýʖɗʐãë ɐʕɎɐɭʐʟ ʗɼɩ ʘɗʊã ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʙíɐɒ ɔʎʈɠʍ ãɤɻ åΒɓʇ åíʖə ʌʇɐɠʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ

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Ñʉɗʅʊɐɒ ʌʈɠɖ ɕʐɐʇ ɔʎʈɠʍ ĔĐ ɐʕʑʍ Ñɔʙíʖə ɔʎʈɠʍ đĘė ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ɕʎʚʄßȪɻ ɨʙíɐɒ ɔʎʈɠʍ ɕʎʈɟ ɤʄÿ Ñ Ăʡɐɟ ʌʈɠʊã ýɐʈʍ ȝ ɐʕʍɐʈɟß ɥʂʑɖ ɕʐɐʇÿɨʙíɐɒ åɐɳʄ ʏʍ ɐĂɵɐɭʐ ʉʄß æɐʙɦʙɤ͋ã åɐɳʄ ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿ Ñæʖ͋ɐɒ ɐ Ăɪʂʐ ĒĖĒĕãʖʋɰʄÿ Ñɐ Ăɪʂʐ ēēđ ïßí åΒɿɰʊã ɛʐãíÿß ɔʑʙɤʍ ȝ ãʖʋɰʄ ɤʅʁ Ñʌʈɠʊã ȝýʖʚʊ ɔʑʙɤʍ ȝ ãʖʋɰʄÿ Ñåßɦʍã ęē ïßíÿ Ăʢɜí ĒĒē ïßí ïãíÞ ɔʑʙɤʍ ȝÑʌʕʑʍ Ñɨʂʐ đėĐĐĐ ʌʕɩÿàí ɕʋɰĆʄ ʏʙɥʊã õʖʎɝʍ ɽʋɒÿ Ñɐ Ăɪʂʐ đĖĘĔ ïßí

�Γʐɐʎɚʊã ʏɩ æãîÿɐɝʍ ʏʇ ʏʕʑʍ æãΒɚʇÿ Ñåßɦʍã đĒĐĐ

ÑȨʎɗǍɩ ɦʕɬ ȝ ɔʎʇɐɠʍ Βɾ ʏʍ ãʖʋɗʄ Γʎʕɗ͋ã ʏʍ ãĂΒɓʇ ɐ Ăɼʎɜ ʆʊɐʑʔ ýß ʗʂɣʙ ʡÿɔʎʈɠʍ ɕʐɐʇÿ Ñɐ Ăɪʂʐ ēĖĒĕ ïÿàí ɕʋɰʄ ʘɗʊã ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʙíɐɒ ɔʎʈɠʍ Ýɐɭʐá ʉɓʄ āßɦʍãÿʝã ɥʚʂʑɖ Ȫɻ Ʋ ʓɗʎʇɐɠʍ Ýɐʑəß ȝ ʉʚǜʑɖ ʓʚʇʖʁ íɐɬß ɐʎʇ Ʋɂɗʅɖ ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʙíɐɒýʖʐɐʅʊã ʃʁÿ åÝãɤĆɓʊã ȝ æíɐɩ ýáÿ Ʋ ʘʔÿ Ñɔʍɐɼʊã ɔʍʢɪʊã ɔʑɝʊ ʏʍ ɐʔɐʅʋɗɖ ɕʐɐʇ ʘɗʊãæíɐɯÿ Ñʌʕɗɭʄɐʑʍÿ ëʖʕɭʊã õɐʎɩÿ õɐʁɤʊã ɕɿʊɊʁ Ñʆʊì ɕʋʎʔß ýß ɘɓʋɖ ʌʊ Ʋ ãĂɦʔɐɸɔʎʈɠ͋ã åɦɎãë ȝ ɔʋɰʅ͋ã ɑɰʑɖ ýß ʉʚǜʑɖ ʓʚʇʖʁ éȩʄã ʌə Ñæɐʕɓɭʊɐɒ ïɐʑʊã Ȫɻ ʌʈɠɖ

�ãĂíʖʁ üɐʈɟʝã ɥʂʑɖ ʘʈʊƲ ɤʅɟ ʏʍ äãɧɟʝã Γɒ ɐ͋ ãʖʂćʄÿ ʏʙɥʊã Ʋ Γʎʕɗ͋ã ʉɩɦɖ ɔʎʈɠ͋ã ʆʋɖ ɕʐɐʇÿΒǍɪɒÿí ɔɳɓʄ ȝ ʌʋɸ ɔʊÞ ɔʎʈɠ͋ã þɥʔ æíɐɯ ɐʍ ýɐɻɁʊÿ ÑÝãʖɪʊã Ȫɻ ɔʋɰʅ͋ã Ȟáʉɓʄ ʖʂɼʊã ïɐʑʊãÿ Ɇ ûɊɩ ʉɗʅʊɐɒ Ñýʖɗʐãë Ñɐʕʚɪɩɋʍ ɤɟß Ȫɻ ɕʎʈɟ ɐʍɤʑɻÿ Ñúɐʂɪʊãɔʚʔãɤʊã ýɐʇß Ýãʖɩ ɤɟß ʏɻ ɞʂɰɖ ʌʊ ʘʔÿ ÑɐʕɎɐɭʐá Ȫɻ ʓɗʐÿɐɼ͋ ɔʋɰʅ͋ã ȝ ɤɼɰʙ ýßýɐɗɪʑʇ Γʍɐʚʑɒ ûɐʄ �äɦʙɧʊɐʍ ʉɲɐʂʊã ʉʚɓʑʊã üß ýʡʖʎʙë ʉʚɩʖʊ ʌʚʈɠʊã üß ʓʙîãʖǛʡ

�ɐʕʚʊá ãĂΒɭʍ

�Ăåÿɐɓɾ ʌʔȤɤɬßÿ ïɐʑʊã ʗʐëß ɤʙ Ȫɻ ɔʚʍɐɪʊã ɞɎãɦʅʊã äɐɠɯß ʏʍ Βɚʇ ʉɗʄ ʌɖ

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Ñɐ Ăʎʚɹɻ ãĂΒəɊɖ ɐʕʚʁ ɦəɋʙ ïɐʑʊã ʏʍ Βɚʇ ʉɗʄ ýß ɐʐɤʅɗɻã ïʖʂʑʊã ȝ ɦəʝã ʏʍ ɤɟãÿ ʉɜíæɐʕʍʝã ɕʐɐʇÿ Ñɺʅʙ ýɐʇ ɐʍ Ȟá ãĂΒɚʇ ïɐʑʊã ʓɓɗʑʙ ʌʋʁ ïãʖɠʊã ɕʅʔíß åëɐɼʊã ýß Βɾɕɓɜÿß ɤʄÿ Ñäɐɼʊʝã íÿë Ȟá üʖʚʊã ʌʕąʐ ĉɤ Ćʅąʙ ɐʎʇ ïÿàɦʊã ʉɰʄ ãÿɤʔɐɭʚʊ ʏʔëʡÿß ąýĉɤ ĆʅąʙÑðɊɝʊã ʘɶɒãí ɔʋɰʅ͋ã ȝ ʌʕʋʇ ãÿɤɼɰʁ Ñæʖʎʋʊ ïɐʑʊã çãȩʇã üɤɻ åΒɚʈʊã ʉɗʅʊã ɦɸɐʑʍ

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æȽʆʎʃɷã Ȋ ûʃʂɷã � �

ÑȨʇʝã ûʖʕʊã üɐʙß çɤɟ ɐʍ ʉʇ åíʖɚʊã ʌʇɐɠʍ üɐʈɟß ʏɻ Ɋɭʐ āɥʊã äɐʄɦʊã ɺɶʄ ʏʈʙ ʌʊÑɔʋɖɐʄ ɔɓʔɐʐ ñʖɰʋʊãÿ ùɦɶʊã õɐȢɶʄ ʏʍ ɔʂʊɋʍ ɔʙíʖə ðʖʚɜ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ûʖɝʙ ýɐʇ ɤʅʁ

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Ʋ ɨʂʐ ɐʂʊß ɐʕʑʈɪʙ ýɐʇ ʘɗʊã Ʋ ýãÿɤʚɒ ȝ ýʖʊʖʕɝʍ ïɐʐß ɺɶʄ ɐʍɤʑɻɐʕʐɐʈɩ ʏʍ ɐ Ăɰɣɬ đĖ ïÿàí ɕɼɶʄÿ ɐĂɗʚɒ Ĕēē ɐʕʚʁ üɤ Ćʔ ɔʙɦɠʊã åɦɝɬʌʕʑʍ ʘʅɒ ʏʍ ëɦɵÿ Ññɐɯɦʊɐɒ ɐĂʚʍí ɐ Ăɰɣɬ ĔĖ ʌʕʑʍ ʉɗʄÿ ɔʋɰʅ͋ɐɒʌʕʊ ýʖʈɗʊ øʖʕʈʊã ɕɠʐ Ȟáÿ ûɐɓɝʊã ȝ ʉɓɪʊã ɺɶʄ Ȟá ãʖɭʚɼʚʊ ãÿɦɶɲɐʁ

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ʌʇɐɠʍ ɕɠɓɯß ɐʎʋʁ Ñʆʊì ʏʍ ãĂΒɢ åíʖɚʊã ʌʇɐɠʍ Ȟá ãʖʋɩíß ʏʍ ɑʚɰʐ ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿɐʔɤɟÿ ɕʐɐʐ ȝ Ʋ ñɐɯɦʊɐɒ ɐĂʚʍí ąʉɗʄÿ Ñʓʙíɐʇ ùąɦɾß Γʐãʖʅʊã ëʖʚʄ ʏʍ ɔʅʚʋɵ åíʖɚʊã

�ýãɤʊʖʊãÿ çɐʐʟãÿ íʖʇɥʊã ʏʍ ɮɣɬ øʡÞ ɔɪʎɢ ʏʍ äɦʅʙ ɐʍ Ʋʘɗʊã ʓɖëɐʕɬ ȝ ɐʍʖɖ ûɐʄ ɤʅʁ Ñíʖɗʚʐʖ͋ã åɤʙɦɜ ȝ ɞɒãɥ͋ã þɥʔ ʉʚɯɐʂɖ æëíÿ ɤʄÿ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʌʊɐɹʍ

ɑʐɐɝɒ éãʖʊʝã Ȫɻ ýʖɟɦɶʙÿ äãɦɠʊɐɒ ýÿɦʅɓʙ ã Ăëʡÿß æɤʔɐɬÿ Ñʏʕɲãɦɻß�ʌʕɖɐʕʍß

þɐʙɐɠɲ þɦʈĆʙ ʓʙíɐʇ ýɐʇ ʀʚʇ ɐʕʚʁ ɦʇì ýɐʚʊʖɝʊ åëɐʕɬ ëɤɼʊã ʆʊì ȝ æɀĆʐ ɤʄÿʏʍ đėęĔ ɔʑɩ ɦɒʖɗʇß ʏʍ đĕ ëɤɻ ȝ Ýɐɜÿ ÑÝɐʚɟß ɐʕʚʁ ʌʕʑʁɤʚʊ ʌʔíʖɓʄ ɦʂɟ ȪɻýɊɒ ãĂɦʍß ʗʅʋɖ ýɐɗɪʙë ɔʑʚʂɩ ýɐɒí ýß ʓʚʁ ɕɓəß ʉʚʂʐʖʚɖÿë ýʡΒ͋ ɦʙɦʅɖ åɤʙɦɝʊã ʆʋɖɐɗʑəãÿ Ñþɦʎɻ ʏʍ Γɼɓɪʊãÿ ɔʑʍɐɚʊã ɽʋɒ ɦʙȷ ɐʕʑʍ{ ɔʚɠɲ Γɼɒíßÿ Āɤɟá ɐʕʚʋɻ ʉʎɠʙëíÿÿ Ñlʌʕʄɦɿʙÿ Ʋ ûɐʂɵß ɔɪʎɢÿ Ñɐ͆ʚɓɯ ɀɻ ɔɪʎɢÿ ÑɐĂɗʑɒ åɀɻ ɐɗʑəãÿ Ñåßɦʍã åɀɻɐ Ăʄãɦɾá ýãɤʊʖʊãÿ Ýɐɪʑʊã ʉɗʅɒ ɦʍß ʓʐß{ ɕɗɓəß ʓʙíɐʇ ɔʎʇɐɠʍ ýß ȨʎɗǍɩ ʏʍ ēĐ ëɤɻ ȝ�lʌʕʑʇɐɪʍ ùãɦɟáÿ þɤʐɐǛ ýɐʈɩ åëɐɒɌɒ ɨʇʖʔ ɤɎɐʅʊã Ȱÿß ʓʐßÿ Ññɐɯɦʊɐɒ ɐĂʚʍíÿ

åɤʙɦɜ æɀʐ ɤʅʁ Ñýʖɼɜʖɗʙ þɐʙɐɠɲ ɤʔɐɭʙ ɐʍɤʑɻ ɔʎʚɹɻ åɥʋɒ ɦɼɭʙ ʓʙíɐʇ ýɐʇÿȝ ʆɠɲß ʌʊ ʘʑʐá{ �ʓʙíɐʇ ûʖʄ đėęĔ ɔʑɩ ȨʎɗǍɩ ĒĒ ȝ íëɐɰʊã ɐʔëɤɻ ȝ íʖɗʚʐʖ͋ãɱȣɓʅɖ Āíß ɕʑʇ ɐʍɤʑɻ ʘʈɠɲ ïÿΒʋʇʟã ûɐɜí ïÿàí ɐʕʚʁ æíɐɵ ʘɗʊã æɐʙɦʙɤ͋ã

�lʌʕɖʖʍ ɤʑɻ Ýʡɋʔ þʖɜÿɦʕɭʊã� íÿɤʚʍɦɖ ɦʕɬ ȝ ɕəɤɟ ʘɗʊã å Ȣëɦʋʊ Ýɐɲíá ʓʙíɐʇ Ȫɻ Āʖɻɤʊã ɕʎʚʄßýɤʍ ȝ ʓʋɚʍ ɺʄÿ ɞɒãɥ͋ã ʏʍ ɕʐɐʐ ȝ ɺʄÿ ɐʍ ʏʈʊÿ Ñ�ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ɔʑɪʊã ʏʍ ɀɻ āëɐɠʊãýʖʊʖɵ ɔʑʙɤʍ ȝ ʉɗʅʊã ɽʋɒÿ Ñýʖʚʊ ɔʑʙɤʍ ȝ ɨʂʐ ʘʂʊß ʉɗʄ ʓʚɬʖʁ ɑɜÿß ɤʅʁ ÑåΒɚʇʏʙɀɻÿ ɔɼɪɖ ýɐʇ ýß ɤɼɒ ɦʕɬß ɔɼɳɒ ȝ øʡÞ ɔɼɓɩ ɐʕʐɐʈɩ ëɤɻ ʓɒ ɞɓɯß ɐ Ăɿʋɓʍ

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�ʓɗʚɳʄ ȝ ʓʙíɐʇ ûɐʄ Ñʌʊɐɹ͋ã øãȩʄã

ɔʑɝʊ ʏʈʊÿ Ññɐɯɦʊɐɒ ɐĂʚʍí Γɝɩ ʘɗɏʍ ʖɠʐ üʖʙ ʉʇ ʉɗʅʙ ýɐʇ ʓʐɊɒ øȩɻßɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ Ȩɢß ɕʑʇ ɐʎʑʚɟÿ Ñʆʊɥɒ ɦʍɊɖ ɕʐɐʇ ʘɗʊã ʘʔ ɔʍɐɼʊã ɔʍʢɪʊãɀʑɒ ɦʍɊʚʁ ɐ Ăʅʚʂɰɖ āÿɤɖ ʓɗɻɐʄ ɕʐɐʇ æɐɏ͋ɐɒ ýʖʋɗʅĆʙ Γʁʖʄʖ͋ã åɐɰɼʊã ýɊɒȢȫɻ ýʖʋʍɐɠɗʙ ʏʙɥʊã äãʖʑʊã Ýʡɋʔ ʉɼʂʙ ýɐʇ ãìɐʍÿ Ñɔʚʎɩɦʊã åɤʙɦɝʊã ȝ Ȩɣʊãɥʅʑʍ ɕʑʇ ʘʑʐʝ Üʘɗʂʚɸÿ ȟ ýʖʇȩʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ãìɐ͋ÿ Ñȟ ýʖʅʂɰʙ ãʖʐɐʇ Üýʛã

Ƽ �úɐ Ȣʂɩ ʉɜí ɐʐɊʁ ýʛã ɐʍßÿ Ñʏɵʖʊã

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Page 141: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ãÿɤʙɧʙ ʌʊ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ãÿΒɩ ʏʙɥʊã ýß ʉʕɝʙ ýɐʇ ʓʙíɐʇ ýß ɦʕɹʙ üɤʅɖ ɐʎʍÿãʖʐɐʇ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ Ýɐɳɻß ʏʈʊÿ Ñʉɗʅʊã ʃɠɗɩã ʓʙíɐʇ ýá ʌɼʐ Ññɐɣɬß ɔʚʐɐʎə Ȫɻāɥʊã Ñʓʙíɐʇ õɐʁë ɐʑʊ ɕɓɚʙÿ Ñɞɒãɥ͋ã ʏʍ ɺʄÿ ɐʍ ʌʕʐɐɪɠɗɩʡ Ûɐ Ăɳʙß ʉɗʅʊã ýʖʅɠɗɪʙëɐʕɶɲʡã äÿȷ ʏʍ ûʖʕʊã üɐʙß çɤɟ ɐʍ ýß Ñɔʍɐɼʊã ɔʍʢɪʊã ɔʑɝʊ ʉɎɐɩí Ȟá ʓʚʁ ɤʑɗɩã

�ɔʚɰɣɬ Ąõɐɪʍ ʏɻ ʡ åɦɒɤʍ ɔɶɢ ʏɻ Ɋɭʐüɤʕʊã Ćûÿɐɼʍ ɕʊÿɐʑɖ ʉɒ Ñɴʅʁ ïʖʂʑʊã ʉɗʅɒ ûʖʕʊã üɐʙß ɑʙɦɣɗʊã ɔɜɐɟ ąɱʅĆɖ ʌʊÿʘɗʊã Ñɔʚʑʂʊã íɐəʛãÿ ʘʐɐɓ͋ã Ȫɻ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã Ýɐʎɻî Ýãɤɗɻã ȝ ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɐ Ăɳʙß Ýɐʚɬʝãüɐʍî Ȫɻ ʘʅʚʅɠʊã ʏʍɋ͋ã ɱɓʄ ʗɗʎʁ Ñɑɝɼʊɐɒ ȿʅʙ ɐʍ Ñæʖʅʎʍ òɐʍ ɐʙɐʅɒ ɐʔÿȣɤɻɤʅɗɼ͋ã Ȫɻ ɔʊãɤʊã ɦɎɐɼɭʊãÿ ɤɒɐɼ͋ãÿ ʉʚəɐʎɗʊã Ȫɻÿ ʓʐɐʎʙá Ýãɤɻß Ȫɻ ȿʅʙ ʓʐɌʁ ɔɶʋɪʊãüɤʕɒ ɦʍß ɔʚʐãɂʑʊã ʉɠɗʐã āɥʊã îÿëʖʚɖ íʖɵãȨʍʟã ýß ɔʍʖʋɼ͋ã íʖʍʝã ʏʍÿ Ñïʖʈʑ͋ã

�ɔʑɩ øʡÞ ɔɗɩ ɥʑʍ ʉʚʑʊã ʘɗʂ ćɲ Ȫɻ ɕʎʚʄĆ ß ʘɗʊã ɤɒɐɼ͋ã ɦɚʇßɕʋɩíß ɐʍɤʑɻÿ Ñåɦɢɐʂʊã ʀɠɗʊãÿ ɥʁãʖʑʊã èɐɜîÿ åîíɐɓʊã ðʖʅʑʊãÿ ʉʚəɐʎɗʊã æɁʇɨʙʖʊ ɤʕɻ ȝ ãĂɦʙîÿ íɐɯÿ úÿë ɑʅʊ ýʖʚʊʖnjɐʐ üɐʙß ûɐʐ āɥʊã Ñʓʚɬʖʁ ɤʕɼʊã ɔʍʖʈɟɤʄÿ ÑɐʕɪɎɐʑʇ ɨʚʄãʖʐÿ ɐʔíʖɰʄ èãɦɒß üɤʕɒ ɦʍß Ñɦʁɐʚʐ ȝ ɐʕʑɻ äʖʑʚʊ Ñɀɻ ʏʍɐɚʊãúʖʋ͋ã íʖɓʄ ýß ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝ͋ ɦʙíɐɒ ɦʙɦʅɖ ȝ Ýɐɜ ɤʅʁ Ñɐ Ăɳʙß íʖɓʅʊã üɤʕʊã ɤʙ ɕʊÿɐʑɖÑɕʍɤ Ćʔ Ñýʖʋʚɒ ʏʍɦɜ ʓɼʑɯ āɥʊã ɑʚɝɼʊã ʘʐɐɚʊã āɦʑʔ Ȩʄ ɐʕʑʍÿ Ñʘʐë ýɐɩ ȝ ɔʎɣʂʊãïãȢɦɠʊã ɤɟß ɺʋɗʄã ýß ɤɼɒ íëɐʐ ÝȻʇ ʀɠɗ͋ã Ȟá ʏʙíʖɖ ɔɚɜ ɕʋɩíßÿ ɨʙÿãʖʑʊã ɕɾȤɦʁÿ

�ʓɗʚɠʊÿ ɺɒãɦʊã āɦʑʔ äíɐɬ ʀćɗĆʐ ɤʄÿ Ñɐʕɼʚɓʚʊ ɐʕʐɐʑɩßɐʑʑʈʊÿ Ñýɧɠʍ ɦʍß Ȥʘʑʂʊã ɔɪʐɦʁ çãΒʍ ɑʙɦɣɖ ʏɻ åΒʑʊã ûʖʅɼʊã äɐɒíß ąȲćí ýáýʖʎɝʕʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ʏɗʂʊã ûɐɜí ýßÿ Ñɔʙʖʅʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ʌʊɐɹ͋ã ßʖɩß ýß ɐʐɦʇì ãìáɐʑʊ Ćɤɖ ʡÿ Ñåíɥɼʍ ʆʊì ȝ ɐʑʙßí Ñõʖɳɣʊã Ȫɻ ʓʐʖʔɦʈʚʁ üʖʙ ʉʇ ȝ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ Ȫɻʓʚʊá ûÿɋʙ ɐʍ Ȫɻ Ñɐ Ăɳʙß Ñɐʑʊɤɖ ʉɒ Ñɴʅʁ åʖʅʊã ʏʍ ɑɰɼɗʋʊ ɐʍ Ȫɻ ɑʙɦɣɗʊã ãɥʔ ɔɰʄ

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Page 142: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ïëɐɪʊã ʉɰʂʊã

ÍĒãĉßûă* ,4ĎÓă*7ĎĒÕ

ðʃʇɊɷãÿ åíʃɇɷã ɕɷȽɊɺ ���

ʏʍ ɐʕʚʁ ɺʅʙ ɐʍ Ȫɻ Ñɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ Ñåíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝʍ ʏɻ ʓʎʋɼʐ ɐʍ ąɂɗʄã ʖʊʆʊɥʊ ýß Βɾ Ñɔɏʚɩ ɐʔãɦʇì ɕʐɐʈʊ ëɐʕɶɲʡã ʏʍ ʓɒ ʘɖɊɖ ɐʍ Ȫɻÿ ɐʕʂɼɲ Ȫɻÿ ùɐʅɭʐʡãɔɼʄãʖʊã ëʢɓʊãÿ ɔʈʚɝʋɒ ëʢɒ ɕɠɗʁ ʘɗʊã ðʖʚɝʊã íɐɰɗʐã ʏɻ ɐĂɏɬɐʐ ãĂɦȤəɋʍ ãĂìʖʂʐ íÿɤʊã

�ʌʈɠʊã ɤʚʊɐʅʍ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ úɦɖ ɐʎʑʚɟ ĀɁʚʊã ʏʙɦʊã ɔʂɲ Ȫɻðʖʚɜ ʓɗʊɐʐ ɐʍ ʓʚʊá ĀɧɼĆʙ ýß ûɤɼʊã ʏʍ ɞɓɯß ʓɻʖʎɝʍ ȝ ɤʕɼʊã ʌʈɟ Ȟá ɐʐɦɹʐ ãìáĀʖɩ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝ͋ ʏʈʙ ʌʊ ʓʐß ɐʑʊ ɦʕɸ ʓʍɐɪʄß Γɒ ɐʑʄɦʁ ãìá ɐʍßÿ Ñɂʑʊã ʏʍ ɔɪʐɦʁɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ãÿ íʖɿɚʊã ȝ ɔɶɒãɦ͋ã ðʖʚɝʊã ýßÿ Ñɔʚɒɦɠʊã ɺɎɐʄʖʊã ȝ Βɿɯ ɑʚɰʐãĂɦɹʐ íʖʍʝã Ȟá ɐʎʕʑʍ Ƞʉʇ ɦɹʐÿ Ăʢʚʋʄ ãĂΒəɊɖ ɦɢʛã ȝ ɐʎʔɤɟß ɦȢəß Γʋʅɗɪʍ Γʎɪʄ ɐɗʐɐʇ

�ɐĂʑʙɐɓɗʍɑɪɟ Ȫɻ ʓʙßí ûȤɤɓʙ ýɐʇ ʓʐßÿ Ñɐ Ăʂʚɼɲ ýɐʇ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ýß ɐʑʊ ɞɳɖã ɤʄÿ�ã ĂɤɎɐʄ ʡ ã Ăëɐʅʑʍ ýɐʇ ɤʄÿ ðʖʚɝʊã Ȫɻ ɦɶʚɪʙ ýß õɐɶɗɩã ʀʚʈʁ ɑɼɭʊã æɐɳʙɦɠɖ

ɐʔ ȤΒɪʙ ýɐʇ ɔʑɝʊ Ȟá äɦɠʊã íʖʍß úɦɖ æɐɻîɐʑ͋ã ȝ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ Ćúɐʎʕʐã ɑɜÿßɤʄÿ Ñëɐɗ ąɼʊãÿ åΒ͋ɐɒ ðʖʚɝʊã æɤʍß ɐʕʐß ʖʔ ɔʑɝʋʊã þɥʔ ʓɒ ɕʍɐʄ ɐʍ ȣʌʔßÿ Ñþɤɟÿ ʖʐíɐʇʏɻÿ ɔʚɒɦɠʊã ɧʇãɦ͋ã ȝ Γɶɒãɦʍ ãʖʐɐʇ āɤʑɜ ėĕĒĐĐĐ ʓɖëɐʚʄ ʏɻ ʖʐíɐʇ ʉɳʁ Ɋɭʐ

�ðʖʚɝʊã ȝ üɐɹʑʊã ʌɎɐɻë ɤʚɵʖɖ ʏɻÿ üʖɝʕʊɐɒ ëãʖʅʊã Ȟá þîɐɼʙáɺʚɶɗɪɖ ʡÿ Ñüɐɼʊã Βʂʑʊɐɒ þɦʍß Βɾ ëʢɓʊã ʏɻ õɐʁɤʊã ȝ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ʉɼʂʙ ʌʊÿɦʍß ȝ ɨʋɝ͋ã ãɥʔ ɔʋɢãɤʍ ɐʍßÿ ÑʏʙΒɚʈʊã ɔɪʐɦʁ Ýãɤɻß þɐɝɖ ʆʊì Βɾ ʉɼʂɖ ýß ɔʍʖʈɟɐʔëɤɻ ʉɳʂɒ Ăåɦʁɐɸ ɐʔɤɟÿ ðʖʚɝʊã þɥʔ ɕɜɦɢ ɤʄÿ Ñɔʙɐɿʊã Ȟá åΒɪʙ ɕʐɐʈʁ ðʖʚɝʊã

�ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ʏɻ ýʖʋʅɗɪʍ äɐɓɬ ăëãȢʖʄ ɐʕʊ ɐʕʎɩí Ąɴɶɢÿ ɐʕɗɩɐʎɟÿ

Page 143: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

Ɂʇɗɽɓɯɷã åíʃɇɸɷ Ɂȿíÿß ɁɍɮȽɵɺ ���

Ȟá õɐ ʟ͋ã ýß Ñåíʖɚʊã ðʖʚɜ éɐɝʐ Ȫɻ æɤɻɐɩ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ʉʍãʖɼʊã ýɐʚɒ ʉɓʄ ÑĀɦʐ�åɤɎɐʁ ʏʍ ʖʋɣʙ ʡ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã Ȣɤɲ ɕʋɠʂɗɩãÿ ɔɒíÿß ȝ ɕʋɯɊɖ ʘɗʊã ɔʋɖɐʅ͋ã éÿíɔʚʈąʋ͋ã ɐʔɐʅʋɖ ɕʐɐʇ ʘɗʊã ɑɻɐɰ͋ã Ȟá ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʉɎãÿß ȝ ɑʐɐɜʝã úʖʋʍ ɦɹʐąɦȢʈʁ ɕʂɼɲ ɔɪʐɦʁ ýß ɔʚɩÿɦɒ ʆʋʍ ʏɸ ɐȢ͋ ʓʐʝ ÛȲȤɦʊã Γɼɒ ʌʕʊ ɔʎɟãɧ͋ã ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊãïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊ ãɤɻɐɪʙ ýß ɔɪʎʑʊã íʖɵãȨʍá Ȫɻ éȩʄɐʁ Ñɐʕɒɐɪɟ Ȫɻ ʓʈʋ Ćʍ ɺʚɩʖɖ ȝɤɲ åɤʔɐɼʍ đėęĒ ɔʑɩ ɦʙãȨʁ ȝ ãɤʅɼʁ Ñïãɧʊßÿ íɤʐʢʁ ɔʙʡÿ Ȫɻ ûʖɰɠʊã ąÝɐɜí ɀɻ� ȤāɤʐÿΒɝʊã äɧɠʊã ΒəɊɗɒ äɦɠʊã ãÿɦʕɭʁ üʖɝʕʊã ȝ ãʖʅɓɩ Γʚɪʐɦʂʊã ýß ʡá Ñɔɪʐɦʁ

æãì ɕʐɐʇ ɐʕʐɌʁ ȭÿɦɒ ʘɗɏʍÿ ȹʐɦʁ ɔɏʎəʢə Āʖɩ ɔʇɦɼ͋ã ȝ ʉɗʅĆʙ ʌʊ ʓʐß ɺʍÿɔʚɗʂʊã ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɑɎɐɗʈʊã äʖʋʄ çíÿß þɦʕʄ ɔʊɐɠɗɩɐɒ ɦʕɗɬã Ąɫʚɜ Ȣëąí ýʝ Ûɔʎʚɹɻ ɛɎɐɗʐɔɼɳɒ ɱʎɖ ʌʊÿ Ñɔʕɓ ąɝʊã ûʖɵ Ȫɻ Ȣÿɤɼʊã ʌɜɐʕɖ ɑɎɐɗʈʊã þɥʔ æɥɢɊʁ ÑĂåΒɓʇ Ăɔɻɐɝɬ�ʏʙɥʅʑʎʇ ɐʕʚʁ ïɐʑʊã ʌʕʋɓʅɗɩɐʁ Ñɔʈʚɝʋɒ ʏʍ Γʙʖɪʎʑʊã ʘ͋ɐʁ ëʖʑɜ ëɦąɵ ʗɗɟ ɺʚɒɐɩßëʢɒ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ Ȥʌɲ ʏɻ Ɋɭʐÿ Ñɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ üɐʙß ãĂΒɚʇ äɦɠʊã ùɐɶʐ ɺɪɖã ɤʄÿ�ɔʑɩ ʏʙɀɻÿ Γɗʑəã æɦʎɗɩã åȩʋʈʐá Ȣɤ ćɲ ăäɦɟ Ñđėęē ɔʑɩ ȝ Ñɔɪʐɦʁ Ȟá ɔʈʚɝʋɒ

ɔɪʐɦʁ ʌʚɪʅɖ Ȫɻ ãÿɤʔɐɼɖÿ Ñïɦǜʐß ȝ ɔɪʎʑʊãÿ ɔʚɩÿɦnjÿ åȩʋʈʐá ʖɒÿɤʑʍ ɺʎɗɜãíɤʐʢʁ ɔɼɵɐʅʍ ɔɪʎʑʊã ûɐʑɖ ýßÿ ʏʙíʖʊ ɔɼɵɐʅʍÿ ïãɧʊß ɔɼɵɐʅʍ ɔʚɩÿɦnj ûɐʑɖ ýß Ȫɻåíʖɚʊã ɺʎʅĆɖ ýß ɔɪʎʑʊã Βʂɩ éȩʄã ɤʄÿ Ñúɦʈʐë Ɋʁɦʍ åȩʋʈʐá ûɐʑɖ ýßÿ ãʖɖíß ɔɼɵɐʅʍÿȞá ɔɪʐɦʁ Ȣɦɶɲã ɐʍ ãɥʔÿ Ñlɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã ɔʍʝã åëɐʄ ɔʁɊɬ ûɐɰɏɗɩɐɒÿ{ äɐʔíʟɐɒ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊãɨʐãȨʊã ûɐɓɜ ʏʍ āß Ñɐʔíʖɿə ûʖɵ Ȫɻ đėęė ɔʑɩ Ȟá đėęē ɔʑɩ ʏʍ äíɐɠɖ ýß

�ûɐʎɭʊã ʗɗɟȞʖɗɩɐʁ ÛåΒɚʇ ûîãʖʐ ɐʕɒ ɕʋɟÿ Ñɔʅɒɐɪʊã ɐʕɖɐɟʖɗʁ åÝãɤɓʊã ȝ ɔɪʐɦʁ ɕɻɐɲß ɤʄÿȞʖɗɩãÿ Ñýʖʊʖɵ ɔʑʙɤʍ Ȫɻ ɧʚʋʈʐʟã Ȟʖɗɩãÿ Ñýʖʙɐɒ ɔʑʙɤʍÿ ýɐʚʑɒΒɒ ɔʑʙɤʍ Ȫɻ ýɐǍɩʟãɤʚʑɝɗɒ ɦʍʝã Ȟá đėęē ɔʑɩ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ɦɶɲɐʁ ÛýɐʚɪʑʋǛ ɔʑʙɤʍ Ȫɻ ýʖʙʖɪʎʑʊãðʖʚɜ ɔɼɪɖ ëÿɤɠʊã Ȟá ùɐɩÿ ÑΓɼɒíʝãÿ åɀɻ ɔʑʍɐɚʊã Γɒ ʓʑɩ ɞɜȩɖ ȹʐɦʁ ʉʇɑɎɐɗʈɒ ɔʅɒɐɪʊã ʘʈʋ͋ã ɫʚɝʊã ɑɎɐɗʇ ɕɜ ćɧ Ćʍ ɤʄÿ ÑɐĂɓʙɦʅɖ āɤʑɜ ėĕĐĐĐĐ ʏʍ ɔʂʊɋʍ

�ʏʙɤʑɝ͋ã ɑɎɐɗʇÿ Γɻʖɶɗ͋ãÑʘʑʚɖɐʁ ȝ ýãëíʖɜ ûɐɬíɐ͋ã íɐɰɗʐã ɤɼɒ èʖɒʖʍ ʏɻ íɐɰɠʊã ɺʁíÿ ĆÝɐʂʋɠʊã Ɂʈʐãʏʙɦʊã ɔʂɲÿ ɔʈʚɝʋɒ æëȩɩɐʁ ʌɜɐʕɖ ɔɪʐɦʁ æɥɢɊʁ ʏʙíʖʊ ɔɼɵɐʅʍ Ćðÿß ɥʅʐß ʌə

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Page 144: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ðʖʚɜ

ɐĂʚʊʖɗɪʍ ʏʙɦʊã ʀʋɢ ʌʔɐʍíÿ ïÿíʖʋʁ ȝ Γʙʖɪʎʑʊã ýãëíʖɜ ûɐɬíɐ͋ã Ɂʇ ʌə ÑĀɁʚʊãΓʁȩɼʍ ɞʋɰʊã ɑʋɵ Ȟá Ýɐʂʋɠʊã úʖʋʍ ɦɶɲɐʁ Ñåɤʑʊʖʔ ʉɗɟãÿ Ñɧʑʋɒʖʇÿ ɐʚʐʖʋʇ Ȫɻ

�ɐʕɖɐɟʖɗʂɒ ɔɪʐɦʂʊÑüɐʎɗʔʡã ʏʍ ʓʅɠɗɪɖ ɐʍ ɐʑɗʚɳʄ ãÿΒɼʙ ʌʊ ɐʐÝãɤɻß ýß ɔɪʐɦʁ íɐɰɗʐã ʘɻãÿë ʏʍÿʌʕʑʍ ʉʇ ýɐʇÿ Ñđėęĕ ɔʑɩ ʗɗɟ đėęē ɔʑɩ ɥʑʍ ɔʚʐʖʊʖnj ʌʚɪʅɖ ȝ Γʈʎʕʑʍ ãʖʐɐʈʁÝɐʂʋɠʊã ëëɦɖ ʏʍ ãĂΒɚʇ ɐʐɤʂɗɩã ãɥʈʔÿ ÑþΒɾ ʏʍ ɦɚʇß ûɐʑʚʊ ɔʎɪʅʊã Ƀɠʙ ýß ɤʙɦʙɨʙíɐɒ Ȫɻ đėęē ɔʑɩ ʀʚɯ ȝ ýʖʙʖɪʎʑʊã ʀɟî ʖʊÿ Ñɱɼɓɒ ʌʕɳɼɒ ʏɸ Ýʖɩÿɐʐɐʙá ʌʕɠʑʎɒ ɐʐÿɥʅʐß ʏʙɥʊã ʌʕʁ Ñã Ăɤɟãÿ ɐʑɠɒíÿ ɔɏʍ ɐʐ ćɁɢ{ �ûʖɒɐʚɖ ɤɎɐʅʊã ûɐʄ ɐʎʇ ɐʑʈʊ

l�ëãʖʅʊãÿ óɐɓɳʊã íɐʚɗɢãÿ ëʖʑɝʊã ɺʎɝʊ ɐĂʚʁɐʇ ɐĂɗʄÿɔʍʖʈɟ ɕʄɐɪʁ Ñɔɪʎʑʊã Āʖɩ ɔɒíÿß ȝ ýɊɬ ÿì ÿɤɻ ûɐɒ åɤʔɐɼʍ ɤɼɒ ɐʑʊ ąʃɓʙ ʌʊÿýß æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ Ȟá ɕɲʖʁÿ Ñɔɪʎʑʋʊ ɔɼɒɐɗʊã ɔʚʊɐɶʙʟã ʓʐʢʚʍ ɔɼɵɐʅʍ Ȟá ɐ Ăɭʚɜ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊãɺɎɐʄÿ ɤɼɒ ʆʊìÿ Ñɔɪʐɦʁ ʏʍ ɞʋɰʊã ɑʋɵ Ȫɻ ɔɪʎʑʊã ɔʊÿë æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ þɦʇß ɤʄÿ Ñɐʕʎɜɐʕʙ

�đėęė ɔʑɩ ʉʙɦɒß ɦʕɬ Ȟá đėęĖ ɔʑɩ ʉʙɦɒß ɦʕɬ ʏʍ āß Ñ Ăʢʍɐʇ Ăʡʖ ąɟ ɕʍãë

åíʃɇɷã ðʃʇɉ íȽɝɄɽã ɂɀɉÿß ʅɄɷã Ɂʇȿɓɍɷã ɶɺãʃɩɷãÿ Ɂʇɗɯɾɷã ɶɺãʃɩɷã � �Ɂʇɗɽɓɯɷã

ýɐʇ ɐʍ íãɤʅʍ ɦʇɥʐ ýß Ʋ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ðʖʚɜ íɐɰɗʐã ȝ ɑɓɪʊã úãíëʟ Ʋ ɑɝʙíɐʈʐá ʏʍÿ þíɐʈ͋ã Ȫɻ Ȩɰʊã ʏʍÿ åɤʙɤɭʊã ɔɩɐʎɠʊã ʏʍ åãɦ Ćɼʊã åɐʂɠʊã ɐʔëʖʑɜ ɤʑɻʓɒ ąʘ ćɟÿß ɤʙɤɜ ʏʙë ʉɩí ʌʕʐɊɒ ãÿɦɼɬ ɔʙíʖɚʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ʏʍ ãʖɼɓɬĆ ß ɐ͋ ʌʕʁ Ñɨʂʑʊãʏɵʖʊã ãÿɥʅʐɊʁ Ñɔɻíɐʄ ɐʎʕɻɧɻɧɖ ʌʊ ɔʊɐɪɒÿ ɔʊʖɶɒ ʌʕʐɐʎʙá ʌʕɠʑʍ ɤʄÿ Ñʌʊɐɼʊã ɤʙɤɝɗʊɨʋɝʍ ʉɠʍ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ ɕʋɟ üʖʙ Ýʢʚɗɩã äɦɟ ʓʐʖɒíɐɠʙ ãÿíɐɯÿ ÿɤɼʊã ʏʍʉɎɐɓʄ ɡʙíɐɗɒ ʌʕɣʙíɐɖ ɐʐɦʇɥʙÿ Ñëʖʑɝʊã Āʖɩ ýʖʙíʖʕʎɜ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ʃɓʙ ʌʊÿ ɤʕɼʊããĂÝɧɜ ɕɠɗʁ ɔʂʚɣʍ ðʖʚɜ Ȟá ɕʊʖɠɗʁ Ûɤʎɠʍ ʓɒ Ýɐɜ ɐʎɒ ɕʑʍÞ ʘɗʊã äɦɼʊã åɦʙɧɜ

�ʏʈʎʙ ɐʍ õȵɊɒ ʌʙɤʅʊã ʘʐɐʍÿɦʊã ʌʊɐɼʊã ʏʍ ãĂΒɓʇãʖʁɐɩ ýɐʈɩ õɦʔĆ ß ɤʅʁ Ñɐʕʊ ʏʙíɦɠʎʇ ɔɪʐɦʁ åãɧɾ ɔʋɗɠ͋ã ëʢɓʊã ʏʍ Βɚʇ ʉɓʅɗɩããʖɩɦɾÿ Ñɔɩɐʎɠɒ ëʖʑɝʊã Ýʡɋʔ ɨʐɐʙɐʍ ȝ ïɐʑʊã ʉɓʅɗɩãÿ ÑΓʚɪʐɦʂʊã ëʖʑɝʊã ɔʙàí Ȟá

�ɨʙíɐɒ ɨʋɝʎɒ ʓʚɓɬ ɤʕɻ ɨʋɝʍ ãʖɪɩßÿ Ñɔʙɦɠʊã íɐɝɬß

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Page 145: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿ ýÿɤɓɗɪ͋ã úʖʋ͋ã ɐʕʊìß ʌʍɊɒ üɤɶɰɖ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ðʖʚɜ ɕʐɐʇ ɐʎʋʇÿɐʕʍãɤɶɯã ɤʑɻ ɐʕʚʋɻ íɥɼɗʙ ýɐʇ ɂʑʊã ʏʈʊÿ Ñɐʕʂʊɐɠʙ ɂʑʊã ýɐʇ ʓʑɻ äĆɥɖ ûɐʚɢ ɐʕʊäʖɼɭʊã ɔʊɐʎɗɩã Ȫɻ íëɐʅʊã åãÿɐɪ͋ãÿ ɔʙɦɠʊã ûɐʚɣʁ Ñɐʕʊɐʚɣʇ ʃʚəÿ ûɐʚɢ ȟÿß ïɐʐɊɒȝ ɔɼʚɓɶʊã ʌʈɠɒ ɦəɋʙ ʡ ɐʕɎãɦʍß ëãɤɓɗɩã ɕɠɖ ɔɟîãɦʊãÿ ɔʑʚɗ͋ã ɤɎɐʅɼʊã ʏʍ ɔʋɵɐɼʊãɔɒíɐɠʍ ȵ úíɤʐ ãɥʕɒÿ Ñʉʙʖɵ ɤʕɻ ɥʑʍ ʌʕɩʖʂʐ ȝ ɡɩí āʖʄ ûɐʚɢ āÿì ïɐʐßąðʖʚɜ Ñʌʕʚʁ ɔʋɯɊɗʍ ɔʚʈʋʍÿ ɔʚʑʙë ɦɻɐɭʍ āÿì ãʖʐɐʇ ʏʙɥʊã ÑþɤʐɐǛÿ ʓʚʐɐɗʙɦɒ ýɐʈɩæɐʙɦʙɤʍɀɻΓɗɼɵɐʅ͋ã Γɖɐʔ ʏɗʁ ɕʎɻ ɤʄÿ ÑåΒɚʇ Γʑɩ ɐʕʚʋɻ ʌʔíɐɰɗʐãÿ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã

�ʉɖɐʅʍ ĘĐĐĐĐ ɐɗɼʎɝʁýɊɬ ʡ ʘɗʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã āß Ñɔʑʙɐɓɗ͋ã æʡɐʚɣʊã õîɐʑɖ ȝ ɔʎɟɦʋʊ ʉɠʍ ʡ ʓʐß ɐʎɒÿäÿɦɠʊã ȝ ʡá çĆɤɠɖ ʡ åʖɪʅɒ ʀɰɖã ýß þɤʐɐǛ ȝ ɺʄÿ āɥʊã õãɂʊã ɘɓʋʙ ʌʊ Ñɐʕʚʁ ʉʅɼʋʊüʢɪʊã ʌɎɐɻë ðÿĆ ß ɤȢɵÿ Γɟ Ñđėęĕ ɔʑɩ ɦɢãÿß ʗɗɟ õãɂʊã ãɥʔ ɦʎɗɩã ɤʄÿ Ñɔʚʑʙɤʊã

�āíɐʚʑʊʖʍ ûɐʄ Ñɐʕɖɐɰ Ćɻ åëɐɒɌɒ ʡá ɐʕʚʁ ɔʑɗʂʊã ɤʎɣɖ ʌʊÿ ÑþɤʐɐǛ ȝ

ɐʕʚʁ ʆʋʔÿ ÑΓɗʑɩ æɦʎɗɩã ɔʚʋʔß äɦɟ ɤɼɒ ɐ Ăʂɰʂɯ ɐ Ăɻɐʄ þɤʐɐǛ ɕɠɓɯßɤɼɒ ɐʕʚʁ Ýɐʚɟß ãʖʋɸ ʏʙɥʋʊ ĀÿɊʍ ʡÿ üɐɼɵ ʃɓʙ ʌʊÿ ÑɐĂɓʙɦʅɖ ɨʂʐ ęĐĐĐĐĐ

�ɞɒãɥ͋ã ʆʋɖ

ʓɼʍ íɥɼɗʙ āɥʊã ýɐʎʙʟã ʏʍ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ðʖʚɜ ɤʑɻ ɐʎɻ ɦɹʑʊã ɐʑʁȶ ãìáÿɐʎʋʁ Ñûɐɗʅʊã æɐɟɐɩ ʌʕɒ ɕɓɝʐß ʏʙɥʊã ɽɒãʖʑʊã ʌʕɖëɐʅɒ ʌʔΒɾ ãʖʄɐʁ ʌʕʐß ɐʑʙßí ʌʔɦʕʄäɐɠɯʝ ɕɠʑɩ ɔʚɓʑɜʝã ëʢɓʊã Ȟá øãȴʝã ɔʅɓɵ ʏʍ ʌʔ ʏʙɥʊã ɫʚɝʊã åëɐʄ ɦɚʇß ɦɜɐʔÑɑɖãɦ͋ã ɺʚʎɜ Ȟá ɦʕɬß ɔɼɳɒ ȝ ãʖɜíɤɗʁ ʌʕɓʔãʖʍ ɐʕʚʁ ãÿɤɒß ɔɯɦʁ ɔʚɒɦɠʊã ɔʚʋʔʝãȝ ɫʚɜ ɤɎɐʄ ʌə ɔʄɦʁ ɤɎɐʄ íɐɰʁ ɐ Ăʂʙɦɻ đėĘę ɔʑɩ ȝ ýɐʇ āɥʊã ðÿß Ýʡɋʔ ʏʍÿʡ ɔʚʍʖɝʔ ɐ Ăɟÿí ʌʕɠʑʎɖ ëãʖʅʊã Ýʡɋʔ ɔʊɐɪɒ ɕʐɐʇ ɤʄÿ Ñþɦʎ Ćɻ ʏʍ ʏʙɀɼʊãÿ ɔɪʍɐɣʊãɐȢʑʁ ãʖɻɤɒß æãëɐɼʊɐɒ ʌʕɼɓɶɖ üɤɻÿ ɤʚʊɐʅɗʊɐɒ ʌʔɤʚʅɖ üɤɼʊ ʌʔÿ Ñɐʕɒ Ýãɤɻʝã ðʖʚɝʊ ɤʕɻ

�ʏʍɧʊã æɐʚɳɗʅ͋ ɐ ĂʎɎʢʍ ɐ͆ʚɒɦɟÑɐʕʊ ɔʑʕʍ ɔʙɤʑɝʊã æɥɣɖã ɑɎɐɗʇ Ýãîá ɔʇɦɠʊã Ȫɻ ɔɒɦɝ͋ã Βɾ ëʖʑɝʊã íɤʅɖ ʡÿåΒɚʇ õʖʎɜ üɐʚʄ ýß ʡá Ñɺɓ Ȣɪʊã Γʑɪʊã äɦɟ ɥʑʍ ɔʋʎɼɗɪ͋ã ùɦɶʊã Ȫɻ ɕɒíɤɖÿāɥʊã ʖʔÿ Ñåëɐʚʅʊã ʏʍ ëãʖʅʊã ʏʈʎʙ ýɐʇ āɥʊã ʖʔ Βɓʈʊã ëɤɼʊɐʁ Ñʆʊì ʉʊì æɐʎ ąɝʕʊɐɒ

�åʖɪʄ ʏʍ ɐʕʚʁ ɐʍ ɺʍ åɦəɋ͋ã åíʖʇɥ͋ã üʖɝʕʊã ɔʅʙɦɵ ʏɻ ɍɬɐʑʊã öãɦʂʊã ɤɪʙ ýɐʇ

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Page 146: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ðʖʚɜ

åëʖɼɗ͋ã ʓɓɎɐɗʇ Ćü ćɧ ĉʕąɖ äãɦ ćɠʊɐɒ ÿɤɼʊã Ȫɻ ɐʕʍʖɝʔ ɤʑɻ ɔʂʚɚʈʊã õʖʎɝʊã ɕʐɐʇÿɔɪʐɦʁ Ȣʏʁ ɕʄʖʊã ʆʊì ȝ ñɐɯɦʊã ùʢɵá Ýɴɒ ʉ ąɼ ąɜÿ Ñɤʑɝʊã åɐʚɟ ɐʕɒ ĀąíãɤĆɖ ɐ Ăʄɦɵɔʑɩ ɥʑʎʁ ÑɐʕɎɐʑɒß ʏʍ ãĂΒɚʇ ʆʋʔß ʓʐß Βɾ Ñɐʕʊ ɂʑʊã ʌɖ ʓɓʁ Ñ Ăʡɐʎɼɗɩã ʉʕɩß ʘɒɦɠʊãʏʍ ėĐĐĐĐĐ āß� ʌʕɚʋə ʏʍ äɦʅʙ ɐʍ äɦɠʊã ɔɟɐɩ ȝ ąʉćɗ Ćʄ đĘĐĐ ɔʑɩ ʗɗɟ đėęĒ

��ʉɖɐʅʍ ʘʐʖʚʋʍɐĂɚɠɒ äɐɗʈʊã ãɥʔ ȝ ɐʕʑɻ ɐʑɚɠɒ ʘɗʊã çëãʖɠʊã ʏʍ ɛɎɐɗʑʊã èãɦɣɗɩã Ȫɻ ĉɦćɒɐąɚĆʑĉʊÿ

�ɐ͆ʚɪʂʐæɐɻɐʎɝʊã þɥʕʊ ɐʍ Ȫɻ ðʖʚɝʊã ȝÿ ɨʙíɐɒ ȝ ɔʙíʖɚʊã æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ʏɻ Ćɘɠɓʊã ɐʑȢʊ ąëåɧɜɐɻ ɕʐɐʇ ìá æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ýß ɐʑɗɓəß ɤʅʁ Ñíãʖɵʝã þɥʔ Ćéȴ ʉ Ćʕ ĉɪąʙÿ Ñíãʖɵʝã ʀʋɗɣʍ ʏʍɔʙɧʍ ýßÿ ɔʚʔɐʑɗʍ ɔʊɐɪɒ æãì ɐʕʐß ɐ Ăɳʙß ɐʑʙßíÿ ÑòȢɦ ąɠĆɖ ɐʎʇ Ć ćΒɪąɖ ɐʕʐɌʁ ʉʅɼɗʊã ʏɻûɐɜɦʊã ʏʍ ɐ Ăʁʖʊß ɐʕʚʁ ąɤ ćɝąʐ ýß ɐʑʚʋɻ Ćʉ Ćʕ ĉɪąʙ ʓʐßÿ Ñɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ ɐʔɤʑɻ ɔʚʍɐʐ ýʖʈɖ Βɿʊã ɔɓɠʍ

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Page 147: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون
Page 148: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

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åɧʙɦɾ ąɃɠʊã ʉʔß ʏʍ Βɚʇ ɤʑɻ ɔʚɭɟʖʊɐʁ Ñʗʑɼʍ ÿì ʌʕʇʢʔ ɔɻɐɩ þɐʙɐɠɲ þʖɜÿ�åɦəɤʑʍ Βɾ åíʖɜɧʍ

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ɔʙɤʐß ɑʚɶɢ ýʖɗʐãë ýɐʇÿ ÑãĂìʖʂʐ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ûɐɜí ɦɚʇß ΒǍɪɒÿíÿ ýʖɗʐãë ýɐʇɕʐɐʇÿ Ñɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ ʓʐɧɠɖ ɔʚɩɐʅʊã ʓɓɶɢ ɛɎɐɗʐ ɕʐɐʇÿ Ñɑɼɭʋʊ ɐ Ăɝʚʕʍ ɔʊʖɯ ãì ɐ ĂɲɦɠʍÝɐɜ Ñʌɼʐ ÑΒɢʝã ʀɰʊã ȝ Ʋ ΒǍɪɒÿí Ʋ ʉɓʅɗɪ͋ã ȝ ʓʎɰɢ ýɐʇ üɐʙß ɔɼʚʁí ʓɗɜíëëɐʑɼʊã ʃʋɢ ʏʍ Ăʢɵɐɻ ýɐʇ ʓʐß ɐʎɒ ʏʈʊÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã éÿí ʓʚʁ ýʖɗʐãë ɞɓɯß ɕʄÿ�ɔʋɰʅ͋ã Ȟá ʓʄɐɪʁ ɔɼɶʅɗ͋ã þëʖʕɜ Ȫɻ ɦʎɗɪ͋ã ΒǍɪɒÿí ɑɰɼɖ ɑʋɿɖ ɤʅʁ æɐɓɚʊãÿ

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ʀʚɼɲ èãɧ͋ã āÿãëʖɩ ýɐʇ ɤʅʁ Ñʓʚʊá ïɐʑʊã ʉʚʍ ɑɓɩ ΒǍɪɒÿí ʃĆʋɢ ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿʓɪʂʑɒ ɐĂɓɝɼʍ ɐĂʚɜãɤʍ ãĂɦʇɐʍ æãëɦɝ͋ã ʏʍ ɦɠɒ ȝ ɐ ĂɰɎɐɾ ʃɎɐʅɠʊã ʌʕʁ ʏɻ ãĂɧɜɐɻ Ýɐʇɥʊãʖʔ ʓʐßÿ Ñɔʋʚɳʂʊã ʌɎɐɻë ɤɵʖʚʊ Ûʓʋɩíß Ɇ ýß ã Ăɤʅɗɼʍ Ñʓɖɐʚɟ ûʖɵ ʓʄíɐʂʙ ʌʊ ɐĂɒɐɝɻá

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã Ýɐʎɻî éÿí

ɤʄÿ Ñɦʙíɐʅɗʊã ʆʋɖ ȝ ʓɗɒɐɰɻÿ ΒǍɪɒÿí ʌɗ Ćɬ ɐʎʋɚʍ ʓɵʖʅɩ ɤɼɒ þɤʚɩ ɤɓɻ ʌɗɭʙ ʌʋʁΒǍɪɒÿí ʀɯĆÿ ɤʄÿ Ñlʢʚɩÿ ïʖʙíɐʍ ɞɒãɥʍ ɤʕɻ ãÿëɤɜ ýʢʚɿʊã ʆɏʊÿß ýß{ �ɐʕʚʁ Ýɐɜʡ ýɐʇ āɥʊãÿ Ñæɐʕɓ Ćɭʊɐɒ ïɐʑʊã ʉɗʄ ȝ ʓɪʂʐ ɔʍʢɩ ʏɻ ɘɠɓʙ ýɐʇ āɥʊã ʘɖɐɼʊɐɒ ɐʕʚʁȞá ɤɜÿ ʖʊ ʓʐɐɰɟ ɤĆɓɼʙ ýɊɒ ȹʐɦʂʊã ąɑɼɭʊã Ʋ ʡʖɿʚʊɐʇ ʉɚʍ Ʋ ɦʍɊʙ ýß ʏɻ ʌɝɠĆʙ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã Ýɐʎɻî éÿí

ʉʍãʖɻ Ʋ ʉɗʅʊã Ȟá ʓʋʚʍ ãɤɻ Ʋ ʓʚʁ ýɐʇ ʓʐʝ ʡ Ñɐ Ăɲʖʎɾ ɦɚʇɊʁ ãíɐʍ ɔʚɪʂʐ ɐʍßÿɐ Ăɼʊÿ ɔʚʑɪʊã ɑɖãɦ͋ɐɒ ɐ Ăɻʖʊÿ ýɐʇ ʓʐʝ ʉɒ Ûɡʊá þɤɎɐʅɻÿ ʓɼʎɵÿ ɔʍʖʋʈ͋ã ʓɪʂʐ åɧɼʇ Āɦɢß

�ëʖʎɝʊã Ȣɤɟ îÿɐɜ ɐĂɓɰɼɖ âëɐɓ͋ã ɱɼɓʊ ɐĂɓɰɼɗʍ ýɐʇÿ Ñýʖʑɝʊã Ȣɤɟ ɽʋɒʏʈʊÿ Ñȟɐɼ͋ãÿ ɑɯɐʑ͋ɐɒ ʓʚʁ ʌʋɠʙ ýɐʇÿ Ñʃɒɐɪʊã íÿɤʊã ȝ ɔʚʎʋɻ ʌɻãɧʍ ãì ãíɐʍ ýɐʇÑΓʚɻɐɶʄʟã Ýãɦʍʝã ɤɟß ɤʑɻ åΒʅɟ ɔʂʚɸÿ Āʖɩ ʉʑʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɔʚɾɐɯ ɐĂʐìß ʓɖɐʔɦɖ ɤɟß ɦɼʙ ʌʊʓʋɎɐɳʁ ɤɠɝʙ ýɐʇ āɥʊã ʃɒɐɪʊã ɺʎɗɝ͋ã ʏʍ üɐʅɗʐʡã ëãíß ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɕʋɼɗɬã ɐʎʋʁåɤʙɦɜ Ʋ ãĂɦʕɜ ȨʎɗǍɩ ɞɒãɥʍ ɤɝʍ ýß ɤɼɒ Ʋ Ɋɭʐß ɤʄÿ Ñåɐɿɶʊã ɤɬß ïßí Ȫɻ ɞɓɯɊʁɐʍ Ñɐʔɦɝʑɣɒ āãëíʖʇ æʖʊíɐɬ ʓʋɗʅɖ ʌʊ ʖʊ Ñʖʔÿ Ñʌʕʋɗʄ ɐĂɓʊɐɵ ʏʙΒɚʇ ïɐʐɊɒ ɐʕʚʁ Ȯÿ

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Ɂʇɗɽɓɯɷã åíʃɇɷã ÝȽʂɄɽã ɑɩȿ ÝȽʇɌß ãʃɸɥ ɼʆɒɷã ɑʂɩɷã ûȽɉí Ϳɝɺ ���

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�Ýãɦəʟãʆʊì ãʖʋɼʁ ʖʊÿ Ñɔʎʚɹɻ Ăʡãʖʍß ãʖɼʎɝʁ üɐɼʊã ïɋɓʊã ʏʍ ãÿɤʚʂɗɪʙ ýß Ýʡɋʔ õɐɶɗɩããÿɤɼʊ Ñɔʋʙìɦʊãÿ ɔʋʚɳʂʊã Γɒ ɐʕʚʁ ùȢɦʂʙ ʡ ʘɗʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ȝ ʡ Ñɔʙëɐɼʊã ɔʑʍîʝã ȝɤʅʁ ʌʔɦɚʇß ɐʍßÿ Ñʓɓʔɥ͋ ɐĂɓɰɼɗʍ ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã ʏʍ ʉʚʋʅʊã ʉɸ Ñʌɼʐ ÑΓʍɦɝ͋ã ñʖɰʋʊã ʏʍýɐʇ āɥʊã ïΒɩɐɓʑʇ ʌʕʑʍ ɦʇɥʐÿ Ñýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ɔʐɐɶɒ ʏʍ ãʖɠɓɯßÿ ãʖʑɗɾã ýß ɤɼɒ þʖʇɦɖýʖʚʋnjɐʐ üɐʙß ɑʋɶʙ íɐɰʁ �ʘɒɐʇ ɨʙʖʊ� ɒ Ñʏɝɪʊã ȝ ʖʔÿ Ñɀɻ ïëɐɪʊã ɨʙʖʊ ɑ Ȥʅʋʙɐʑʊɤʙ ãɥʔ ʉɚʍ ăɦʍßÿ Ñ�ɐʐɤʚɩ� ɒ þʖɓɵɐɣʙ ýßÿ �ʖʎɪʊã ɑɟɐɯ� ɒ þʖɓʅʋʙ ýß ʓɎɐɪʋɜ ʏʍʖʚɪʍ ûɐʄ Ñåãÿɐɪ͋ã Ȟá ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã ʏʍ Βɚʇ ʉʚʍ ɕɠɖ āʖɶʑʙ ýɐʇ āɥʊã ɤɪɠʊã íãɤʅʍ Ȫɻ

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ɐ͆ʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙë Γɪʎɢ ʌʕɓʐɐɝɒ ɤɼʐÿ ÑĀíʖɭʊã ɨʋɝʍ ȝ Ýɐɳɻß ʌʕʑʍ ûɐɜíäɐɒíß ɔʑɩ åɀɻ ɨʎɢ ʏʍ ʉʄß ȝ ãÿíɐɰʁ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ȝ Ýɐɳɻß ãʖʐɐʇúÿɤʊã ɦʇɥʐ Γɪʎɣʊã Ýʡɋʔ ʏʍÿ Ñíʖɰʄÿ ùëɐʑʁÿ øɐʄÿßÿ æɐɒɦɻÿ ýîɐɣʍ

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ûʖɯʖʊã ʌɗʙ ʌʊ ʏʈʊÿ Ñɐʕɗʍɦɟ ɕʈʕɗʐã ʘɗʊã ʃɒɐɪʊã ɤʕɼʊã æãîɐʚɗʍã æɤʚɻĆ ß ãɥʈʔÿõɐʅʙáÿ åΒɚʇ ïʖʂʐ ʉɗʄÿ ɐʔȵɊɒ æɐʙʡÿ ùãɦɟáÿ ɔɪʐɦʁ ɑʙɦɣɗɒ ʡá ɔɝʚɗʑʊã þɥʔ Ȟáʏʙëɐʚʍ ȝ ïɐʑʊã ʏʍ øʖʊʝã æɐɏʍ æʖʍÿ ɔɒíÿß ùʢʄáÿ ɤʙɤɭʊã ʌɿʊã ȝ ąȵĆʝã ʏʍ Βɚʇ

�äɦɠʊãɐʎɒ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã Ýɐʎɻî ʏʍ Βɚʇ ɔʚɪʂʐ ʏɻ ʓʚʁ ɐʑɚɠɒ āɥʊã ʉɰʂʊã ãɥʔ ʌɗɣʐ

�ʘɖɊʙɐʕʍȩɠɖ ýß æɐɼʎɗɝ͋ã Ȫɻ ɑɝʙ ʘɗʊã ɤɻãʖʅʊã ȝ ɘɟɐɓʊã ʖʔÿ Ʋ ùʢɢʝã ʌʋɻ ýɐʇ ãìáʓʐɌʁ Ññɐɣɬʝã ɱɼɒ Ȫɻ ʌʕʍɐʈɟß ȝ Ýãɤɬß ãʖʐʖʈʙ ýß ʓɎɐʎʋɻ Ȫɻ ȿʅʙ Ʋ ɫʚɼɗʊÑäɐɓɩʝã úãíëá ʘʔ ɨʂʑʊã ʌʋɻ ɔʙɐɿʁ Ñʌʕʋɚʍ Ýãɤɬß þÝɐʎʋɻ ʉɼɝʙ ɐʍ ɨʂʑʊã ʌʋɻ ȝ ɨʚʊ

�úãíëʟã ãɥʔ þɐɝɖ ɤʅʑʊã ûÿɧʙ ɐʍ ýɐɻɁʊÿȪɻ ʉɚʎɖ ʘɗʊã çëãʖɠʊã ɺʚɶɗɪɖ ɐʎʋʄ ʆʊɥʊÿ Ûíɐɪʈʐʡã ɔɼʙȵ ɔʊÞ ɔʙɀɓʊã éÿɦʊãÿʏʍ ɔʂʊɋʍ ɔʑʎʚʕ͋ã Āʖʅʊã þɥʔ ýß ɐʎɒÿ Ñɐʕʊ ɔʇɦɠ͋ã Āʖʅʊã üÿɐʅɖ ýß ɡʙíɐɗʊã éɁʍȝ ýɐʇ ʖʊ þΒɩ ɞɓɰĆʙ ɐʍ ɐĂʑʅʚɗʍ ûʖʅʙ ýß ɺʚɶɗɪʙ ʡ ʓʐɌʁ ûãʖɟʝãÿ ɔɏʚɓʊãÿ ɔəãíʖʊã

�ûɐɜɦʊã ʏʍ ʌʕʊɐʎɻß Ɂʂʙ ýß ûÿɐɠʙ ʏʍ ýɐʈʍ

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Page 160: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

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ʏʍ Βɚʇ Ȫɻ ʢʎɗɬã ýɐɪʋɝʍ ɐʕʑʍ Ñɨʊɐɝʍ ɔəʢə ʏʍ ʀʊɊɗɖ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ ɕʐɐʇýɐɪʋɝ͋ã ýɐʇÿ Ñʏʙɦʙɤʍ ɔɪʎɢ ʏʍ ɐ Ăʂʊɋʍ ãĂΒɿɯ ýɐʇ ɤʅʁ ɘʊɐɚʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã ɐʍßÿ Ñäãʖʑʊãɔʚɓɼɭʊã ʏɗʂʊã ɺʍ ʓʋɚʍ ãΒɪʙ ʌʊ ɐʎʕʐá Ñʌɼʐ Ñɐʎʕʂɼɳɒ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ýɐʕɓɭʙ ýãΒɓʈʊãʏʙɦʙɤ͋ã Ýʡɋʔ ɦʍãÿʝ ýɐʑɻɥʙ ɐʐɐʇ ɐʎʕʑʈʊÿ Ñɔʙɤʙɤɟ ɤʚɒ ʏʙɦʙɤ͋ã ɨʋɝʍ ɐʕʍÿɐʄ ʘɗʊã

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�ûʖʕʊã üɐʙß ɺʄÿ ɐʎʍ ɤɬɊɒ ʌʕɒɐʄíɕʐɐʇ ɤʅʊ Ñʏʙɦʙɤʍ ɔɪʎɢ ʏʍ ʀʊɋ͋ã Βɿɰʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã ɔʚɪʂʐ ɕʐɐʇ ʆʊì ɨʈɼɒÿȪɻ ãɂɗʄã Γʚɒɐʚʑʊã Γɪʋɝ͋ã ʆʑʙì ýß ɺʍ ɐʕʋɟ Ȟá ʓɼʁɤɖ ɔʚʍʖʚʊã ɑɻɐɰʎʋʊ ʓɗʕɜãʖʍ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ýß ɺʍ ɐʕʂɼɳɒ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟÿ Ñɐʕɖɤɭɒ ɡʙíɐɗʊã ȝ ɤʕɼʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ æɦʕɗɬãɔʍʖʈɟÿ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ Γɒ ɐʍ ɞɳɗʙÿ ÑȞÿʝã ʏʍ Āʖʄß ɕʐɐʇ ɔʚʐɐɚʊã ýß ɕɒɐɚʊã ʏʍ

�ʘɖɊʙ ɐʍ Ñùÿɦʂʊã ʏʍ ɔʅɒɐɪʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ãɐʎʇ ʖɳɻ ɔɏʎɼɓɩ ÿß ʖɳɻ ɔɏʎɗɩ ʌɳʙ ɨʋɝʍ ȝ ɔɩɐʎɠʊã ɤɗɭɖ ýß ʏʈʎ͋ã ʏʍÑʌʕʋʇ úʖʋ͋ã Ȫɻ äɦɠʊã ɦʕɬ Ȟá ɔʎʙɧɼʊã åɤɬ ʓɼʁɤɖ ýßÿ Ñɨɶɪɾß ʏʍ Ĕ ɔʋʚʊ ȝ çɤɟɔɪʎɢ ʏʍ ʀʊɋ͋ã ɨʋɝ͋ã ɐʍßÿ Ñɐʔíãɦʎɗɩã üɤɼʊ ɔʙʖʄ ýʖʈɖ ʡ æɐɻɐʁɤʐʡã þɥʔ ʏʈʊÿÑþΒɩ ȝ æɐɓə ãì āß Ñåɦʎɗɪʍ ɔʎʙɧɻ ãì ýʖʈʚʁ ʓɎɐɳɻß ɤɟß ʓʚʋɻ ɑʋɿɗ͋ɐɒÿ Ýɐɳɻßýʖʐɐʅʊɐɒ ûɐɓʙ ʌʋʁ Ñɔʙʖʄ åëãíá ãì ýɐʇ āɥʊã ɔɪʎɣʊã ʏʙɦʙɤ͋ã ɨʋɝʍ õʖʑʊã ãɥʔ ʏʍÿʓʋɚʍ æɊɖ ʌʊ ëãɤɓɗɩɐɒ ɔɪʐɦʁ ʉʔɐʇ ʉʅəß āɥʊãÿ Ñɔʍɐɼʊã ɔɠʋɰ͋ɐɒ ʡÿ ʏɵʖʊã ÝɐʑɒɊɒ ʡÿ

�ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã Ýɤɒ ɥʑʍ æɦʕɸ ɔʍʖʈɟɐʍ ɺʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ åɤʚɩ ýʖʈɖ ýß ɺɶɗɪɖ ʌʊ Ñɤʕɼʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʇ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟÿȝ ɐʍ ɐʑʊ ɕɓɚʙ Ñɐ Ăʅɒɐɩ ʓʚʊá ɐʐȴß āɥʊã Ñɦʍʝã ãɥʔÿ Ñʓʙëãɤɓɗɩã ɑʚʊɐɩß ʏʍ ʓʚʊá æɊɝɗʊãûɐʅʙ ýß ɑɼɰʙÿ Ñëãɤɜʝã ʏɻ ɔəÿíʖ͋ã ɔʚɒëʝã Āʖʅʊã ɦʕʄ ʏɻ ɧɝɼʊã ʏʍ āëɐ͋ã ɴɿɳʊãɱɼɓɒ Ȣʡá üʖʅʙ ʡ ɺʎɗɝ͋ɐʁ Ñɺʎɗɝ͋ã üãʖʄ ʘʔ ʘɗʊã Āʖʅʊã þɥʔ ʉɚʍ ʏʍ ýʖʋɵɐɻ ɐʑʐáûÿɧɖ ʡ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɝʎʕʊã ýɐɪʐʟã ɧɎãɦɿʊ ɔɻîãʖʊã ɤʚʊɐʅɗʊãÿ æãëɐɼʊãÿ Γʐãʖʅʊɐɒ āß Ñõëãÿɦʊã

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ýãɤʋɓʊã ʏʍ ûãʖʍʝã ɑʕʐÿ Ñɤʑɝʊã Ýɐʕʊáÿ Ñíɐɹʐʝã ʉʙʖɠɗʊ Ûɞɗʂʊã äÿɦɟ ýÿɦʙɤ͋ã ʀʐɊɗɩãʏʍ ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ Ñɐʕʑʍ ðʖʚɝʊã ɕɼɜí ɤʄÿ Ñɐʕʋʇ ʌʕʍɐʙß äÿɦɠʊã þɥʔ ɕʄɦɿɗɩɐʁ Ñåíÿɐɝ͋ã

�åΒɚʇ ʌʐɐɿʍ æãì åɦʁɐɸ Ñɔʚʊɐɶʙáʌʊ ɔɪʐɦʁ ýß ãʖʑɹʁ ɴʚɪɓʊã èìɐɪʊã ɦʕɹʎɒ ɔɠɗɗʂ͋ã ëʢɓʊã ýɐʈɩ ɱɼɒ ɦʕɸÿɑʕʐÿ ɔʋʚʅə ɑɎãȷ ʓɗɓʅɻß ɞɗʂʊã ýß ãÿßí ýß ãʖɚɓʋʙ ʌʊ ʌʕʑʈʊÿ Ñʌʕɗɼʂʑ͋ ʡá ɞɗʂʊɐɒ ʌʅɖüãë ɔɪʐɦʁ ɤɲ ɤʙɤɜ ȟÿë ʀʊɐɠɖ Ȟá ɔɩɐʚɪʊã þɥʔ æëßÿ Ñûɐ͋ã æʖʚɓʊ ɑʋɩÿ ɨɎɐʑʈʋʊ

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íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ Ʋ Ȳʖʂʊã ɮʋʅɖ

ýÿɦɢÞ āßíÿ Ñûʖʕʊã üɐɹʐ åëɐɻá ʌʔΒɾ Āßíÿ Ñɔʚʈʋ͋ã åëɐɻá ïɐʑʊã ɱɼɒ Āßíÿ�ɔʚʑɵʖʊã ûãʖʍʝã Ȫɻ Γʊʖɗɪ͋ã Āʖɩ üɐɹʑʊã ʉʙɤɓɖ ɫɣʙ ʌʊÿ ÑɤɎɐʄ Ȟá ɦʍʝã ɱʙʖʂɖ

ɨʋɝ͋ã ɘʋə äɐɣɗʐã ëɤ Ćɜ ɐ͋ÿ Ñɤʙɧʙ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ ʏʍ ɑɼɭʊã ĆÝɐʚɗɩã ɥɢßʃʋʄɊʁ Ñɐʕʊ Γɲíɐɼ͋ã ʏʍ ëɤɝʊã äãʖʑʊã ɦɚʇß èɦɢ đėęė ɔʑɩ ïíɐʍ ɦʕɬ ȝ ʘɒɐʚʑʊãɤɼɒ ëɤɝʊã äãʖʑʊã ʏʍ ãÿëɦɵÿ Ñɔʙɦʙɤʍ Γɼɒíßÿ ɺɪɖ æɐɒɐɣɗʐã ãʖʋɶɒɊʁ Ûʏʙɦʙɤ͋ã ʆʊìɦʕɬß Γʚʂʑ͋ã Ýʡɋʔ Γɒ ʏʍÿ Ñʘʂʑʊɐɒ ʌʕʑʍ ĕē Ȫɻ ãʖʎʈɟÿ ÑɐĂɓɎɐʐ đĕĔ ʌʕɒɐɣɗʐã ɱʅʐ

�āãíëʖʇÿ ýʖɪʐÿɦɖÿ ʖʐíɐʇÿ ɨʚʊɐɖíʖɓʇ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ûɐɜíɕʂʐÿ Ñʉɗʅʊɐɒ Ăʢɜí đĖĐ Ȫɻ Ʋ ɔʙÿí Βɾ ʏʍ Ʋ ɔʚɒɦɠʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã ɱɼɒ ɕʎʈɟÿʏʙɦɜɐʕ͋ã æëɦɵ ýß ɘɓʋɖ ʌʊÿ ÑΒɰʄ ɕʄÿ ȝ ʌʕʂɰʐ æɐʎʁ ýɐʙʖʈʊã Ȟá Ăʢɜí ĒēĐʓʑʍ ɫʔë āɥʊã ëãɤɓɗɩʡã ãɥʕɒ ýÿɦʙɤ͋ã ʀɗʈʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɔɪʐɦʁ Ȟá ãÿëɐɻ ʏʙɥʊã ɔʑʕʈʊãÿȝ ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã äãʖʐ ëɤɻ åëɐʙî ãÿßí ɐ͋ ʌʕʐß ʖʔÿ ÑɦɢÞ Ăʢʎɻ þɤɼɒ ãʖɖß ʉɒ Ñýʖʊɤɗɼ͋ã

�ɐ͆ʚɒʖʅɼʙ ãĂʖɳɻ Γɗɩ äɐɣɗʐã ãʖɳʅʐ åɤʙɤɝʊã æɐɒɐɣɗʐʡãèãɧ͋ã ãɥʔ ɦʕɹʙÿ Ñāëãɤɓɗɩʡã íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ Ýɐɳɻß èãɧʍ Ȫɻ ɐʑʊɤʙ üɤʅɖ ɐʍÿ

�ʌʔΒɒãɤɖ ʉʚɯɐʂɖ Ȫɻ õʢɵʡã ɤʑɻ ʆʊì ʏʍ ȪɜɊɒýáÿ Ñʌʔÿ Ñûʖʕʊã íÿë ðʖɟÿ ʏʍ ʉʄß Ýɐʍɤʊã ʆʂɩ ʌʕɓɟ ȝ åëɐɪʊã Ýʡɋʔ ʏʈʙ ʌʊɔɲɦɻ ýʖʈʙ ʏʍ ʗʅɓʙ ýß ʉʄ ɐĂʚʂʐ ɐʕɒ ãʖʊɤɓɗɩã Ñʌʕʋɚʍ ãɦ͆ʎɗɪʍ ɐĂɓɰʐ ɔʋɰʅ͋ã ãʖɓɰʑʙ ʌʊΓɲɦɼʍ ɤʙɤɟ ʏʍ ñɐʂʄß ȝ íʖʂɬÿí Ȟá ýʖʄɐɪʙ ýʖʚʂʑ͋ã ýɐʈʁ Ñåɐʚɠʊã ɤʚʄ Ȫɻ ʓʊ

�ʏʂɪʊã ȝ ýʖɩȢɤʈʙ ʌə ʖɝʊã æɐɓʋʅɗʊʌʕɒ ýÿɦʎɖɊʙ ɔʑʕʈʊã ýß ʌʕʚʊá ʉʚɢÿ Ñɔʚʈʚʊʖəɐʈʊã ɔɳʕʑʊã Ȫɻ ýÿɦʙɤ͋ã ɺʋɵã ɐ͋ÿʆʊɥɒ ãʖʚɟɊʁ Ûñɐɯɦʊɐɒ ɐĂʚʍí ʌʕʑʍ ãĂΒɓʇ ã Ăëɤɻ ãʖʋɗʄÿ Ñɐ Ăɪʚɪʄ đĔĔĘ åɤɟãÿ ɔʑɩ ȝ ãʖʂʐ

�ûʖʕʊã íÿëɕɜɐɗɟã ɐʎʋʁ Ñɔʚʊɐ͋ã ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ Ñåíãëʟã õÿɦʁ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ ʌʋɸ äɐɯß ɤʄÿʌʊ åɤɎãî ɔɓʙȷ Ȫɻ ɔʅʁãʖ͋ã Ȫɻ äãʖʑʊã ɕʋʎɟ ʆʐɦʁ ýʖʚʋʍ ɔɏʎɗɩ Ȟá ɔʍʖʈɠʊã þɥʔāíɐɓɜá òɦʄ ɤʅɼɒ æɦʍɊʁ åɦʈʊã åëɐɻß ʌə Ñʆʐɦʁ ýʖʚʋʍ ɀɻ ʘʑəɐɒ ʡá ɐʕʚʋɻ ɺɜɦɖÑûɐʎɼʊã ɞʙɁɖÿ ûɐɿɬʝã ʀʄÿÿ ɺʐɐɰ͋ã ùʢɾá ʆʊì ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʁ Ñʆʐɦʁ ýʖʚʋʍ ɔɏʍ þíɤʄɕʋɼɜ ʌə Ñʆʐɦʁ ýʖʚʋʍ Γɼɒíß Āʖɩ Ñïɐʑʊã ʉʔɐʇ ʉʅəß āɥʊã Ñòɦʅʊã ãɥʔ ʏʍ ʉʑɖ ʌʊÿΓʊÿɋɪʍ åíʖʇ ʉʇ ȝ ûɐɜɦʊã ɱɼɒ íɐɓɗɻɐɒ ɦʍɊʙ āɥʊã ʏɎɐʔɦʊã ýʖʐɐʄ Ȫɻ ʃʁãʖʙ ɨʋɝ͋ã

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɕɼʁí đėęę ɔʑɩ ʘʂʁ Ñëɐʅɟʝãÿ ɷʚɿʊã ʏʍ üɐɹȤʑʊã ʆʊì ʉɚʍ ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ɐʍ ʗʂɣʙ ʡÿûɐɵ ʖʊÿ Ñëɦʎɗʋʊ ɔʙɦʙɤʍ ýʖɼɒíßÿ ɕɩ æɤɼɗɩãÿ Ñýɐʚɰɼʊã ɔʙãí ɔʙɦʙɤʍ åɀɻ ɺɒíß

�ɐʍ͆ɐɖ ɐĂɵãɦʂʐã ȹʐɦʂʊã ɺʎɗɝ͋ã ɤʅɻ óɦʂʐʡ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ ɦʎɻɞɓɯßÿ Ñɔʚʊɐ͋ãÿ åíãëʟã ýɐʇíß ɐʕʚʁ ɕɻãɤɗʁ Ñûʢɠʐʡã Ȟá ɔɪʐɦʁ ɕɜíɤɖ ãɥʈʔÿ

�ʌʕʄʖʅɟ Ȟá ýʖʋɰʙ ʡ ɐʔʖʑɎãëÿ ɐʕɵɐɓɲ íɐɯÿ Ñɐ Ăʕʁɐɖ ɐʕʊɐʍ ɕʚɒ ʉɢëäɦɠʊã ɐʕɗɒɦɢ ëʢɒ ɦɹʑʍ ÑΓɠʊã ʆʊì ȝ ΓɠɎɐɪʊã ɤʑɻ Ñɔɪʐɦʁ ɦɹʑʍ ýɐʇÿÑɐʕɗʚʑɒßÿ ɐʔíʖɪɜ ʏʍ íɐʕʐã ɐʍ åɦɚʈʊ ÛãĂíɥɼɗʍ ɐʕʚʁ ýʡʖɝʊã ýɐʇÿ Ñɐʕʐɐʈɩ ɐʔɦɝʔÿʡá ɦɶɢ ʏʍ ʖʋɣʙ ʡ ɐʕɖɐʙɦʙɤʍ äʖɜ íɐɰʁ åɦʂʅ͋ã ɐʕʄɦɵ ýʖɼɶʅʙ ñʖɰʋʊã ɞɓɯßÿȝ ɕʅʋɾĆ Ɋʁ Ûɐ Ăɳʙß åíɐɝɗʊãÿ ɔɻɐʑɰʊã äãɦɣʊã ʌɻÿ ÑʌʕɎɐɩàí ʏʍ ɔʍʢɪʊã ɦʇãɥɖ Ýãȩɬɐɒÿëíʖɒÿ ɦǛɐʔÿ ʉʚʊ ɕɠɲßÿ Ñɺʑɰʍ đĕĐĐĐ ʏʍ ɺʑɰʍ đēĐĐĐ äãʖɒß ɐʔɤɟÿ ýʖʚʊ

�õʖɝʊãÿ ïɋɓʊã ʏʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ýɐʈʍ ʉɣʙ ʌʊÿ Ñåɦʂʅʍ ɐĂʐɤʍ ɔʚʋʚɩɦʍÿʌɎʡʖʊãÿ øȩʊãÿ ɨɎɐʂʑʊã ɑɟ ýɐʈʁ Ñʆʊì ʏʍ ʉʄß ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ùʢɢʝã ëɐɪʁ ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿåΒ͋ã ʘʍɧɗʋʍÿ Γɟʢʂʊã ʏʍ ʀʊɋ͋ã ɤʙɤɝʊã ȹʐɦʂʊã ɺʎɗɝ͋ã ɔʎɩ ðɐʙɦʊãÿ ɔʑʙɧʊãÿʏʍ ãĂΒɚʇ ɨʙíɐɒ ȝ øȩʊã ɦʔɐɹʍ ɕɻɤɢÿ Ñɑʋɪʊãÿ ɑʕʑʊã ʏʍ ãʖʑɗɾã ʏʙɥʊã Γʚʊɐ͋ãÿ

�ɐ Ăɼʍ íÿɤʊã ʆʊì ȝ ãíɐɩ øȩʊãÿ ïɋɓʊã ýß ãʖɪʑʁ Γɢíɋ͋ãíãë āì ʘʔ ɐʔÿ Ñɔɠɰʊã ʏʍ ɡʙíɐɗʊã ɑɗʇ ȝ ɐʍ ɔʋʄ ɐʑʊ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔɰʄ ɞɲʖɖåɐʚɠʊã ýß ʌʔëɐʅɗɻʡ ÛþÝɐʙîß ýÿɤʋʅʙ ïɐʑʊã ûãɧʙ ʡ āɥʊã ɤʕɼʊã ʆʊì Āɦʇì ʘʚɠɖ ʉʚɚʎɗʊãʌʊ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã üɐɹʐ ýß ɺʄãʖʊãÿ Ñûʖʕʊã íÿë ȝ ɕɻɧɗʐã ýß ɤɼɒ Ýȯ ʉʇ Ȟá ʓʚʁ ɕɼɜííãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã üɐɹʐ ɔɓʄɐɻ ɕʐɐʇÿ ÑÝɐʍɤʊã ʆʂɩ Ȟá ĀȢëß ɐʎʔʢʈʁ Ñûʖʕʊã üɐɹʐ ʏʍ ɞʋɯß ʏʈʙȝ ûʖʋɠʊã Ȫɻ íëɐʄ ʃʋɶʍ ɤʚɩ ʏɻ ɘɠɓʊã Ȟá ʏʙɦʙɤ͋ã ùɐɩ ɐĂɹʚɾ ïʖʂʑʊã ȝ ʗʅʊß ýß

�ʌʕɗʙɐʎɟ Ȫɻÿ ʌʕʐɐʈʍ

æíȽƹȽɽʃȿ ÝȽɲɃíã � �

íɐɯ ʗɗɟ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɤʕɻ ɦɢÞ ȝ ʉɠʂɗɩã ûʢɠʐʡãÿ Ȳʖʂʊã ɦʍß ýß üɤʅɖ ɐʎʍ ɦʕɸɔʑɩ ɥʑʍ Ñäãʖʑʊã ʏʍ Βɚʇ ɦʈʁÿ Ñüɐɹʑʊã åëɐɻá Ȫɻ íëɐʄ ʉɜí íʖʕɸ ýÿɦɹɗʑʙ ïɐʑʊãɤʚɼʚɩ ʓʐá ʓʚʁ ûɐʄ āɥʊã ɀɻ ʏʍɐɚʊã ɨʙʖʊ ɞʙɂɖ ýß ʡá Ñɔʚʈʋ͋ã åëɐɻá ȝ Ñđėęĕåíʖɚʊã íɐɰʐß āîɐɝʚɩÿ ÑΓʅɒɐɪʊã ɐʕɒɐɠɯß Ȟá úʢʍʝã ëΒɩÿ ÑʓɼʎɜɊɒ ʌʙɤʅʊã üɐɹʑʊã

�ʓʑɻ íɐɹʐʝã û Ȣʖɟ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã

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íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ Ʋ Ȳʖʂʊã ɮʋʅɖ

ɦʕɗɬã ɤʄÿ Ñæíɐnjɐʐʖɒ ãÿɤɜʖʁ Ñɔʚʈʋ͋ã õɐɜíá íɥɼɖ ýß ɤɼɒ ɤɎɐʄ ʏɻ ïɐʑʊã ɘɠɒÿÑãĂɦʁɐɸ ɔʚʄɤʑɓʊãÿ ýʢʚʍ ʉɢëÿ Ñɑʊʝã ûɐɓɜ îÿɐɜ ýß ɤɼɓʁ Ñɔʚʊɐɶʙá úíɐɼʍ ȝ æíɐnjɐʐʖɒɐʕʑʍ ɐ Ăɣɩɦʁ ʏʙɀɻÿ ɔɪʎɢ ɤɼɒ Ȫɻ ɞɓɯß ɐ͋ÿ ÑɔʑʚǛ Ȫɻ ʀɟî ɔʎʚɹɻ ʌɎɐʑɾ ɺʎɜÿ

�ɞʋɰʊã ʓʑʍ ɔɪʎʑʊã íʖɵãȨʍá ɑʋɵíãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ ɺʑʄɊʁ Ñʓɖëɐʙî ȝ ɺʎɶʁ åɦʕɬ ʏʍ ʓʊɐʐ ɐʎɒ äɐɭʊã ãɥʔ ʀɗʈʙ ʌʊÿɦʕɬ ȝ ɂʍ Ȟá ýʖʊʖɵ ʏʍ ɦɠɒɊʁ Ûåȩʋʈʐá ɔʇʖɬ ɤɳɣʙ ɂʍ Ȫɻ Ýʢʚɗɩʡã ýɊɒþɐɻɤɗɩã Γɟ ɔɪʐɦʁ Ȟá ɺɜí ɤʅʁ Ñɂʍ ȝ æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ ɔʍɐʄá ʉɶɖ ʌʊÿ ÑđėęĘ ɔʑɩ ʖʙɐʍ

�ʓɖëʖɻ Ȩɢ ïɐʑʊã ɽʋɒ ɐʍɤʑɻ ɔɪʐɦʁ Ýɐɠʐß èɐʕɗɒʡã Ȣʌɻÿ ÑþàɐʄɤɯßÛÝãíîʖʊã ɱɼɒÿ ýãɦʙɤʍÿ ɨɒɐʚɩ ɐʔɦɒë ʘɗʊã åɦʍãɋ͋ã üɐʎɖá Ȫɻ ɔɪʐɦʁ ʓɖɤɻɐɩ ɤʄÿɔʍÿɋɭ͋ã æɐɒɐɰɼʊã ɔʅɒí ʏʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ ɮʋɣɖ ʏɻ Βɓʇ éɦʁ Ɋɭʐÿ Ñäãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ óɐʅɩʟʓʑʈʊÿ Ñɐ͆ʙëãɤɓɗɩã ɐ Ăʍɐɹʐ ʆʊì ɤɼɒ ɔɪʐɦʁ ɕʐɐɻ Ñʌɼʐ Ñɤʚɼɒ ʏʍî ɥʑʍ ëʢɓʊã æɦʕʄ ʘɗʊã

�ʃɒɐɪʊã üɐɹʑʊɐʇ åɊɵʖʊã ɤʙɤɬ ʏʈʙ ʌʊʌʈɠʊã ɔɒʖɼɯ ʏɻ ɦɢÞ ýɐʈʍ ȝ þɐʑʋʄ ɐʍ ãɥʔ äãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ óɐʅɩá ɡʙíɐɖ ɤʙɋʙÿɥʑʍ ïɐʑʊã ýɐʇ ɤʅʁ ÑýÿΒɚʇ ïɐʐß ɐʕɻʖʄÿ ɤʔɐɬ ʘɗʊã ɔʍʖʋɼ͋ã çëãʖɠʊã ȝ ɞʚɠɰʊãɺʍ Ñɫʚɝʊã þɤɳɼʙ ʉɜí ɺʎɵ ɐʕʁãȩʄã ɑɜÿß ɔʙɐʑɜ óɐʅɩʟã ʆʊì ýÿȤɤɼʙ ɔʑɩ Γəʢəïɦɟ ʏʍ ʉɒ Ñɤʑɝʊã ʏʍ ʏʈɖ ʌʊ äãʖʑʊã ʏʍ ɤʐɐɻ ʏ ąʍ æëɦɵ ʘɗʊã ɔɻɐʎɝʊã ýß ɺʄãʖʊã ýß

�ɔɪʐɦʂɒ ɔʑʚɼɗɪ͋ã ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ʓɒ ʓɖɦʍß ɐʍ ʉɼʁ āɥʊã ɨʋɝ͋ã

Ăʏʆʃɢ Ɂʇɗɽɓɯɷã åíʃɇɷã íãɓɻɄɖã ɶɸɨ ���

Ñâëɐɓ͋ã ʏʍ ʓʚʊá ɕɼɩ ɐʍ ʉʚʑʊ üîʢʊã ɕʄʖʊã Ȫɻ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üãÿë ɂɗʄã ʖʊɔɼɳɒ Ȫɻ ɐʕɗʄÿ ëɧʙ ʌʊ Ñæɐʅʂʑʊã ɔɓʄãɦʍÿ ɔʚɓɼɭʊã ɔɶʋɪʊãÿ ýʖʐɐʅʊã üɐʍß åãÿɐɪ͋ɐʇɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ýß ɺʄãʖʊãÿ ÑɦɢÞ ßɤɓʍ ʓʚʊá ʀɳʙ ʌʊÿ đėĘę ɔʑɩ ʉɰɟ ãɥʔ ýʝ Ûɦʕɬßɕʕɗʐã ɐʕʐß ɐʑʙßí ýʖʚʎɩɦʊã ýʖɢíɋ͋ã ɐʕʑȢʚɻ ʘɗʊã åɤ͋ã Ȟá ɐʐɦɹʐ ãìɌʁ Ñ Ăʢʙʖɵ æɦʎɗɩã

�Γʑɩ ɀɻ Ýɐɳʅʐã ɤɼɒ āß Ñæíɐnjɐʐʖɒ Ýɐʅɖíã üʖʙÜåɤʙɤɝʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ɔʍɐʄʟ āíÿɃʊã ʏʍɧʊã ʏʍ ɦɚʇß ëɐʕɶɲʡãÿ èɦʕʊã íÿë üãë ãìɐ͋ÿʘʕɗʑɖ äÿɦɠʊã þɥʔ ɕʐɐʇ ɤʄÿ Ñɔʚɓʑɜʝã ûÿɤʊã ɺʍ äÿɦɠʊã ȝ ʆʊì ʏɻ ɘɠɓĆʙ Ȣʡß ɑɝʙɔɓɠʍ ȝ ɐʕʑɻ ɘɠɓʙ Ȣʡß ɑɝʙ ʓʐß ɐʎʇ Ñɐʕʚʋɻ ɔɪʐɦʁ íɐɰɗʐãÿ Ýɐʂʋɠʊã üɐɪʅʐʡ ÛɔɻɁɒÑɨʊɐɝ͋ã üɐɹʐ ʉɚʍ þʖʔɦʇÿ ïɐʑʊã ʓɗʅʍ üɐɹʐ ɤɜʖʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɔʙíʖɚʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʋʊ ɔɪʐɦʁ Ýɐʑɒß

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ʏʍ ʓɒ ʗɖßÿ Ñýɐʚɰɼʊã ʏʍ ʓɒ üɐʄ ɐʎɒ ʓʚʋɻ ʓɶɣɩ ʏɻ ɔʍʝã ʏʍ Βɓʇ ʃʙɦʁ äɦɻßÿ�ʓʊ ɔʂʊɐɣʍ åΒɚʇ æɐɒɐɣɗʐã

ãɥʔ ɦʍß Ȣʉɸ ýß ɤɼɒ āíʖɚʊã üɐɹʑʋʊ ɔɪʐɦʁ þɦʇ Γɢíɋ͋ã ʏʍ ýÿɦɢɊɗ͋ã ɞɲÿßʀʊɋʍ ʏʍ ɐʕʂɶɗʅʐ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɖʛã åíɐɓɼʊã ȝ ʌʔàãíÞ ɕɰ ȤɣĆʊ ɤʄÿ Ñ Ăʢʙʖɵ ɐĂʑʍî Ăʡʖʕɝʍ þɦʈʊã

�ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʏɻ ʓʚʁ ɘɠɒ ʏʊëɐʍ ʖʚɪ͋ ɤʙɤɜ

õɐɒíß ɔəʢə æíɐɰʁ ɔʔÿɦʈʍ ɔʋʚʋʄ ɔɏʁ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊãÿ ɔɪʐɦʁ üɐʍî Ȫɻ ɕɳɓʄʘɗʊã ɔʔÿɦʈ͋ã ɔɏʂʊã þɥʔ āɤʙß ʏʍ ɥʅʑɖ ýß ÿß åíʖɚʊã ʘʕɗʑɖ ýß ʖɜɦɖ ëʢɓʊãʉʚɠʊã øʖʊß ʏʍ ʓɒ ɕɻíɥɖ ɐʎɒ ɔɪɼɗʊã ɔʍʝã ïßí Ȫɻ ɔʋʙʖɵ åɤʍ ɕʚʅɒʏʍ Ȫɻ ȿʅɖ æɥɢß äɐʔíʟɐɒ Ȣʡá ȣʌɗʙ ʡ ɔʎʇɐɟ ɐʔàɐʅɒ ɞɓɯß ɐ͋ÿ ÑʉɎɐɩʖʊãÿ�ɐ Ăɯʢɢá ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üąɤ ąɢ Ȥɤɬß ʏʍ ýɐʇ ʖʊÿ ɐʕʊ ăʀʊɐɣʍ ʓʐß ȣʏɹɖ ɕʐɐʇ

Ñʌʕɗʙɐɾ ɕʐɐʇ ɤʄÿ Ñíãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɤʕɻ ɦɢãÿß ʗɗɟ ʌʈɠʊɐɒ ãʖʍɐʄ ʏʙɥʊã ʌʔ Ćɔɓʄɐɼʚʊãÿɑʕʑʊã ʃʙɦɵ ʏɻ ûɐ͋ã ʏʍ þʖ Ćɼ ąʎ ąɜ ɐʍ Ȫɻ Ʋ ɔɶʋɪʊã ɺʍ Ʋ ãʖɹʁɐɠʙ ýß Ñɦʍʝã ɔʙɐʕʐ ȝþíãɦʄá ʖʔ äãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ óɐʅɩá Ȫɻ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ýʖɲÿɐʂʙ ʌʕʋɼɜ āɥʊãÿ ÑÝɐʍɤʊã ʆʂɩÿ

�ɐʕɒ ʌʕʊ ɀɻ ʏʍɐɚʊã ɨʙʖʊ øȩɼʙ ʌʊ ʘɗʊã ɔʙɐɿʊã ʆʋɖ Ȫɻ ʌʔɐʙáÑɔʍʖʈɠʊã ʆʋɖ ʉɚʍ ÑåɊɵʖʊã ɔʋʚʅə ëãɤɓɗɩʡã åɤʙɤɬ ɔʍʖʈɟ ɕɻɐɶɗɩã ʀʚʇ ʏʈʊÿüãɧʊáÿ ïʖʂʑʊã ȝ ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɔʐɐʙɤʊã ΒəɊɗɒ Ýɐʅɓʊã ãɥʔ ɐʕʊ ʌɗʙ ʌʊ ÜåΒɚʇ Γʑɩ ʗʅɓɖ ýßΒɪʙ Βɾ Ýɧɜ õɐʂɗʐʡ ɐ Ăɳʙß ĆÝɐʅɓʊã ɐʕʊ ʌɖ ʉɒ Ñɴʅʁ ɐĂʐãÿɤɻÿ ɐ Ăʎʋɸ ʌʈɠʊã ʆʊì ïɐʑʊãʏʍ ïÿΒʋʇʟãÿ øãȴʝãÿ ʆʋ͋ã åíʖɚʊã ʆʋɖ æëɦɜ ýß ɤɼɓʁ Ñíãɦʎɗɩʡã ʆʊɥɒ ɑɼɭʊã ʏʍɔʅɒɐɪʊã åîɐɗʎ͋ã æɐʅɓɶʊã ɕʐɐʇ ɐʍ Γɟʢʂʊãÿ ʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã Ýɐʑɒß ɕɠʑʍ ʌʕɗɶʋɩÝʡɋʔ íɐɯÿ Ñɐʔíɐɰʐß ʌɹɻß ʏʍ ʆʊɥɒ ʌʕɗʋɼɜÿ Ñûãʖʍʝãÿ ʀɎɐɸʖʊã ʏʍ ʓʚʋɻ ɔʚʊʖɗɪʍ

�ɔʚʈʋ͋ã æɤʚɻĆ ß ãìá ʌʕʑʍ ɐʕɻɐɜȩɩã ýʖɭɣʙõɐɜíá Ȫɻ íëɐʄ ɤɎɐʄ ɦʕɸ ýß Ȟá üÿɤɖ ýß ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ʆʋɖ ɕɻɐɶɗɩã äɐɓɩʝã þɥʕʊ

�ɔʙëɐ͋ãÿ ɔʚɒëʝã ɑɩɐʈ͋ã ʏʍ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʏɻ Ɋɭʐ ɐʍ íãɦʄɌɒ ɐʔɤ ąɻąÿ üɐɹʑʊãɔʙëɐ͋ã ɑɩɐʈ͋ã ʆʋɖ ɦʄßÿ Ñɔɩɐʎɠɒ ʘʐɐʍʝã þɥʔ ʃʅɟ āɥʊã æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ ʉɓʅɗɩãÝɐʅɖíɐɒ ɕʕɗʐã ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ýá ûɐʄ ʏʍ Ɋɶɢß ʆʊɥʊÿ ÑΓʐãʖʄÿ ʌɹʐ ȝ ɔʚɒëʝãÿ

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Page 166: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ʘʐɐɚʊã ʉɰʂʊã

ÍĒĄéĊþă* Íđ4Ďčć�*q CÉòĊă* ,2Éô(

Ɂʇɗɽɓɯɷã åíʃɇɷã ɓɺß Ɂʇɸɝɾɲɷã æɓɱß ɭʇɴ ���

ʉɟß ɤʅʁ Ñæɐɻɐʎɝʊã ʉʎɻ ʏʍ ʉɳʁß āʖʅʊã ëɦʂʊã ʉʎɻ ýß ɔʚʋɰʑʅʊã ɡʙíɐɖ ɐʑʊ ɕɓəßɧɝʐßÿ ÑΓʑɩ ɀɻ ɥʑʍ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã æëɐɩ ʘɗʊã ɔʚʍãɤʊã Ȳʖʂʊã ʉɠʍ üɐɹʑʊã æíɐnjɐʐʖɒɕɖß ɐʍ ɺʍ ɔɼɒíʝã ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝʍ þîɐɝʐá ɺɶɗɪɖ ʌʊ ɐʍ Βɰʄ ɕʄÿ ȝ þɤɟÿ

�ëɐʕɶɲãÿ ëãɤɓɗɩã ʏʍ ʓɒȞá āëɋʙ Βɒɤɖ ʉʇ Ȫɻÿ ɔʚɪʙíɐɓʊã ʏɗʂʊã Ȫɻ ʓʍɧɼɒ Ⱦʄ ýß æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ ɘɓʋʙ ʌʊÿüɐʄßÿ Ñɔʚɒëʝã ɐʕɖɤɟÿ ʏɎɐɿɳʊãÿ ëɐʅɟʝã ɐʕɗʄɦʁ ʘɗʊã ɔɪʐɦʁ Ȟá ëɐɻɊʁ Ñɔʚʈʋ͋ã åëɐɻáëãɤɓɗɩʡã ãɥʔ åɊɵÿ ɕʐɐʇÿ Ñðʖɭ͋ã æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ëãɤɓɗɩã üɐʅʍ ɐ Ăʎɹʑʍ ɐ͆ʙëɦʁ ã Ăëãɤɓɗɩã�ʌʕʂɶɻ ɑɜʖɗɩãÿ Ñʆʊì ʏʍ ïɐʑʊã ɞɒɦʁ Ûʃɒɐɪʊã ëãɤɓɗɩʡã åɊɵÿ ʏʍ ʀɢß āëɦʂʊã

ɤʅʁ Ñɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ýɐʇíß òȢʖʄ æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ ýá ûʖʅʊã ȝ Γʅɒɐɪʊã Γɢíɋ͋ã āíɐɝʐ ʡÿɔʙíʖɚʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ʌʔß Γʐãʖʅʊãÿ ɔʎɹʐʝã ȝ íɦʄÿ Ñþàɐʅɒ ʏʈʎʙ ɐʍ ɐʕʑʍ æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ ʗʅɒß

�ýʖʐɐʅʊã üɐʍß åãÿɐɪ͋ãÿ æãîɐʚɗʍʡã ÝɐɿʊɌʇɕɠʍÿ ɔʈʚʋʍ ɔʍʖʈɟ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ üɐʅʍ ɕʍɐʅʊ ɔʚʋɰʑʅʊã ʡʖʊ ʓʐß ʉʎɗɠʙÿåɦʍãɋʍ ýɌʁ ɐ͆ʚɣʙíɐɖ ãĂíÿë ʉɚʎʙ ʌʊ æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ ýß òɦʂʑʋʁ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã âëɐɓʍ ɦɚʇßɨʙʖʋʊ ûɐɝ͋ã ȝ ɔɠɩɐʁ ïɐʑʊã ɐʕɗʅʎʙ ýɐʇ ʘɗʊã íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ ɑʋʅɖ ɕʐɐʇ ɔʚʈʋʍãɥʔ ʏʍ ɔʑɩ åɀɻ ɕɩ ɤɼɒ ðɦɼʊã Ȫɻ ɀɻ ʏʍɐɚʊã ɨʙʖʊ ɨʋɜ Ñʌɼʐ Ñɀɻ ʏʍɐɚʊãɔʎʚɹɻ åʖʄ ɔʙíʖɚʊã ąâëɐɓ͋ã Ʋ Ýɐʑəʝã ʆʋɖ ȝ Ʋ ɞʑʍ ɤʄ ýɐʇ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ʏʈʊÿ Ñɡʙíɐɗʊã

�ʏʙɦɜɐʕ͋ã ûãʖʍß åëɐɻá Ȫɻ ʡÿ ɐʕɪʍ Ȫɻ àɦɝʙ ʡ ɤɎɐɼʊã ʆʋ͋ã ʆʊì ɕʋɼɜíãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ óʖʅɩ ɤʑɻ ɔʊÿɤʊã üɐʍî Ȫɻɱɓʄ ɤʄɀɻ ʏʍɐɚʊã ɨʙʖʊ ýɐʇ ʖʊÿýʖʍʖʅʙ ïɐʑʊã ʉɼɝʙÿ Ñʃɒɐɪʊã ɤʕɼʊã ëãɤɓɗɩã ʓɼʍ ɤʚɼʙ ýɐʇ ìá Ûʆʊì ɨʈɻ ɦʍʝã ýɐʈʊ

Page 167: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ʃɒɐɪʊã üɐɹʑʊã åëɐɻʟ ʓʚɼɪʊ ȴɐɼʊã ûíɐɬ óɐʅɩá ɨʚʊÿ Ñʓʚʋɻ Ýɐɳʅʋʊ åɤʙɤɜ æãíʖɚɒ�ûʖʕɝʍ ɦʍɊɒ

õãʖʐß ïɐʑʊã ʉʎɠɖ ɤʅʁ Ñæíɐnjɐʐʖɒ ëãɤɓɗɩã ʏʍ ĆÝɦ͋ã ɑɳɿʙ ýß ɔɵɐɪɓʊã ʏʍÿɤɬß ã Ăëãɤɓɗɩã ʌʕʚʋɻ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɟ ɕɲɦʁÿ Ñþɤʕɻ ʉɓʄ Ýɐɜ āɥʊã ɤʕɼʊã ȝ ëãɤɓɗɩʡãÑȲʖʂʊã ɺʍ üɐʄ ãìá ʡá ʓʚʋɻ ɛɗɠĆʙ ʡ āëɐɻ ɦʍß Āʖɩ ɥɏɗʄÿ ëãɤɓɗɩʡã ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿ Ñȸʄßÿæíɐnjɐʐʖɒ ýɐʈʁ Ñɐʔëɐʎɢá Ȫɻ íëɐʄ ɤʚɩ ʏɻ ïɐʑʊã ɘɠɒ ëʢɓʊã Ýɐɠʐß Ȳʖʂʊã ɕʎɻ ɐʎʋʁ

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Ñɔʊÿɤʊã üɐʍî Ȫɻ æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ ɱɓʄ ɐʎʑʚɟ ɤʙɤɝɗʊãÿ éʢɯʟã Ȟá ɐ Ăɜɐɗɠʍ Ýȯ ʉʇ ýɐʇʌʚɹʑɗʊ ɔʚʁɐʇ ɔɶʋɩ ʓʊʖɣʙ ãĂíʖɗɩë Ʋ äãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ óʖʅɩ ɤɼɒ Ʋ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ʏɪʁʗɗɟ ʓɒ Ăʡʖʎɼʍ Ñɔʑʍɐɚʊã ɔʑɪʊã íʖɗɩë ʓʎɩã āɥʊã Ñíʖɗɩɤʊã ãɥʔ ʉɸÿ ÑʀɎɐɸʖʊãÿ ëʢɓʊãýß Ȫɻ ʉɯɐʑʄ ɔəʢə ɐʔíʖʍɊɒ üʖʅʙ ɔʙɥʚʂʑɖ ɔɶʋɩ ɔʍɐʄá Ȫɻ ɮʐÿ Ñýʖʚʋnjɐʐ üɐʙß ɦɢÞɞʑʍÿ ÑãĂɥʁɐʐ Ʋ æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ āß Ʋ ûÿʝã ʉɰʑʅʊã āßíÿ ɐ͆ʙíɐɭɗɩã ʌʕʑʍ Γʑəã āßí ýʖʈʙåɐɳʅʊãÿ Ýãɦʂɪʊãÿ Āíʖɭʊã ɨʋɝʍ Ýɐɳɻßÿ Ýãíîʖʊã Γʚɼɖ ʃɟ æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ íʖɗɩɤʊã ãɥʔȝ þɂɠʊ Ûɔʚɻãȩɬʡã ɔɶʋɪʊã ʓɒ óɐʐßÿ Ñʌʋ Ȣɪʊãÿ äɦɠʊã ɦʍß ȝ ɕɓʊã ʃɟÿ ÑΓʂɸʖ͋ãÿɐʐʖɓʙȩʊã ɨʋɝʍÿ Āíʖɭʊã ɨʋɝʍ āß Ñɔəʢɚʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã üɐʍß Γʐãʖʅʊã éȩʄã ɦʍß þɤʙ

�íʖɗɩɤʊã Ȫɻ ɔɹʁɐɠ͋ã ɑɜãÿ Āʖɩ êʖʚɭʊã ɨʋɝʍ ɞʑʎʙ ʌʊÿ Ñʘɻãȩɬʡã ɨʋɝ͋ãÿȿʎʙ ʡÿ Ñɦʍʝã ȝ üɧɝʙ ýß ʉɓʄ Βɭɗɪʙ Ʋ þëãɤɓɗɩã ɺʍ Ʋ æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ ýɐʇÿʀʊɋ͋ã ɨʋɝ͋ã ãɥʔ ýɐʇÿ ÑʓɪʚɎí ʖʔ āɥʊã Āíʖɭʊã ɨʋɝʍ ʓʚʁ ɘɟɐɓʙ ýß ʉɓʄ ɐ Ăʍʖɩɦʍɔʙɦɠɒ ɐʕʚʁ ʓʙßí āɤɓʚʊ Ûʘɻãȩɬʡã ɨʋɝ͋ã Ȫɻ ɐʕɲɦɼʙ ʌə Γʐãʖʅʊã Ćɍʚʕʙ Ýɐʎʋɼʊã ʏʍýʖʅɶʑʙ ʡ ʉɲɐʁß Ýɐʕʅʁ Ȫɻ ʓʊɐʎɗɬʡ Ûɐʍ͆ɐɖ ɐ Ăʄʖəÿ ɨʋɝ͋ã ãɥʕɒ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ʃəÿ ɤʄÿ Ñɔʍɐɖ

�ʌʋɻ ʏɻ ʡá ÝȻɒɐʕʊ ʉɼɝʙ ʌʊ ʆʊɥʊÿ Ñɐʕɒ Γɼɗɪʙ ýß Βɾ ʏʍ ɔʍʝã ȝ ʌʈɠʙ ýß æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ ëãíßÿÑʓʚʁ ɐʕʚɗʂɗɪʚʊ ɤʙɤɝʊã íʖɗɩɤʊã ɐʕʚʋɻ òɦɻ Γɟ āß Ñåɤɟãÿ åɦʍ ʡá ʌʈɠʊã ȝ ɐĂɓʚɰʐ

�åíëɐʐ ûãʖɟß ȝ ʡá üɐɼʊã äɐɣɗʐʡã Ȟá ɺɜɦʙ ʌʊÿåíãëʟã íʖʍß Ʋ þɧʇɦʍ ʓʚʁ îɧɻ āɥʊã íʖɗɩɤʊã ʏɩ Ýɐʑəß ȝ Ʋ ûÿʝã ʉɰʑʅʊã ʌɹʐÿɐĂʚʊãÿ ɔʙʡÿ ʉʇ ïßí Ȫɻ ʉɼɜ ʌə Ñɨʙíɐɓɒ ɔʊÿɤʊã æɐɶʋɩ ɺʚʎɜ ɴɒɦʁ Ýɐɳʅʊãÿ ɔʚʊɐ͋ãÿ

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Page 168: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚʋɰʑʅʊã ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã Ʋ üɐɹʑʊã åëɐɻá

ãɥʕʊ ã Ăɤɻɐɪʍ ɐ͆ʙíãëá ɐ Ăɪʋɝʍÿ ãĂɦʙɤʍ Ýãʖʊ ʉʇ ïßí Ȫɻÿ Ñȟãʖʊã ãɥʕʊ ã Ăɤɻɐɪʍ ɐʍ͆ɐɻ ɐ Ăɪʋɝʍÿɦʍß ʉɼɜÿ Ñɤʎɗɼ͋ã ãɥʕʊ ã Ăɤɻɐɪʍ ɐ͆ʙíãëá ɐ͆ʙɤʋɒ ɐ Ăɪʋɝʍÿ ã Ăɤʎɗɼʍ åíʖʇ ʉʇ ïßí Ȫɻÿ Ñɦʙɤ͋ã

�ɑɼɭʊã ùʖʅɟ ʏʍ ʡ ÑʓɎãíîÿ ùʖʅɟ ʏʍ ʌʕʋʇ ʌʕʑʚʚɼɖʘʔ Ʋ ɦʙìɐɠʍ ʏʍ ɐʕʚʁ ɐʍ ɺʍ Ʋ ɔʙɧʇɦ͋ɐʁ ÑɐĂʚʄɐɒ āɧʇɦ͋ã üɐɹʑʊã ãɥʔ ûãɧʙ ʡÿʆʊì ɑɜÿßÿ Ñɔɪʐɦʂʇ ɔʎɪʅʑʍ ëʢɒ ȝ ȫɠ͋ã ëãɤɓɗɩʡã ɐʕɒ ɑʑɗɝʙ ʘɗʊã åɤʚɟʖʊã ɔʅʙɦɶʊãɤʕɻ ëʢɓʋʊ ʏʈʙ ʌʊ ɔʑʚʐɊʎɵÿ ɔɟãí ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã Ȫɻ üɐɖ õʢɵã ʏɻ íëɐɰʊã üɐɹʑʊã

�ʉʙʖɵ ʏʍî ɥʑʍ ɐʎʕɒɺɲÿ ȝ æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ õȴ ʌə ÑΓʑʍɋ͋ã Ȟá ɨɎɐʑʈʊã æɤʚɻĆ ßÿ Ñæʖ͋ã üɐʈɟß ɕʚɿʊĆ ßÿΓɒ Ʋ ʉʚʄ ɐʎʇ Ʋ ʓʚʁ ʃʁʖʁ Ñʃɒɐɪʊã ɤʕɼʊã æãëɐɻ ʏʍ þɦɚʇß ɴɓʑɗɪʍ ʘʐɤʍ ýʖʐɐʄ

�ʌʙɤʅʊã õɀʊãÿ ɘʙɤɠʊã õɀʊãÑʓʚɼɩ ȵ Ȫɻ ɐʑʊɤʙ Βɰʄ ɕʄÿ ȝ ʉʚʋɝʊã ʉʎɼʊã ʏʍ ûÿʝã ʉɰʑʅʊã ʓɒ ʗɖß ɐʍÿʓɒ ɞʋɯß ɐʍ îɐɝʐá ȝ ɤʕɻ ʖʊÿ Ñɐ Ăʅʋɶʍ ɐĂʐɐɶʋɩ ʓʊʖɣʙ íʖɗɩë ɺɲÿ Ȟá Ñɦʍʝã Ýɤɒ ȝ�Ȳʖʂʊã ʏʍ ɕɰʋɣɖ ɐʍ Γʍɐɠ͋ã ʏʍ ɔʂʊɋʍ ɨʊɐɝʍ Ȟá ûɐʎɻʝã ʏʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ æíɐnjɐʐʖɒ

Ɂʇɸɝɾɲɷã éȽɊɽ ɂɀɉÿß ʅɄɷã Ɂʇɗɯɾɷã ɶɺãʃɩɷã � �

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�ʌʕʊɐʍʛ ɐ Ăʅʅɠʍ üɐɹʑʊã ãɥʔ ýɐʇ ʖʊÿ ɺʄãÿ üɐɹʐ āß ʓɜÿ ȝ üɐʚʅʊã ɐʕʐɊɬ ʏʍʌʈɠʊã üɐʍî Ȫɻ ɱɓʅʊã ɑɟ ʏʍÿ ɞʍɐɪɗʊã üɤɻ ʏʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ äãɧɟß ɤʑɻ ɐʍ ɤʙɧʙÿåíɤʄ æãì ɔʍʖʈɠʊã Ȩɗɼɖ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã æɐɻɐʎɝʊɐʁ Ñæɐɼʎɗɝ͋ã ëɤɝɖ Γʐãʖʅʊã ýß ɐʔąëɐʅɗɻãɐ Ăʅəãÿ þɤɟÿ ɑɼɭʊã ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿ Ñʃɒɐɪʊã ɤʕɼʊã ȝ úʖʋ͋ã ɐʕɰʎʅɖ ʘɗʊã åíɤʅʊã ʉɚʍ ɔʚɖʖʔʡ

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�ã Ăɤɒß þɤɻãʖʄ ɤʙɤɝɖ Ȫɻíɤʅʙ ʡÿ Ñɦʎɗɪʚɩ ýɦʄ ɥʑʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ ɕʄɦʁ ʘɗʊã âëɐɓ͋ã Γɒ õãɂʊã ýß ȝ ɑʙí ʡÿʌʕʄãȩʁã ýß ëʢʚ͋ã ʉɓʄ ɔʑʚəß ʉʔß ʌʋɻ ʖʊÿ Ñæɐɒʢʅʐʡã ʏʍ þɤʊʖʙ ɤʄ ɐʍ ʀɭʇ Ȫɻ ɤɟß

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Page 172: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

Ƽ ɤɟãÿ ýɦʄ ȝ æɊɭʐ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã ɛɎɐɗʑʊã

ûɐʄ Üʆʊì ʀɭʇ ʌʕʑʈʎʙ ýɐʇ ʀʚʇ ʏʈʊÿ Ñʓɒ ãʖɖß ɐʍ ýɐʐʖʚʊã ëʢɒ ëɐɓɼɗɩã Ȟá āëɋʙ�ÿΒɾ ʖʚɪʍ

ʡ Ñʌʕʋʎɼɒ ʉɓʅɗɪ͋ã ýʖɏʚʕʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ýáÿ Ñïɐʑʊɐʁ Ñýʖʋʎɼʙ ɐʎɒ ïɐʑʊã ȟɐɓʙ ɐʎʋʄ�ýÿɤʙɦʙ ɐʍ øʢɢ ʡá ɑʊɐɿʊã ȝ ʉɓʅɗɪ͋ã ýʖʈʙ

ýɓɱ ɒɾɺ Ɂɗɽɓɮ Ȋ ɂɩɱÿ ʅɄɷã Ɂʆíʃɇɷã æȽɴɓɍɷã Ɂɜʏɏ ���

ýʛãÿ Ñɔʚɪʂʑʊã ʉʋɼʊã ʏʍ ýɦʄ ɥʑʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ɕɼʄÿ ʘɗʊã ɔʙíʖɚʊã æɐʇɦɠʋʊ ɐʍ ɐʑɠɲÿß�æãíʖɚʊã ʆʋɖ ɡʙíɐɖ ɮɣʋʐ

ʏʍɐɚʊã ɨʙʖʊ ãʖɪʋɜßÿ Ñɔʅɒɐɪʊã ɐʔëÿɤɟ Ȟá ɔɪʐɦʁ ãÿëɦʁ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ úʖʋ͋ã ɦʕʄɐĂʈʋʍ ýʖʈʙ ýß Ȳɦʙ ʓʐá ʓʚʁ ûɐʄ ɐ Ăʍʖɩɦʍ ɤʙɤɝʊã ʆʋ͋ã ãɥʔ ɀʑʁ Ñðɦɼʊã Ȫɻ ɀɻýʖʐɐʄ ʏʍ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɛɎɐɗʑɒ øȩɻã ʌə Ñɐ͆ʚɒɐʚʐ ëʢɓʊã üɐɹʐ ýʖʈʙ ýßÿ Ñɐ͆ʙíʖɗɩĆëʡá Ñɡʊá Ƽ ɔʚʑɵʖʊã ûãʖʍʝã ëëȩɩã üɤɻÿ åëɐɓɼʊã ɔʙɦɟÿ ýʖʐɐʅʊã üɐʍß åãÿɐɪʍÿ ʘʐɤʍ

�ɔʑʚɼʍ ɔɓʙȷ ýʖɼʁɤʙ ʏʙɥʊã ȝ äɐɣɗʐʡã ʃɟ ɂɟ ʓʐßåëɐɻá ãÿëãíßÿ Ñɦɠʊã íʖɗɩɤʊã ãɥʔ äãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ ȝ ýʖʁɦɶɗ͋ã ýʖʚʈʋ͋ã ɱʔɐʑʁɀɻ ʏʍɐɚʊã ɨʙʖʊ ɦɼɬ ɐ͋ ʏʈʊÿ Ñɐʕɒɐɠɯß Ȟá ɔʅɒɐɪʊã æãîɐʚɗʍʡãÿ ɔʚʑɵʖʊã ûãʖʍʝãæëßÿ Ñäãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ ɱʂɒ ʗʂɗʇã åɤʙɤɜ åíʖə ʉɼɭĆʙ ʘɼɜɦʊã ʉʎɼʊã ãɥʔ ɥʚʂʑɖ ýɊɒʆʋɗɒ ʌʈɠʊã Ȫɻ ɦɒɐɚʙ ýß ʆʋ͋ã õɐɶɗɩɐʁ Γʊɤɗɼʍ äãʖʐ íɐʚɗɢã Ȟá åɤʙɤɝʊã æɐɒɐɣɗʐʡã�ýɐʚɰɼʊã Ȟá ʌʕɼʁɤʙ ɐʎʍ ʃɒɐɪʊã ɤʕɼʊã âëɐɓʍ Ȟá ɔɪʐɦʁ ýɐʈɩ åëɐɻá ýß ɐĂ͋ ɐɻ âëɐɓ͋ãɔʑɩ ɀɻ ʏʍɐɚʊã ɨʙʖʊ åɐʁÿ ɤɼɒ ðɦɼʊã ȴɐɼʊã ûíɐɬ ßȢʖɓɖ ýß ʀɩʝã ʘɻãÿë ʏʍÿÑûɤɓɗʊã ʏʍ ʌʊɐɼʊã Ȫɻ ßɦɵ ɐʍ úãíëá ʏɻ ɧɜɐɼʊã Ñʀʚɣɪʊã ʆʋ͋ã ãɥʔ ýɐʇ ɤʅʁ ÑđĘĒĔɔʋɎɐʅʊã ɔʚɼɜɦʊã Γʐãʖʅʊã ʏʍ ɔʋɪʋɩ ɤɻɊʁ ÑđėĘę ɔʑɩ ɥʑʍ þíɐʈʁß Βʚɿɖ üɤɼɒ ãĂíʖɣʁÑɡʊá Ƽ ïÿΒʋʇʟã îɐʚɗʍãÿ Ñɔʙɦʈɓʊã ùʖʅɟ åëɐɻáÿ Ñʆʐɦʁ íɐʚʋʍ ʏʙɦɜɐʕ͋ã ɱʙʖɼɗɒÑäãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ ɐʕʚʁ ʉɟ ʌʚɩãɦʍ đĘēĐ ɔʑɩ ʆʋ͋ã ɺɲʖʁ Ñʆʊì äãʖʑʊã ɔʙɦɚʇß ɕɲíɐɼʁëãɤɓɗɩʡã ãɥʔ ɑɜÿɊʁ Ñʃɒɐɪʊã ɤʕɼʊã üɐɹʐ Ȟá õʖɜɦʊã ɦʍß Ɋʚʔÿ Ñɔʁɐɠɰʊã ɔʙɦɟ ʗɿʊßÿíɐʐ ëɐʅʙá Ȫɻ íãɦɟʝã ýʖʚʈʋ͋ãÿ ýʖʚɖíɐnjɐʐʖɓʊãÿ ýʖʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ʃʂʐɊʁ Ñäãɧɟʝã ʀʊɐɠɖȪɻ åɐɰɼʊã Ȟʖɗɩã ʗɗɟ ʌʚɩãɦ͋ã ʆʋɖ ɀʐ Ȫɻ üɐʙß ɔɼɒíß ɱʎɖ ʌʊÿ Ñɨʙíɐɒ ȝ ɔʑɗʂʊãʓʙɦnj Βʎʙîɐʇÿ íɐʚɗʇ Ñɔʑɗʂʊã Ýɐʎɻî ɐɻë ʌə Ñåȩʋʈʐá ã Ăɤɯɐʄ ȴɐɼʊã ûíɐɬ ɦʁÿ ɔʎɯɐɼʊã

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Page 173: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɐĂʈʋʍ þʖɓɰʐÿ ɨʙíɐɒ Ȟá ÑɐĂɏʚɬ ʓʑɻ ʌʋɼʙ ʡ ɑɼɭʊã ýɐʇ āɥʊã ÑNjʚʋʚʁ ɨʙʖʊ Ñɕʙɐʁʡÿ�Γʚɪʐɦʂʋʊ

ɐĂʐʖʐɐʄ ɺɲʖʁ Ñʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã Ȟá ʓʈʋʍ ʌɎɐɻë ɤʚɵʖɖ ȝ ɑʚʋʚʁ ɨʙʖʊ ɤʑɗɩã ɤʄÿΓʊãʖʍ ɔʅɓɶʊã ʆʋɖ ʏʍ äãȢʖʐ äɐɣɗʐã ãɥʔ ɑɜÿɊʁ Ñʀʊß ʘɗɏʍ Ȟá Γɓɢɐʑʊã ëɤɻ ʓʚʁ ɱʂɢ

�åɤʙɤɝʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʋʊāɦʑʔ íɐɰʐß ɤɟãÿ ýÞ ȝ üÿɐʅʙ ýß ʓʚʋɻ ýɐʇ ìá Ûèɦɟ ʀʄʖʍ ȝ ɑʚʋʚʁ ɨʙʖʊ ãɤɾÿɐ ĂɪʚɎí ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ɨʙʖʋɒ ãʖʁȩɻã ʏʙɥʊã Γʚɖíɐnjɐʐʖɓʊãÿ �ȴɐɼʊã ûíɐɬ ɤʚʂɟ� ɨʍɐɣʊãʏʍ ʌʕʊ ɐʎɒ Ñ�đĘĔĐ ʗɗɟ đĘēĐ ɔʑɩ ʏʍ� Ñʌʕʋʇ Ýʡɋʔ çɤɟß ɤʄÿ ÑΓʙíʖʕʎɝʊãÿÑɐ Ăɼʚʎɜ ɐʕɼʎʄ ʉʕɩ ýáÿ ÑåΒɚʇ ɐĂʑɗʁ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɔʙɤʐʝ ɔʕɒɐɭ͋ã ɔʙɁʊã æɐʚɼʎɝʊãëɐʅʙá ʓɖɤʊãÿ ɕʊÿɐɟ ɤʄÿ Ñɴʄ ʌʕɪɎɐɩë ʏɻ ɔʑʕʈʊãÿ ɨʍɐɣʊã āɦʑʔ íɐɰʐß øɂʑʙ ʌʊÿɘʚɠɒ ëɤɭɗʊã ʏʍ ïÿΒʋʇʟã ɑʚʊɐɶʍ æíɐɯÿ Ñɞɝʑɖ ʌʋʁ ÑþɤʐɐǛ ɔɼɵɐʅʍ ȝ åíʖɚʊã íɐʐ

�ɨʙíɐɒ ɔʚʂʅɩß ʓɎɐʑəß ȝ ɕɒ ćɦɢ ăýɐʚɰɻ ɐʕʑɻ ɊɭʐȪɻ ʆʋ͋ãÿ äãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ ùɐʂɖʡ ɦɶɣʊã ɤʙɤɬ ɐĂɒɧ ćɟ ýʖʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿÑlɺʁɤ ć͋ ãÿ ʉʅɼʊã{ �ʏʙɦʍß Ȟá èɐɗɠʙ ʌʈɠʊã ýɊɒ ÿɧʚɾ ɦʙîʖʊã éȶ ɤʄÿ Ñʌʕɗɳʔɐʑʍɐʍ ʉʅɼʊã Ȟá ɑɪʐ āɥʊã Βʕɭʊã ȭɐʚɪʊã ãɥʔ Ȟá ùɦɶɖ ʌʔʖʊã ʏʍ ɐĂɏʚɬ ýß ȝ ʆɬ ʡÿ

�ΒəɊɖ ʏʍ ɺʁɤʎʋʊΓʚʇãȩɬʡã Ýɐʎɻî ɤɟß ʗɼɩ ɤʅʁ Ñɔʇɦɠʊã ʏɻ ýʖʚʇãȩɬʡãÿ ýʖʙíʖʕʎɝʊã û ćɤɼʙ ʌʊÿđĘĔĘ ɔʑɩ ȝÿ Ñʌʕʋʇ ʏɵʖʊã Ýɐʑɒʝ ûɐʎɻß ëɐɝʙá Ȫɻ ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ʉʎɟ Ȟá �ýʢɒ ɨʙʖʊ�ɑʚʋʚʁ ɨʙʖʊ óʖʅɩ ɕɓɜÿß åɤʙɤɜ ɔʑɗʁ ɐʕʑɻ æɊɭʑʁ æɐɒɐɣɗʐʡã éʢɯá ɔʍîß ɕəɤɟ

�ɔɗɿɒɺʋɢ ɐʕʑɻ Ɋɭʐ ʘɗʊã ʉʋɼʊã ʏʍ ɔʚʎʔß ʉʄß ɑʚʋʚʁ ɨʙʖʊ ɺʋɢ ɕɾʖɩ ʘɗʊã ʉʋɼʊãÿýá ʆʊ ɐʑʋʄ üɐɼʊã äɐɣɗʐʡɐɒ ʏɹʊã ɍʚɩ ýɐʇ ɑʚʋʚʁ ɨʙʖʊ ýá ɕʋʄ ãìɌʁ Ñȴɐɼʊã ûíɐɬɔʍʖʈɟ ýá ɐʑʊʖʄ ãɥʔ Ȟá ʀʚɳʐÿ ÑåΒɚʇ æãɦʍ ʓɒ ʏɹʊã æÝɐɩß ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã æɐʍʖʈɟ

�ɐʔΒɾÿ íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʇ ɔʅʋɶʍ ʏʈɖ ʌʊ ɑʚʋʚʁ ɨʙʖʊæíɦʄÿ Ñɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ɕʑʋɻɊʁ Ñíʖʍʝã ɔʁë ɦʙɤɗʊ ɔɗʄɋʍ ɔʍʖʈɟ ɔʙɤʋɓʊã åɦɎãë ȝ ɕʍɐʄɤʄÿ Ñʖɳɻ ɔɏʍ ɺɪɖ ʏʍ ɔʂʊɋʍ ɔʚʑɵÿ ɔʚɼʎɜ ɑɼɭʊã ɑɣɗʑʙ ýɊɒ æɦʍßÿ Ñüɐɼʊã äɐɣɗʐʡãíʖʍß ɕɼʄʖʁ ÑåΒɚʇ ʏɗʂʊÿ ɔʚʇãȩɬʡã ɔʙɐɻɤʋʊ ɐ Ăʁɤʔ ÑåÝãɤɓʊã ɥʑʍ Ñɔʍʖʈɠʊã þɥʔ æíɐɯÝɐʎɻî ýɐʈʁ Ñåɤʙɤɜ ɔʙɤʐß ɕʍɐʄ āß ÑĀȨʈʊã ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ɕəɤɟ ʘɗʊɐʇ ɔʚɪʂʐ

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Page 174: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

Ƽ ɤɟãÿ ýɦʄ ȝ æɊɭʐ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã ɛɎɐɗʑʊã

ɐʕɳʁɦʙ äɐɓɩʝ ɦɢÞ Ȟá ɕʄÿ ʏʍ ɔʚʑɵʖʊã ɔʚɼʎɝʊã Ȟá ɑɼɭʊã ýʖʄʖɪʙ ɔʙɤʐʝã þɥʔ�ɔʚʐʖʊʖɒ ȝ ʉɼɗɬã ýɐʚɰɻ åɤɲɐɼʍ Ȫɻ ɔʍʖʈɠʊã þãɦʇɌʇ Ñɤʚɬɦʊã ʉʅɼʊã

ʆʊìÿ Ñûɐʎɻʝã ʗɗɭɒ ûɐʎɼʊã ɐʕʚʁ üʖʅʚʊ Ûɔʚʑɵÿ ɺʐɐɰʍ ɔʚɼʎɝʊã ʆʋɖ æɊɭʐßÿþɥʔ ȝ ʉɿɗɭʙ ýɐʇÿ Ñã Ăɤʙɤɜ ɐ Ăɟãȩʄã üʖʙ ʉʇ ýʖɟȩʅʙ ãʖʐɐʇ ʏʙɥʊã Γʚʇãȩɬʢʊ ÝɐɲíáÝʡɋʔ ʏʈʊÿ Ñüʖʙ ʉʇ ʆʐɦʁ ýʖʚʋʍ ʌʕʚʋɻ ʃʂʑɖ ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ɕʐɐʇÿ Ñʉʍɐɻ ʀʊß ɔɏʍ ɺʐɐɰ͋ãɐʍ ùʢɾá ɔʚɼʎɝʊã ʆʋɖ æíɦʄ Ăʢʎɻ ãʖɖɊʙ ýß Βɾ ʏʍ ɑɖãÿí ãʖɶɼĆʙ ýß ãʖɓʋɵ ɐ͋ ûɐʎɼʊã

�ɺʐɐɰ͋ã ʏʍ ʓɗɪɩßÑýɐʚɰɼʊã ɔʙãí ʉʍɐɻ ʀʊß ýʖɪʎɢ ɺʁí ɤʅʁ ÑʉɎɐʔ ýɐʚɰɻ íãɦʅʊã ʆʊì ʏɻ ɊɭʐÿÑúɐʚʑʚǛɐʇ ûãɦʑɝʊã Ȟá ɔʙɥʚʂʑɗʊã ɔɶʋɪʊã ȝ æɤʕɼʁ Ñɔʚʑɵʖʊã ɔʚɼʎɝʊã Ȫɻ õɧʂʊã Ȟʖɗɩãÿæɦʍß ʌə Ñɨʙíɐɒ ýãɦɶʍÿ ëãʖʄ ɔəʢə åɐɰɼʊãÿ ɔʍʖʈɠʊã Γɒ ɕɼʄÿ ʘɗʊã ɔʇɦɼ͋ã ȝ ʉɗʅʁ

�ɦɎãɧɝʊã ëʢɒ Ȟá Γɝɩ øʡÞ ɔəʢə ʘʂʑɒ ɔʚɼʎɝʊã ʆʋɖÑʌʕɒ ùɤɠʍ ʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊãÿ ɔʚʇãȩɬʡã ɦɶɢ ýß ãʖȣʑɸ ʏʙɥʊã Ñýʖɟʢʂʊã ɘɓʋʙ ʌʊÿþʖʋɓʅɗɩã üɐɹʑʊã åëɐɻɌɒ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ɨʙʖʊ ʌʔɤɻÿ ɐȢ͋ ʏʈʊ Ñāíʖʕʎɝʊã üɐɹʑʊã Ȫɻ ãʖɓʋʅʐã ýßýʖʚʋʍ ʀɰʐÿ Γʙʢʍ ɔɪʎɢ ɐʕʊ ʓɓɣɗʐɐʁ Ñɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ɔɩÞɦʊ ʓɪʂʐ ɞɬɦʁ Ñɔɩɐʎɠɒ

�ɑɢɐʐΒɢʝã ãɥʔ ɱʂʁ Ñýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ɨʙʖʊÿ ɔʚʑɵʖʊã ɔʚɼʎɝʊã Γɒ øʢɣʊã ɺʄÿ ɐʍ ýɐɻɁʊÿɔɏʍ ëʢɓʊã ʏʍ ëɦɵÿ ʉɜí øʡÞ åɀɻ ʗʂʐÿ ʉɜí ʀʊß Γəʢə Ȫɻ ɱɓʄÿ ɔʚɼʎɝʊã ʆʋɖʀɰʐÿ Γʙʢʍ ɔɼɓɩ ʓʑɪɠɗɩɐʁ Ñʓʚʁ ɕʚɗʂĆɗɩã ɐʍɤʑɻ ʆʊɥɒ ɔʍʝã ɕʚɲí ɤʄÿ ÑɑɎɐʐɨʙʖʊ ɑ ȤɰĆʐ đĘĕĒ ɔʑɩ Ȩʎɪʙë ʏʍ Ē ȝÿ Ñɑɢɐʐ Γʙʢʍ ɔʚʐɐʎə ʏʍ ɑɢɐʐ ýʖʚʋʍʖʔ �āíʖɵãȨʍʟã üɐɹʑʊã åëɐɻá ȝ ɑɓɪʊãÿ Ñʆʋɖ ʏʍ Ȩʇß ɔʙɦɚʇɊɒ ÑãĂíʖɵãȨʍá ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ

�Γʚʇãȩɬʡãÿ Γɓɾɐɭʎʋʊ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ïɐʑʊã ɕʅʍÑʘʐɐɚʊã ɤʅɼʊã ȝ ɐ͆ʙíʖɗɩë ɞɓɯɊʁ ûÿʝã ɤʅɼʊã ȝ ɐ͆ʙëãɤɓɗɩã ɔʙíʖɵãȨʍʟã üɐɹʐ ýɐʇÿɔʑʙɤʍ ʓʎʚʋɪɖ ɦəß Ȫɻ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ɨʙʖʊ íʖɵãȨʍʟã đĘėĐ ɔʑɩ Ȩʎɗɓɩ ʏʍ Ĕ åíʖə ɕɼʋɢÿ

�ɔʑɩ åɀɻ ʘʐɐʎə ʆʋʍ ýß ɤɼɒ ýãɤʚɩΓɠʊã ʆʊì ɥʑʍ ɕʋɼɗɬã ɔʑɗʁ ʌʔß ɤɼɖÿ Ñɔʙíʖə ʏɗʁ õʖʄÿ ɡʙíɐɗʊã ãɥʔ ɤɼɒ íɤʐÿʘɗʊãÿ Ñɔʎɣʂʊã ɨʙíɐɒ ʘʐɐɓʍ ʏʍ ʌɪʄ ɐʕʚʁ ùȩɟã ʘɗʊã đĘėđ ɔʑɩ ïíɐʍ ɦʕɬ ɔʑɗʁ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɐ ĂɪʚɎí íɐʚɖ ãʖɓɣɗʐã ɔʚʈʋ͋ã åëɐɻá Ȫɻ ãʖʅʂɗʙ ʌʊ äãʖʑʊã Ýʡɋʔ ýß ɐʎɒÿ ÑΓʚʐɐʚʊíÿʝãÿÑđĘėĖ ɔʑɩ æɐɒɐɣɗʐʡã æëɤɜ ɤʄÿ Ñýʖʔɐʎʈʍ ûɐɬɦ͋ã ʓʐɐʈʍ ȝ ãʖʍɐʄß ʌə Ñɔʙíʖʕʎɝʋʊ

�ʆʊì ɤɼɒ ɺʄÿ äɐɣɗʐã ʉʇ ȝ ɐʔÿîɐɟ ɐʎʇ Ñɔʙɦɚʇß ýʖʙíʖʕʎɝʊã îɐɠʁʆʊì ɑɜÿɊʁ ÑåΒɚʇ äãɧɟß Ȟá ɡʙíɐɗʊã ãɥʔ ɤɼɒ ɔʚɒɐʚʑʊã ɐʑɪʊɐɝʍ ɕʎɪʅʐã ɤʄÿɔʑʚʈɪɒ ëʢɓʊã ɺɗʍ ɔʐîãʖ͋ã ʏʍ äãɧɟʝã ʆʋɖ Γɒ ɺʄÿ ɐʍ ýß Ȫɻ Ñɐʑɖãíãîÿ ʏʍ Βɚʇ óʖʅɩÑʌɼʐ Ñɑɿɬ ÿß åíʖə ûɐɼɗɬã ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʋʊ Ýɐɩàí ɔɼɒíß óɐʅɩá ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɔʚɓɪʐɱɓʅʚʊ Ûāíʖʕʎɝʊã üɐɹʑʊã Ȫɻ ȿʅɖ ýß ɕʈɬÿßÿ ÑđĘĘĘ ɔʑɩ ɔʚɓɼɬ ɔʑɗʁ ɕəɤɟʓɓʋɿɖ Ȟá æëß ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ʆʋɗʊ üɐɹʑʊã ãɥʔ ɔʍÿɐʅʍ ʏʈʊÿ Ñʌʈɠʊã üɐʍî Ȫɻ ʓɝʐʡʖɒ ûãɦʑɝʊã

�ɐʕʋʇ ɔʂʊɐɣ͋ã äãɧɟʝã Ȫɻäãɧɟʝã ýß ɐʕʑʍ ÛåΒɚʇ äɐɓɩß ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ȷɐɠʊã āíʖʕʎɝʊã üɐɹʑʊã Ýɐʅɓʊÿëȣɦɝɖ ɐʕʑʍÿ Ñɦɢʛã ʃɠɪʙ ýß ɐʕʑʍ ɤɟãÿ ɺʚɶɗɪʙ ɘʚɠɒ åʖʅʊã ʏʍ ɕɪʚʊ ɔʑɟɐɶɗ͋ãȭɐʅʐ ʘɗʊã æɐɏʚɪʊã ʓʚʊá ÿɧɼʐ ýß ʓɼʍ ɺʚɶɗɪʐ ʡ ã Ăëɦɝɖ ɔɶʋɪʊã ʏʍ ɔʊÿɤʊã ɨʚɎíʏʍ øʖʊß Γɒ ɔɶʋɪʊã ɕɻîʖɖ ɐ͋ ʓʐß ɐʕʑʍÿ ÑʓɵɐʅɩɌɒ ûɤɓɗɖ íʖʍʝã ýß ʘɻɤʑʁ ɐʕɝɎɐɗʐ

�ʓɖãîɐɝʍÿ ʓʍʖʊ ɑɝʙ ʏʍ ɔʁɦɼʍ ɑɼɰʊã ʏʍ íɐɯ ɔʚʊʖɏɪ͋ã æßɧɝɖÿ Γʂɸʖ͋ã�ʘʔÿ Ñɔʚɖʛã ɔʎʋʈʊɐɒ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ɕɼʄÿ ʘɗʊã æãíʖɚʊã ʏɻ Ɋɭʐ āɥʊã ûʖɠɗʊã ɮɣʋʐÿɔɻɐʎɝʊã ëãɤɓɗɩã ʓʚʋɻ Ýɐɳʅʊã ʉʕɪʙ āɥʊã ëɦʂʊã ëãɤɓɗɩã üɐʅʍ ɕʍɐʄß æãíʖɚʊã þɥʔ ýá

�ʓʎɎɐɻë ɱʙʖʅɖ ɑɼɰʙ āɥʊã āʖʅʊãɔʊÿɋɪʍ ɐʕɖɐʍʖʈɟ Āɦɖ ýß æëʖɼɖ ʘɗʊãÿ åãÿɐɪ͋ã ȝ ɔɼʍɐɶʊã ʌʍʝã ýß ɦʕɹʙÿýɐʇ ýáÿ Ñɔɻɐʎɝʊã ëãɤɓɗɩã Ȫɻ Ȩɰɖ ɐʎʐáÿ Ñëɦʂʊã ëãɤɓɗɩã ʃʚɶĆɖ ʡ çɤɠʙ ɐʍ ʉʇ ʏɻ

�ȸʄßÿ ɤɬß ɔɻɐʎɝʊã ëãɤɓɗɩãʓʐɌʁ ʓɗʙʖʅɖÿ ɔɻɐʎɝʊã ëãɤɓɗɩã üɐʚʄ Ȟá Ȣʡá ćëɋʙ ʌʊ åΒɚʇ æãíʖə ʏʍ ʓɒ ɐʑʎʄ ɐʍ ýß ɐʎɒÿƲ ɔʅʚʅɠʊɐɒ Ʋ ʖʔ ɔɻɐʎɝʊã ëãɤɓɗɩãÿ Ñɔʚʑʚɖʢʊã ʌʍʝã ɔʙɐɾ ëãɤɓɗɩʡã ãɥʔ íɐɓɗɻã ʏʈʎʙɔʙíʖɵãȨʍʟãÿ ɔʚʈʋ͋ãÿ ɔʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ɐʍÿ Ñʌʍʝã þɥʔ ʓʚʋɻ ɕɼʎɜß āɥʊã ɔʚʑʚɖʢʊã ʌʍʝã øɤʔ

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Page 176: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

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Page 177: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون
Page 178: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ûÿʝã ʉɰʂʊã

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Ɂʇɗɽɓɯɷã åíʃɇɷã ɑɩȿ Ýʅɣɀɷã Ɂʇɢãɓɱʃɻʆɑɷã âëȽɀ̸ã íȽɚɄɽã ���

ʘɗʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ɥɭɖ ʌʊÿ ÑåΒɚʇ Ăʡɐʚɜß ɐʔìʖʂʐ Ȫɻ ïʖʂʑʊã ȝ ɕɣɩí ʘɗʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ɷʁɐɠɖýɐʇ Ñɔʍʖʈɠʇ Ñåíʖɚʊã ʆʋɖ üãÿë ýß ɺʎʁ Ñïʖʍɐʑʊã ãɥʔ ʏɻ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɐʕɗʑʋɻßã Ăɤʅɗɼʍ æíɐɯ ɐ͋ âëɐɓ͋ã þɥʔ ýß ʆʊì ɔʋɻÿ ÑãĂΒɚʇ ûɐɵ ɤʄ ɐʕɎëɐɓʍ ΒəɊɖ Āɦʐ ãɤ͆ɜ ãĂΒɰʄ

�ɐ͆ʚɩɐɩß Ăʢʙʖɠɖ ʌʔíɐʈʁßÿ ûɐʚɜʝã ʏʍ Βɚʇ ɦɻɐɭʍ ɔʕɜÿ ɕʊʖɟ ɔʚʑʙë ɔɿɓɯ ãìɺɳɒ ɔɹɟʢʍ ɺʍ ʆʊìÿ Ñåɦʎɗɪʍ ûãɧɖ ʡÿ Ñ Ăʢʙʖɵ ɐĂɗʄÿ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã æɦʎɗɩãɤʙɤɝɖÿ ɔɒíÿß ɔɶʙɦɢ Βʚɿɖÿ ʌʊɐɼʊã ɑʋʄ Ȫɻ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ΒəɊɖ ɂɗʅʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɕɼʄÿ æãȩʁɐʕɗȢɓəÿ ĀȨʈʊã ɐʑɖíʖə ɐʕɗʑʋɻß ʘɗʊã Ñåɤʙɤɝʊã ɑɼɭʊã ùʖʅɠʊ ýɐʇ ʉɒ Ûíɤʑʈɩʟã ûɐʎɻßÑɔʙíʖɚʊã ùʖʅɠʊã þɥʔ ɕɬɐɻ ɤʄÿ Ñýɐʈʍ ʉʇ ȝ ʌʚɹɻ ΒəɊɖ ÑΓʐãʖʄÿ ʌʚɸɐʐß ȝ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ

�ʓʈʋʍ ûãÿî ɤɼɒ Ñɐʔíɐɭɗʐã Ȫɻ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ýɐɻß ʘɗʊãïɐʑʊã ȸʐß ɔʚʈʋ͋ã ɔʍɐʄá Ȟá æëß ʘɗʊã çëãʖɠʊã ʏʍ āíʖɵãȨʍʟã íÿɤʊã ɤɼɒ ɺʄÿ ɐʍÿïʖʂʐ ȝ ãĂɦəß âëɐɓ͋ã þɥʔ ɕʇɦɖ ɤʄÿ Ñɦʍʝã Ýɤɒ ȝ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã âëɐɓʍ ʏʍ ɐĂɏʚɬëɤɝɖ Γʐãʖʅʊã ýß ʏʙɤʅɗɼ͋ãÿ Ñɔɶʚɪɓʊã ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã ɔʙɦɹʑʊ Γəíãʖʊã Γʙɦɹʑʊã ʏʍ Βɪʙ ëɤɻ

�ʉʎɼʊã øɐʑɏɗɩã Ýʡɋʔ ëãíɊʁ Ñæɐɼʎɗɝ͋ãûɐɜí ʌʔɤʚʋʅɖ ʏɻ Ɋɭʐÿ Ñɑɗʇÿ æʡɐʅʍ ʏʍ ʓʐÿɀʑʙ ɐʎʍ ʌʕɎëɐɓʍ ýʖɼʙɥʙ ãÿɥɢßʌʔɐʔÿ Ñɀɓʊã ɔɼʚɓɶʊ ɔʚɟʢɯʟã ʌʕɶɶɢ ɔʍÝʢʍ ɔʊɊɪʍ ȝ ʌʕɚɠɒ üɤɻ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãʌʕʍʢɟß ʃʚʅɠɖ ýß Γʐɐɸ ɐ͆ʚʎʔÿ ɐ Ăɼʎɗɝʍ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ûɐɜí ʉɚʍ Ñãʖʍɐʄß ɤʄ Ýʡÿß

�ʘʐɐɪʐʟã õʖʑʊã ëɤɝʙ ʓʚʁ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

Ȫɻ ýÿíëɐʄ ʌʕʐß ãʖɗɓəß Ʋ Ýɐʑɓʊã Ȫɻ ãÿíɤʅʙ ʌʊ ýáÿ Ʋ ʉʚɜ ʉʇ ȝ ýʖʙɦɹʑʊãÿõʢɶɗɩʡ ýãʖɯ ʏʍ ɔʚʈʋʍ ɕʍɐʄ ʖʊ{ �ɔʐʢʚʔ ɔɪʙɤʅʊã åɦʙɧɜ ȝ ýʖʚʋnjɐʐ ûɐʄ �ɑʙɦɣɗʊã

�líɐɓ Ćɾ Ȟá ɐʔʖʊʖɠʙ ýß ýʖʙɦɹʑʊãɨʙʖʊÿ Βʊíɐʚnjÿ ʓʙíʖʁÿ ýʖʎʚɩ ýɐɩ ʌʕʑʍ ɦʇɥʐ ʏʙɥʊã ÑΓʚʊɐʚɣʊã ʆɏʊÿß Γɒ ʏʍÿæãëɐɼʊãÿ íɐʈʁʝã Ýʖɭʐ äʖɜÿ úíëß āɥʊã ʖʔ þɤɟÿ ɕʐʖʇ ɕɪɾÿĆ ß ýß Āɦʐ Ñʓʚʑʚʇÿ ýʢɒ

�ȭɐʚɪʊã ʌʚɹʑɗʊã ʉɓʄâëɐɓ͋ã íɐɭɗʐã Ȟá ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ȝ ɔʚɟʢɯʟã Γʙɦɹʑʊã ɴɶɢ āëɋɖ ʡÿɤʄÿ Ñɔʋʍɐɼʊã æɐʅɓɶʊãÿ ûɐ͋ã äɐɒíß øʖɣɖ ɔʚɻʖʚɭʊɐʁ ÑɐʔΒɩ ùʖɼɖ ʉɒ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã�āíʖɵãȨʍʟã üɐɹʑʊã åëɐɻá ȝ ɐ͆ʚɩɐɩß Ăʢʍɐɻ ýɐʇ ɐʕʑʍ øʖɣʊã ýß ʃɒɐɪʊã ʉɰʂʊã ȝ ɐʑʙßíʓʚʁ ûëɐɝʙ ýß ʃɠɗɪʙ ʡ ɀɻ ɺɩɐɗʊã ýɦʅʊã ʏʍ ûÿʝã ʀɰʑʊã äɐȢɗʇ ʓʂȢʊß ɐʍ ýß ɺʍÿýʖɠʋɰ͋ɐʁ Ñʏʍɧʊã ʆʊì ȝ ýɊɭʊã ʏʍ ýʛã åɦʅɗɠ͋ã ɔʚɒëʝãÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã âëɐɓʎʋʊ ɐʍ ɕɓɚʙ ʓʐɌʁæãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ʏʍ þΒɿɒ üʖʅɖ ʡ ɐʍ Ȫɻ åɤʙɤɝʊã æɐɼʎɗɝ͋ã ɔʍɐʄá Ȟá ãʖɼɩ ʏʍî ʉʇ ȝ

�ɔʚʄʢɢʝãÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊãʉʅɼʊã üãë ɐʎʁ Ñʉʅɼʊã Ȟá ýÿɤʑɗɪʙ Üæãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ʆʋɖ ëɐɝʙá ȝ ýʖɠʋɰ͋ã ɤʑɗɪʙ ąüʡáÿÜɔʚʅʋɢ ÿß ɔʚʑʙë æãɤʅɗɼʍ ëɐɝʙá Ȫɻ ʓɒ ýʖʑʚɼɗɪʙ ʡ ąʌʋʁ åɤʅɼ͋ã æʡʛã ɺʑɰʙ āɥʊã ʖʔʗɗɟ Ñã Ăɤɒß ʉʅɼʊã ïɐɩß Ȫɻ üʖʅɖ ʡ åíʖʇɥ͋ã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã ýß ʌʕʑʍ ɤɟß ɑʋʄ Ȫɻ ɦɶɣʙ ʌʊɔɼɳɒ Āʖɩ ʓʋɠɗʑʙ ʌʊ ɐ͆ʚɼɲÿ ɐĂʑʙë ɨɩß ɤʅʁ Ñʓɪʂʐ ɕʐʖʇ ɕɪɾÿĆ ß Ȫɻ ʘʂɢ ʆʊì ýáʌɹɻʝã Ȩɠʊã Βɾ ɤʙɤɜ Ȩ ąɟ ʌʔɦʙɤʙ ɔʑʕʇ Γʚɼɗɒ ʏʙɤʊã ãɥʔ ɦʍɊʙÿ Ñýʛã ʗɗɟ ñɐɣɬß

�ʘʈʚʊʖəɐʈʊã ɑʔɥʎʋʊʏɻ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ʉʙʖɠɖ Βɾ ɔʚʅĆʋ Ćɣʊãÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊãÿ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã íɐʈʁʝã þɥʔ ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ʌʊÿɐʎʐáÿ ÑɺʙɁʊã íɐɭɗʐʡã ȝ åɥɢÞ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã Ćâëɐɓ͋ãÿ ʆʊì ûʖʄß Ñɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã âëɐɓ͋ãæãɦʈɗɓʍ ɕɓɜÿß ɤʅʁ ÑΓʙɦɹʑʊã ΒəɊɗɒ ʡ Ñåɤʙɤɝʊã åɐʚɠʊã ùɦɵ ΒəɊɗɒ íɐɭɗʐʡã ãɥʔ ɺʅʙʌɎãɧɻ Ȫɻ ëɐɰɗʄʡã æɐʚɳɗʅʍ ɑȣʋɿɖÿ Ñɔʎʚɹɻ ɺʐɐɰʍ ɨʚɩɊɖÿ Ñɔɻɐʑɰʊã üɤʅɖ ʌʋɼʊãʘʇãȩɬʡã ɑʔɥʎʋʊ ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ȝ ûɐɝ͋ã ɞ Ćɪʁÿ ÑɐĂɏʚɭʁ ɐĂɏʚɬ äʖɼɭʊãÿ æɐʍʖʈɠʊã

�ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã íɐʈʁʝã āɦʕɹ͋ āß Ñʘɒɐʅʑʊã ɑʔɥ͋ãÿ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɤɼɒ ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɤɎɐʅɼʊã üɤʅɖ

ɁɆʏɇɷã Ɂʇɗɽɓɯɷã åíʃɇɷã âëȽɀ̸ æÿȽɯɄ̸ã Ⱦʇɝɾɷã ���

ɤʄÿ ÑÝɐɢʟãÿ åãÿɐɪ͋ãÿ ɔʙɦɠʊã �æɐʎʋʇ çʢə ȝ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã çãΒʍ ɮʚɣʋɖ ʏʈʎʙ�ɐ Ăʎʚɹɻ ýɐʇ þɤɟÿ åãÿɐɪ͋ã ßɤɓʍ ΒəɊɖ ýß ɐʑʙßí

øʢɗɢʡã ʏɻ Ɋɭʐ ʓʐß ɔʍʖʋɼ͋ã íʖʍʝã ʏʍÿ Ñôɐʂʊʝã ʆʋɖ ʌʕʁ ȝ ïɐʑʊã ʀʋɗɢã ɤʄÿ�åΒɚʇ äÿɦɟ åɤɟãʖʊã ôɐʂʊʝã Βɪʂɖ ȝ

ûɤɖ ýʛãÿ Ñʃʋɶ͋ã ëãɤɓɗɩʡã ȝ ʌʕʅɟ Ȫɻ ɤʕɼʊã ûɐɜí ɤʑɻ ûɤɖ ɔʙɦɠʊã ɔʎʋʇ ɕʐɐʇΓʐãʖʄÿ ɤʚʊɐʅɖ ʏʍ ɐʕɶɿɳʙ ɐ͋ üãȩɟã ʉʇ ʏʍ ɨʂʑʊã ɦʙɦɠɖ Ȫɻ ʌʋɼɗ͋ã äɐɭʊã ɤʑɻ

�ʌʕʍʖɰɢ ëɐʕɶɲã ȝ ʌʕʅɟ Ȫɻ ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ɔɓʄɐɼʙ ɤʑɻ ûɤɖ ʘʔÿ Ñæɐʚʋɳʁßÿãʖʊɤɻ ɤʄÿ Ñʌʕɓɶɢ ȝ ɦɢÞ Ȟá ɕʄÿ ʏʍ ɔʙɦɠʊã ɔʎʋʇ ýʖʚɩɐʚɪʊã Ýɐɓɶɣʊã ɦʇɥʙɐʍÿ Ñɐʕʑʚɒ ʃʚʁʖɗʊã Ȟá ʡ Ñæɐʅɓɶʊã ʏɟɐɶɖ Ȟá üʖʚʊã ʌʕɖʖɻɤʊ ÛÝɐɢʟã ɔʎʋʇ ɦʇì ʏɻÑʓʍʖʎɩ ýʖɚʂʑʙ āɥʊã ɤʅɠʊã ʉɚʍ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã ɐʕɒãɧɟßÿ ɔʍʝã æɐʅɓɵ Γɒ ùɦʂʙ ɤʅɟ ɤɜÿãɥʔ ʘʅɒ ɤʄÿ Ñʖʎʑʙ åãÿɐɪ͋ã ßɤɓʍ Āɦʐ Ýɐɢʟã ßɤɓʍ ɮʋʅɗʙÿ ɔʙɦɠʊã ßɤɓʍ õɧɻɧɗʙ ɐʎʑʚɒÿõɐɪɖʡã ʏʍ ɽʋɒ ɤʄÿ Ñýɦʄ ɥʑʍ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã æɐɒʢʅʐʡã ʏʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ɺʄÿ ɐʍ ʌɾí Ȫɻ ßɤɓ͋ãʖʊÿ Ñɐʐɤʚʊɐʅɖÿ ɐʑɖãëɐɻÿ ɐʑʑʚʐãʖʄÿ ɔʚɻɐʎɗɜʡãÿ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã ɐʑɖɐʚɠʊ ɐ Ăɩɐɩß ʓɒ íɐɯ ɐ Ăɿʋɓʍ

�ʉʄʝã Ȫɻ ɔʙɦɹʑʊã ɔʕɝʊã ʏʍȞá ȷɐɠʊã èɐʚɗɟʡã ɨʚʊÿ Ñɞʚɠɰʊã ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã çãΒʍ ʖʔ åãÿɐɪ͋ã ßɤɓʎʁɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã íʖɵ āß Ñɔʚʇãȩɬʡã íʖɵ ʡá ûãʖʍʝãÿ ɑɯɐʑ͋ã ȝÿ ýʖʐɐʅʊã üɐʍß åãÿɐɪ͋ãʖʔÿ Ñëɐɰɗʄʡãÿ åɐʚɠʊã ʏʑɩ ʀʊɐɢ ýáÿ ʓʐɐɶʋɩ ʌĆɹɻ èɐʚɗɟʡã ãɥʔ ʌɻ ɐʎʋʇÿ ÑΒɢʝã�ãĂɦʁɐɸ ʓʑʍ ʉʅɼʊã èɦɣʙ ɐʎȢʋʄ āɥʊã õãɂʊã ʏʍ ɦɻɐɭ͋ãÿ ʉʅɼʊã Γɒ ɐ͋ åɤʙɤɜ åíʖɯ

Ɂʇɀɩɚɷã Ɂʇɢãɓɱʃɻʆɑɷãÿ äȽɄɵɷã Ɂʇɢãɓɱʃɻʆë � �

Ȫɻ ʀʚʈɗʊãÿ Ýʘɶɓʊã Ýʖɭʑʊã �Γɩʖʍɐʐ Ȟá ʌʊɐɼʊã ɕɓʋʄ ʘɗʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ɺʚʎɜ ëí ʏʈʎʙ�ïʖʂʑʊã øʢɗɢã ɑɪɟ

ɦʇɥɖ ʡ ɑɗʈʊã ýß ɐʎɒÿ Ñûʖɠɖ ãìá ʡá ɫʚɼʙ ʡ ʖʕʁ Ñåɐʚɠʊã æãÿì ɑʔɥ͋ã ʓɓɭʙÿʡ Ñɐʕʚʁ ʌɩɦɖ ʘɗʊã ʘʔ æʖ͋ã åíʖɯ āß Ñȳɐ͋ã íʖɵ ʖʔ þíɦʅɖ ɐʍ ýʖʈʚʁ ûʖɠɗʊã ãɥʔ

�åɐʚɠʊã åíʖɯɔʍß ʏʍ ʉʅɗʑɖ ɐʍɤʑɻ ýʖʑʂʊãÿ æɐɿʋʊãÿ ʌɹʑʊã ûʖɠɗɖ ʀʚʇ ɦɢÞ äɐɗʇ ȝ ȣɕɓəß ɤʄÿʘʑʋɼɝʙ āɥʊãÿ Ñɑɗʈʊã ȝ ëɦʙ ɐʎɻ æʡʖɠɗʊã þɥʔ ʏʑɩ øʢɗɢã ɔɜíë ɕʑʚɒÿ ÑĀɦɢß Ȟá

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ʏɻ ɘɠɓʊã ȝ ʘɖʡɐɓʍ üɤɻ ɔʋɻ ɞɲÿß ýß ɤʙíß ʘʑʐß ʖʔ ýʛã ʆʊì Ȟá Βɬßɔʚɪʂʑʊã ɐʔȶɐʑɻ ʏɻ ɑʚʅʑɗʊã Ȫɻɂɗʄß ʘʐʖʇ ɔʋɻÿ Ññʖɰʑʊã ʏʍ ɐʕɓʔãɥʍ ȝ ɍɝʙ ɐʎɒ

�ɐʕʐʖʋɠɗʑʙ ʏʙɥʊã ïɐʑʊã æɐʅɓɵ ȝ ɐʔΒəɊɖ ʏɻÿýß ßɤɓ͋ã ãɥʔ ɘɓʋʙ ʡÿ Ñɔʂʋɗɣ͋ã æɐʚɪʂʑʊã āÿì ɤʑɻ ɔɻɁɒ ûÿʝã ßɤɓ͋ã ûʖɠɗʙÑɔʚɩɐʚɪʊãÿ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ã āßɦʊã ãɥʔ ʃɒɐɶʙÿ Ñʏʙɐɓɗʊã åΒɚʇ íʖʍß ýãʖʑ Ćɻ ɞɓɰʙÑʌʍʝã ʀʋɗɣʍ ɤʑɻ ɔʎʋʈʊã þɥʔ ûʖʊɤʍ ʃʚʅɠɖ ɑɝʙ Ăʢɚʍ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ȝ ɘɠɓʙ ɐʍɤʑɼʁ

�ɔʚɓɼɭʊã ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊãÿ äɐɗʈʊã ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙë Γɒ åɤɟãʖʊã ɔʍʝã ȝ ùɦʂʊã ʃʚʅɠɖÿȝ ëɦʙ ɐʍ ýß ʃʅɠʐ ýß Ñíɐɓɗɻʡã ɺɲʖʍ ɔɹɟʢ͋ã þɥʔ ɐʑɼɲÿ ɤʑɻ Ñɐʑʚʋɻ ʉ ĆʕɪʙÿäɐȢɗʈʊã ɐʕɼɳʙ ɔɰʊɐɢ æɐʙɦɹʐ Βɾ ʏʈʙ ʌʊ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã íɐʈʁʝã ʏʍ ɤɎãɦɝʊãÿ ɑɗʈʊãùãȩɢã ʃɟ ɐ͆ʙɦɹʐ ʉʍɐɼʊã îɐɟ ãìɌʁ Ñɐʕɒ ʉʎɼʊã þɤʚʂʙ ʡÿ ɐĂɏʚɬ ɐʔɦʍß ʏʍ ɑɼɭʊã ʌʋɼʙ ʡÿȞá ʓʊʖɯÿ ʉʍß ýɌʁ ñʖɠʂʊãÿ æɐʅɒɐɪ͋ɐɒ åɤɎɐʅʊã æɐʅɓɶʊã ʏɻ ʓʋɰʂɖ ʘɗʊã ɧɜãʖɠʊã

�ãɤ͆ɜ ʀʚɼɲ ɐ͆ʚʋʎɻ ʆʊìɔʅɓɵ ʌʕʑʍ ʀʊɊɗɖ ïɐʑʊã ʏʍ ʃʙɦʁ ëɐɝʙá Āʖɩ ɔʙɐɾ äɐɗʈʊã ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊ ɨʚʊÿɮɣɖ ɔʅʋɶʍ ùʖʅɟ ɔʍɐʄá Ȟá ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã þɥʔ ɔʙëɊɖ Ȫɻ ʀɩɊʐ ɐʑʐáÿ ÑåɤɎɐʅʊã ɔʍʝãýʖʈɖ ʡ ɔʙɦɠʊɐʁ Ñɔʚʕʊʟã ùʖʅɠʊã ʏʍ úʖʋʎʋʊ ɐʍ üɐʅʍ ɦɹʑʊã åΒɰʄ åɤɓɗɪʍ ɔɻɐʎɜ

�ëãɤɓɗɩã ʉɠʍ ëãɤɓɗɩã ûʢɟɌɒåɤɭʊ Ʋ ʘʔÿ Ñåëɐʅʊã ʏʍ ʃʙɦʁ Ýɐɭʐá Ȟá ʗɼɪɖ ʢʁ ɔʚɓɼɭʊã ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ɐʍßÿʡÿ Ñɔʙɦɠʊɐɒ ȟɐɓɖ ʡÿ Ýɐɢʟã ßɤɓʍ ɱʁɦɖ Ʋ ûɐʎɼʊã ûãʖɟß Γɪɠɖÿ åãÿɐɪ͋ɐɒ ɐʕʍɐʎɗʔãæɐʍʖʈɠʋʊ ɐʕʁɐɗ Ćʔ ʏʍ ɐʑʊ ÿɤɓʙ ɐʍ ʆʊìÿ Ñāëãɤɓɗɩʡã ʉʈɭʊã Βɾ æɐʍʖʈɠʋʊ Ăʢʈɬ íʖɰɗɖΒɪɖ ʘɗʊã ɔʙɦʕʅʊã ɔʅʙɦɶʊã ʏʍÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã äʖɭʐ ɥʑʍ æɦʕɸ ʘɗʊã åɤɓɗɪ͋ã

�ûɐʎɼʊã æɐɒɐʅʐ ɐʕʚʋɻÛʘʂɣʊã ɦʍʝɐɒ ɨʚʊ äɐɗʈʊã ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙëÿ ûɐʎɼʊã ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙë Γɒ ȹʂʑʊã ùɦʂʊãÿýß ʏʈʎʙ ʡ ùɐʂɖʡã ýɊɒ æɐɒɐʅʑʊã ûɐɜí éɂʙÿ Ñåɤɟãÿ ɔɿʊ ýɐʎʋʈɗʙ ʡ ýɐʅʙɦʂʊɐʁ

�ɐʎʔëʖɪʙʏʙɦʈʂʍ íʖʕɸ üɤɻ ȝ ɑɓɪʊã ʖʔ ãɥʔÿ Ñýʖʈʙ ýß ʏʈʎʙ ʡ ɐʎʕʑʚɒ ùɐʂɖʡã ýá ɐʅ͆ɟ

�ýʖɵʢʁß ʏʍî ɥʑʍ ɔʚɓɼɭʊã ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ʏɻ ýʖɼʁãɤʙ üɐɹɻ

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Page 182: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɤɼɒ ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɤɎɐʅɼʊã üɤʅɖ

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Ȫɻ Ýɐɳʅʊɐʁ Ñʌʔëɤɻ åɦɚʈʊ åʖʅʊã äɐɠɯß ʌʕʐß ɔʚʋʔʝã ÿɤʄɐʁ ʌɻɧʙ ýß ɘɓɼʊã ʏʍÿ�Ȳʖʂʊãÿ ɔʄɐʂʊã ȝ ûɐʎɼʊã ɺʄʖʙ ɐʕɚɟɐɓʎɒ ûɐʎɼʊã ɤʚʂɖ ʘɗʊã ɔʚʊɐɼʊã ɔɿʍëʝã āÿì

Ȟá èɐɗɠʙ ʡ ɞɲãÿ ɔɚʙɤɠʊã æɐʚʐɤ͋ã ȝ ʌʚɹɼʊã ýɊɭʊã ʏʍ ïɐʑʊã åʖʂɰʊ ɐʍÿʉɼɝʙ āɥʊã ɐʎʐáÿ Ñɔʋəɐʎɗʍ ɔɶɩʖɗʍ ɔʅɓɵ åɦɢɊɗ͋ã ʌʍʝãÿ ɔʐɤʎɗ͋ã ʌʍʝã ɤʑɼʁ Ñæɐɓəáɤʑɻ ɐʕʊ Βɹʐ ʡ åʖʂɯ ʏʍ ɔʐɤʎɗ͋ã ʌʍʝã ɤʑɻ ɐʍ ʖʔ åɦɢɊɗ͋ã ʌʍʝã ʏʍ Ȫɻß ɔʐɤʎɗ͋ã ʌʍʝãʏʙɥʊã Γɰʊã ûɐʎɻ ýÿë ɐʕɒãʖɒß ɕʅʋɾɊʁ ʆʊì åɤɠɗ͋ã æɐʙʡʖʊã ɕʇíëß ɤʄÿ ÑåɦɢɊɗ͋ã ʌʍʝã�ɔɪɣɒ íʖɜɊɒ ɔɻɐʑɰʊã ýãɤʚʍ ȝ ʌʕʐʖʎɟãɧʙÿ ɔʈʙɦʍß ûɐʎɻ ɤʑɻ ʘɗʊɐʇ ɔʚʋʔɊɒ ýʖʂɰɗʙɤɗɭʙ ʌʊ ñãʖɣʊã Ȟá èɐʚɗɟʡã ýß ɺʍÿ Ñüʖʙ ʉʇ ñãʖɣʊãÿ Ȥüãʖɼʊã Γɒ íʖʂʑʊã ɤʙɧʙʓɗɒʖɼɯ ʉɚʍ íÿë ȝ ɑ Ćɼɰʙ ʌʊ èɐʚɗɟʡã ãɥʔ Ȫɻ Ȩɰʊã ýɌʁ Ñɐʑʐɐʍî ȝ þëãɤɗɬã ɕʄÿ ȝ

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íʖʍʝã ʏʍÿ Ñɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ʘʐɐʍʝã ʌɎʢɖ ʡ ɔʚɼʚɓɶʊã ʏʑɪʊã ýß ʃɒɐɪʊã ʉɰʂʊã ȝ ɐȢʑȢʚɒɐʎɒ ȟɐɓʙ ʡ ýɐɪʐʟɐʁ Ñïʖʂʑʊã ȝ ɔɣɩãɦʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ȝ ɔʅʚʅɠʊã þɥʕʊ ΒəɊɖ ʡ ʓʐß ɔʍʖʋɼ͋ãÑɤʅɗɼ͋ã ãɥʔ ʏɻ ɘɠɓʙ āɥʊã øʖɪʋʚʂʊãÿ Ñɔʚʅʚʅɠʊã ɔʎʚʅʊã ʏʍ þ ȤΒɪʙ āɥʊã ɤʅɗɼ͋ã ȝïʖʂʑʊã ȝ þΒəɊɖ ʏɻ ɑ Ȥʅʑʙ ýß ʓʚʋɻ ɑɝʙ Ñɔʚʋʅɼʊã ʓɗʎʚʄ ȝ ûëɐɝʙ ýß ʓʚʋɻ ąɑ ąɜąÿ ýáÿ

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þãɦʇá Ȟá ʉʚʎɖ ɐʕʐß ɐʑɗɓəɊʁ Ñɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã éÿɦʊã ȝ ɘɠɓʊã ɤʑɻ ɔʚɪʂʑʊã þɥʔ ɐʑʂɯÿ ɤʄÿɔɪʐɦʁ ɕʎɻ ýß ɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã éÿɦʊã ɘɓʋɖ ʌʊÿ ÑʃɎɐʅɟ ɐʕɖɤɻ ʘɗʊã ɐʕʍɐʔÿß ûʖɓʄ Ȫɻ ïɐʑʊã

�ɔɹʁɐɠ͋ã äãɧɟʝã ɐʕʑʍÿ Ñɐʕɒãɧɟß Ȫɻ ɐʕʚʁ æìʖɠɗɩɐʁ ÑĀɦɢʝã ɔʚʑʚɖʢʊã ýãɤʋɓʊãÿʌɹʑʊãÿ ɔʚɩɐʚɪʊã âëɐɓ͋ã Ȫɻ ïɐʑʊã ʉʎɟ ʘʔ ɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã éÿɦʊã íɐɭɗʐã ɔɝʚɗʐÿëʢɓʊã ȝ ʌɹʑʍÿ ʘʎʋɩ ʖʔ āɥʊã Ʋ ʘɒɐʅʑʊã ɑʔɥ͋ã ýß ȝ Ɂʊã ʖʔ ãɥʔÿ Ñã ĂɁʄ Γʐãʖʅʊãÿʃʙɦɠɖÿ æɐɒãɦɶɲã åíʖɯ ȝ ɐĂʚʋɝɗʍ ɐ͆ʙʖɲʖʁ ɐ Ăɝʕʐ ɐʐɤʑɻ ɛʕʐ ýß ɘɓʋʙ ʌʊ Ʋ Āɦɢʝã

�ɑʙɦɣɖÿþɥʔ æɤɪʁß Ñɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã éÿɦʊã éɐʎɜ ĉɞąɓĉʈąɖ ʌʋʁ Ñæɐʍʖʈɠʊã Ȫɻ øʖɣʊã Ȟʖɗɩã ãìáÿȪɻ Βɢʝã ΓʐȤɤɼ͋ã ɦʎɖɋʍ ȝ Γɒÿɤʑ͋ã Ćɘʋə ʃʁãÿ ɐʎʋʁ ÑåΒɿɰʊã ûʖʅɼʊã äɐɠɯß éÿɦʊãʏʍ ɑʙɦɣɗʊã ɔɩɐʚɪɒ ʉʎɼʙ ʏʍ ʉʇ Ȟá āɤʔĆ ß{ �ɦʎɖɋ͋ã äɐɗʇ ɤɟß ûɐʄ ɑʙɦɣɗʊã ɔɩɐʚɩ

�lʘɓʋʅʊã ʘɒɐɝɻáÿ āʖɢʝã ʘʍʢɩ ûɐʎɼʊãȝ ýʛã ɔɪʐɦʁ ʏʈɖ ʌʊ ãìáÿ Ñëʢɓʊã ȝ Ȳʖʂʊã åëɐʙî ɔʍɐɼʊã ɔʚʑʔɥʊã þɥʔ ɑɜʖɖÿʌɼʂʍ ȹʐɦʁ äɧɟ ʉʇ ýá Ñʌɼʐ Ñýîãʖɖ ʏʍ ɐʕɒãɧɟß Γɒ ɺʄãÿ ʖʔ ɐ͋ ʆʊɥʁ åɦʎɗɪʍ åíʖəɔʚʁɐʇ åʖʄ äãɧɟʝã þɥʔ ʏʍ ɤɟãÿ ʆʋʎʙ ʌʊ ʏʈʊÿ ÑĀɦɢʝã äãɧɟʝã Ȫɻ ɤʙɤɭʊã ɤʅɠʊã ʏʍ

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ʘɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã Ýʖɭʑʊã ɛɎɐɗʐ

Γɠɖɐʂʊã Βɪɒ ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ȝ ɐʑʍɐʈɟ ąΒ ćɩ ʓɓɬß ɐʍÿ Ñʆʊì Ȫɻ äãɧɟʝã ɛɗɠɖ ýß Βɾ�äʖʋɿʎʋʊ ʉʍß ʡ Γɟ ɔʎʙɤʅʊã ýÿɦʅʊã ȝ

ɷɟʡ ɤʄÿ Ñɐ Ăɳʙß íʖʍʝã åʡÿ ɤʑɻ ɤʔɐɭʙ ʉɒ Ñüãʖɼʊɐɒ ɐɯ͆ɐɢ ɞʍɐɪɗʊã üɤɻ ɨʚʊ Ñýìáɱɼɒ ȝ üãʖɼʊã ëãɤɓɗɩã ʏʍ ɤɬß Γʎʋɼɗ͋ã ëãɤɓɗɩã ýß Ʋ ʉʙʖɵ ʏʍî ɥʑʍ Ʋ ʓʋɭʚʍʌʕʚʋɻ ʉʕɪʙ ɐʍ ýɐɻɁʊ ʏʈʊÿ Ñɞʚɒɐɰ͋ã ýÿɁʈʙ ʡ Γʎʋɼɗ͋ã ýß ȝ ɑʙí ʡÿ Ñýɐʚɟʝãɑʙɥʕɗʊã ʏʍ þʖʊɐʐ ɐʍ ýß ȢʏĆɸ ʏʙɥʊã Ñýʖʍɐɠ͋ãÿ åɥɖɐɩʝãÿ ýʖʎʋɼɗ͋ɐʁ Ñäɐʄɦʊã äȷćʀȤɶąʋĆʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã üɐʙß ʌʊɐɹ͋ã ɤɬß ãʖʁȩʄã ʏʙɥʊã ʌʔ ʌʕɻɐɓɵ ąýʡß ȭíɤ͋ãɤɎãɦɝʊã åÝãɦʄ ʏʍ ɦʕɹʙ ãɥʔÿ Ñʉɓʄ ʏʍ ɦɚʇß ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ȝ ɔɏɬɐʑʊã õɐɓɵ ʌʚʋɼɗʊãȝ ɤʅɠʊã ʉɼɗɬã ʀʚʇ ɐĂɓɝɼɗʍ Ćâíɐʅʊã ûɊɪʚʁ Ñæɐɼʍɐɝʊã åɥɖɐɩß ɐʔɀʑʙ ʘɗʊã ʉɎɐɩɦʊãÿ

�ʏɪɠʊã ɷɠʊã ʌʕʂʊɐɟ ʏʙɥʊã Ýʡɋʔ äʖʋʄʌʕɟÿɦʁ Ñʆʊì Ȟá ʌʕɼʁɤɖ ʘɗʊã ʘʔ Βɿʊã ɔɓɠʍ ýá ʌʕʊʖʄ ȝ Γʄëɐɯ ãʖʐʖʈʙ ʌʊÿɤʄÿ Ñåʖɻɤʊã ʉɎɐɩí ʏʍ ýÿɀʑʙ ɐʍ ɑɓɩ ɐʎʔ åɦʕɭʊã Ȟá ʌʕʄʖɬÿ ɔʅʚɳʊã ɔʚʑʙɤʊãʘɗʊã �ɨʐãɦʁÿë ɛʚʊʖʇ� ɔɪʐɦʁ ɔɩíɤʍ åɥɖɐɩß ɤɟß æãíɐɓɼɒ ɦɢÞ ʀʊɋʍ ȝ æɤʕɭɗɩãÑɐʕʑɼʋʙ ʘɗʊã ʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã ûãʖʍß ɑʕʐ Ȫɻ ɑɼɭʊã ɐʕʚʁ òɦɟÿ ʓɓɗʇ ɤɟß ȝ æÝɐɜʉɎɐɩɦʊã ʆʋɖ ʘʂʊɋʍ Γɒ ɤɝɖ ýß ɐʕʚʋɻ ʉ Ćʕɩ åɤʙɤɜ åíʖə ɕʋɼɗɬã ãìá ʓʐß ɐʕʑʍ ɕɝɗʑɗɩɐʁ

�ʓʙíɐʇÿ ΒǍɪɒÿíÿ ãíɐʍ ʉɚʍ ɐĂʐãʖɻßûãɧɖ ʡ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ɔɓʚʅɟ ýɌʁ ɔʅɒɐɪʊã ɔʚʑʙɤʊã ɑʔãɥ͋ã ýÿɋɬ æɤ ćʂʐ ãìáÿʌʔß ʏʍ æɐʚʋɳʁʝã Ȫɻ ɤʅɠʊã ɤɼʐÿ Ñɤʙɤɜ ăÝȯ üʖʙ ʉʇ ɐʕʑʍ èɦɣʙ ʓʐß Āɦʐÿ ÑĀʞʍɛɎɐɗʐ ʏʍ ýɐʈʁ Ñɴɩʖɗ͋ã Āʖɗɪ͋ã îÿɐɝʙ ʏʍ ʉʇ Ȫɻ ɤʅɠʊã ʌɻ ɤʄÿ Ñɐʕʑʍ èɦɢ ɐʍɐʙɐʐɤʊã äɐʈɖíãÿ Ýɐʂɝʊãÿ ɔʙɦɣɪʊãÿ ʖɝʕʊã Ȟá ʉʚ͋ãÿ ɔɓʚɿʊãÿ ɤɪɠʊã õʖʚɬ ɤʅɠʊã ãɥʔʌʕʐß ʌʋɼʙ ɑɼɭʊãÿ Γʎʋɼɗ͋ã ɘʙëɐɟß ȝ ʃʄɤʙ ʏʍÿ ÑÝɐʇɥʊãÿ ɔʔãɧʑʊãÿ ùɤɰʊã ëʖɠɜÿãʖʐʖʈʙ ýß ʏʍ ʗɖʖ͋ã ʌɸɐɻß Ćɛʑʙ ʌʊÿ Ñʌʔíɤʄ ʏʍ ýʖɶɠʙÿ ûɐɜɦʊã ɦɒɐʇß ɐʕʚʁ ýʖɰʅɗʑʙΒʔɐɭ͋ã ɔʎʚʄ ɐʕʚʁ æɦɿɰɗɩã ʘɗʊã ʏʍ ɦɚʇß ɑɗʇ ʀʊɋɖ ʌʋʁ Ññɐʅɗʐʡã ʆʊì ʉɚ͋ ɔɲɦɻ

�ȳɐ͋ã ȝ ëʢɓʊã ʓɖʖɟ çãΒʍ ʏʎəß ãÿȣɤ Ćɻ ʏʙɥʊãʌʊ ʏʈʊÿ Ñɦʕɹʙ ɐʎʇ ʏʍî ʉʇ ȝ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã âëɐɓʍ ɐʍîʡ ɤʄ ɤʅɠʊãÿ ɤɪɠʊãÿ

�ÿëíʖɒ ʖʚɪʍ ûɐʄ ÑΓʅʄɤ͋ã Ȫɻ ʆʊì ʘʂɢ ɐʍÿ Ñüʖʚʊã ʓɖɦɚʇ ɕʄÿ ȝ ɐʎʕɻʖʚɬ ɦɚʈʙ

ɱʂɢ Āʖɩ ɐʕʊ ɔʙɐɾ ʡ äëʝã ɔʚʋɟ ʏʍ ɔʋɵɐɻ ɔʙíʖə ɔʋʁɐɩ åɧʙɦɾ üʖʚʊã ĀɦʐȪɻ ɐ Ăɜÿɦɢ Ʋ ɔʚʎʋɻ ʖʊÿ Ʋ ɔʚʋɳʁß ʉʇ ɤɼɖ ʘʔÿ Ñʉʂɩʝã úíɤʊã Ȟá ɀɓʊã

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɔɓʄɐɼʚʊã äʖʋʄ ȝ Ăʢɼɗɭʍ ýɐʇ āɥʊã ʖʔ åãÿɐɪ͋ã Ȟá ʌʚɏʋʊã ʉʚ͋ã ãɥʕʁ Ñɺʎɗɝ͋ã�ɐʎʔΒɾÿ ʓʚʑʚɬÿ ʓʙîãʖǛʡ ùɐʑɻß ãʖɼɶʄ ɐʎʑʚɟ Γʇɐʂɪʊã

ɐʍ ʉʇ ʖʔ Ʋ ýʛã ɔʚʇãȩɬʡã íɐɭɗʐã Ȫɻ ʉʍɐɼʊã Ʋ æɐʚʋɳʁʝã Ȫɻ ɤʅɠʊã ɨʚʊÿɔʎʕʍ Āɦɢß ʉʍãʖɻ Āɦʐ ʉɒ Ñɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ʏɻ ɔɏɬɐʑʊã åɤʙɤɝʊã éÿɦʊã ʓɒ ʀɰɗɖɤʑɻ ɐʍ ɮʄɐʑɖÿ Ñʘʍʖʈɠʊã ɑʔɥ͋ã üɤʅɖ �ʘʔ ʉʍãʖɼʊã þɥʔÿ Ñéÿɦʊã þɥʔ ɐʕɒ ĀȢʖʅɖûʢɠʎɲãÿ Ñæɐʅɓɶʊã õîɐʑɖÿ ÑΓʙʢ͋ã ΒəɊɖ åëɐʙîÿ Ñåʖʅʊãÿ ìʖʂʑʊã ʏʍ ʗɶɩʖʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã

�äãëʛã óɐɶɠʐãÿ Ñɔʎʙɤʅʊã ɔʚɻɐʎɗɜʡã õëãÿɦʊãʌʄɐʂɖ ɘʚɟ ʏʍ ɔʚʐɐʈʚ͋ã ɔʇɦɠʊã ʉɚʎʇ ɐʕɗɻȵ åëɐʙî ȝ ɔʚɻɐʎɗɜʡã ɔʇɦɠʊã ʉąɚ ąʍÿäɐɰɗɻɐʇ üʖʙ ʉʇ çëãʖɠʊã ʏʍ ɺʅʙ ɐʎʚʁ ʌʄɐʂɗʊã ãɥʔ Ȫɝɗʙÿ Ñüʖʙ ɤɼɒ ɐ Ăʍʖʙ ɐʔɦʍßʖʚɪʍ ÑΓʅɒɐɪʊã ɐʑɗʙɦɠɒ Ýãíîÿ ɤɟß ûɐʄ Ñɡʊá æɐɻíɤ͋ã íɐɝʂʐãÿ ɤʙȨʊã ʘʂɸʖʍÿ ΓʐȤɤɼ͋ãʘɗʊãÿ Ñʆʐɦʁ ýʖʚʋʍ ýʖɪʎɢ ɐʕɗʎʚʄ ʘɗʊã ʓɖȨʚʋʊã ɔɻíɤ͋ã ʌɶɠɖ ɔɓɩɐʑʎɒ Ñýɐ Ȣɪʚʐʡÿë

�åɤɟãÿ ɔʅʚʄë ȝ ʉɜí ɐɗɏʍ ɐʕʚʁ ʆʋʔ

ɐʑʑʙÿãÿëÿ ɐʑɖíãëáÿ ɐʑɭʚɜ òʖʅʙ āɥʊɐʇ ʖʔ ɐʑʊʖɶɩß òʖʅʙ āɥʊã òɦ͋ã ýáÑȲʖʂʊã ʖʔòɦ͋ã ãɥʔÿ ÑþȵɊɒ ɐʑɼʎɗɝʍÿ ʘʍʖʈɠʊã ɐʑʍɐɹʐÿ ʘɒɐʚʑʊã ɐʑʍɐɹʐÿÑûʖʅɼʍ Βɾ ʓɜÿ Ȫɻ ûɐʎɻʝã ʓɒ ɧɝʑɖ ɐĂʇɐɓɖíã íʖʍʝã ɦɎɐɩÿïʖʂʑʊã úɐɓɖíã āß

�äëʝãÿ ɑɜãʖʊã ȝɐʑʙ ʓɜÿ Ȫɻ âɦʍã ʉʇ ʓɒ Βɪʙÿ

ýá ʉɒ ÑɐĂʑɎãë ɔʋɻ ɐʑɗʙɦɠɒ ɕɪʚʊ{ �ʉ Ȥɩÿí ɨʈʚʋʁ ʖʚɪʍ ɨʙíɐɒ ɔʙɤʋɒ ɨʚɎí ûɐʄÿ�lȲʖʂʊãÿ Ñüɐɹʑʊã ɔʋʄÿ Ñɔɼɓɗʊã üɤɻ �æɐʎʋʇ çʢə ȝ ɮ ȢɣʋĆɖÿ Ñʆʊì ʏʍ ʌɻß ɔʋɼʊã þɥʔȞá ɐʑɜíɤɗɒ ýʖʁȩɼʙ āíʖʕʎɝʊã üɐɹʑʊã ʏɻ Γɼʁãɤ͋ã ɤɬß ýß Ȫɻ ʆʊì ûɤʙÿûʢɠʐʡã ʆʊì íÿɤɯ ɧɝɼʊã ãɥʔ ɔʋɻÿ Ñʓʚʁʢɖ ʏɻ ʌʔɧɝɼɒ ʏʙɦɻɐɬ ʘɻɐʎɗɜʡã ûʢɠʐʡã

�ɐʑʎɎãɧɻ ʏʍ Āʖʄß ɔʚɪʂʐ æãɦəɋʍ ʏɻ

þʃĆɀ ąɐąɄĉɾ Ćɺÿ üȽɩɷã äȽɐɄɽʎã � �

åãÿɐɪ͋ã ßɤɓʍ ýß ʆʊìÿ Ñɔʐɐɗʂʊã ɔʙɦʔʖɝʊã ɔʚɵɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ɤɟß ʖʔ üɐɼʊã äɐɣɗʐʡãüɐʍß ɔɻɐɩ Ýãɦɜʝãÿ Ýãíîʖʊãÿ Ýʢʕɝʊãÿ Ýɐʎʋɼʊãÿ Ýãɦʅʂʊãÿ Ýɐʚʑɾʝã āÿɐɪɗɒ ʓʚʁ ȪɝɗʙƲ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã æɐʍʖʈɟ ɐʕʑʍÿ Ʋ ɐʕʋʇ æɐʍʖʈɠʊã ɕʁɐɢ ɤʄÿ Ñäɐɣɗʐʡã ùÿɤʑ Ćɯ

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ʘɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã Ýʖɭʑʊã ɛɎɐɗʐ

ɐʎʍÿ Ñʓʚʋɻ òãȩɻʡã ýɐʈʍá Ʋ ɔʋʔÿ ûÿß Ʋ ąɦʙ ʓʚʁ ɦɹʑʊã ʌɼʑʙ ʏʍÿ Ñüɐɼʊã äɐɣɗʐʡã ɦʍßȫʚʋʄ ïɐʐß åíɤʄ āß Ñʌʈɠʋʊ Γɠʊɐɯ ûɐɜí äɐɣɗʐã Ȫɻ üãʖɼʊã åíɤʄ ʌʔʖɖ ïʖʂʑʊã þɐɒɊɖΓɒ ɧʚʚʎɗʊã ɐʕɒ ýʖʑɪɠʙ ɔʚʋʔß ëɤɼʊã åɦɚʈɒ ʌʕʋʚʐ Ȫɻ ɦɹʑʊã āëÿɤɠʍ ɑʙɥʕɗʊãÿ ɔʁɦɼ͋ã

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�ɔʍɐɼʊã ëʢɓʊã ɔɼʂʑʍ ʓʚɪʑʙäëßÿ Ąûɐɻ Ýɐʇì āÿì Ăʡɐɜí ɔɒɐʚʑʋʊ ɑɣɗʑɖ ʢʁ ÑΓɼʚɶʍ ïɐʐß Ȟá ýɐɝʋʊã èɐɗɠɖÑɔʚɻɐʎɗɜã ɔʐɐʈʍ ʌʕʊ ɨʚʊ ʏʙɥʊã ɔʑʚʕʊã ùʢɢʝã āÿì ʏʍ ɐ Ăɩɐʐß ɐʕʊ ɑɣɗʑɖ ɐʎʐáÿ Ñɺʚʁíûʖʅɖ ɐʍ ûʖʅʚʁ ɐʍ͆ɐɖ ɐ Ăɻʖɳɢ Ʋ ʓɖɦʕɬ ɘɼɓʍ ʘʔ ʘɗʊã Ʋ ýɐɝʋʊã ʆʋɗʊ ɑɎɐʑʊã ɺɳɣʙÿʓʐß Ȫɻ Ñlüɤɖ ɺɵ{ ɔʎʋʈɒ ȭɐʚɪʊã ʓʊɐʚɢ ʓʚʊá ʖɻɤʙ ɐʍ ɮʚɣʋɖ ʏʈʎʙÿ ÑɦʍɊɖ ɐʎʇ ʉʎɼʙÿæãʖɯɊɒ Ñåÿɦɚʊã ÿß ɔʊɧʑ͋ã ÿß åɦʕɭʊã ʏʍ ʌʕʊ ɐʎɒ Ñûɐɜɦʊã ɱɼɒ ɦəɊɗɪʙ ýß çɤɠʙ ɤʄ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

õɐʁɤʊã Ȟá Ăʡãɤɗɻã äãʖʑʊã ɦɚʇß íãɦɶɲã Ȫɻ õʢɵʡã ɤʑɻ ýɐɝʋʊã þɥʔ ΒəɊɖ ÿɤɓʙÿÑɤʚʑɝɗʊã üɤɼɒ ΓʋɎɐʅʊã ɺʍ ʌʕʄɐʂɖã Ȫɻÿ Ñɔɻɐʑɰʊã íÿë ýʖɒɦɣʙ ʏʙɥʊã Γʙʖɲʖʂʊã ʏɻ

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éʏɜʌã ȋá èȽʇɄɌʎã ���

ʌɹɻßÿ Ñɐ Ăʍɋɬ ɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã éÿɦʊã ʓɒ ɕʂɰɖã ɐʍ ɤɬß ʏʍ ʌʚɩãɦ͋ã ɺɲʖɒ éʢɯʟã Ȟá ʉʚ͋ãɺʄÿ ɐʍ Ȟá æëß ʘɗʊã ɔʚɩɐɩʝã ʉʍãʖɼʊã ɤɟß ʖʔÿ ÑãĂɦɶɢ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʏʍ þɐʑəíÿ ɐʍ

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ʘɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã Ýʖɭʑʊã ɛɎɐɗʐ

ýɐɒɐʚʊã Βɰʍ ɐʕʚʋɻ ʀʄʖɖ ʘɗʊã ɐʎʚɬʖɪɖ ɔɼʄãÿ ȝ ȭÿɦʊã ûʖɶɩʝã ëɐɒß ʖɾʖɖ ɦɠɓʊãɊɭʐ ʘɗʊã ʉʍãʖɼʊã ɕɪʚʊÿ Ñɂʑʊã ãɥʔ ɕɓɜÿß åɤʚɼɓʊã åΒɿɰʊã æãɦəɋ͋ã ʏʍ ɐ Ăʁʖʊß ýɌʁʉɚʍ Ʋ āëɋ͋ã ɤʅɼ͋ã ȭɐɵɦʅʊã ʌʕʍɐɹʐ �ɐʕʑʍ ȣɤ Ćɼʐÿ Ñʆʊì ʏʍ ʉʄß ïÿɦʊã íɐɪʈʐã ɐʕʑɻɐʕɻɐʚɗɒã ʌɾí Ȫɻ ɐʕʊ ʗəɦʙ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɒɦɠʊã ʌʔëɤɻ ɐʕʑʍÿ Ñɔʚʊʖɏɪ͋ã üɤɻ Ȟá Ʋ ɐʑʍɐɹʐ�ëʢɓʊã ɞʊɐɰʎɒ åʡɐɓ͋ã ɔʋʄ ɐʕʑʍÿ ÑΓʂɸʖʎʋʊ ɧɎãʖɝʊã üɐɹʐ ɐʕʑʍÿ Ñɐʕʐîÿ ûɤɼʙ ɑʔɥɒ

Ñíʖʕʎɝʊã ȝ ʓɼʍ ɦəɋɖ ʡ ɐʍ Ýɐʂɣʊã ʏʍ ʘʔ ɐʕʑʍ ɔʍʝã ɔʎɹɻ ʀʊɊɗɖ ʘɗʊã æɐʚɎɧɝʊãÿΓʇíɐɖ ɐʕʚʊá Ýʡɋʔ ɕʂɗʋʙ ʢʁ Ñɔʚɒɐɣɗʐʡã Γʚɩɐʚɪʊã ɺʁɐʑʍ Ýɐɳʅʊ ɐʕɒ ûɐɿɗɬʡã ɞʋɰʙ ʡÿ

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Ɂʇɢãɓɱʃɻʆɑɷã õãʃɽß ȿ ɁʇɨȽɻɄɉʎã ùÿɓɯɷã ���

ɔʚɻɐʎɗɜʡã ùÿɦʂʊã ýß Ʋ äɐɪʐʝã ȝ æÿɐʂɗʊãÿ ʉɎɐɓʄ Ȟá üɐɪʅʐʡã üɐʙß Ʋ ïɐʑʊã ʏɸùɦʂʊã ýß ɦʕɸ ɔʎʙɤʅʊã ɔʚɻɐʎɗɜʡã ùÿɦʂʊã ɕʊãî ɐʍɤʑɻ ʏʈʊÿ Ñɔʚɼʚɓɵ ɔʑɩ ʏɻ åíëɐɯçãɤɟɌɒ ʆʊì Ȝʢɗɖ ýß ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ʌʍʝã æßɦʁ Ñùɐɶʙ ʡ õʖʑɰʍ ɦʍß æɐʅɓɶʊã Γɒȝ ɺʎɶʊã ɐɭʁ ɐʍÿ ÑþΒɾ Ȫɻ ɔʚʋɳʁß ɐʕɒ ʉɠɗʑʙ ýß ɐʕʋɎɐʐ ɺʚɶɗɪʙ ɔɻʖʑɰʍ ɑɖãɦʍ

�üʖʚʊã þʖɭʁ ʏʍî ȝ ɔʎɩÿʝãÿ äɐʅʊʝãÑåɤɠɗ͋ã æɐʙʡʖʊɐʇ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ɔɠʚɠɰʊã ýãɤʋɓʊã ȝ ɔʎɩÿʝãÿ äɐʅʊʞʊ ΒəɊɖ ʡÿāÿɥɒ ɐʕʚʁ ýȩʅʙ æɐʙɦɚʍ æɐʚɗʁ ýß çɤɠʙ ɤʄÿ Ñûɐ͋ã ȝ ïɐʑʊã ɐʕʚʁ æÿɐʂɗʙ ɐʎʐáÿæɐʙʡʖʊɐʇ åɐɗʁ ɔʍß ʉɼɝʙ ɐʍ ʏʔɧɎãɦɿɒ ʏʋɼʂʙ ãɥʈʔÿ Ñɔʚɒíÿʝã ɔʚɵãɦʄʖɗɪʙíʝã äɐʅʊʝã

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�üɐʙʝã ɤɟß ȝ ɐĂʚʁɐʇ ɐĂɶɪʄ ʓʑʍ ûɐʑʙ ýß ɺʎɶʙ ɔʈʙɦʍß ȝ âɦʍã ʉʈʁ ÑãĂΒɓʇ ã Ăɤɪɟɘɟɐɓʊã ʓɒɐɗʇ ȝ åãÿɐɪ͋ã ȝ Γʚʈʙɦʍʝã ɔɓɾí ɦʇì ɐʍɤʑɻ Ʋ ʉʕɝʙ ʉʚǜʇʖɖ ýɐʇ ɤʄÿȪɻ æɐʅɓɵ Ȟá ïɐʑʊã ʌʚɪʅɖ åɦɹɗʑ͋ã åãÿɐɪ͋ã þɥʔ ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʚɩ ʓʐß Ʋ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ʏɻ

�ɐʍ ɐ Ăʍʖʙ ɔɒíÿß ȝ ʆʊì çÿɤɟ ʏʍ ɤɒ ʡÿ Ñæãíʡÿɤʊã ʏʍ ýʖʈʋʎʙ ɐʍ ɑɪɟĀɦʐ ɐʑʔÿ Ñɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙë ã Ăëʢɒ ɔɪʐɦʁ ɤɼʐ ýß ɐʑʊ ɞʎɪʙ ɐʍ ȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊã ȝ ɨʚʊÿʘɗʊã íɐʈʁʝã ʏʍ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ɔʎʋʇ ɕɠɖ āʖɶʑʙ ɐʎɻ ɘɠɓʊã åíÿȷ ûɐʚɟ ɐʑɪʂʐß

�ýãɤʋɓʊã øʢɗɢɐɒ ʀʋɗɣɖ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ýãɥʕʁ Ñɔʈʙɦʍßÿ åȩʋʈʐá Βɾ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ɔɠʚɠɯ ëʢɒ ʌʊɐɼʊã ȝ ɨʚʊ ʓʐß ɐʐɤʑɻÿâëɐɓʍ ɐʎʕʚʁ ɤʔɐɭɖ Ʋ Γʂʋɗɣʍ Γʋʈɬ Ȫɻ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ɐʎʕʚʁ ɕʋɝɖ ýáÿ Ʋ ýãɤʋɓʊãʏʙɥʔ ȝ âɦʍã ʉʈʊÿ Ñíɐʈʁʝãÿ Ýãíʛã ɺʚʎɜ ɺʍ ʃʋɶ͋ã ɞʍɐɪɗʊã Ć ßɤɓʍ ɐʎʚɩ ʡÿ Ñåɤɟãÿýɐʇ ɐʎʕʍ Ñʓʄÿɦɖ ʘɗʊã ɔʑʕ͋ã ɥɣɗʙ ýß Ñɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãëɐʕɶɲʡɐɒ ɐʎʕʊ ɤʕɻ ʡ ʏʙɥʋʊã ʏʙɤʋɓʊã

�ʓʕɜÿ ȝ ɧɜɐɟ āß üʖʅʙ ýß Βɾ ʏʍ Ñþɦʎɻʏʍ ʌʕɼʑʎʙ Ýȯ ʡ ʓʐß ʌʕʎʋɼʊ Ûýÿÿɐɪɗʍ ʌʕʐß ʏʙɤʋɓʊã ʆʑʙì ȝ ïɐʑʊã ɤʅɗɼʙÿÑɐ Ăɩɤʑʕʎʁ ɐ Ăʂʙɦɻ ýʖʈʙ ýß ɺʚɶɗɪʙ ʓʐß ʌʋɼʙ ɐʎʕʚʁ ʉʍɐɼʊɐʁ Ñɑɖãɦ͋ã Ȫɻß Ȟá ûʖɯʖʊãýß ʡ Ñæɐɜíɤʊã ʉʂɩß ʏʍ ëʖɼɰʊɐɒ ɐʎʕʚʁ ßɤɓʙ ýß ïɤʑʕ͋ã Ȫɻ ɑɜãʖʊã ʏʍ ýɐʇ ìáÿΒɾ ɦʔʖɜ ʏʍ ʓɪʂʐ Ȩɗɼʙ ʡ ʓʐɌʁ Ñɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ɺʅʙ ɐʎʇ Ñåɤɟãÿ ɔɼʁë ɐʔʢɻß Ȟá ɤɼɰʙȝ ɀɗʑʙ ʌʊ Ʋ ɐʐɤʑɻ õʖʚɭʊã ɤʙɤɭʊã Ʋ ɤʅɠʊã ýʖʇ ȝ Ɂʊã ʖʔ ãɥʔÿ Ñïɐʑʊã ɦʔʖɜ

� Ăʢʚʋʄ ʡá ɔʈʙɦʍßÿ åȩʋʈʐáæɐʅɒɐɪ͋ã ɔʎɹʐß ʏʍ ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ɐʍÿ Ñɑɶɣʊã ȝ ʡá ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʋʊ ʉɠʍ ʡÿçɤɠʙÿ Ñʏʕ͋ã äãʖɒß ʓʕɜÿ ȝ ɤɪʙ ɐʕɖɐʐɐɼʍ Ȟá äɐɬ ʖʔÿ ĆÝɦ͋ã ɦɶɳʙ ʘɗʊã æɐʐɐɠɗʍʡãÿ

�ɔʎɯɐɣɗʍ ɔʑʙɐɓɗʍ æɐʅɓɵ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã ɔʍʝã ʌʚʎɯ ȝëãɤɓɗɩʡã ʉɟ ɤʄ �ɦɢÞ Βɓɼɗɒÿ Ñāɦɹʐ ɦʍß ɔʚʑʚɖʢʊã ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ýß Āɦʐ ʆʊì Ȫɻÿɔʚɵãɦʄʖɗɪʙíʝã ɕʍɐʄ ɤʄÿ Ñʓʑʍ åʖɪʄ ʉʄß ʏʈʙ ʌʊÿ Ñʘʈʋ͋ã ëãɤɓɗɩʡã ʉɠʍ ɐʐɤʑɻ ʘʍʖʈɠʊã

�åɊɵÿ Ȣʀɢß ɐʕɖãîɐʚɗʍã ʏʈɖ ʌʊÿ Ñɑɪʑʊã ɔʚɵãɦʄʖɗɪʙíß üɐʅʍ ɐʐëʢɒ ȝ ɔʚʊɐ͋ãùɦʂʊã ɺɓɗʙÿ Ñʉɯʝã ȝ ɐʎʍ ɤɬß ʉʈɭʊã ȝ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊãÿ ɔʚʈʋ͋ã Γɒ ùɦʂʊãÿȝ æʡëɐɝ͋ã ʏʍ åɤɎɐʁ ʡÿ Ñɔʊʖɠɗ͋ã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã ʏʍ ïɐʑʊã ɤʑɻ ɐʍ ɐʎʕɝɎɐɗʐ Γɒ ʘʅʚʅɠʊãʌʚɹɻ Ýȯ Ȫɻ ɔʍʝã ýʖʈɖÿ ÑΓɩÿàɦ͋ã ɔʎʚʅɒ ɐʕɗʎʚʄ ýʖʈɖ ʘɗʊã ɔʎɹʐʝã ʀʋɗɣʍ ɔʎʚʄëʖʕɜ ɔɓɪʑɒ ʡ Ñɐʔëãɦʁß ɐʕɒ üʖʅʙ ʘɗʊã ëʖʕɝʊã ɔɓɪʑɒ ɐʕɗʊɧʑʍ ýß ɕʎʋɻ ýá ʘʄɦʊã ʏʍ

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ɘʊɐɚʊã ʉɰʂʊã

ÍĒî*ßýĎćđÝă* -*ÝþÐõćĄă ÍÓđÝ * BÉāåĕ*

ɶɻɩɷãÿ ûȽ̸ã ïßí ȿ õãɔɾɷã ���

ʘɼʚɓɶʊã þãɦɝʍ ȝ Ýɴɓɒ ʌʊɐɼʊã èíɤɗʙ õãȩɬʡãÿ éʢɯʟã ɦʍß ȝ ýʖɻȩɭ͋ã ɴɓɣʙ ɐʎʑʚɒûɐʎɼʊã üʖʅʙÿ Ñɔʙëɐɰɗʄʡã æɐʎɟãɧ͋ã ʏʍ ʌʍʝã Γɒ ɐʍ ʌɹɼʙÿ Ñåɤʙɤɜ ɺʁɐʑʍ çɤɠɗʁ

�ɔɩɐʚɪʊã ûɐɜí ɑɶɢ ɐʕʋɠɖ ʡ ɔʂʚɣʍ ʉʇɐɭʍ ɦʕɹɖÿ Ñʏɗʂʊã äÿɃɒʏʍ ɤʋɒ ʖʋɣʙ ʡÿ Ñûãɧʐ ʏʍ ûɐ͋ã ïßíÿ ʉʎɼʊã Γɒ ɺʅʙ ɐʍ åɤʙɤɝʊã ʉʇɐɭ͋ã ɤʅɻßÿãÿɥɢßÿ Ñëʖʅɼʊã üãȩɟã ʏɻ ûɐʎɼʊã ûɤɻ ɤʅʁ ÑåȩʋʈʐɌʇ ɤʚʊɐʅɗʊã æãì ëʢɓʊã ʗɗɟ ʆʊìäãȷʟã Āÿɤɻ æȵÿ Ñûɐɓʊã ʃʋʅʙ ɐ Ăɿʋɓʍ îʖɼʊãÿ ɔʊɐɶɓʊã ɕɿʋɒÿ Ñɔʕʁɐɖ äɐɓɩʝ ýʖɒɃĆʙʌɹʑʁ ÑÝãÿɤʊã ëɐɝʙá Ȟá Āëß ɐʕʚʁ Ýãɤʊã ûɐɠʂɗɩã ʏʈʊÿ Ñɐʕɖɐɻɐʑɯ ɕʄɐɼʁ ɔʈʙɦʍß Ȟáûɐʎɼʊã üãɧʊá Ȫɻ íɤʅɖ ɘʚɠɒ åʖʅʊã ʏʍ ɕɠɓɯß åΒɓʇ æɐʅəãʖʍ ʌʕʑʚɒ æɐɻɐʑɰʊã Ýɐɩàí

�ɔʚʎʚʈɠɗʊã ɐʕʄɦɵɐʔɤʚʊãʖʍɮʄɐʑɖ ʉɜß ʏʍ Ʋ ɐʔíãɦɶɲã ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ɔɒʖɼɯ ûɐʎɼʊã ɔʋʈɭʍ ɤʙɧʙ ɐʎʍÿɔɒíɐɠʍ ɔɒʖɼɯ ɐ Ăɳʙß ɮʄɐʑɗʊã ʆʊì ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʙÿ Ñɑʐɐɜʝã ûɐʎɻ ʏʍ Βɓʇ ëɤɻ ûʖɓʄ Ȟá Ʋýɐʈɪʊã ɔʋʚʋʅʊã ýãɤʋɓʊã Ȫɻ Ýʢʚɗɩʡã Ȟá ɐʕʊʖʅɟ ɔʋʄ ɐʕɏɝʋɖ øʖɩ ʘɗʊã ɔʎɟãɧ͋ã ʌʍʝã

�ɡʙíɐɗʊã ʓʁąɦ ąɻ ïʖʍɐʐ üɤʄß Ȫɻ åɦɎɐɩõãɧʑʊã ʌʄɐʂɗʙ ɐʍɤʑɻ ʉɓʄ ʏʍ ɦɚʇß Γɼʑɰɗɪ͋ãÿ ûɐʎɼʊã Γɒ õãɧʑʊã ɤɗɭʚɩÿýɐʎəʝã ɨɣɒɊɒ èɐɗʐʟã Ȫɻ ʏʙíëɐʅʊãÿ ɔʂʚɼɳʊã æɐɜɐɠʊã āÿì Γʙʖʚɩʛã Γɒ āëɐɰɗʄʡãɨʎɢ ɥʑʍ ɦʍʝã ãɥʔ ɔʚʎʔß Ȟá æȴß ɤʄÿ Ñɔʎʚɹɼʊã æɐɜɐɠʊã āÿì Γʚɒíÿʝã ΓɒÿÑýʖɗʋʍɐʔ ûãɦʑɝʊã Ñʘʐɐɒɐʚʊã ɫʚɝʊã ȝ ʘɒɦɠʊã ʃɠʋʎʋʊ äɐɗʇ ȝ Ýɐɜÿ Ñɔʑɩ ʏʙɀɻÿ

�ʘɖɊʙ ɐʍ Ñɔʚʐɐɒɐʚʊã ɔʚɩÿɦʊã äɦɠʊã õʖʄÿ ʉɓʄ ýɐɒɐʚʊã íɐɰɗʐɐɒ Ȩɢß āɥʊã

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ȝ ɱʚɒʝã ʉʍɐɼʊã åëɐɒá Ȫɻ íëɐʄ Ʋ ɔʙíʖɭʑʍ ȝ ȟ ãɤɒ ɐʎʇ Ʋ ʘʑʚɰʊã ýáʓʚʊá āëɋɖ ɐʎʚʁ åãÿɐɪ͋ɐɒ ýÿɀɓʙ ʏʙɥʊã ýʖʚʇãȩɬʡã ɦʈʂʙ ʡÿ Ñȷɐɠʊã ɕʄʖʊãɧɝɻ ʏʍ Ȣȝ ɐʍ Ȫɻ ʘʐá Üòãɦʅʐʡã Ȟá ɦɎɐɯ ɱʚɒʝã ɨʑɝʊã ʉʕʁ Ñʌʕɖɐʙɦɹʐýá ɔʋɎɐʅʊã ɑɶɣʊã Ȟá ɐʑɎɐɿɯá üɤɻ Ȫɻ ʀʄʖɗʙ þΒɰʍ ýß Āíß ɔɻɐɳɒ ɔʋʄÿ

�ʓʚʁ åɤɎɐʁ ʡ Ƀʍ ɦʍß äɦɠʋʊ ɑʔɊɗʊããɥʔ ȝ ʌʊɐɼʊã ýÿɋɬ Ȟá åΒɰɓʊã Γɼɒ ãÿɦɹʑʙ ýß ûɐʎɼʊã ɞɰʐß ʘʐáÿéÿɦʊã ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ɐʎɒ ãʖɲɦʙÿ Ñäɦɠʊã ɑɟ ʌʔëʡÿß äʖʋʄ ȝ ãÿíɥɓʚʁ ɕʄʖʊãɺʑʎʙ ʡÿ ÑΓʎɟãɧ͋ã ëɤɝʊã ûɐʎɼʊã ɔɒíɐɠʍ ȝ ãʖĆʑąʙ ʡ ýßÿ Ñʏɠ͋ã ʏʍ ɔʙɦʈɪɼʊãÑüɐɪɠʊã ĆΒɾ ɐʑʚʐãɦʕɸ Γɒ ɔʍɐʄʟã ʏɻÿ íʖɜʝã ɱʂɢÿ åɦɝʕʊã ʏɻ ΓʙʖʚɩʛãȪɻ ʀʄʖɗʍ åîɐɗʎ͋ã ʌʕɗʊɧʑʍ Ýɐʅɒ ýß Ȟá ýʖʚɒíÿʝãÿ ýʖʚʈʙɦʍʝã ʓɓɗʑʙ ʌʊ ãìɌʁ

�ʌʕʑʍ ʌʅɗʑɖ ýß ɔʚɩÞ ɘɓʋɖ ʌʊ éʢɪʊã åʖʄ ʏʍ ʌʔɤʑɻ ɐʍ

ɔəíɐʇ ɕɠɓɯß ɔʈʙɦʍß Ȟá Γʚʐɐɒɐʚʊãÿ Γʚʑʚɰʊã åɦɝʔ ýß ɔʍʖʋɼ͋ã íʖʍʝã ʏʍÿÑɐ Ăɳʙß ɔɒíÿß Ȟá ýÿɦɜɐʕʙ ʆɏʊÿß ɥɢß ɤʄÿ Ñɱʚɓʊã ûɐʎɼʋʊ ɔʎɟãɧ͋ã ʏʍ ʓɗɓɜÿß ɐʎɒ ɔʚʑɵÿɱɼɒ ȝ ɔʎʕʍ æãɦʎɼɗɪʍ Γɰʊã āɦɜɐʕ͋ ýß Ȫɻ Ñɤɼɒ ɺɪɗɖ ʌʊ åɦɝʕʊã þɥʔ ʏʈʊÿʌʕʊɐɿɗɬãÿ ɐʕʚʁ ʌʔëʖɜÿ çɤɟß ɤʄÿ Ñɡʊá ûʖɒɦǜʚʊÿ ʀʙëíɐʇÿ ýɤʑʋʇ ɔʚɒíÿʝã ýɤ͋ã

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ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã ʉʇɐɭ͋ã Ȩʇß ɔʚɒɐʅʑʊã ɔʇɦɠʊã ʏɻ Ćɍɬɐʑʊã ɘʙɤɠʊã ûɐʎɼʊã Ýʖɭʐ ýɐʇ ɐʎɒíɔʋəɐʎɗ͋ã ɺʁɐʑ͋ã ɺʎɝɖ Ȫɻ ʌɎɐʅʊã ʘɒɐʅʑʊã ɑʔɥ͋ã ɀɗʐã ɤʄÿ ÑɐĂʐɊɬ ɐʕʎɹɻßÿ åȷɐɠʊãɦʇɥʐÿ ÑåΒɿɰʊã æɐʍʖʈɠʊã æɐʚʐãɧʚʍ ûɤɼɖ æɐʚʐãɧʚʍ æɐɒɐʅʑʊã ɱɼɓʊÿ Ñɐ͆ʚ͋ɐɻ ɞɓɯɊʁõʖʚɬ ûɤʙÿ ÑɐĂʐʖʚʋʍ Γʐɐʎəÿ ã Ăɤɟãÿ ɽʋɒ ɔʚʐɐ͋ß æɐɒɐʅʐ ʉɢë ýß Ʋ ûɐɚ͋ã ʉʚɓɩ Ȫɻ Ʋɔɝʚɗʐ ʘʔ ʉɒ Ñɔʚʇãȩɬʡɐʇ ɔʚʊɐʚɢ ɔɻɤɒ ɕɪʚʊ ɐʕʐß Ȫɻ ýãɤʋɓʊã ɺʚʎɜ ȝ ɔʚɒɐʅʑʊã ɔʇɦɠʊãʉɎɐɩÿÿ ɔʙɐɿʊã ɘʚɟ ʏʍ ɔʚʇãȩɬʡãÿ ʘɒɐʅʑʊã ɑʔɥ͋ã Γɒ ɔɒãɦʄ ʡÿ Ñëɐɰɗʄʡã æɐʚɳɗʅ͋ȝ ɐʎʕʑʚɒ ùɦʂʊã ɮʚɣʋɗɒ ýʛã ʘʂɗʇɊʁ Ñɔɩɐʚɪʊã éÿí äɐɗʇ ȝ ãɥʔ Ćɕɠɲÿß ɤʄÿ Ñʉʎɼʊã

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ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã æãɤʅɗɼʎʋʊ ɔɚʙɤɠʊã ûɐʈɬʝã

ýß Ȫɻ ɔʍʖʈɠʊã Ȟá ɐʕɖíãëá ʌʚʋɪɖÿ æɐɻɐʑɰʊã Ȫɻ Ýʢʚɗɩʡã ȝ ɔʚʇãȩɬʡã ɑɾɦɖɑɾɦɖ ɨʈɼʊɐɒ ɐʕʐɌʁ ɔʚɒɐʅʑʊã ɐʍßÿ ÑÝãʖɪʊã Ȫɻ ʏɵʖʊã Ýɐʑɒß Γɒ ɐʕɖɐɝɗʑʍ ɔʍʖʈɠʊã õ Ȥîʖɖ

�ɔʋʅɗɪʍ ɔʚʑʕʍ ʀɎãʖɵ Ȟá ɺʎɗɝ͋ã ʌʚɪʅɖ ëʖɖÿ ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ʉɢɤɖ ûɐɶɒá ȝãʖʊɊʙ ʌʊ Γʚʇãȩɬʡã ýɌʁ ʌʕʐʖɻíɐɰʙÿ Γʚʇãȩɬʡã ʏʍ ýÿɦɣɪʙ Γʚɒɐʅʑʊã ýß ɺʍÿøʖɩÿ Ñþàɐʂɢá íɥɼɗʙ ɘʚɠɒ íʖʕɹʊã ʏʍ ɞɓɯß ʓʑʈʊÿ Ñõãɂʊã ãɥʔ ʌɗʇ ȝ ã Ăɤʕɜäɐɪɟ Ȫɻ ɔʚɒɐʅʑʊã ɺɩʖɖ ȝ ɑɓɪʊãÿ Ñȭɐʚɪʊã ìʖʂʑʊã ʏʍ ʌʕʊ ɐʍ ɐĂɓʙɦʄ ýÿɁɣʙɕʄʖʊã ȝ ʘɻɐʑɰʊã ñɐɰɗɢʡã ʏɻ åɤʊʖɗ͋ã æɐɜɐʚɗɟʡã Γɒ ɐʕʂʚʊɊɖ ʖʔ ɔʚʇãȩɬʡã

�ȷɐɠʊãȝ ɐ Ăɟɐɝʐ ɑʔɥ͋ã ãɥʔ ʉʑʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɔʂʋɗɣʍ æɐɏʚɒ ȝ ʘɒɐʅʑʊã ɑʔɥ͋ã íʖʕɸ Āɦʐ ɐʑʐá ɐʅ͆ɟΓɒ ɐĂɗʄɋʍ ʓɵʖʅɩ Ȟá ɔɪʐɦʁ ȝ ɐ͆ʙíʖə ɐĂɒʖə ʓɪɓʊ Āëß ɤʅʁ ÑĀɦɢʝã ýãɤʋɓʊã ȝ ɐʎʇ ɔɪʐɦʁɱʙʖʅɗʊ ɔʊÞ íʖʇɥ͋ã ɑʔɥ͋ã ìɐɣɖã Βɾ ýʖʋɼʂʙ ʡÿ üɐɹʐ āɊɒ ýʖʊɐɓʙ ʡ Γʙʖɲʖʁ āɤʙßƲ ɐʐɤʑɻ ýʖʙʖɲʖʂʊãÿ ýʖʚɒɐʅʑʊãÿ ýʖʚʇãȩɬʡã ýÿɐɼɗʙ ãɥʈʔÿ Ñȷɐɠʊã ɺʎɗɝ͋ã ʌɎɐɻë

�ɐʕʊãʖʍß ɑʕʐÿ ɔʍʞʊ åΒɪ͋ã æɐʅɓɶʊã ʃɠʍ Ȫɻ Ʋ ʌʕɎëɐɓʍ øʢɗɢã ɺʍɐʕɳʄɐʑɖ ɐʍ ãĂΒɚʇÿ Ñã Ăɤɒß ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã âëɐɓʍ ʏʍ ɔʚɒɐʅʑʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ʃɗɭɖ ʡÿʀɎãʖɵ ɔʎɹʐß ʏʍ ɔɓʙɦʄ ɔȢʚ ćɓĉʊá ɔʎɹʐß Ȟá õʖɜɦʊɐɒ ɦʍɊʙ ʘɒɐʅʑʊã ɑʔɥ͋ɐʁ Ñɔʍɐɖ ɔɳʄɐʑʍåíʖɚʊã ʆʋɖ ɕʍɦɟ ʘɗʊã æɐʅəãʖ͋ã ʏʍ ʖʔÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɐʕʚʋɻ ɕɳʄ ʘɗʊã ʏʕ͋ã

�åíʖʇɥ͋ã åíʖɚʊã ʓɗʍɐʄß āɥʊã āɧʇɦ͋ã üɐɹʑʊã ɱʁɦʙ ìá ÛɐʕɪʚɩɊɖɔʙɦɠʊã �ɔəʢɚʊã ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ʏʍ ɤɟãÿ āɊɒ ʘɒɐʅʑʊã ɑʔɥ͋ã ȟɐɓʙ ʡÿ�ɔʙɦɟ ʉʈʊ ʉɶɓ͋ã ʃʋɶ͋ã õʖɳɣʊɐɒ ɐʔÝɐɳɻß æɐɒɐʅʑʊã ɑʊɐɶɖ ʉɒ ÑÝɐɢʟãÿ åãÿɐɪ͋ãÿ

ɐʔãɦʐ ʆʊɥʊÿ Ñɱɼɒ Ȫɻ ɐʕɳɼɒ ʘɿąɓʊ ʘʂʈʙ ɐʍ åʖʅʊã ʏʍ æɐɒɐʅʑʊã ɤʑɻ ɨʚʊÿʏʍ ʓʚʊá ʖɓɰɖ ɐʍ ûɐʑɖ ɐʍɤʑɻ ɔʑʙɐɓɗ͋ã ɐʕɼʁɐʑʍ ʏɟɐɶɖ ʏʍ ɤɒ ʡ ʏʈʊÿ Ñåʖɢʟɐʇ ʉɒɐʅɗɖɐʍ ȸʑɖ ɥɏɗʄʖʁ Ñɔʚʊɐɶʙʟã æɐʙíʖʕʎɝʊã ȝ ʘɒɐʅʑʊã ɤʕɼʊã üɐʙß çɤɟ ɐʎʇ ʆʊìÿ Ñåʖʅʊã

�ʘɒɐʅʐ ëãɤɓɗɩã åãÿɐɪ͋ã ʉɠʍ ʉɠʙÿ Ýɐɢʟã ʏʍ üʖʚʊã ʓʙɤɓɖĀʖɩ ɐʕʍɐʍß Āɦɖ ʡÿ ÑɔɻɁɒ ʌɹɼɖ ɔʚɒɐʅʑʊã ɔɶʋɪʊɐʁ Ñɑʙɦʄ ɕʄʖʊã ʆʊì ýß ɦʕɹʙÿ

�æɐɒɐʅʑʊã ɑʚʊɐɶ͋ ɺɳɣɖ ʉɒ Ñɐʕɪʂʐ ʏɻ ɺʁãɤɖ ʡ ûɧ Ćɻ ɔʍʖʈɟΓʐɤɼ͋ã ɔɒɐʅʐ ɺʍ ɐʕɻãɧʐ ȝ ɔʅʙɦɶʊã þɥʕɒ ãĂΒɢß ɔʙɧʚʋʈʐʟã ɔʍʖʈɠʊã æìɐɼɗɩã ɤʄÿýʖɓɪɗʑ͋ã ɐʔɥɢɊʙ åɦɜß ɦɿɯß ëɤɠɖ ʌʊ ãìá ɔʚɻɐʑɰʊã ɐʕɖɐʚɟ ʀʄʖɒ åȩʋʈʐá æíɥʐß ʘɗʊãûʖɓʄ ö Ȥʖɪʙ ɐʍ ʆʊɐʑʔ ʏʈʙ ʌʊ ʓʐß ɺʍÿ Ñʓɒ ýʖʍʖʅʙ ʉʎɻ ɦɿɯß ëɤɠʙ ýß ýÿë ʏʍ ɐʕʚʊá

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɐʍÿ Ñʓʊ ɐ Ăʅʁãʖʍ ɐĂʐʖʐɐʄ ɺɳʙ ýß ýɐ͋ɦǍʊã Ȫɻ éȩʅɖ ýɊɒ ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ɕʚɲí ɤʅʁ ɑʋɶʊã ãɥʔüɐɼʐɌɒ ɦʙɤɜ äãʖʑʊã ɨʋɝʍ üɐʍß õʖɲʖ͋ã ãɥʔ ȝ ʏʙîɦʊã üʢʈʊã ʏʍ íʖʂʋɒ ȩɪʍ þɐʅʊß

�íʖʂʋɒ ȩɪʍ ûɐʄ Ñɦɹʑʊã

þɐɝɖ ɐʕɪʂʐ ɤɝɖ ʌʊ çëãʖɠʊã ʉɎʢɝɒ ʉʁɐɠʊã ʉʙʖɶʊã ɡʙíɐɗʊã æãì ɐʐëʢɒ ýáëɤʕɖ ʘɗʊã ɔɒɐʅʑʊã ʆʋɖ ʖʔ ɦɶɣʊã ãɥʔ íɤɰʍÿ Ñȷɐɠʊã ɦɶɣʊɐʇ ʌʔãë ɦɶɢʓʚʁ ɐʍ Ȫɻ ɔʎɎɐʄ ɺʎɗɝ͋ã ãɥʔ åɐʚɟ ýß ɺʍ ɛʊɐʂʊɐɒ ʓɖíɐɝɖÿ ɐʑɼʎɗɝʍ ɔɻɐʑɯ

�ɦɜɐɗʍÿ ɺʐɐɰʍ ʏʍɤʕɻ ɐʑʊ ýɐʇ ʉʕʁ Ñȷɐɠʊã ýʖʐɐʅʊã ʉɸ ɕɠɖ ΓʐȤɤɼ͋ã ɔɶʋɪʊ ɤɟ ʡÿʉʔÿ ÜÝʡɋʔ ʏʍ ɐĂʚɿɒ ɤɬß ʘɻɐɶʄá Βʍß ɐʐëʢɒ ȝ ɦʕɸ ʉʔÿ Üʆʊì ʉɚʎɒɐʎɒ ɔʑʚɼɗɪʍ ɔʍɐɼʊã ɔɠʋɰ͋ã ʏʍ æɦɣɩ ɔʚʈʙɦʍß ăɔʅəãʖʍ ʆɏʊÿß ąΒɹʐ æąɤ ćɜĆÿæʢɰʊã ȝÿ ʘɻɐʎɗɜʡã ɐʑʍɐɹʐÿ ɐʑʑʚʐãʖʄ ȝ ɐʍ ýá Üùʖʅɠʊã ʏʍ ýʖʐɐʅʊã ɐʕʊʖɢʃɒɐɩ ʉʚɜ ʉʇ ʏʍ ɦɚʇß Ʋ ɐʑʚʅʋʙ ûɐʎʈʊã ʏʍ ɐʑʑʕʍÿ ɐʑɖɐɻɐʑɯ Γɒ ɔʊëɐɓɗ͋ãɤʔɐɭʐ Ýʡÿß ʏɠʐ ɐʔÿ Ñʏʍɧʊã ãɥʔ ȝ ɺʎɗɝ͋ɐɒ ùɤɠ͋ã ʌʚɹɼʊã ɦɶɣʊã ȝ Ʋûɤʙÿ Ñɐʕʑʍ íɥɠʙ ʌʊ ãìá ɺʎɗɝ͋ã ɦʎɿɖ øʖɩ ʘɗʊã ȶɐʑɼʊã åʖʅʊ ûÿʝã ɦʕɹ͋ãʏʙɥʊã ʆɏʊÿß íɐɰɗʐã Ȫɻ Γʐɤɼ͋ã ɑʚʊɐɶ͋ ʓɒ æɐʍʖʈɠʊã ʏɻɥɖ āɥʊã íʖɶʊã

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ɱɼɒ ùʖɪʙ ɔʚɻɐʎɗɜʡã æɐɻîɐʑ͋ãÿ Ȳʖʂʊã ʏʍ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã âëɐɓ͋ã ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ɐʍ ýáûʖɠɗʊã ãɥʔ ɺʅʙÿ Ñɴʅʁ ɔʚʎɩã ɐʕɗɶʋɩ ʉɼɝɒ ʘʕɗʑʙ ɤʄ ɍɜɐʂʍ ûʖɠɖ Ȟá æɐʍʖʈɠʊã

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ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙɤʊã æãɤʅɗɼʎʋʊ ɔɚʙɤɠʊã ûɐʈɬʝã

ɔʑʙɐɓɗʍ æãɦəɋʍ ɐʕɒìɐɝɗɖ ëʢɒ ȝ ýɐʐʖʈʙ ʡ üãÿɤʊãÿ íãɦʅʊã ýß ɔʋʔÿ ûÿß ɦʕɹʙ āɥʊãÿɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã ɔʍʖʈɠʊã ʉɚʍ ɔʚɵãɦʄʖʎʙë ɔʍʖʈɟ ɦʍß ýß Āɦʐ Ñäɥɒɥɗʊã ãɥʔ ɺʍ Ñɐʑʑʈʊÿ ÑåΒɚʇƲ Ýãíîʖʊã ýá �ɐʑʊʖʅɒ ɐʔɁʂʐ Üåɦʔɐɹʊã þɥʔ Ɂʂʐ ʀʚʈʁ Ñɔʍɐʅɗɩʡã ɱɼɒ ʌʚʅɗɪʍʌʕʐɐɶʋɩɂɠʑʙÿ ÑΒɪʙ Ýȯ Āʖɩ ʌʈɠʊã ʏʍ ʌʔɤʚɒ ɨʚʊ Ʋ ýʖʎʈɠʙ ʌʕʐß ɦʕɸ ýáÿʀʋɢ ýáÿ Ñåɤɩɐʁ Βɒãɤɖ ɔɼɳɒ ȝÿ ɐʕʚʊá ʘɿɰʙ ʏʍ Ȣʉʄ ʘɗʊã ɑɶɣʊã ʏʍ ýʖʅʋʙ ɐʎʚʁΓʋɿɗɭ͋ã ɤʚɒ ɔɒʖɼʊĆ ß ʘʔ ʘɗʊãÿ Ñüãÿɤʊãÿ åʖʅʊã ʏʍ ɔʋɵɐɼʊã ɔʚɠɶɪʊã Ýãíîʖʊã ɔɶʋɩɤʚʊɐʅɗʊã æãì ɔɶʋɪʊã þɥʕʋʁ Ñæãíãëʟã ɔɶʋɩ ʘʑɻß Ñʖʎʑʊã ȝ åɥɢÞ ɔʚʂɢ ɔɶʋɩ Ñɔɩɐʚɪʊɐɒɽʋɒ ɤʄÿ �Ñɐʕɗɳʔɐʑʍ ʏɻ ʌʔɧɝɼɒ Ýãíîʖʊã øȩɻã åʖʄ íãɦʎɗɩʡɐɒ ɔʂɰɗ͋ãÿ ɑɖãɦ͋ãÿɔʚɰɣɬ ÿì ʖʔ ʏʍ ʌʕʍɐʍß ýÿɦʙ ʡ Ýãíîʖʊã ʉɼɜ ɐ Ăɿʋɓʍ æãíãëʟã ȝ ɔʚʊʖɏɪ͋ã àɧɝɖÑüɐʈɟʝãÿ æãëɐɼʊãÿ ɔʎɹʐʝã ʏʍ ʌʕʚʋɻ ʓɒ òȩɼĆʙ ɐʍ ɔɗʄɋ͋ã ʌʕʎɎãɧɻ üɐʍß üʖʅʙÿ ÑåΒɓʇ

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

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Page 198: الثورة الفرنسية٠٠٠غوستاف لوبون

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�ʃɶʑ͋ã õãʖʐß üëɐɰɖ Ȫɻÿ Ñɔʚɻɐʎɗɜʡãÿþɥʕʊ ȤΒɪ͋ɐʁ Ñæɐɻɐʎɝʊã éÿí ɨʚʍãʖʐ ɔɠɰɒ ɐʑɏɓʑɖ ɔʙíʖɚʊã ɨʊɐɝ͋ã ûãʖɟßÿþɥʔ ʘɖɊɖ ɐʍ ãĂΒɚʇÿ ÑÝɐʎɻɧʊã ʏʍ Βɿɯ ëɤɻ øʖɣʊã ɔʊɐɟÿ õɐʁɤʐʡã ɔʊɐɟ ȝ ɨʊɐɝ͋ãɨʋɝ͋ã ýß ɺʎʁ Ñëɦʂʑʍ ʖʔÿ ɐʕɎɐɳɻß ʏʍ ʖɳɻ ʉʇ ʌɎãɧɼʊ ɔʂʊɐɣʍ Ăʡɐʎɻß ɨʊɐɝ͋ãɔɼɓɭʍ ɕʐɐʇ ɔʚɻãȩɬʡã ɔʚɼʎɝʊã ýß ɺʍÿ Ñɔʚʈʋ͋ã Ȫɻ Ⱦʄ ɤʅʁ ɐ͆ʚʈʋʍ ýɐʇ ȹʚɩɊɗʊãɕɼʁë ɤʅʁ ɔ͋ɐɪʍ ɕʐɐʇ ɐʕʐß ɺʍÿ ÑȨʎɗɓɩ ɞɒãɥʍ õʖʄʖɒ ɕɠʎɩ ɤʅʁ ɔʚʐɐɪʐʟã éÿí ʏʍýß ɺʍ ɱʄɐʑɗʊã ʆʊì ʉɚʍ ȝ ɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ ɺʄÿ ʌə ÑɔʋɎɐʔ äɦɠɒ üɐʚʅʊã Ȟá ɔɪʐɦʁɤʕɼʊã ɨʋɝʍ Ýɐɳɻß ýß ɺʎʁ Ñɔʅʚʄí ʀɵãʖɻ āÿì ɔʂɩʢʁ ʏʍ ɔʂʊɋʍ ɕʐɐʇ ʓɗʙɦɚʇßÑʌʊɐɹ͋ã Ȣɤɬß ãʖʁȩʄã ɤʅʁ ëɐʕɶɲʡã ýʖɗʅʎʙÿ ɔʙɦɠʊãÿ Ýɐɢʟãÿ åãÿɐɪ͋ã ýÿɤɝʎʙ ãʖʐɐʇȝ ɔʊɤɗɼʍ ɕʐɐʇ ʓɪʊɐɝʍ ýß ɺʎʁ Ñɐ Ăɳʙß íãʖɗʇɦʙɤʊã ɤʕɻ ȝ ɱʄɐʑɗʊã ãɥʔ ʉɚʍ ąɤ ćɜĆÿ ɤʄÿɤʅʁ ɔʚʑʙɤʊã ʌʋ Ȣɪʊã ʌɎɐɻë ɤʚɵʖɖ æëãíß ɐʕʐß ɺʍÿ ÑɐĂʐãÿɤɻÿ ɐĂʚɿɒ Ýɐʍɤʊã ɕʈʂɩ ɐʕʚʐɐʍß

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ʌʔÿ ʌʕʎɎãɧɻÿ ýÿëɦʂʑʍ ʌʔÿ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ûɐɜí ʌɎãɧɻ Γɒ üɐɖ øʢɗɢʡã Ñýìáʌʕʐß ãÿɤʅɗɻã ýáÿ Ñʌʕʁ Ñɐʕʚʋɻ ʌʕʊ ýɐɶʋɩ ʡ ɔʚʂɢ Āʖʄ ʌʕɗɻɐɵá ʆʊì ɔʋɻÿ Ñýʖɼʎɗɝʍɔʚʑʙɤʊã æãɦəɋ͋ã ʏʍ þɦʍß ãʖʇíɤʙ ʌʊ ɐʍ ýʖʐɐɼʙ ãʖʐɐʇ Ñʃʋɶ͋ã ʉʅɼʊã ýɐɶʋɪʊ ýʖɼɲɐɢ

�ɔʚɻɐʎɗɜʡãÿ ɔʚʂɵɐɼʊãÿ

ïɐɩß ʖʔ āɥʊã ʃʋ Ćɣʊã ɐʍßÿ Ñɔɓʚɝɻ ɐ ĂʄɐʁÞ ýɐɪʐʠʊ ɞɗʂʁ ûɐʚɜʝã ɑʄɐɼɖ ɺʍ Ýɐʇɥʊã üɤʅɖʓʐɌʁ Ăʢʚʋʄ ʃʋɣʊã ɦȢʈʑɖ ãìáÿ ÑÝȯ ʓʑʍ ûɤɓɗʙ ʌʋʁ ʓʊɐʎɻʝ ʘʅʚʅɠʊã úɦɠ͋ãÿ ýɐɪʐʟã éÿí�Βɿɗʙ ʡ ɺʄãÿ ɦʍɊʇ ɔʙɀɓʊã ɔɼʚɓɶʊã Ȟá ɦɹʑʊã ɑɜÿ ʆʊɥʊÿ Ûýɐʇ ɐʎʇ ɦʕɹʙ ýß ɘɓʋʙ ʡæɐɼʎɗɝ͋ãÿ ïɐʑʊã ʉʙʖɠɖ ãʖɒɦɝʁ Ñʆʊɥɒ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊɐɒ ýʖʎɎɐʅʊã ąòɦʙ ʌʊÿɕʐɐʇ ɤʅʁ Ñʌʕɻÿɀ͋ Ɂʚɖ ɐʎʇ éɐɝʑʊã ʉɎɐɩÿ ʏʍ õÿɀʍ āʝ Ɂʚɗʙ ʌʊÿ Ñʉʅɼʊã ʌɩɐɒɺʍ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʏʈʊÿ Ñåɦɒɐɓɝʊã åʖʄ ʏʍ ʌɹɻß Ʋ þîɐɝʐá ãÿëãíß ɐʎʑʚɟ Ʋ ʌʕɖʖʄʌʔíɐɚɏɗɩã ɺʍÿ ɔʍíɐɰʊã Γʐãʖʅʊã ʏʍ þʖȣʑɩ ɐʍ ɺʍÿ ðʖʚɝʊã íɐɰɗʐã ɺʍÿ åʖʅʊã ʆʋɖ

�ʃʋɶ͋ã ʌʈɠʊã ɔʍɐʄáÿ ɑʙɦɣɗʊã Βɾ Ȟá Ȥëɋɖ ʌʊ Ñɔɶʋɪʊɐɒåíʖɚʊã ʡʖʋʁ Ñʌʍʝã ʀʚʅɚɗʊ ɔʙíÿȷ äíɐɝɗʊãÿ ÑåɤɎɐʁ ʏʍ ɔɒɦɝɗʊã þɥʔ Ćʉɣɖ ʌʊÿɐʎʇ ëɤɝɗʙ ʡ ɺʎɗɝ͋ã ýʖʇÿ ûɐɜɦʊã Βɿʙ ʡ ʃʋɶ͋ã ʉʅɼʊã ýʖʇ æɐɓəá ɑɼɰʊ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã

�ɐ Ăʎʚɹɻ ʌʕʐɐɶʋɩ ýɐʇ ɐʎʕʍ ýʖɻȩɭ͋ã ɤʙɦʙ

ɕɒíɐɠʁ ɔʚɓɼɬ ɕɠɓɯß ýß ɔʚʐɐɚʊã ɔʅɓɶʊã ɺʁɐʑʍ ɐʕɖíɐəß ʘɗʊã ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ɘɓʋɖ ʌʊÿȞá ɔʚɝʎʕʊã íʖɵ ʏʍ ýɐɪʐʟã ɕɜɦɢß ʘɗʊã ɦɜãÿɧʊã æɐʍɦɟ ɕʈʕɗʐãÿ Ñ ąʉʅɼʊã Ćåɧʙɦɿʊãɔɶʋɪʊã ßɤɓʍ Ȟá ʌʔëɐʑɗɩɐɒ ʌʕɓʔãɥʍ ãÿɀʑʙ ýß ýʖɠʋɰ͋ã ûÿɐɟ ɤʄÿ Ñåíɐɳɠʊã íʖɵøȩʅʙÿ äãʖʑʊã ɨʊɐɝʍ æãɦʇãɥʍ ȝ ʉɢɤɗʙ Ýɐʎɻɧʊã þëʖʅʙ āɥʊã ɑɼɭʊã íɐɯÿ Ñɔʚɓɼɭʊã

�ʌʊɐɹ͋ã ɤɬßɔɩɐʚɪʊɐɒ Γʋɿɗɭ͋ã ʉɶɢ ɕɓɚʙ ʖʕʁ ÑɤɎãʖʂʊɐɒ ʉʁɐɟ íÿɤʊã ʆʊì ȝ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ɡʙíɐɖÿ

�ɔʚɓɼɭʊã éÿɦʊã Ȟá ɔʋʚɳʁ ʉʇ ýÿĆɧ ĉɼąʙ ʏʙɥʊãýÿɦʅʊã ɔʚɝʎʔ Ȟá ɐ ĂɻɁʍ ɺɜɦʙ ɑɼɭʊã ýß Ȫɻ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã çëãʖɟ ɐʑʊɤɖÿÑþɧɎãɦɿɒ Βɪʙ ú ćɦĆɖÿ ɔʚʐɤʍ ʉʇ ïɐɩß ʘʔ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɻɐʎɗɜʡã ɦɜãÿɧʊã ʏʍ ɕȢʋʂɖ ãìá ɔʚʊɐɣʊãʘɗʊã ýʖʍʖʈʊã åíʖə æɦʎɗɩã ʖʊÿ Ñɫɟʖɗʊã Ȟá ëʖɻ ɔʚɓɼɭʊã åíʖɚʋʊ ʌɗʙ íɐɰɗʐã ʉʇ ȝÿùãɦɟá Ȫɻ åíʖɚʊã þɥʔ ûɐɜí ɂɗʄã ɤʄÿ ÑȨʇʝã ûʖʕʊã íÿë ɕʚɟʝ đĘėđ ɔʑɩ ɕɼʄÿ

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ɔɯʢɣʊã

ïɐʐß ʉɗʄ ýʖɼʚɶɗɪʙ ɘʚɠɒ åʖʅʊã ʏʍ ãʖʐʖʈʙ ʌʊ ʌʕʐß ãÿßí ɐʍɤʑɻ ɨʙíɐɒ ʘʐɐɓʍ ʌʔß�ʏʙΒɚʇ

Ñɐʕʊ åɦɜãɧʊã ëʖʚʅʊã ʏʍ ɕɰʋɣɖ ɔʚɪʂʐ Āʖʄ üëɐɰɖ Βɾ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʏʈɖ ʌʊÿɔʚɒʖʅɼʚʊã æãɤʅɗɼ͋ãÿ ɔʚɓɼɭʊã ɧɎãɦɿʊã ʘʔ ʘɗʊã ɔʚɪʂʑʊã Āʖʅʊã þɥʔ üëɐɰɖ ʏɻ Ɋɭʐ ɤʄÿɐʕ Ćʁãȴáÿ ÑÝɐʍɤʊɐɒ ɔɪʐɦʁ ĆɛʙɃɖ Ʋ ɐʕʊ Ȣɤɟ ʡ ʘɗʊã ɺʍɐɶ͋ãÿ æãʖʕɭʊãÿ ɔʚəíʟã æãɦəɋ͋ãÿ

�íɐʍɤʊã ȪɻĀʖʅʊã ʆʋɖ õʖʎɝʍ ʏʍ ʀʊɊɗɖ ɕʐɐʇ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ýß ɤʚɼɒ ʏʍ ɦɸɐʑʋʊ éʖʋʙÿÝʢɝɗɩãÿ ɔʊîɐʑʊã ʆʋɖ ɔʅʚʅɟ Ȫɻ øʖʄʖʋʊ ɐʕʋʚʋɠɖ ɑɝʙÿ Ñɐʕʑʚɒ ɨʐɐɝɖ ɤɜʖʙ ʡ ʘɗʊãʃɶʑ͋ã āß Ʋ ɔʂʋɗɣ͋ã ʃɶʑ͋ã õãʖʐß ýîãʖɗɖÿ Ñɐʕʊɐɶɒß ïʖʂʐ ɕʇȢɦɟ ʘɗʊã æɐɲɦɠ͋ã ȤȵÑɐĂɓʙɦʅɖ ɔʙëɐɼʊã ɔʑʍîʝã ȝ Ʋ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ʃɶʑʍÿ ʘʑʙɤʊã ʃɶʑ͋ãÿ ʘʂɵɐɼʊã ʃɶʑ͋ãÿ ȫʅɼʊã

�ûɐɟ Ȟá ûɐɟ ʏʍ ýɐɪʐʟã ʉʅɗʑʙÿ üëɐɰɗɖ ɐʕʐɌʁ ʏɗʂʊã üɐʙß ȝ ɐʍßÿɐʑʋʄ ɐʑʑʈʊÿ Ñʌʍʝã ùʖʅɟ Ȫɻ ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊã ʓɒ æëɐɜ ɐʍ äɐɗʈʊã ãɥʔ ȝ ɦʈʑʐ ʡÿȝ ɑʙɦɣɗʊã ûɐʎɻß ʏʍ Βɚʇ øãȩʄã ɤɼɒ Ñþɐʑɠɒí ɐʍ ýá Ʋ Γɢíɋ͋ã ʏʍ Βɚʇ ɺʍ Ʋåíɐɪɢ ʏʍ ɐʑɒɐɯß ɐʍ ʌɹɻß ɐʍÿ ÑÝɐʑɻ ʢɒ åíɐɳɠʊã Βɩ ɺʍ ʓʋʚʐ ʏʍ ɤɒ ʡ ýɐʇ ÑɐʕɎɐʑəßɔʋɪʋɩ Ȫɻ ɔɎíɐɶʊã íʖʍʝã þɥʔ éʢɯá ʌɗʙ ʡÿ �Βɰʄ ʏʍî ɑɪʈʊ ʘɒëß ûʢɠʐãÿ ɔʙëɐʍ

�ýʛã ʗɗɟ éʢɯʟã ãɥʔ ʃʅɠʙ ʌʊÿ Ñɛʙíɤɗʊɐɒ ʡá ɡʙíɐɗʊãæʡëɐɝʎɒ ʀɣɗɪɖ ʘʔÿ Ñɦʈʂʊã Ȫɻ ʉʎɼʊã ʉɳʂɖ ɔɚʙɤɠʊã ɔɓʚɓɭʊã ýß ɦʕɹʙÿɐʔɦʔʖɜ ûãɧʙ ʡ íʖʍß ûʖɟ íÿɤɖ ʘɗʊã ɔɾíɐʂʊã Ýãíʛã ȝ åɤɎɐʁ ʡÿ Ñɔʎʚʅɼʊã ɔʂɩʢʂʊã

�ʓʋɠʍ ȝ ɺɲÿ ãìá ʡá ɤʚʂʙ ʡ ʓʑʈʊÿ Ñëʖʎɠʍ ɦʍß ʉʎɼʊã ýá ɐʅ͆ɟ Ñ ĂʡʖʕɝʍÑʀʑɼɒ íʖʍʝã Āɦɝʍ ʉʙʖɠɖ ȝ ʗɼɩÿ ʃɎɐʅɠʊã ɦʅɗɟã ãìá ãɃ͆ʍ ýʖʈʙ ʉʎɼʊãÿȨɗɣ͋ã ȝ ɐʍ ɐʕɻʖɲʖʍ ýʖʈʙ ɔɒɦɝɖÿ ɺʎɗɝ͋ã ɐʕɻʖɲʖʍ ýʖʈʙ ɔɒɦɝɖ Γɒ ʌʚɹɻ ùɦʂʊãÿʏʍ ɔʚɻɐʎɗɜʡã ɴʚʊɐɾʝã ʏɻ Ɋɭʑʙ ɐʍ åɤɬ Ȫɻ ɐʑʊɤʙ æɐɒʢʅʐʡã ʏʍ ʓɒ ɐʑʚɖß ɐʍÿ Ñæʡʛã ʏʍ

�ɑɎɐɰ͋ãåíʖɚʊã íÿë ãÿɤʚɼʙ ýß üɐʔÿʝã ʌʕʚʋɻ æìʖɠɗɩã ʏʙɥʊã Γɩʖʕɗ͋ã ʏʍ Βɚʇ ɑɾɦʙÿÛÝãíʖʊã Ȟá ïɐʑʊɐɒ Ʋ ɔɓɾɦʊã þɥʔ ɔɯʢɢ ʘʔ ʘɗʊã Ʋ ɔʚʇãȩɬʡã ɺɜȩɩÿ Ñɔʚɪʐɦʂʊãɔɼɓɖ üɐʅʍ ɐʕɖíëɐɓʍÿ æɐɻɐʎɝʊã ɔɼɓɖ ɐʕɗʍɐʄɌɒ ʘʕʁ Ñʌʕʚʁ Βɪʊã ʉʍãʖɻ ʌʔß ɐʕʊɐɶɒʟ

�ʉʂɩʝã úíɤʊã Ȟá ʌʕɶʅɪĆɖ ʓɖíëɐɓʍÿ ëɦʂʊãɺʚʎɜÿ Ñɞʋɪɗʊã ȝ ʏɼʎɖ ʌʍʝɐʁ Ñäíɐɝɗʊã þɥʔ ʉɚ͋ ɔʎɎʢʍ åȷɐɠʊã ɔɻɐɪʊã ɕɪʚʊÿ

�ʌʊɐɼʊã ɔʎɟãɧʍ ȝ ɔʂʚɼɳʊã ʌʍʞʊ ýɐʈʍ ʡ ʓʐɊɒ ýÿɦɻɐɬ ïɐʑʊã

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ɔʚɪʐɦʂʊã åíʖɚʊãÿ æãíʖɚʊã éÿí

ɐ Ăʄãʖɩß ûɐʑɗʊ ʌʊɐɼʊã åëɐʚɩ ȝ ɔɼʍɐɵ ɔʂʚɣʍ ɔɚʙɤɟ ɔʊÿë ʗɶɩʖʊã ɔɒíÿß ȝ ʖʎʑɖɨʁɐʑɖ ʏʍÿ Ñȫɢãɤʊã õãɧʑʊã ʏʍ ɐʐɤʑɻ ɺʅʙ ɐʎɒ ɐʐëɐɠɖã ùɦɢ Ȫɻ ɐʑʍÿãë ãìɌʁ Ñɐʕɼʋɪʊȝ ɐʑʐɊɬ ýɌʁ Ûɔɻɐʑɰʊã üɤʅɗʊ åɤʚʅʍ Γʐãʖʄ ɺɲÿ ʏʍÿ Ñʘʑʙɤʊã ëɐʕɶɲʡã ʏʍÿ Ñäãɧɟʝãæɐʚɳɗʅʍ ɺʍ Βɪɖ ʀʚʇ ɔ͋ɐɻ Ýãɧɜʝã ɔʎɠɗʋʍ ʌʍß Ȟá ûɐɝ͋ã ȝ ɞɪʂʐÿ Ñʘʕɗʑʙ ʌʊɐɼʊãʉʁɐɟ ɡʙíɐɗʊã ýáÿ Ñȳɐ͋ã ɤʚɼʙ ʡ ûɐɠʊã ýá Ñʌɼʐ Ñɐʕʋʚʊɥɖ ûÿɐɠɖ ýß Βɾ ʏʍ ɔɼʚɓɶʊã

�ɔʚʊîß ʏʑɪɒ åΒɪʍ ɐʕɻʖʎɝʍ ȝ çëãʖɠʊã ʏʈʊÿ Ñɔɗɿɒ ɕɼʄÿ íʖʍɊɒ