microprocessor

: . .

: : ( ) (input/output ports) (: ). .2

3

..

: . .

Processor Architecture

ABCD

E

6

1/ /

: .........................................................................................................................

Instruction Cycle8

Fetch Decode

Write ALUExecute

2 / / / :

12 126-127

9

2 Registers Memory Management ALU PCProgram Counter Address Bus,Data Bus Instruction Decoder Instruction Registers

10

3 / / Compilers Interpreters ( )

11

3Compilers .

Interpreters ( )

12

13

4 / /

12 127-128

14

()microprocessor

: . .

microprocessor

IC Integrated circuit

2010 4004 1971 microprocessor 60

microprocessor

: . .

4004processor 8085 8086

z8000

Pentium

Core i3 - Core i5Core i7

4-bitprocessor8-bitMicroprocessor16-bitmicroprocessor32-bitmicroprocessor64-bitmicroprocessor

42 =16 82 =256 162 =65536 322 = 4 642 = ...

2300 transistors4500transistors16transistors3.100.000transistors592.000.000transistors

: A7KraitIntelAMD APPLE Qualcomm

AMDFX Black EditionFX 6-core3.3 GH FX 4-core3.6 GH FX 8-core3.6 GH PhenomPhenom II X6 Black3GH Phenom II X63GH AthlonAthlon 2.4GH Phenom II X43.2 GH Athlon IIX23GH Athlon X2 2.3GH Phenom X4 2.6 GH

Intel Sandy Bridgecore i53.8 GH Core i7 Extreme-core i73.9 GH core i33.4 GH Ivy Bridgecore i53.8 GH core i73.9 GH Celeron-Celeron D3.6-1.6 GH Core 2 QuadCore 2 Duo3.2 GH Atom2.1 GH pentiumPentium 43.7 GH

Ivy 22 sandy bridge 32

25

5 / / (Bits )

Mother board

: . .

6 / / (mother Board)

7 / mother Board / : 4 6 : PCI PCI Express - AGP

1 2 - 135-136

(socket): .

(RAM connectors, Memory Slots). : 4 6 (servers). DRR3 DIMM . (Expansion Card Slots). . : PCI PCI Express AGP. (AGP, Accelerated Graphics Port) (graphic cards). (I/O ports) ( ). (CMOS Battery). . () (Power Supply). () .

30

socket

. Memory slots

8 / : Chipset1 Chipset2 CMOS Battery

1 2 - 135-136

/ chipset1 chipset2

Chipset1 Northbridge. . Chipset2 Southbridge. (I/O ports) (HD, Floppy, Optical Drive). / (BIOS, Basic I/O System). . ROM .

32

Chipset1 Northbridge . Chipset2 Southbridge . CMOS Battery . BIOS ROM.

: :

: MOTHERBOARD MOTHERBOARD CHIPS IC MOTHERBOARD IC CHIPS IC CHIP CHIPS MOTHERBOARD. MOTHERBOARD 2 CHIPS CHIPSET SET CHIPSET

IC IC NORTH-BRIDGE IC SOUTH-BRIDGE

MOTHERBOARD

NORTH-BRIDGE RAM AGP PCI EXPRESS X16 AGP SOUTH-BRIDGE

RAM NOTH-BRIDGE NORH-BRIDGE RAM RAM MEMORY CONTROLLER RAM NORTH-BRIDGE MEMORY CONTROLLER MOTHERBOARD NORTHBRIDGE

AMD MEMORY CONTROLLER NORH-BRIDGE ATHLON 64 RAM RAM MOTHERBOARDS

CORE I3 , CORE I5 , CORE I7

NORTH-BRIDGE

SOUTH-BRIDGE MOTHERBOARD : ATA SATA USB LAN PCI PCI EXPRESS ( PCI EXPRESS X16 NORTH-BRIDGE) REAL TIME CLOCK CMOS BIOS

MOTHERBOARD CHIPSET ROM WINDOWS XP

SUPER I/O CHIP SERIAL PORTS PARALLEL PORTS

SOUTH-BRIDGE USB ATA SATA .

34

(Intel) (GIGABYTE) (ASUS)

..

.. 35

9 / (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_t7sZs8XBs) / 137

1 2 - 137-138

.

36

Form Factor37

Atom. ATX. 7 305 244244 244170 170120 120 325 267

Ports

: . .

10/ :

External SATA

USB3

HDMI VGA

USB2 Display Port DVI

Network Port

Memory module

11 "" / " "

: : RAM : ( ) :1- SRAM (static RAM) : .2- DRAM (Dynamic RAM ) : (refresh) . :ROM : ( ) :1-PROM (programmable ROM) : BIOS- .2- EPROM (erasable programmable ROM) : .3- Masked ROM : . . : Hybrid RAM ( ) ROM ( ) :1-EEPROM Bit " " .2- flash : EPROM . .3- NVRAM: SRAM .43

44

12 / / :

DDR3 SO-DIMM

DDR2DIMM

DDR DIMM

SIMM

SO-DIMM

47 DDR3 DIMM 2133 /. 240 (pin). .2007DDR2 DIMM 1066 /. 240 . DDR3 .2004DDR DIMM 400 /. 184 .2000SIMM . : 72 30 .1987

47

13/ .

49

49

Storage dvices

: . .

14 / .... /

15 / /

HDD SSDvs . (parallel) (serial). 2.5 . .

3.5 - 2.5 - . 3,600 / . 5,400 / 7,200 /. 12 . 6 3.5 2 2.5 . . . (1 / )

( 0.1 120 . (0.3 / ) 2 .

RPM : 3 5400 RPM .. 7200 RPM .. 10000 RPM ..

54

RPM

RPM ...( 5400 ) , ( AB 7200 ) , ( AA 1000. (BB

55

56

PATA SATA

SCSI (IDE, integrated drive electronics). (ATA or PATA). 16 . (SCSI, small computer system interface). (parallel) 8 16 .

(SATA, serial ATA). 3 / (SATA2) 6 / (SATA3).

(SCSI, small computer system interface). (parallel) 8 16 . (IDE, integrated drive electronics). (ATA or PATA). 16 . (EIDE). (IDE) (data bus) (DMA, direct memory access). (FC, fiber channel). (serial) . (SATA, serial ATA). 3 / (SATA2) 6 / (SATA3). (SAS, serial attached SCSI). SCSI .

56

16

700 4.7 4.7 + 25 50 1000 200 20

58

.

59

17 Speccy

PORTABLE ARCHITECTURE

: . .

2012( ) 2012 2017( ) 2017 2012-2017 Desktop PC148.412.4%141.06.0%-5.0% Portable PC202.016.8%240.911.0%19.3% Tablet128.310.7%352.316.0%174.5% Smartphone722.460.1%1,51667.0%109.9%1,201.1100.0%2,250.3100.0%87.3%

: IDC's Worldwide Smart Connected Device Tracker Forecast Data, February 28, 2013

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(RAM)

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/ www.techpowerup.com / : PhysicalPerformanceSocket:Frequency:Process Size:Base Clock:Transistors:Multiplier:Die Size:Voltage:Package:TDP:

CoresCache# of Cores:Cache L1:SMP # CPUs:Cache L2:Integrated Graphics:Cache L3:

ArchitectureMarket:Production Status:Released:Codename:Part#:

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PC Magazine PC World PC Advisor Custom PC

: . .