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今今今… A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji

今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学 Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

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Page 1: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

今ハ昔…

A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji

Page 2: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

説話文学 Commonly referred to as “tale literature.”

Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to the Western folk or fairy tale, as distinct from densetsu (legend) or shinwa (myth), the word setsuwa now has a very general meaning. Legends, myths, fairy tales, episodes in Chinese history, war tales, and anecdotes about ordinary life are all included in setsuwa, collections compiled between 800 and 1300.[1]

Famous setsuwa collections include:• 日本霊異記 「にほんりょういき」 ca. 821 • 三宝絵言葉 「さんぼうえことば」 ca. 984• 古本説話集 「こほんせつわしゅう」 ca. late Heian• 古事談 「こじだん」 ca. 1212

[1] Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, “Setsuwa Bungaku,” http://www.ency-japan.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/subscriber/default.asp?sessionid=6349958795184930938.

せつわぶんがく

Page 3: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

今昔物語集 ca. 1120 (Generally accepted compilation date) Compiler unknown More than 1000 tales ranging from Buddhist

topics to the secular. Divided into 31 Books of various subjects:

Note: Books 8, 18, and 21 are missing.

こんじゃくものがたりしゅう

Books One ~ Five: Tales of IndiaBooks Six ~ Ten: Tales of ChinaBooks Eleven ~ Twenty: Tales of Buddhism in JapanBooks Twenty-one ~ Thirty-one: Secular Tales of Japan

Page 4: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

今昔物語集

Written in 漢字カナ混じり文 Each tale begins with the line “ 今ハ昔” Each tale concludes with “ トナム語リ伝エタルト

ヤ” Arranged in a couplet style according to subject

matter

こんじゃくものがたりしゅう

Page 5: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

宇治拾遺物語

ca. early 13th century Compiler Unknown Title is an allusion to 宇治大納言物語 , a

collection of tales compiled by 源隆国 [1004-1077]

197 tales of various subjects Most common version is divided into 15 Books.

うじしゅういものがたり

みなもとのたかくに

うじだいなごんものがたり

Page 6: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

宇治拾遺物語

Written in 和文体 Titles all end in 事 Arbitrary division of books Less regimented than 今昔物語集 Many stories from previous setsuwa collections

appear reprinted in Uji

うじしゅういものがたり

Page 7: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

安倍晴明安倍晴明

921~1005921~1005 An onmyōji in the mid-Heian Period An onmyōji in the mid-Heian Period

considered a very powerful fortune teller considered a very powerful fortune teller and exorciser of demons. Member of the and exorciser of demons. Member of the Abe Family and the most famous of the Abe Family and the most famous of the recorded onmyōji. Author of Senji recorded onmyōji. Author of Senji RyakketsuRyakketsu 占事略決 占事略決 and and Kin’ugyokutoshūKin’ugyokutoshū 金烏玉兎集金烏玉兎集

あべのせいめい

Page 8: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

安倍晴明安倍晴明

Current manga and movies feature Seimei Current manga and movies feature Seimei frequentlyfrequently

Subject of numerous setsuwaSubject of numerous setsuwa

as wellas well Shrine to himShrine to him

in Kyotoin Kyoto

あべのせいめい

Page 9: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

陰陽道陰陽道 A type of Daoist mysticism imported from A type of Daoist mysticism imported from

ChinaChina Actual date of arrival is unknown, though Actual date of arrival is unknown, though

the Bureau of Yin and Yang the Bureau of Yin and Yang 陰陽寮 陰陽寮 was was established during the reign of Emperor established during the reign of Emperor Temmu [673-686]Temmu [673-686]

Based around the 5 elements and the Based around the 5 elements and the concepts of Yin and Yangconcepts of Yin and Yang

おんみょうどう

Page 10: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

陰陽道陰陽道 Astrology, astronomy, and calendrical Astrology, astronomy, and calendrical

divination began to be associated with divination began to be associated with 陰陰陽道 陽道 as wellas well

Use of Use of 式神式神 , spirits which could be , spirits which could be

controlled by the controlled by the 陰陽師陰陽師 , practitioners of , practitioners of

陰陽道陰陽道

おんみょうどう

おんみょうじ

しきがみ

Page 11: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

今昔物語集:巻第二十四第十六「安倍晴明随忠行習道語第十六」

宇治拾遺物語:巻き第十一第三「晴明を試みる僧の事」

Page 12: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

今昔、天文博士安倍晴明ト云陰陽師有ケリ。古ニモ不恥ヂ止事無リケル者也。幼ノ時、賀茂忠行ト云ケル陰陽師ニ随テ、昼夜ニ此道ヲ習ケルニ、聊モ心モト無キ事無カリケル。

而ルニ、晴明若カリケル時、師ノ忠行ガ下渡ニ夜業ニ行ケル共ニ、歩ニシテ車ノ後ニ行ケル、忠行車ノ内ニシテ吉ク寝入ニケルニ、晴明見ケルニ、艶ズ怖キ鬼共車ノ前ニ向テ来ケリ。晴明此ヲ見テ驚テ、車ノ後ニ走リ寄テ、忠行ヲ起シテ告ケレバ、其時ニゾ忠行驚テ覚テ、鬼ノ来ルヲ見テ、術法ヲ似テ忽ニ我ガ身ヲモ恐レ無ク、共ノ者共ヲモ隠シ、平カニ過ニケル。其後、忠行晴明ヲ難去ク思テ、此道ヲ教フル事瓶ノ水ヲ写スガ如シ。然レバ、終ニ晴明此道ニ付テ、公私ニ被仕テ糸止事無カリケリ。

Page 13: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

今:而ル間、忠行失テ後、此晴明ガ家ハ土御門ヨリハ北、西ノ洞院ヨリハ東也、其家ニ晴明ガ居タリケル時、老タル僧来ヌ。共十余歳許ナル童二人ヲ具シタリ。

宇:昔、晴明が土御門の家に、老い白みたる老僧来たりぬ。十歳ばかりなる童二人具したり。

From the top….

Page 14: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

今:晴明此ヲ見テ、「何ゾノ僧ノ何ヨリ来レルゾ」ト問ヘバ、僧「己ハ播磨国ノ人ニ侍リ。其ニ、陰陽ノ方ヲナム習ハム志侍ル。而ルニ、只今此道ニ取テ止事無御座ス由ヲ承ハリテ、少々ノ事習ヒ奉ラムト思給ヘテ、参リ候ツルナリ」ト云ヘバ、晴明ガ思ハク、「此法師ハ此道ニ賢キ奴ニコソ有ヌレ。其レガ我ヲ試ムト来タル也。

宇:晴明、「何ぞの人にておはするぞ」と問えば、「播磨国の者にて候。陰陽師を習はん志にてそうろう。この道に、殊にすぐれておはします由を承りて、少々習ひ参らせんとて、参りたるなり」といへば、晴明が思ふやう、この法師はかしこき者にこそあるめれ。我を試みんとて来たる者なり。

Page 15: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

今:此奴ニ弊ク被試テハ口惜カリナムカシ。試ニ此法師少シ引キ掕ゼム」ト思フ。「此ノ法師ノ共ナル二人ノ童ハ職神ニ仕テ来タルナリ。若シ職神ナラバ、忽ニ召シ隠セ」ト心ノ内ニ念ジテ、袖ノ内ニ二ノ手ヲ引入テ、印ヲ結、蜜ニ呪ヲ読ム。其後、晴明法師ニ答ヘテ云ハク、「然カ承ハリヌ。但シ、今日ハ自ラ暇無キ事有リ。速ニ返リ給テ、後ニ吉日ヲ以テ坐セ。『習ハム』ト有ラム事共ハ教ヘ進ラム」ト。法師「穴貴」ト云テ、手ヲ押摺テ額ニ宛テ、立走テ去ヌ。

宇:それに悪く見えては悪かるべし。この法師少し引きまさぶらんと思ひて、供なる童部は、式神を使ひて来たるなめりかし。式神ならば召し隠せと、心の中に念じて、袖の内にて印を結びて、ひそかに咒を唱ふ。さて法師にいうやう、「とく帰り給ひね。後によき日して、習はんとのたまはん事どもは、教へ奉らん」といへば、法師、「あら、貴」といひて、手を摺りて額に当てて、立ち走りぬ。

Page 16: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

今:「今ハ一二町ハ行ヌラム」ト思フ程ニ、此法師亦来タリ。晴明見レバ、可然キ所ニ車宿ナドヲコソノゾ臨行メレ。臨行テ後ニ、前ニ寄来テ云ク、「此共ニ侍ツル童部二人乍ラ忽ニ失セテ候フ。其給ハリ候ハム」ト。晴明ガ云ク、「御房ハ希有事云フ者カナ。晴明ハ何ノ故ニカ人ノ御共ナラム童部ヲバ取ラムズルゾ」ト。法師ノ云ク、「我ガ君、大ナル理ニ候フ。尚免シ給ハラム」ト侘ケレバ、其時ニ晴明ガ云ク、「吉々。御房ノ、人試トテ職神ヲ仕テ来タルガ不安思ツル也。然様ニハ異人ヲコソ試メ。晴明ヲバ此不為デコソ有ラメ」ト云テ、袖ニ手ヲ引入テ、物ヲ読ム様ニシテ、暫ク有ケレバ、外ノ方ヨリ此童部二人乍ラ走入テ、法師ノ前ニ出来タリケリ。其ノ時ニ法師ノ云ク、「誠ニ止事無ク御座ス由ヲ承ハリテ、『試ミ奉ラム』ト思給ヘテ、参リ候ツル也。其ニ職神ハ古ヨリ仕フ事ハ安ク候フナリ。人ノ仕タルヲ隠ス事ハ更ニ可有クモ不候ハ。穴忝。今ヨリ偏ニ御弟子ニテ候ラム」ト云テ、忽ニ名符だヲ書テナム取セタリケル。

Page 17: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

宇:今は去ぬらんと思ふに、法師とまりて、さるべき所々、車宿りなど覗き歩きて、また前に寄り来ていうやう、「この供に候ひつる童の、二人ながら失ひて候。それ賜りて帰らん」といへは、晴明、「御房は、希有の事いう御坊かな。晴明は何の故に、人の供ならん者をば取らんずるぞ」といへり。法師のいふやう、「更にあが君、大きなる理候。さりながら、ただ許し給らん」と詫びければ、「よしよし、御坊の、人の試みんとて、式神使ひて来るが、うらやましきを、ことに覚えつるが、異人をこそ、さやうには試み給はめ。晴明をば、いかでさる事し給ふべき」といひて、物よむやうにして、暫しばかりありければ、外の方より、童二人ながら走り入りて、法師の前に出で来ければ、その折、法師の申すやう、「まことに試み申しつるなり。使ふ事はやすく候。人の使ひたるを隠す事は、更にかなふべからず候。今よりは、ひとへに御弟子になりて候はん」といひて、懐より名簿引き出でて取らせけり。

Page 18: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

今:亦、此晴明広沢ノ寛朝僧正ト申ケル人ノ御房ニ参テ、物申シ、承ハリケル間、若キ君達僧共有テ、晴明ニ物語ナドシテ云ク「其ノ職神ヲ仕ヒ給フナルハ。忽ニ人ヲバ殺シ給フラムヤ」ト。晴明、「道ノ大事ヲ此現ニモ問ヒ給フカナ」ト云テ、「安クハ否不殺。少シ力ダニ入テマツラヘバ必ズ殺シテム。虫ナドヲバ塵許ノ事セムニ、必ズ殺シツベキニ、生ク様ヲ不知バ、罪ヲ得ヌベケレバ、由無キ也」ナド云フ程ニ、庭ヨリカエルノ五ツ六ツ許踊ツ、池ノ近様ニ行ケルヲ、君達、「然ハ彼レ一ツ殺シ給ヘ。試ム」ト云ケレバ、晴明、「罪造リ給君カナ、然ルニテモ、『試ミ給ハム』ト有レバ」トテ、草ノ葉ヲ摘切テ、物ヲ読様ニシテカエルノ方ヘ投遣タリケレバ、其ノ草ノ葉カエルノ上ニ懸ルト見ケル程ニ、カエルハ真平ニ{   }テ死タリケル。僧共此ヲ見テ、色ヲ失テナム恐ヂ怖レケル。

Frog tales…

Page 19: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

宇:この晴明、ある時、広沢の僧正の御房に参りて、物申し承りける間、若き僧どもの晴明にいふやう、「式神を使ひ給ふなるは、たちまちに人をば殺し給ふや」といひければ、「やすくはえ殺さじ。力を入れて殺してん」といふ。「さて虫なんどをば、少しの事せんに、必ず殺しつべし。さて生くるやうを知らねば、罪を得つべければ、さやうの事よしなし」といふ程に、庭に蛙の出で来て、五つ六つばかり踊りて、池の方ざまへ行きけるを、「あれ一つ、さらば殺し給へ。試みん」と僧のいひければ、「罪を作り給ふ御坊かな。されども試み給へば、殺して見せ奉らん」とて、草の葉を摘み切りて、物を誦むやうにして、蛙の方へ投げやりければ、その草の葉の、蛙の上にかかりければ、蛙真平にひしげて死にたりけり。これを見て、僧どもの色変りて、恐ろしと思ひけり。

Page 20: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

今:此晴明ハ、家ノ内ニ人無キ時ハ職神ヲ仕ケルニヤ有ケム、人モ無キニ、蔀上ゲ下ス事ナム有ケル。亦、門モ差ス人モ無カリケルニ、被差ナムドナムアリケル。此様ニ希有ノ事共多カリ、トナム語リ伝ルル。

其ノ孫于今公ニ仕テ、止事無クテ有リ。其土御門ノ家モ伝ハリノ所ニテ有リ。其ノ孫近ク成マデ職神ノ音ナドハ聞ケリ。

然レバ、晴明尚只者ニハ非リケリ、トナム語リ伝ヘタルトヤ。

Page 21: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

宇:家の中に人なき折は、この式神を使ひけるにや、人もなきに、蔀を上げ下し、門をさしなどしけり。

Page 22: 今ハ昔 … A Linguistic Journey from Konjaku to Uji. 説話文学  Commonly referred to as “tale literature.” Originally coined by scholars as a term equivalent to

Resources

D.E. Mills, trans. A Collection of Tales From Uji: A Study and Translation of Uji shūi monogatari. Cambridge University Press, London 1970.

Murayama Shūichi 村山修一 . Nihon onmyōdōshi sōsetsu 日本陰陽道史総説 . Hanawa Shobō, Tokyo 1981.

Nihon Koten Bungaku Zenshū 日本古典文学全集 Mabuchi Kazuo, Kunisaki Fumimaro, Konno Tōru, ed. 馬淵和夫、国東文麿、今野達 . Vol. 22-23 of Konjaku monogatari shū 今昔物語集 . Shōgakkan, Tokyo 1974.

Nihon Koten Bungaku Zenshū 日本古典文学全集 Kobayashi Chishoū, ed. 小林智昭 . Vol. 28 Uji shūi monogatari 宇治拾遺物語 . Shōgakkan, Tokyo 1973.

Marian Ury, trans. Tales of Times Now Past: Sixty-two Stories From a Medieval Japanese Collection. University of California Press, Berkeley 1979.