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- Additional Application of - The Derivative Chapter 4 朝朝朝朝朝朝 朝朝朝朝朝 朝朝朝 朝朝

- Additional Application of - The Derivative Chapter 4

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- Additional Application of - The Derivative Chapter 4. 朝陽科技大學 資訊管理系 李麗華 教授. 4-1 Increasing & Decreasing Graphs and Critical Number ( 臨界值 ). 由下圖可觀察到這 5 個點中 、 為 m=0 ,而 、 為遞增(incresing) (m>0) ,而 為遞減 (decreasing) (m

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Page 1: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

- Additional Application of - The Derivative

Chapter 4

朝陽科技大學資訊管理系李麗華 教授

Page 2: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

2

4-1 Increasing & Decreasing Graphs and Critical Number ( 臨界值 )

1. 由下圖可觀察到這 5 個點中 、 為 m=0 ,而 、 為遞增 (incresing) (m>0) ,而 為遞減 (decreasing) (m<0) 。

2 54 1

3

M>0

2

M>0

M>0

M>0

M>0

3

4

51

Page 3: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

3

4-1 Increasing & Decreasing Graphs and Critical Number ( 臨界值 )

1) Increasing :任一點 a ,若 ,則 a 點處為遞增。

2) Decreasing :任一點 a ,若 ,則該 a 點處為遞減。

3) Increasing on the interval :在某一區間,每一點的導數都 >0 ,則為遞增區間。

4) Decreasing on the interval :在某一區間,每一點的導數都 <0 ,則為遞減區間。

5) Critical Number :當 或 undefine ,則稱 a 為一臨界 值,而 為臨界點。

'( ) 0f a

'( ) 0f a

( ) 0f a ( , ( ))a f a

Page 4: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

4

4-1 Increasing & Decreasing Graphs and Critical Number ( 臨界值 )

EX :

sol :

2( ) 8 7f x x x , where is f increasing & where is f decreasing.

'( ) 2 8f x x

若 則 increasing'( ) 0f x ∴ 2 8 0x 4x ,

∴ 為遞增區間(4, )

同樣 則 decreasing'( ) 0f x ∴ 2 8 0x 4x ,

∴ 為遞減區間( , 4)

求解 (0) 7f

求頂點 (4) 16 32 7 9f

20 8 7x x 7 1x or,

Page 5: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

5

4-1 Increasing & Decreasing Graphs and Critical Number ( 臨界值 )

EX : find the increasing interval & decreasing interval for

sol :

3( ) 12f x x x

2'( ) 3 12f x x

∴ increasing interval 23 12 0x 23 12x 2 4x 2x

2x , ,

∴ decreasing interval 23 12 0x 23 12x 2 4x 2x

2x , ,

-2

2

2 12 0x 2( 12) 0x x 0x

3x

的解

Page 6: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

6

4-1 Increasing & Decreasing Graphs and Critical Number ( 臨界值 )

3 4( ) 4 3f x x x EX : 相對極值

sol : 2 3'( ) 12 12f x x x 212 (1 )x x 0x 1x

∴ 是 的臨界值0,1x ( )f x

x( )f x

0 1+ + -

1

4881

23

43

3 4( ) 4 3f x x x

頂點 maximum

Page 7: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

7

4-1 Increasing & Decreasing Graphs and Critical Number ( 臨界值 )

2. The maximum or minimum point must be critical point

m=0

m=0

m=0 m=0

m=0minmin

maxmaxmax

undefine

undefine

undefine

Max → cp

Min → cp但 cp 不一定會 Max

Min

Page 8: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

8

4-1 Increasing & Decreasing Graphs and Critical Number ( 臨界值 )

3. 若 由負變正,且 or undefine ,則稱此點 a 處有相對極小點 relative minimum 。若 由負變正,且 or undefine ,則稱此點 a 處有相對極大點 relative maximum 。若 區間沒有改變,但 ,則無相對極值 (relative extrema)

'( )f x '( ) 0f a

'( )f x '( ) 0f a

'( )f x '( ) 0f a

Page 9: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

9

4-1 Increasing & Decreasing Graphs and Critical Number ( 臨界值 )

EX :23( ) 1 ( 2)f x x , 求 cp 及 RE.

sol :2 13 3

1

33

2 2 2'( ) (1) ' [( 2) ]' 0 [ ( 2) (1)] ( 2)

3 3 3 2f x x x x

x

2x

x'( )f x

2

+ -

1 2 3

( )f x 的解亦為 230 1 ( 2)x 231 ( 2)x 3 231 ( 2)x

∴max 在 處 , 當 x=2 時有 RE(2) 1f

, ,

2 1x 1 3x or,

Page 10: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

10

4-1 Increasing & Decreasing Graphs and Critical Number ( 臨界值 )

EX : , 求增減區間及 RE

sol :

2

1( )

4f x

x

2 1 2 22 2

2'( ) [( 4) ]' ( 4) (2 )

( 4)

xf x x x x

x

0x 為解 , undefine2x

x'( )f x

-2

+ -

0 2

+ -

( )f x在 為↑ +( , 2) , ( 2,0)( )f x在 為↓ -(0,2) , (2, )

Relative extrema 是在 處0x

為相對極大值1

(0)4

f

(0,-¼)

Page 11: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

11

1. 在 附近,若 落在點 的切線上方,則為凹向上 (concave up) 。

2. 若在 附近, 落在點 的切線下方,則稱為凹向下 (concave down) 。

x a ( )y f x ( , ( ))a f a

x=a

x a ( )y f x ( , ( ))a f a

x=a

Page 12: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

12

EX :

向上 向上 向上 向下 向下 向上

Page 13: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

13

3. 二階導數可以判斷凹向上或向下的特性。

4. 當圖形由凹向上變成凹向下那一點叫 point of inflection( 反曲點 ) 。

5. 或 不存在為二階臨界值 ( 為二階臨界點 ) 。• 反曲點必發生在二階臨界點,但二階臨界值未必為反曲點。

若 ''( ) 0f a

''( ) 0f a

則凹向上

則凹向下

''( ) 0f a ''( )f a ( , ( ))a f a

Page 14: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

14

EX : 請問 何處為 concave up, 何處為 concave down?

sol :

3 4( ) 4 3f x x x

2 3'( ) 12 12f x x x 2 2 2

''( ) 24 36 36 ( )3

f x x x x x

當 時 ,''( ) 0f x 236 ( ) 0

3x x

2

3x , 0x

x''( )f x

0 2/3

凹向下 凹向上 凹向下 處有 min, 處有 max'(0)f

2'( )

3f

∴由上可看出 (0,0) 處為反曲點 , (2/3,48/81) 處為反曲點

亦可由二階導數的凹性來看出 extrema

'( ) 0f x 2 312 12 0x x 212 (1 ) 0x x 0x 1x , , or

x'( )f x

0 2/3

- + -min max 0 1

Page 15: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

15

EX : 請問反曲點在哪 ? 相對極大在哪 ?

相對極小在哪 ? 的區域在哪 ?

的區域在哪 ? 的區域在哪 ? 的區域在哪 ?

''( ) 0f x ''( ) 0f x '( ) 0f x '( ) 0f x

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.

Page 16: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

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• 總結:畫圖的步驟1. 求 的解

2. 畫出區間向上或向下

3. 求 的解

4. 畫出 的凹性區間

5. 求 的解 ( 即與 處 , 即落在 x 軸的點 )

'( ) 0f x x 1 x 2 找出一階臨界點

x'( )f x

x 1 x 2

''( ) 0f x x 1 x 2 找出二階臨界點

''( )f x x''( )f x

x 1 x 2

( ) 0f x 0y

根據上述各點即向上 , 向下 , 凹性作圖

Page 17: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

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4.5-4.6 Application

EX : 若露營區 ( 如右圖 ) 一面為河,其餘為 200 公尺,長的鐵網,求此區的長 (y) 與 寬 (x) 使面積最大。

sol : 已知長方形面積 2 200x y 1

求 ( 面積 ) 最大x y A 2

由 得1 200 2y x , 代入 2

(200 2 )x x A 2200 2A x x (0 100)x

2( ) 200 2f x x x

'( ) 200 4f x x 得知當 為 ,'( ) 0f x 4 200x 50x

x'( )f x

50

+ -由左可得知 處 , 處為相對極大值 50x (50,5000)

~~~~~~~~ 河水 ~~~~~~~

y

x

Page 18: - Additional Application of -  The Derivative Chapter 4

18

4.5-4.6 Application

EX : 長方體 的無蓋盒,底為正方形。若平均 1 公分 10 元,側邊 5 元 /cm 如何最省材料費 ?

sol :

31000cm

2 1000x y 1

2cos 10 20t x xy 2

2

1000y

x由 得 代入1 , 2 2 20000

10c xx

( 0)x

2 20000( ) 10f x x

x

2

20000'( ) 20f x x

x , 求得 10x x

( )f x10

- +

3

40000''( ) 20 0f x

x

∴當 為最省10x cm , 10y cm