: (),

.

( )

(

.)

.

, .

S.I. 1 Pascal = 1 Pa = 1 N/m2

: F

A

:

A

Fp

: ApF

(Pa)

2 1016

4 1011

1,5 1010

1,1 108

1 106

1 2 105

1 105

1 1,6 104

1, 2 30

1, 2 3 10-5

10-12

1 2 1000Hz

1 atm = 1.01 x 105 Pa

1 Torr = 1 mm Hg (1 atm = 760 mm Hg)

1 Bar 1 =

= 106 dyn/cm2 (C.G.S.)

1 = 10-3 Torr :

A

V = A h m = A h

p

p0

F2

F1

W

A

A

h

h0

: F1= p1 A F2 = p2 A

p2 = p1 + p

W = m g = g V = g h p2 p1 = p = - g h

T ,

g

.

H

021 WFF

,

.

p0 h=0,

p -h :

p = - gh :

p

p

-h

00

dhgdp -= p-p0=gh

p = p0+gh

gh

h = 0

- h

h > 0

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

0 100 200 300 400 500

(m)

(Pa)

water

gas(d=10^-3w)

-

water_vs_air.xls

.

T,

,

:

pV nRTm

M RT

V n

R (= 8,3145 J/mol K)

: m

V

M

RTp

dp = - gdh

dpgM

RTpdh

dp

p

gM

RTdh

p , h = 0, :

dp

p

gM

RTdh

p

p

o

h

o

p p expgM

RTho { }

. h

h

30 km 9.5 torr 25 torr

60 km 0.21 torr .8 torr

90 km 0.0019 torr .03 torr

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Km

Atm

movies/aspirate.mov

20cm 6m.

p

;

: , L = 6m

. :

gLpp 0

PamsmmKggLppp 4230 109.5)0.6)(/8.9)(/1000(

, 0.6 atm,

.

. ,

p. 6m

, p

p0.

, p :

:

.

'O ,

, . H

, ,

. T .

:

. A

.

movies/HydrostaticParadox.mov

U :

x . l =

135 mm d = 12.3 mm.

;

(6 )

-

pint

pint

.

glpp 0int

)(0int dlgpp x

3/916 mKgdl

lx

:

p0 g.

TORRICELLI

, , ,

. , ,

, ,

76 cm 760 mm.

, 1644

(Hg) ; Hg =13,6 x 103 Kg/m3 = 10

3 Kg/m3

movies/VacuumFlash7.swfmovies/AirPressureonColumnofH2O.mov

PASCAL

,

g , , ,

,

dp .

p,

' ,

. T Pascal.

: 1.

movies/BPascal.mov

: 2.

1,5 x 105 .

. 25

30

.

.

movies/aspirate.movmovies/AirPressureonColumnofH2O.mov