工程與生活 : Automotive Electronic Systems

工程與生活 :Automotive Electronic Systems電子系黃其泮

Outlines

Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems

Emerging In-Vehicle Networks


Automotive Electronic Systems Today

Expanding Automotive Electronic Systems

Expanding Automotive Electronic Systems The mature subsystems of automotive electro

nic systems Powertrain/Body control—EMS, ABS, …

Themes of current stage X-by-wirean ongoing revolution in vehicle electr

onics architecture Themes of next stage

Infotainment= Entertainment + Communication + Information

Expanding Automotive Electronic Systems Analysts estimate that more than 80 percent

of all automotive innovation now stems from electronics

To embedded the electronic systems and silicon components—such as transistors, microprocessors, and diodes—into motor vehicles is the developing trend of automotive electronic systems

System Structure of ECU

System Structure of ECU

ExampleL-Line(13)K-Line(55)

Pre-Processor

Reserved(42)MAT(44)CTS(45)PSS(51)

Reserved(52)MAF(7)

Reserved(40)ACCR(41)EGRP(50)

TPS(53)MVM(27)

OXYD(28)OXYHD(Int.)

OCSC(39)

Knock(11,30)

PassiveFilters

Pre-Processor

SystemControl

Vol

tage

Inpu

tsR

esis

tive

Sens

or

Sign

al C

ondi

tione

rs

K, L LineInterface

SI9243EY

ExtensionSlot

NFP-50A

MicroController

C509L

EEPROM/Flash Memory

Am29F040NM24C04

Out

put D

river

s

Crankshaft(49,48)

CAM(8)VSpeed(9)

FPM(47)

Power Regulators/Reset CircuitTLE4266GTLE4267G

TPS2814D/IGBTs

SAC1-4(1)SAC2-3(20)

TLE6

230G

P35

0mA

/50V

..75V

TLE6220GP2A/60V..80V

TLE6220GP

BTS933

TLE4729G

BSP78BSP78

TSO(43)FCSO(54)Reserved(38)ACCR(25)CFR(6)MR(46)FPR(3)MFIL(22)ISV(36)Reserved(31)CPV(5)EGRV(17)Injector4(34)Injector3(35)Injector2(16)Injector1(23)OSH(33,15)

IAC-A(4),B(26)-C(21),D(29)

Reserved(32)EGRP(50)

L-Line(13)K-Line(55)

Pre-Processor

Reserved(42)MAT(44)CTS(45)PSS(51)

Reserved(52)MAF(7)

Reserved(40)ACCR(41)EGRP(50)

TPS(53)MVM(27)

OXYD(28)OXYHD(Int.)

OCSC(39)

Knock(11,30)

PassiveFilters

Pre-Processor

SystemControl

Vol

tage

Inpu

tsR

esis

tive

Sens

or

Sign

al C

ondi

tione

rs

K, L LineInterface

SI9243EY

ExtensionSlot

NFP-50A

MicroController

C509L

EEPROM/Flash Memory

Am29F040NM24C04

Out

put D

river

s

Crankshaft(49,48)

CAM(8)VSpeed(9)

FPM(47)

Power Regulators/Reset CircuitTLE4266GTLE4267G

TPS2814D/IGBTs

SAC1-4(1)SAC2-3(20)

TLE6

230G

P35

0mA

/50V

..75V

TLE6220GP2A/60V..80V

TLE6220GP

BTS933

TLE4729G

BSP78BSP78

TSO(43)FCSO(54)Reserved(38)ACCR(25)CFR(6)MR(46)FPR(3)MFIL(22)ISV(36)Reserved(31)CPV(5)EGRV(17)Injector4(34)Injector3(35)Injector2(16)Injector1(23)OSH(33,15)

IAC-A(4),B(26)-C(21),D(29)

Reserved(32)EGRP(50)

Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems System requirements

Standardization of functional interfaces Share and reuse the existing components Comprehensive safety A high degree of comfort Low energy consumption, and Minimal pollutant emission

Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems Issues of system development

Integrate and reuse the software and hardware cores from multiple vendors

Innovative functionality realized through interaction of formerly autonomous units (reconfigurable distributed systems/mechatronics)

Scalability to different vehicle and platform variants


Design Toolkits Digital Transmission Capability Transferability of functions throughout network Maintainability throughout the whole “Product Life

Cycle“

referring to: G. Leen and D. Heffernan,”Expanding Automotive Electronic Systems”

Sensors Transmission Path ECUConventional

SEECU(digital)

Susceptible toInterference(analog)

SignalConditioning

(Analog)A/D

Sensors Transmission Path ECU

SEECU(digital)

Resistant toInterference(analog) A/D

SignalConditioning

(Analog)

MultipleTap-off

1st Integration Level


2nd Integration Level

3rd Integration Level


SE ECU(digital)

Immune toInterference(digital)

SignalConditioning

(Analog)

Bus

CompatibleA/D


SE ECU(digital)

Immune toInterference(digital)

SignalConditioning

(Analog)

Bus

CompatibleA/D C


Mechatronics


Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems Issues of hardware development

Exhibit immunity from radio emissions Reducing the hardware cost and size With high computing power Transient faults well be tolerated Embedded network A variety of sensor/actuator interface capabilities

Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems Issues of software development

Real-time operating system Software component paradigm Software updates and upgrades over vehicle

lifetime Minimizing the cost and execution time of

software components Uniform data format and seamless software

component interface

Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems Rise of importance of software in the Car

Refer to:B. Hardung, T. Kolzow, and A. Kruger, “Reuse of Software in Distributed Embedded Automotive Systems”

Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems Example of software cores (components)

Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems Standardized systems (Open systems)

Management of automotive electronic systems complexity associated with growth in functional scope

Flexibility for product modification, upgrade and update

Scalability of solutions within and across product lines

Improved quality and reliability of automotive electronic systems

Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems OSEK/VDX

OSEK/VDX is a joint project of the automotive industry (1993)

It aims at an industry standard for an open-ended architecture for distributed control units in vehicles


The term OSEK means ”Offene Systeme und deren Schnittstellen für die Elektronik im Kraftfahrzeug” (Open systems and the corresponding interfaces for automotive electronics).

The term VDX means „Vehicle Distributed eXecutive“

Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems The OSEK/VDX specifies

Real-time operating system Software interfaces and functions for

communication, and Software for network management


Application

Interaction Layer

Network Layer

Data Link Layer

Bus I/O Driver

Bus Communication Hardware

OSEK/VDXNetwork

Management

OSEK/COMStandard API

Communication API Network API

Bus Frame

OSEK/COMStandard Protocol

OSEK/COMDevice DriverInterface

Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems Automotive Open System Architecture

(AUTOSAR): Standardization of different APIs to separate the

AUTOSAR software layers Encapsulation of functional software-components Definition of the data types of the software-

components


Identification of basic software modules of the software infrastructure and standardize their interfaces



Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems One ECU example

Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems Two ECUs example

Emerging In-Vehicle Networks

Introduction

In-vehicle networks Connect the vehicle's electronic equipments Facilitate the sharing of information and resources

among the distributed applications These control and communications networks are

based on serial protocols, replacing wire harnesses with in-vehicle networks

Change the point-to-point wiring of centralized ECUs to the in-vehicle networking of distributed ECUs

Introduction

Aims of In-Vehicle Network Open Standard Ease to Use Cost Reduction Improved Quality

Introduction

Benefits of In-Vehicle Network More reliable cars More functionality at lower price Standardization of interfaces and components Faster introduction of new technologies Functional Extendibility

Introduction

Decreasing wiring harness weight and complexity Electronic Control Units are shrinking and are

directly applied to actuators and sensors

modern automobile’s networksBuses Speed Origin

D2B(5Mbit/s, electrical or optical mainly for digital audio) High Auto

MOST(22.5Mbit/s, audio, video,control) High Auto

FlexRay(10Mbit/s, x-by-wire, safety-critical control) High Auto

Byteflight(10Mbit/s, constant latencies, airbag, sear-belt) High Auto

TTP(5~25Mbit/s, real-time distributed/fault-tolerant apps) High Auto

Bluetooth(10Mbits/s, wireless for infotainment equipments) High Consumer

CAN(50-1000kbit/s control only) Low Auto

J1850(10.4kbit/s and 41.6kbit/s, control) Low Auto

LIN(20kbps, control) Low Auto

Introduction

optics bus

Roadmap of in-vehicle networks

Roadmap of in-vehicle networks

source: www.lin-subbus.org

Protocol Comparison

Protocol Comparison

Class A (<20 kbit/s) : LIN, CAN Class B (50-500 kbit/s) : CAN, J1850 MMedia (> 20 Mbit/s) : MOST, Firewire Wireless : GSM, Bluetooth Safety : Byteflight, TTP/C, Flexray

Overview of In-Vehicle Networks D2B (Domestic Data Bus )

Matsushita and Philips jointly developed Has promoted since 1992 D2B was designed for audio-video communication

s, computer peripherals, and automotive media applications The Mercedes-Benz S-class vehicle uses the D2B optic

al bus to network the car radio, autopilot and CD systems

The Tele-Aid connection, cellular phone, and Linguatronic voice-recognition application

Overview of In-Vehicle Networks Media-Oriented Systems Transport (MOST)

It was initiated in 1997 Supports both time-triggered and event-triggered t

raffic with predictable frame transmission at speeds of 25Mbps

Using plastic optic fiber as communication medium

Overview of In-Vehicle Networks

The interconnection of telematics and infotainment such as video displays, GPS navigation systems, active speaker and digital radio

More than 50 firms—including Audi, BMW, Daimler-Chrysler, Becker Automotive, and Oasis Silicon Systems—developed the protocol under the MOST Cooperative

Overview of In-Vehicle Networks Time-triggered protocol (TTP)

It was released in 1998 It is a pure time-triggered TDMA protocol Frames are sent at speeds of 5-25Mbps

depending on the physical medium Designed for real-time distributed systems that

are hard and fault tolerant It is going on to reach speeds of 1Gbps using an

Ethernet based star architecture

Overview of In-Vehicle Networks FlexRay

FlexRay is a fault-tolerant protocol designed for high-data-rate, advanced-control applications, such as X-by-wire systems (high-speed safety-critical automotive systems)

Provides both time-triggered and event-triggered message transmission

Messages are sent at 10Mbps


Both electrical and optical solutions are adopted for the physical layer

The ECUs are interconnected using either a passive bus topology or an active star topology

FlexRay complements CAN and LIN being suitable for both powertrain systems and XBW systems

Overview of In-Vehicle Networks Byteflight

Developed from 1996 by BMW A flexible time-division multiple access (TDMA) pr

otocol using a star topology for safety-related applications

Messages are sent in frames at 10Mbps support for event-triggered message transmission


Guarantees deterministic (constant) latencies for a bounded number of high priority real-time message

The physical medium used is plastic optical fiber Byteflight can be used with devices such as air b

ags and sear-belt tensioners Byteflight is a very high performance network with

many of the features necessary for X-by-wire

Overview of In-Vehicle Networks Bluetooth

An open specification for an inexpensive, short-range (10-100 meters), low power, miniature radio network.

Easy and instantaneous connections between Bluetooth-enabled devices without the need for cables vehicular uses for Bluetooth include hands-free phone

sets; portable DVD, CD, and MP3 drives; diagnostic equipment; and handheld computers

Overview of In-Vehicle Networks Controller area network (CAN)

Was initiated in 1981 and developed by Bosch developed the controller

Message frames are transmitted in an event-triggered fashion

Up to 1Mbps transmission speed It is a robust, cost-effective general control

network, but certain niche applications demand more specialized control networks.

Overview of In-Vehicle Networks The SAE J1850 Standard

supports two main alternatives, a 41.6 kbps PWM approach (dual wires), and a 10.4kbps VPW (single wire) approach.

Overview of In-Vehicle Networks Local interconnect network (LIN)

A master-slave, time-triggered protocol As a low-speed (20kbps), single-wire LIN is meant to link to relatively higher-speed

networks like CAN LIN reveals the security of serial networks in cars


network is used in on-off devices such as car seats, door locks, sunroofs, rain sensors, and door mirrors

Future Needs for Networking

EnvironmentDetectionSystems

Telematics

Driver Interface

Powertrain

Steering Systems

Braking Systems

Rapidly Increasing Numberof Future Automotive Functions

Interconnections in the Vehicle

Multimedia

ConsumerInterface

Infotainment-Control

Powertrain andVehicle Dynamics

BodyElectronics

Sub-Bus

X-by-wire

Safety Bus

Safety/Reliability

Data Rate

Functional Applications

FlexRay

CAN

LIN

MOST

Close-loop Control Systems

Telematics Applications

Req

uire

men

ts 1 Mbits/s

20 Kbits/s

Strategic Technical Considerations

Thank you for your attention!

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工程與生活 : Automotive Electronic Systems