-Camilo Jose Cela Conde, "Patente de genes: ?de que hablamos cuando hablamos de patentaralgo? (Patenting genes: what do we talk about when we talk about patenting something?)"-Rodolfo Vazquez, "Justificacion liberal de la clonacion (Liberal justificacion of clonning)"-Celso Vargas, "Organismos geneticamente modificados: la perspectiva etica (Genetically modifiedorganisms: an ethical perspective)"-Gustavo Viniegra Gonzalez, "La bioetica y la biotecnologia (Bioethics and biotechnology)-Jorge Martinez Contreras, "Los retos eticos de la ingenieria genetica (The ethical challanges ofgenetic engineering)-Florencia Luna, "Desafios eticos en los ensayos clinicos en paises en desarrollo (Ethical problemsin clinical tests in developing countries)"II. Conservacion y restauracion edologicas (Conservation and Restoration Ecological) -Francisco Pedroche, "Biodiversidad. Divino tesoro! (Biodiversity. Divine treasure! -Teresa Kwiatkowska, Ricardo Lopez Wilchis, "Crear o recrear: algunas reflexiones en torno a larestauracion ecologica (Create or recreate: some thoughts on ecological restoration)-Ricardo Rossi, Francisco Messardo, "Implicaciones ecologicas y sociales de la bioingenieria: unanalisis desde sur de Latinoamerica (Social and ecologicas implications of bioengineering: ananalysis from the south of Latin America)-Andrew Light, "Restauracion ecologica y la reproduccion del arte (Ecological restoration and artreproduction)"-Sven Arntzen, "Haciendole bien a la naturaleza? Ecofilosofia y la etica de la restauracionecologica (Doing good to nature? Ecophilosophy and the ethics of ecological restoration)-Baird Callicott, "Normas con sustento cientifico para la restauracion ecologica (Scientific normsfor ecological restoration)-Witold Jacorzynski, Desde preservacionismo hasta la revolucion verde y la ecologia profunda(From preservation to green revolution and deep ecology) (v.11,#2, expanded)

Kwiatkowska, Teresa, and Ricardo Lopez Wilchis, "Etica ambiental e ingenieria genetica (GeneticEngineering and Environmental Ethics," Ludus Vitalis, vol. IX, 2002, no. 161-17. Web page: www.ludusvitalis.mx. Both authors are in the Philosophy Department, Universidad AutonomaMetropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico. (v.13,#2)

Kwik, Jessica, "Gardens Overhead," Alternatives 26 (No. 3, 2000 Summer): 16- . Rooftop culturesprouts in North American cities. (v.11,#4)

Kwok, Pui-Lan, Christology for an Ecological Age. New York: Cassell/Continuum, 1999. 170pages. $ 20.00. Reinterpreting Christology from a postcolonial, multifaith, and ecofeministperspective, the challenging issues are anthropocentrism, Christian imperialism, and the myth ofChristian uniqueness. Pui-Lan offers a constructive presentation of three approaches forproclaiming Christ for an ecological age: organic models of Christ, Jesus as the wisdom of God,and Jesus as the epiphany of God. Kwok is a Chinese Christian. (v.9,#4)

Kysar, DA, "Some realism about environmental skepticism: The Implications of Bjorn Lomborg's TheSkeptical Environmentalist for Environmental Law and Policy," Ecology Law Quarterly 30(no.2,2003):223-278. (v.14, #4)

Laarman, Jan, "2050: A Scenario for People and Forests," Journal Of Forestry 98 (No. 2, 2000, Feb01): 4- . Two retired foresters in the year 2050 recall how events and trends during the preceding50 years transformed forestry and its practitioners. (v.11,#2)

LaBastille, Anne. "Too Late for the Giant Grebe", Wild Earth 6(no.3, 1996):63. (v7,#4)

LaBelle, Judith M. "The Idea of the Countryside," Environments 24(no.3, 1997):1. (v8,#3)

LaBossiere, Michael, "Body and Environment." Environmental Ethics 16(1994):411-418. My thesisis the biconditional that it is morally wrong to pollute human bodies if and only if it is morally wrongto pollute the environment. The argument for each conditional is by analogy: pollution of one typeis analogous to pollution of the other type in morally relevant respects. I argue that the truth of thebiconditional makes it difficult to maintain that it is morally wrong to pollute human bodies withoutmaintaining that it is morally wrong to pollute the environment and conversely. LaBossiere is withthe Dept. of Visual Arts, Humanities, and Theatre, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University,Tallahassee. (EE)

Lacey, Henry B. "New Approach or Business as Usual: Protection of Aquatic Ecosystems Underthe Clinton Administration's Westside Forests Plan." Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation10, no.2 (1995): 309. (v7, #3)

Lacey, Mark, "President's Decree Protects Thousands of Acres in West," New York Times(1/12/00). Clinton Creates More New National Monuments. In January, U.S. President Bill Clintondesignated 1,500 square miles along the North rim of the Grand Canyon the Grand CanyonParashant National Monument. Although opposed by Arizona Governor Jane Hull and the state'sseven Republican congressmen, 80 percent of state's residents supported his action. In April, thepresident created a new 335,000 acre national monument in California to protect remaining old-growth Sequoia forests. Clinton has now set aside more land as national monuments than anypresident except for Jimmy Carter (who designated vast expanses of lands in Alaska asmonuments). (v.11,#1)

Lach, D; List, P; Steel, B; Shindler, B, "Advocacy and Credibility of Ecological Scientists in ResourceDecisionmaking: A Regional Study", Bioscience 53(no.2, 2003):170-178.

LaChance, Albert J. and John Carroll, eds. Embracing Earth: Catholic Approaches to Ecology. Maryknoll. NY: Orbis Books, 1994. 280 pages. $18.95 paper. Contemporary Catholic writersexplore that Christian view of nature, the human place in it, and the need to respond to theplanetary crisis. (v6,#1)

Lachapelle, P. R., McCool, S. F. and Patterson, M. E., "Barriers To Effective Natural ResourcePlanning in a `Messy' World," Society and Natural Resources 16(no. 6, 2003): 473-490.

LaChapelle, Delores, Deep Powder--40 Years of Ecstatic Skiing, Avalanches, and Earth Wisdom. Durango, CO: Kivaki Press, 1993. $ 6.95. Deep ecology mixed with deep powder skiing. Whenskiing, nature is in control, guiding the visitor along the most thrilling courses. Our sense of self,an individual, separate from all others and the earth, prevents us from experiencing and enjoyingour senses of the moment. Freedom is finding one's place in nature. LaChapelle is the other ofseveral previous books, including Earth Wisdom. (v4,#3)

LaChapelle, Delores, Sacred Land, Sacred Sex: Rapture of the Deep. Durango, CO: Kivaki Press,1992. 384 pages. 2nd edition, the first was published in 1988. Said to be the first and onlycomplete manual on experiential deep ecology, written by a woman who has advocated it for 30years. (v4,#1) Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 15(1993):275-78.

LaChapelle, Dolores, Sacred Land, Sacred Sex, Rapture of the Deep: Concerning DeepEcology---and Celebrating Life. Silverton: Finn Hill Arts, 1988. Pp. 383. A far-ranging work of deepecology that analyzes the "uprooting" of human life and the strategies necessary for recoveringour past in an essential interconnection with the land and with nature. This interdisciplinary workdefies an easy academic classification; it shows us the connections between all major fields ofstudy and life in the natural and human community. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

LaChapelle, Dolores. Review of In the Absence of the Sacred. By Jerry Mander. EnvironmentalEthics 14(1992):373-76.

Lachman, Steven Frederic. Review of Aidan Davison. Technology and the Contested Meanings ofSustainability. Environmental Ethics 25(2003):329-332. (EE)

Lackey, Robert T., "Seven Pillars of Ecosystem Management," The Environmental Professional 17,no. 4 (1995): (in press). The seven pillars are: 1) the continuing evolution of social values andpriorities; 2) place-based, necessitating clearly defined boundaries; 3) achievement of socialbenefits; 4) ecosystemic stress factors; 5) biodiversity, which may or may not be a factor; 6)"sustainability," if used as a concept in management, needs to be clearly defined; and 7) scientificinformation is important but only one element in decision-making, which is fundamentally one ofpublic or private choice. (v6,#2)

Lackey, Robert T., "Ecological Risk Assessment," Fisheries 19, no. 9 (September 1994): 14-18. Risk assessment is used by the scientific elite as a tool to impose their values on the public in theguise of scientific objectivity. The affluent drive the decision-making process of managing andprotecting ecological resources. Ecosystem "health" is a strictly anthropocentric notion, and riskassessment will likely be perceived as a form of ecological triage. Lackey is deputy director of theEPA's Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvalis, OR, USA, and holds a courtesyprofessorship in wildlife and fisheries at Oregon State University. This paper, nor the ones thatfollow, do not reflect EPA policy positions. (v6,#2)

Lackey, Robert T., "Ecosystem Health, Biological Diversity, and Sustainable Development: ResearchThat Makes a Difference," Renewable Resources Journal (1995) (in press). Addressing importantpolicy problems and being reasonably likely to be achievable scientifically are the criteria forselecting research. Research especially needed today is: 1) credible procedures to determineecosystem health, 2) scientific bases for legislation regarding biodiversity and endangeredspecies, and 3) a clear understanding regarding the interrelationship of ecosystem stability,biodiversity, and such external stress as habitat alteration (including development) and harvestingbiotic resources. (v6,#2)

Lackey, RT, "Values, Policy, and Ecosystem Health," Bioscience 51(no. 6, 2001):437-444. (v.13,#1)

Lacy, John C. "The Historic Origins of the U.S. Mining Laws and Proposals for Change," NaturalResources & Environment 10(no.1, Summer 1995):13- . (v6,#4)

Lacy, Mark. Review of Capitalism, Democracy and Ecology: Departing from Marx. By Timothy W.Luke. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):323-324.

Lacy, MJ, "Deconstructing Risk Society," Environmental Politics 11(no.4, 2002): 42-62.

LaDuke, Winona, "The Seventh Generation: Rethinking the Constitution," Wild Earth 9 (No. 4, Wint1999): 21- . (v.11,#2)

Laferriere, E, "Review of: Val Plumwood, Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason,"Environmental Politics 11(no.4, 2002): 133-134.

Laferrière, Joseph E., "Humanism and the Environment," Religious Humanism 25 (no. 3, Summer,1991):117-124. Humanists recognize that we are not alone on this planet; we must share the earth

with our neighbors. Unlike Christianity, humanism accepts that this world is the only one we willever know. Nature is everything. This being so, we must take care of the environment, for thepresent and for the future. Laferrière is professor and director of the herbarium at WashingtonState University, Pullman. (v3,#1)

Lafferty, Barbara A. Review of Donald A. Fuller, "Sustainable Marketing: Managerial-EcologicalIssues", Organization and Environment, 15, (No. 4, 2002): 504-507. Lafferty is an assistantprofessor of marketing at the University of South Florida.

Lafferty, William M., Meadowcroft, James, (eds). Democracy and the Environment. Review byRobyn Eckersley, Environmental Values 7:(1998):482.

Lafferty, William M., Meadowcroft, James, eds. Democracy and the Environment: Problems andProspects. Cheltenham, U.K. & Brookfield, U.S.: Edward Elgar, 1996. 276 pp. Contains:--Lafferty, William M. and Meadowcroft, James, "Democracy and the Environment: Congruence andConflict--Preliminary Reflections," pages 1-17.--Paehlke, Robert, "Environmental Challenges to Democratic Practice," pages 18-38.--Witherspoon, Sharon, "Democracy, the Environment and Public Opinion in Western Europe,"pages 39-70.--Janicke, Martin, "Democracy as a Condition for Environmental Policy Success: The Importanceof Non-Institutional Factors," pages 71-85.--Taylor, Bob Pepperman, "Democracy and Environmental Ethics," pages 86-107.--Dryzek, John S., "Strategies of Ecological Democratization," pages 108-123.--Dobson, Andrew, "Representative Democracy and the Environment," pages 124-139.--Oriordan (O'Riordan), Timothy, "Democracy and the Sustainability Transition," pages 140-156.--Achterberg, Wouter, "Sustainability and Associative Democracy," pages 157-174.--Glasbergen, Pieter, "Learning to Manage the Environment," pages 175-193.--Fiorino, Daniel J., "Environmental Policy and the Participation Gap," pages 194-212.--Baker, Susan, "Environmental Policy in the European Union: Institutional Dilemmas and DemocraticPractice," pages 213-233.--Bichsel, Anne, "NGOs as Agents of Public Accountability and Democratization inIntergovernmental Forums" pages 234-255.--Lafferty, William M. and Meadowcroft, James, "Democracy and the Environment: Prospects forGreater Congruence," pages 256-272.Lafferty is in political science, University of Oslo. Meadowcroft is at the Oxford Centre forEnvironment, Ethics and Society. (v.10,#3)

Lafferty, William M. "The Politics of Sustainable Development: Global Norms for NationalImplementation", Environmental Politics 5(no.2, 1996):185. (v7,#4)

Lafferty, WM; Hovden, E, "Environmental Policy Integration: Towards an Analytical Framework,"Environmental Politics 12(no.3, 2003):1-22. (v.14, #4)

Lafollette (LaFollette), Hugh, Niall Shanks. Brute Science: Dilemmas of Animal Experimentation. Review by Keith Burgess-Jackson, Ethics and the Environment 4(1999):115-122. (E&E)

LaFollette, H. and Shanks, N., Brute Science: The Dilemmas of Animal Experimentation. London:Routledge, 1996.

LaFollette, Hugh, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Practical Ethics. New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 2003. Contains:-Frey, R. G., "Animals"-Shrader-Frechette, Kristin, "Environmental Ethics."

LaFollette, Hugh, ed., Ethics in Practice: An Anthology. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1997. 703 pages. Large anthology, many contributions written especially for this anthology; otherspreviously published are revised with general readers in mind. Sections on euthanasia, abortion,family and friends, sexuality, virtues, drugs, free speech, sexual and racial discrimination,affirmative action, punishment, economic justice. One section is on animals: Peter Singer, "AllAnimals are Equal"; Michael Allen Fox, "The Moral Community"; R. G. Frey, "Moral Standing, theValue of Lives, and Speciesism"; Tom Regan, "The Case for Animal Rights"; and John P. Gluck,"Learning to See the Animals Again." One section is on "World Hunger and International Justice,"and includes Holmes Rolston, III, "Feeding People versus Saving Nature?". The final section is onenvironment: Aldo Leopold, "The Land Ethic"; James P. Sterba, "Reconciling Anthropocentric andNonanthropocentric Environmental Ethics"; Karen P. Warren, "The Power and the Promise ofEcological Feminism"; J. Baird Callicott, "Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair." LaFollette teachesphilosophy at East Tennessee State University. (v7,#4)

LaFranchi (La Franchi), Howard. "Keeping 'Em Down on the Amazon." The Christian ScienceMonitor 89.83 (26 March 1997): 9.

LaFranchi, Howard. "Chilean Can't See The Native Forests For the Woodships." The ChristianScience Monitor, vol. 89. 8 Jan. 1997, p. 6.

LaFranchi, Howard. "The Vast and Varied Beauty of Mexico's Chiapas." The Christian ScienceMonitor, vol. 88, 2 Oct. 1996, p. 12.LaFranchi, Howard. "Tradition in Turmoil: Dutch Agriculture Evolves." The Christian ScienceMonitor, 6 July 1994, pp. 7, 14. Dutch farmers are among the world's most efficient. Tougherenvironmental rules are causing small farmers to quit. Only 4 percent of the population, farmersutilize two-thirds of the land and export $15 billion of their $21 billion production. (v5,#2)

LaFranchi, Howard. "Sprouting of Young Party May Yield Earth-Friendlier Mexico." The ChristianScience Monitor 89 (11 July 1997): 1, 6. Green party wins its first ever seats in Congress. (v8,#2)

LaFranchi, Howard. "How Broccoli Might Stem Mexican Migration." The Christian Science Monitor,vol. 89, 21, Jan. 1997, pp. 1, 7.

LaFreniere, Gilbert F., "Rousseau and the European Roots of Environmentalism,' EnvironmentalHistory Review 14(no 4, Winter 1990):41-72. "Jean-Jacques Rousseau particularly deservesrecognition by environmentalists for a complex view of man's relation to nature which greatlyinfluenced the Romantic viewpoint." LaFreniere teaches environmental studies at WillametteUniversity, Salem, Oregon. (v2,#1)

LaFreniere, Gilbert F., "Rousseau and the European Roots of Environmentalism." EnvironmentalHistory Review 14:4 (1990): 41-72. Discussion of Rousseau's influence on Americanenvironmentalism, primarily through Emerson and Thoreau, Wordsworth and Muir. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Lai, Karyn L. "Conceptual Foundations for Environmental Ethics: A Daoist Perspective."Environmental Ethics 25(2003):247-266. and plausible account of environmental holism. Dao refersto the totality of particulars, including the relations that hold between them, and the respective rolesand functions of each within the whole. De refers to the distinctiveness of each particular, realizedmeaningfully only within the context of its interdependence with others, and its situatedness withinthe whole. Together, dao and de provide support for an ethical holism that avoids sacrificingindividuals for the sake of the whole. The integrity and stability of the whole are important notbecause the whole is an end-in-itself but because those conditions assist in preserving the

well-being of the constituent parts. In other words, the ethical holism supported in the Daodejingdoes not present individuals and wholes in mutually exclusive terms, but sees them in symbioticrelation, allowing for events to be mutually beneficial, or mutually obstructive, to both. In addition,two other Daoist concepts, wuwei (non-action) and ziran (spontaneity), provide further supportfor this construction of holism. If the distinctiveness of particular individuals is valued, thenunilateral or reductive norms which obliterate such individuality are inappropriate. In this regard,the methodology of wuwei allows for the idea of individuals developing spontaneously in relationto others. According to this view of holism, individuals manifest and realize their integrity in relationto others in the environmental context, achieving an outcome that is maximally co-possible withinthose limits, rather than one that is maximally beneficial only for particular individuals. (EE)

Laidler, Liz, and Laidler, Keith, China's Threatened Wildlife. London: Blandford, 1996. Distributedin U.S. by New York: Sterling Publishers. ISBN 0-7137-2372-6. (v.8,#4)

Laitos, Jan G. and Carr, Thomas A. "The Transformation on Public Lands." Ecology Law Quarterly26(no. 2, 1999):140- . (v10,#4)

Lakoff, George, and Johnson, Mark, Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challengeto Western Thought. New York: Basic Books, 1999. (v.11,#1)

Lakoff, George, and Johnson, Mark, Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challengeto Western Thought. New York: Basic Books, 1999. (v10,#4)

Lal, R., Miller, F. P., & Logan, T. J., "Are Intensive Agricultural Practices Environmentally andEthically Sound?", Journal of Agricultural Ethics 1(1988):193-210. Soil is fragile and nonrenewablebut the most basic of natural resources. It has a capacity to tolerate continuous use but only withproper management. Improper soil management and indiscriminate use of chemicals havecontributed to some severe global environmental issues. The policy and moral aspects of theseissues are discussed. Lal, Miller, Logan are in agronomy at Ohio State University, Columbus.

Laland, Keven N., Brown, Culum, and Krause, Jens, "Learning in fishes: from three-secondmemory to culture," Fish and Fisheries 4 (2003):199-202. "Gone (or at least obsolete) is the imageof fish as drudging and dim-witted pea-brains, driven largely by `instinct,' with what little behavioralflexibility they possess being severely hampered by an infamous `three-second memory'." "Nowfish are regarded as steeped in social intelligence, pursuing Machiavellian strategies ofmanipulation, punishment and reconciliation, exhibiting stable cultural traditions, and co-operatingto inspect predators and catch food." "Although it may seem extraordinary to those comfortablyused to pre-judging animal intelligence on the basis of brain volume, in some cognitive domains,fishes can even be favourably compared to non-human primates." Laland is in biology, Universityof St. Andrews, Scotland. Brown is in biology at the University of Edinburgh. Krause is in biologyat the University of Leeds, UK. In a study led by physiologist Lynne Sneddon, researchers found58 receptors on the head of a trout that are sensitive to pain, despite the conclusions of previousstudies that fish lacked pain receptors, or nociceptors. Forthcoming in Proceedings of the RoyalSociety. (v.14, #4)

Laliberte, AS; Ripple, WJ, "Wildlife Encounters by Lewis and Clark: A Spatial Analysis ofInteractions between Native Americans and Wildlife," Bioscience 53(no.10, 2003):994-1003. (v.14,#4)

LaMay, Craig L. and Everette E. Dennis, eds., Media and the Environment. Covelo, CA: IslandPress, 1991. 220 pages. $ 31.95 cloth, $ 17.95 paper. Advocacy vs. objectivity in environmentalreporting. Does "newsworthiness" distort environmental reporting? Do complex ecological,political, economic, and social issues have to be oversimplified for the media? Articles by

journalists and others, including Jim Detjen, Philadelphia Inquirer reporter and president of theSociety of Environmental Journalists. (v2,#3)

Lamb, David. "Animal Rights and Liberation Movements." Environmental Ethics 4(1982):215-33. I examine Singer's analogy between human liberation movements and animal liberation movements. Two lines of criticism of animal liberation are rejected: (1) that animal liberation is not as seriousas human liberation since humans have interests which override those of animals; (2) that theconcept of animal liberation blurs distinctions between what is appropriate for humans and whatis appropriate for animals. As an alternative I offer a distinction between reform movements andliberation movements, arguing that while Singer meets the criterion for the former, a higher degreeof autonomy and communicative competence is necessary for the latter. In the final section,objections to the possibility of an autonomous animal liberation movement are met by rejectingassumptions concerning the illogicality of interspecies communication. Lamb is in the departmentof philosophy, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK. (EE)

Lamb, David. Review of Ethics and Animals. Edited by Harlan B. Miller and William H. Williams.Environmental Ethics 6(1984):373-76.

Lamb, Kara Lee, From Philosophy to Policy: Is There a Missing Link in Environmental Ethics?, M.A.thesis, Colorado State University, summer 1998. Environmental ethics is often thought to restrictpermissible environmental activities by introducing various duties, responsibilities, and prohibitionswith which environmental policy and the public must comply. Rather, environmental ethics can andought enlighten policy by providing a more adequate philosophical grounding in value for legislation. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), though it requires an Environmental ImpactStatement, leaves deeper value questions untouched, and leaves agencies with conflicting goalsoften at cross purposes. Environmental ethics can clarify these value questions. Despite its manyinsights, however, environmental ethics itself contains conceptual conflicts which reduce itscapacity effectively to link with environmental policy. Three proposals for making environmentalethics more effective are based on the work of Val Plumwood, Paul Taylor, and Holmes Rolston. Lamb has a position with the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation interpreting environmental policy to thepublic and overseeing the public participation process in evaluating that policy. (v9,#2)

Lamb, Kara L., "The Problem of Defining Nature First: A Philosophical Critique of EnvironmentalEthics," The Social Science Journal 33 (no. 4, 1996):475-486. Before we can decide about theproper ways to conserve nature, we need an accurate idea of what nature is. Subjectivists vs.objectivists, anthropocentrists vs. biocentrists, conservationists vs. preservationists are at oddsover what they value in nature because they perceive and conceive nature differently. Somesuggestions for solutions, based on the work of Val Plumwood and Holmes Rolston, involving ananalysis of how to pass from what nature is to what ought to be in nature. Lamb is a graduatestudent at Colorado State University. (v.7,#4)

Lambeck, Robert J. "Focal Species: A Multi-Species Umbrella for Nature Conservation,"Conservation Biology 11(no.4, 1997):849. (v8,#3)

Lambert, Dean P. "Crop Diversity and Fallow Management in a Tropical Deciduous Forest ShiftingCultivation System," Human Ecology 24(1996): 427. (v8,#1)

Lambert, Richard J., "Rethinking Productivity: The Perspective of the Earth as the PrimaryCorporation," Population and Environment: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 13(1992): 193-208. Ten guiding principles to guide an ecological consciousness, with each of these used toreinterpret the primary locus of productivity as Earth. Lambert is with Productivity Breakthrough,Inc., in Scarsdale, NY. (v3,#4)

Lambert, Richard. "The Earth: The Business of the Future--From EGO Energy to ECO Energy." Population and Environment 19, no. 1 (1997): 95-107. Two distinctions are offered that togetherprovide a new form of reference for bonding the human and the Earth: (1) the difference betweenthe emerging domain of ego energy and the yet to be discovered domain of eco energy; and (2)the difference between looking-at and seeing. These two sets of distinctions are then sounded,like echo chambers, against ten guiding ecological statements. The result is a "turn-aroundperspective": a different vision to be operationalized in individual, community, and business lives. Now seeing clearly, people can respond with eco energy worth of commitment to "the Earth: theBusiness of the Future." (v8,#3)

Lampmann, Jane. "Argentina Side Trips Open Door to Wonder and Adventure." Christian ScienceMonitor 89 (18 July 1997): 13. (v8,#3)

Lancaster, Carol, Aid to Africa: So Much to Do, So Little Done. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress, 1999. 303 pages. Aid has rarely helped and has sometimes damaged the capacity of theAfricans to govern their own affairs. In more than one African country, "the accountability of thegovernment to its people ... gradually [was] replaced by accountability to its major donors." Aid hashelped to destroy what fragile reciprocity may have existed between African states and theircitizens. Agencies often misdiagnosed problems, had difficulty designing programs that addressedthe local political environment, and failed to coordinate their efforts effectively. Lancaster isdirector of the Master of Science in Foreign Service Program at Georgetown University and wasan administrator of USAID. (v.11,#1)

Land, Richard and Louis Moore, eds., The Earth Is the Lord's: Christians and the Environment. Nashville: Broadman Press, 1992. Essays from the Southern Baptist Christian Life Seminar (v5,#1)

Landay, Jonathan S. "Explosive Debate Over New Ways to Test US Nuclear Stockpile." TheChristian Science Monitor, vol. 89, 15 January 1997, pp. 1-9.

Landay, Jonathan S. "Organic Farmers to Washington: Regulate Us." The Christian ScienceMonitor, vol. 89, 30 Dec. 1996, p. 3.

Landes, George. "Creation and Liberation." In Creation in the Old Testament edited by BernhardW. Anderson, 135-151. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984. (Reprinted from Union SeminaryQuarterly Review 33 (Winter 1978):79-89.)

Landman, Willem A. "Moral Standing, Value and Environmental Ethics." South African Journal ofPhilosophy 14 (# 1, February 1995): 9-19. How should an environmental ethic be grounded? Ananswer involves a commitment to a criterion of moral standing and its application, and a widercommitment to a taxonomy of the senses of "value" that inform our relationship with nature. I beginby mapping the different environmental philosophies in order to contextualize my argument. Afteran analysis of the concept of moral standing I analyze why being a person is a sufficient conditionof moral standing. I defend sentience as a condition of moral standing that is not only sufficient butalso necessary, and I set out the taxonomy of the senses of "value" that informs a sentience-based environmental ethics. I reject life as a criterion of moral standing and the value commitmentsof a life-based environmental ethic. I end with some remarks that a sentience-based environmentalethic might be inadequate if we should lose our aesthetic and spiritual sense. Landman is inphilosophy at the University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Republic of SouthAfrica. (v6,#1)

Landres, Peter, Shannon Meyer, and Matthews, Sue, "The Wilderness Act and Fish Stocking: AnOverview of Legislation, Judicial Interpretation, and Agency Implementation," Ecosystems

4(2002)287-295. Many high-elevation lakes in designated wilderness areas are stocked withnative and non-native fish to provide recreational opportunities, sometimes in waters that originallyhad no fish. There is a long-standing controversy about the extent to which this compromisesother wilderness values. Landres and Meyer are with the Aldo Leopold Wilderness ResearchInstitute, Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, MT); Matthews is withthe Arthur Carhart National Wilderness Training Center, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Missoula, MT. This issue of Ecosystems is a theme issue on fish stocking impacts to mountain lake ecosystems.

Landscape and Urban Planning invites both subscriptions and papers. This is an internationaljournal of landscape ecology, landscape planning, and landscape design. They ask for papers inenvironmental psychology, conservation biology, and ethical and policy issues posed by natureand human use of land. The editor-in-chief is J. E. Rodiek, College of Architecture, Texas A & MUniversity, College Station, TX 77843-3137. The publisher is Elsevier Science. (v8,#1)

Landweber, Laura, and Dobson, Andrew P., eds., Genetics and the Extinction of Species: DNAand the Conservation of Biodiversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. 192 pages. $ 20, paper. Contributors analyze why the burgeoning field of conservation biology must rely onthe insights of population geneticists. New insights into how populations have evolved in responseto past selection pressures provides a broad new understanding of the genetic structure of naturalpopulations. Ways to measure biodiversity. Benefits and drawbacks of captive breeding. Theeditors are in biology at Princeton University. (v10,#4)

Landweber, Laura, and Dobson, Andrew P., eds., Genetics and the Extinction of Species: DNAand the Conservation of Biodiversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. 192 pages. $ 20, paper. Contributors analyze why the burgeoning field of conservation biology must rely onthe insights of population geneticists. New insights into how populations have evolved in responseto past selection pressures provides a broad new understanding of the genetic structure of naturalpopulations. Ways to measure biodiversity. Benefits and drawbacks of captive breeding. Theeditors are in biology at Princeton University. (v.11,#1)

Lane, Belden C., Landscapes of the Sacred: Geography and Narrative in American Spirituality. New York: Paulist Press, 1988. 237 pages. The way particular groups of Americans have foundreligious meaning in the places where they lived. Meaning and place in American spirituality. 1. Axioms for the Study of Sacred Place. Mythic Landscapes: The Ordinary Mask of the Holy. 2. Seeking a Sacred Center: Places and Themes in Native American Spirituality. Mythic Landscapes: The Mountain That Was God. 3. Baroque Spirituality in New Spain and New France. MythicLandscapes: The Desert Imagination of Edward Abbey. 4. The Puritan Reading of the NewEngland Landscape. Mythic Landscapes: Galesville, Wisconsin: Locus Mirabilis. 5. TheCorrespondence of Spiritual and Material Worlds in Shaker Spirituality. Mythic Landscapes: LiminalPlaces in the Evangelical Revival. 6. Precarity and Permanence: Dorothy Day and the CatholicWorker Sense of Place. Epilogue: Confronting the Study of Sacred Place in American Spirituality.Lane is in theological studies and American studies at St. Louis University. (v.9,#3)

Lane, Belden, The Solace of Fierce Landscapes: Exploring Desert and Mountain Spirituality. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1998. 282 pages. Especially the desert wilderness. The ways thewilderness reveals, in part paradoxically by concealing, the love of a God who seems most silent,most absent in the waste places. 1. Connecting spirituality and the environment. Purgation:Emptiness in a Geography of Abandonment. Mythic Landscape: Grace and the Grotesque /Reflection on a Spirituality of Brokenness. 2. Places on the Edge: Wild Terrain and the SpiritualLife. Mythic Landscape: Fierce Back-Country and the Indifference of God. 3. Prayer WithoutLanguage in the Mystical Tradition / Knowing God as "Inaccessible Mountain" -- "MarvelousDesert." Mythic Landscape: Stalking the Snow Leopard / A Reflection on Work. 4. MythicLandscape: Dragons of the Ordinary / The Discomfort of Common Grace. The Sinai Image in the

History of Western Monotheism. Mythic Landscape: Encounter at Ghost Ranch. 5. Sinai andTabor: Mountain Symbolism in the Christian Tradition. Mythic Landscape: Imaginary Mountains,Invisible Lands. Transformation as the Fruit of Indifference. Mythic Landscape: Transformationat Upper Moss Creek. 6. Desert Catechesis: The Landscape and Theology of Early ChristianMonasticism. Mythic Landscape: Desert Terror and the Playfulness of God. 7. Attentiveness,Indifference, and Love: The Countercultural Spirituality of the Desert Christians. MythicLandscape: Scratchings on the Wall of a Desert Cell. Rediscovering Christ in the Desert. Laneteaches theological studies at St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri. (v.9,#3)

Lane, Belden C., "Open the Kingdom for a Cottonwood Tree," Christian Century 114(no. 30,October 29, 1997):979-983. " Trees should be included in the community of the sacred, and evenin the communion of saints. ... We must extend justice to the creatures that sustain human life,using their products with gratitude and respect. Appreciation for these gifts entails an ethicalreappraisal of logging practices and reforestation plans, including the rejection of clear-cuttingpolicies and `salvage logging.' Particular respect must be given to trees in old-growth forests,where species diversity remains at high risk." Lane teaches theological studies at St. LouisUniversity, St. Louis, Missouri. (v.8,#4)

Lane, John and Thurmond, Gerald, eds. The Woods Stretched for Miles: New Nature Writing fromthe South. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1999. 256 pp. $40 cloth, $16.95 paper. Essays about southern landscapes and nature from eighteen writers with geographic or ancestralties to the region. (v.10,#1)

Lane, M. B., "Buying Back and Caring for Country: Institutional Arrangements and Possibilities forIndigenous Lands Management in Australia," Society and Natural Resources 15(no.9, 2002): 827-46. (v.13,#4)

Lane, MB; McDonald, G, "Towards a general model of forest management through time: evidencefrom Australia, USA, and Canada," Land Use Policy 19(no.3, 2002): 193-206.

Lang, Berel. "Earthquake Prediction: Testing the Ground." Environmental Ethics 5(1983):3-19. Theoccurrence of earthquakes is usually ignored or discounted as an environmental issue, but theenvironmental relevance of the science of earthquake prediction is demonstrable. The socialconsequences of such predictions, when they are accurate, and even (once a general pattern ofaccuracy has been achieved) when they fail, have implications of such varied environmentalissues as land-use control, building codes, social and economic costs (for predictions made whenno earthquake occurs or for failures to predict earthquakes which do occur). Lay members of thepublic are more directly involved in programs of earthquake prediction than in almost all otherinstances of scientific prediction, if only because the scientific findings require public participationin order to have any effect at all. Attention must be paid, accordingly, to the effect of specificpublic and social values on the practice of earthquake prediction--ranging from such broadly basedones as conceptions of the general relation between man and nature to narrower ones like thecost-benefit analysis of a program of earthquake prediction itself. Because of the close connec-tion between the efficacy of earthquake prediction and public attitudes, moreover, certainquestions concerning the social character of "normal" science and the deprofessionalization ofscientific institutions are highlighted in this context. Lang is in the department of philosophy,University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. (EE)

Lang, Graeme, "Forests, Floods and the Environmental state in China", Organization andEnvironment, 15, (No. 2, 2002): 109-30. Deforestation continues in developing countries, despitepredictions of ruinous consequences in the 21st century. The state is a poor protector of theenvironment in most of these countries but is the only agency able to deal with many of the causesof deforestation. This article focuses on the most striking example of state action against

deforestation among the developing countries of the world during the past two decades B the banon logging by the central government of China following the massive floods in 1998. River floodsare more devastating in China than anywhere else in the world. This case provides a goodopportunity to study state responses to environmental crisis. It illuminates the conditions underwhich central governments can act forcefully to conserve natural resources in the face of thedetermination of regional and local actors and authorities to exploit their resources intensively inthe drive for economic development. Lang is an associate professor of sociology in the Departmentof Applied Social Studies at City University of Hong Kong. (v.13, #3)

Lang, Reg and Sue Hendler, "Environmental Ethics: Ethics and Professional Planners," in DonMacNiven, ed., Moral Expertise: Studies in Practical and Professional Ethics (London: Routledge,1990). With attention to the conflicts between planners and developers, focused on the OntarioProfessional Planners Institute. Lang is professor of environmental studies, York University,Toronto. Hendler is in the school of urban and regional planning, Queens University, Kingston,Ontario. (v2,#1)

Lang, Tim, and Hines, Colin. The New Protectionism: Protecting the Future against Free Trade.Review by J. Quentin Merritt, Environmental Values 7(1998):120.

Lang, Tim and Hines, Colin, The New Protectionism: Protecting the Future Against Free Trade. London: Earthscan, 1995. 184 pages. The authors challenge free trade, claiming that, far fromits promised benefits, what free trade actually produces is an ever larger gulf between the world'srich and the world's poor, combined with a growing environmental crisis. A better approach is aNew Protectionism, not in defense of elitist interests at the national level (as did old protectionism),but in pursuit of the three E's: social and global equity, a sane economy, and a sustainableenvironment. (v9,#2)

Lang, Tim, and Hines, Colin. The New Protectionism: Protecting the Future against Free Trade:(London: Earthscan, 1993). Reviewed by Tim Cooper in Environmental Values 4(1995):81-82. (EV)

Langan, Fred, "In Canada, Farmers Find It Pays to Grow Crops the Organic Way," The ChristianScience Monitor 86 (2 August 1994): 9. (v5,#3)

Langhelle, Oluf, and Ornulf Seippel, "Norsk miljofilosofi, en basis for en alternativ ideologi: SigmundKvaloy Satereng," Tidsskrift for Alternativ Framtid (The Norwegian) Journal for an AlternativeFuture), no. 2, 1993. One in a series of philosophically relevant articles presenting profiles inNorwegian environmental philosophy, this one presenting and discussing Satereng'secophilosophical platform, with a response by Satereng in the subsequent issue. Satereng is afarmer-writer-lecturer in Norway who has developed a variety of deep ecology drawing onMumford, Bergson, Whitehead, and Naess, a strong critic of the industrial growth society. Langhelle and Seippel are research fellows at the Alternative Futures Project, Oslo. (v5,#4)

Langhelle, Oluf, and Ornulf Seippel, "Norsk miljofilosofi, en basis for en alternativ ideologi: ArneNaess" Tidsskrift for Alternativ Framtid (The Norwegian) Journal for an Alternative Future), no.3, 1993. An analysis of Arne Naess's deep ecological platform. (v5,#4)

Langhelle, Oluf. "Sustainable Development and Social Justice: Expanding the Rawlsian Frameworkof Global Justice." Environmental Values 9(2000):295-323. ABSTRACT: This article makes twoarguments. First, that social justice constitutes an inherent part of the conception of sustainabledevelopment that the World Commission on Environment and Development outlined in Our CommonFuture (1987). The primary goal of the Commission was to reconcile physical sustainability, needsatisfaction and equal opportunities, within and between generations. Sustainable development

is what defines this reconciliation. Second, it is argued that this conception of sustainabledevelopment is broadly compatible with liberal theories of justice. Sustainable development,however, goes beyond liberal theories of justice in many respects. It is based on threeassumptions, which are for the most part ignored in liberal theories: an accelerating ecologicalinterdependence, historical inequality in past resource use, and the `growth of limits'. Theseassumptions create a conflict between intra - and intergenerational justice, which is ignored inliberal theories, but which sustainable development tries to solve. It does so by imposing duties ondeveloped countries that goes beyond liberal demands, and by abandoning the focus `solely onprotection' that dominates non-anthropocentric approaches to environmental sustainability. Keywords: Biological diversity, climate change, global justice, sustainable development. OlufLanghelle is at RF - Rogaland Research, P.O. Box 2503 Ullandhaug, 4091 Stavanger, Norway. (EV)

Langholz, J. A. and Lassoie, J. P., "Perils and Promise of Privately Owned Protected Areas,"Bioscience 51(no.12, 2001): 1079-85. (v.13,#2)

Langley, Gil, ed., Animal Experimentation: The Consensus Changes. London: Routledge, 1989; soldin U. S. by Chapman and Hall, an imprint of Routledge, Chapman, and Hall, 1989. Ten essays,mostly British but also American and Australian. (v1,#4)

Langmead, Ross, "Ecojustice Principles: Challenges for the Evangelical Perspective," EcotheologyNo 5/6 (Jul 98 / Jan 99):162-172.

Langpickvance (Lang-Pickvance), Katy, Manning, Nick, Pickvance, Chris, eds. Environmental andHousing Movements: Grassroots Experience in Hungary, Russia, and Estonia. Brookfield, Vt.:Ashgate, 1997. A detailed comparative picture of environmental and housing movements inHungary, Russia, and Estonia over the period 1991-1994. (v8,#2)

Langston, N, "Review of: Christopher J. Huggard and Arthur R. Gomez, eds., Forests Under Fire:A Century of Ecosystem Mismanagement in the Southwest", Environmental History 8(no.1,2003):150.

Langton, Marcia, "What Do We Mean by Wilderness? Wilderness and Terra Nullius in AustralianArt." The Sydney Papers, (The Sydney Institute) 8(no. 1, 1996):10-31. (v.9,#3)

Lanier-Graham, Susan D., The Ecology of War: Environmental Impacts of Weaponry and Warfare. New York: Walker and Company, 1993. Effects of battles on the landscape, and also the peace-time aspects of war, such as weapons testing, waste disposal. Lanier-Graham teaches atColorado Northwestern Community College in Craig, Colorado. (v4,#3)

Lankard, A., and W. Mclaughlin, "Marketing an Environmental Issue: A Case Study of TheWilderness Society's Core Messages to Promote National forest Conservation from 1964 to 2000,"Society and Natural Resources 16(no. 5, 2003): 415-434. (v 14, #3)

Lankford, Bruce and Franks, Tom, "The Sustainable Coexistence of Wetlands and Rice Irrigation:A Case Study From Tanzania," The Journal of Environment and Development 9 (No. 2, 2000 Jun01): 119- . (v.11,#4)

Lanz, TJ, "Review of: Peter Boomgaard, Frontiers of Fear: Tigers and People in the Malay World,1600-1950," Environmental History 7(no.4, 2002): 691.

Lanza, Robert P., Dresser, Betsy L., and Damiani, Philip, "Cloning Noah's Ark," Scientific American283 (no. 5, November, 2000): 84-89. A humble Iowa cow is slated to give birth to the first clonedendangered species, a gaur, an ox-like animal now rare in India and listed by IUCN as endangered. The cloned Gaur bull is to be named Noah, in commemoration of the world's first endangeredspecies project. Biotechnology, some biologists claim, might offer the best way to keep someendangered species from disappearing from the planet. One could also wonder if this might notlaunch another round of the "faking nature" debate. Lanza and Damiani are with Advanced CellTechnology, Worcester, MA, and are conservationists. Dresser is in research at the AudubonInstitute Center for Research of Endangered Species, New Orleans. (v.11,#4)

Lapintie, Kimmo, ed. Paradise Lost: Rationality, Freedom, and Ecology in the City. Housing &Environment, No 2. University of Tampere, Department of Social Policy and Social Work, 1996. Lapintie, an architect and philosopher, and also leader of the Ecopolis project, discusses themeaning of the introduction of the ecological terminology and paradigm in planning discourse, andthe establishment of the sustainable development ideology in planning methodology. He argues thatthe basic problem of both ecology and ecological planning is that they heavily lean on traditionalpaternalistic attitudes. Finnish Academy. "Ecopolis" is a multidisciplinary researchproject sponsored by the Finnish Academy. Email lapintie@arc.tut.fi. v7, # 3)

Lapintie, Kimmo, and Aspegren, Marjo, eds. Ecopolis Papers: Housing and Environment, No 1. University of Tampere, Department of Social Policy and Social Work, 1996. In this collection ofpapers, the researchers of the Ecological City (Ecopolis) Project introduce different levelsof problematic in ecological planning and research. Finnish Academy. "Ecopolis" is amultidisciplinary research project sponsored by the Finnish Academy. Email lapintie@arc.tut.fi. (v7,#3)

Lappé, Frances Moore, and Joseph Collins. Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity. Reviewed inEnvironmental Ethics 1(1979):279-82.

Lappé, Frances Moore, Collins, Joseph, and Rosset, Peter, World Hunger: Twelve Myths, 2nd ed. New York: Grove Press, 1999. $ 11.00. The twelve myths:1. Not enough food to go around.2. Nature's to blame for famine.3. Too many people.4. The environment vs. more food?5. The green revolution is the answer.6. We need large farms.7. The free market can end world hunger.8. Free trade is the answer.9. Too hungry to fight for their rights.10. More U.S. aid will help the hungry.11. We benefit from their poverty.12. Curtail freedom to end hunger? (v.10,#1)

Lariviere, S., Jolicoeur, H., and Crete, M., "Status and conservation of the gray wolf (Canis lupus)in wildlife reserves of Quebec," Biological Conservation 94 (No. 1, 2000): 143- . (v.11,#4)

Larkin, Lucy, "Turning: Face-to-face with Limobius mixtus," Ecotheology Vol 7 (No. 1, July2002):45-59. This article elaborates on the themes of creativity, compassion and new forms ofrelating in regard to human encounters with nature. The example of an endangered weevil,Limobius mixtus, is put forward to argue that the loss of biodiversity results in the diminishment ofGod. Emmanuel Levinas' use of the image of `the face' that comes from `height', Martin Buber'sphilosophy of `I and Thou' and feminist theological writing on the breakdown of relationship are all

employed in the weaving of a theological tapestry. Sin is defined as the failure to observe one ofthe `least', such as the weevil. Our motives in desiring repaired relationships with nature areadditionally scrutinised. It is suggested that to be creative, compassionate and to desire rightrelationships with nature promote a dynamic which ultimately preserves the life of God.

Larrere (Larrére), Catherine. Les philosophies de l'environnement. Review by Axel Gosseries,Ethics and the Environment 3(1998):111-115.

Larrere (Larrére), Catherine, and Larrére, Raphaël. Du bon usage de la nature. Pour unephilosophie de l'environnement. Review by Axel Gosseries, Ethics and the Environment3(1998):111-115.

Larrere (Larrére), Catherine, and Larrére, Raphaël. Du bon usage de la nature: Pour unephilosophie de l'environnement. Review by Peter A. Gunter, Environmental Ethics 20(1998):329-24.

Larrere (Larrére), Catherine, Les Philosophies de l'environnement. Review by Peter A. Gunter,Environmental Ethics 20(1998):329-24.

Larrere, Catherine, "Ethics, Politics, Science, and the Environment: Concerning the NaturalContract." In Callicott, J. Baird, and da Rocha, Fernando J. R. Earth Summit Ethics: Toward aReconstructive Postmodern Philosophy of Environmental Education. Albany, NY: State Universityof New York Press, 1996. (v7, #3)

Larrère, Catherine, Les philosophies de l'environnement (Philosophies of the Environment). Paris,Presses universitaires de France, 1997. 124 pages. An overview of largely Americanenvironmental philosophy, with discussions of intrinsic value, the land ethic, animal ethics,wilderness and pluralism. Larrère depicts the American environmental debate as involving twoopposed tendencies, the search for abstract universal laws (Moralität), and the effort to groundenvironmental values in the concept of community (Sittlichkeit). The first is an expandedKantianism, and also found in the animal rights movement. The second is developed in Leopold'sland ethics. Catherine Larrère is a philosophy professor and head of the philosophy departmentat the Université Michel de Montaigne, Bordeaux III, in France. Reviewed by Pete A. Y. Gunter inEnvironmental Ethics 20(1998):329-334. A good review summarizing her argument is AxelGosseries, "Environmental Philosophy Debate," Ethics and the Environment 3(1998):111-115. Thebest introduction in French to environmental philosophy. (v8,#3)

Larrère, Catherine and Raphaël Larrère, Du bon usage de la nature. Pour une philosophie del'environnement (On the Good Use of Nature: Toward a Philosophy of the Environment). Paris. Aubier, 1997. 355 pages. Much longer than the preceding survey, covering the history of Westernphilosophy and concluding with the authors' proposal for a plausible and workable environmentalethic. A classical (Greek) view of nature recommended that humans learn from the norms ofnature and accept natural limits. The modern world makes nature a realm of passive mechanicalinteractions, valueless, with humans outside and over nature. The authors, in a third, postmodernview, inscribe humans in nature but not in a privileged position. "Good use today should beecocentric" (p. 19). Against Luc Ferry, The New Ecological Order, the authors argue that "to facethe environmental crisis we do not need only an ethics of responsibility towards future generationsbut also a new idea, or scientific, ecocentered vision of nature." Shows that environmental ethicsis alive and well in France, and also introduces French and European contributions to the debatewith which English-speaking philosophers may not be familiar. Catherine Larrère teachesphilosophy at the Université Michel de Montaigne, Bordeaux III, in France. Raphaël Larrère anagronomy engineer and director of research at the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique(INRA). Reviewed by Pete A. Y. Gunter in Environmental Ethics 20(1998):329-344. (v8,#3)

Larrère, Catherine, "La forêt est-elle un objet philosophique?" in La Forêt, les Savoirs et lesCitoyens, Editions de l'ANCR/Agence nationale de création rurale. Co Mars 1995, Editions ANCR,73124 Chalon-sur-Saône cedex. With Descartes, and Rousseau and Heidegger as well, the forestin philosophy is a place one has to go out of. The forest is a metaphor of method, of spatialorientation. This attitude that "one should go out of the forest" becomes a philosophical motto thatfurthers the modern separation between humans and nature. (v8,#3)

Larrère, Catherine, and Larrère, Raphael, eds., La crise environnementale (The EnvironmentalCrisis). Paris: Éditions de l'INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), 1997. For sale:INRA Editions, Route de St Cyr, 78026 Versailles-Cédex France. (v8,#3)

Larrère, Catherine, "La nature est-elle aimable? (Is Nature Loveable)," La Mazarine, Editions duTreize Mars, 12 boulevard Péreire, 75017 Paris, no. 1, automne 1997. The answer depends uponwhich nature is in question. The article distinguishes between a nature-artefact, that we areresponsible for, and a processual nature, that we can love. (v8,#3)

Larrère, Catherine. Review of Sitter-Liver, Beat and Beatrix, eds., Culture within Nature/Culturedans la nature. Environmental Ethics 19(1997):433-435. (EE)

Larsen, David R., Shifley, Stephen R., England, Kristine. "Ten Guidelines for EcosystemResearchers: Lessons from Missouri," Journal of Forestry 95(no.4, 1997):4. (v8,#2)

Larsen, FW; Rahbek, C, "Influence of scale on conservation priority setting--a test on Africanmammals", Biodiversity and Conservation 12(no.3, 2003):599-614.

Larsen, Randy, Environmental Virtue Ethics: Nature as Polis. M. A. thesis at Colorado StateUniversity, Spring 1996. Virtue ethics, developing the Aristotelian tradition, has promise forenvironmental ethics, although Aristotle's list of virtues needs to be supplemented withenvironmental ones. "Tenacity" can serve environmentalists, avoiding extremes of "apathy" and"obsession," finding a balance between the existential experience of nature and advocacy forenvironmental conservation. John Muir is an example of a successful holder of this environmentalvirtue. Larsen is currently the host on a radio talk show, "Ecotalk," on station KZFR serving thearea around Chico, California. He teaches in a community college there. (v6,#4)

Laschefski, K; Freris, N, "Saving the wood from the trees Is tropical timber certification the saviourof the rainforests," Ecologist 31(no. 6, 2001):40-43. (v.13,#1)

Lash, Jonathan, "Towards a Sustainable Future," Natural Resources and Environment 12 (Fall1997):83-. (v.8,#4)

Lassonde, Louise. Coping with Population Challenges. Covelo, CA: Island Press, 1997. 224 pp.$61.50 cloth, $26.50 paper. This volume examines the Programme of Action adopted at the 1994ICPD in Cairo in light of the challenges of past and present demographic change and theirimplications for action. (v8,#2)

Latour, Bruno, We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993. 157pages. paper. Only the modern West has conceptually separated culture from nature; no othercultures have ever done so. That is, in fact, the defining characteristic of modernity: "it believesin the total separation of humans and nonhumans" (p. 37). "Our own mythology consists inimagining ourselves as radically different" (p. 114). At the same time we in the West constructmassive "hybrids" of culture and nature--the ozone hole, global warming, deforestation--and are

unable to recognize the root of the problem because our ideology, driving science, technology, andpolitics, separates humans from nature when in fact they must and do entwine. In achieving thisseparation, "no one has ever been modern. Modernity has never begun. There has never beena modern world" (p. 47) "It behooves us to ... become once more what we have never ceased tobe: amoderns" (p. 90). The answer is not in being postmodern, but in being amodern (p. 131). Thiswill retain "the premoderns' inability to differentiate durably between the networks and the purepoles of Nature and Society" (p. 133). Pure culture does not exist, nor does pure nature, nor isanything singular. "There are only natures-cultures" (p. 104). Latour is a sociologist at EcoleNationale Supérieure des Mines, Paris, and at the University of California, San Diego. (v7,#2)

Latour, Bruno, "To Modernise or Ecologise? That Is the Question." In Braun, Bruce, and NoelCastree, eds., Remaking Nature: Nature at the Millennium. London: Routledge, 1998. (v.14, #4)

Latour, Bruno, Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 2004. Latour, the controversial deconstructor (social reconstructor) ofscience now constructs his environmental ethics, or at least, environmental policy. Latour'sargument, as usual, is complex and idiosyncratic. The dichotomy between nature and society,between the world and our representations of it, is false. There is no separation between scienceand nature, for nature is itself a concept that results from certain kinds of scientific and socialframings. So, for that matter, are science and society. These concepts are interdependent andmust be understood collectively. There is a real world, but it is not "out there."

To address ecological damage and destruction, we have first to acknowledge and thenreject the false separations we have heretofore accepted. That means most environmentalmovements have been wrong. "Under the pretext of protecting nature, the ecology movementshave also retained the conception of nature that makes their political struggles hopeless. Because`nature' is made ... precisely to eviscerate politics, one cannot claim to retain it even while tossingit into the public debate." Latour proposes replacing this bifurcated world with a collective basedon civil collaboration between humans and nonhumans.

Meanwhile Latour seems also to hold that in this collective collaboration, nonhumans haveto be considered equally with humans. We must extend Kant's categorical imperative to treat thenonhuman world as ends rather than means. We have to take seriously the needs, interests,desires of nonhumans. But just how we know these nonhuman values "out there" withoutconstructing them is left unclear. Reviewed by Naomi Oreskes, "A Call for a Collective," Science305(27 August 2004):1241-1242. (v.14, #4)

Lauber, T. B. , Knuth, B. A. , and Deshler, J. D., "Educating Citizens About Controversial Issues: TheCase of Suburban Goose Management," Society and Natural Resources 17(no.7, 2002): 581-98. (v.13,#4)

Lauber, V, "The Austrian Greens after the 2002 Elections," Environmental Politics 12(no.3,2003):139-144. (v.14, #4)

Lauerman, John F., "Animal Research," Harvard Magazine 101 (no. 1, 1999):48-57. Mice andmedicine: The rights of humans and animals. A report from the laboratories and the animal-rightscommunity. Some spokesmen: "You could also say that you couldn't have settled the Southwithout slavery. Would you still do it that way today? Just because something seemed acceptableat the time is not to say that we should do it in our time" - Neal Barnard. "It is very easy to say thatit is wrong to cause the death of another living animal. The difficulty comes in saying, `I understandwhat I'm doing is causing the death of a limited number of animals. But I'm making a judgment thatthe results will justify doing the study." - Norman Letvin. (v.9,#4)

Laurance, W. F. "Catastrophic Declines of Australian Rainforest Frogs: Is Unusual WeatherResponsible?" Biological Conservation 77, no.2 (1996): 203. (v7, #3)

Laurance, William F. "Tropical Forest Remnants: Ecology, Management and Conservation ofFragmented Communities." Environmental Conservation 23, no.1 (1996): 89. (v7, #3)

Laurance, William F., et al, "Biomass Collapse in Amazonian Forest Fragments," Science 278(7November 1997):1117-1118. With commentary: Williams, Nigel, "Rain Forest Fragments FarePoorly," Science 278(7 November, 1998):1016. In one of the longest studies, isolated fragmentsof rain forest suffer greatly around their edges, losing considerable amounts of biomass andspecies. (v.9,#4)

Lautensach, Alexander K. Environmental Ethics for the Future. A thesis submitted for the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, September 2003.ABSTRACT: Over the last few decades mounting evidence has suggested that the Earth is facingan environmental crisis unprecedented in its scale and causation. The crisis threatens thecontinued well-being of humanity as well as much of the biodiversity of the planet. It is largelycaused by unsustainable behaviour of Homo sapiens. Underlying human behaviour are beliefs,values and structural constraints that shape people's concepts of progress. The emerging globalculture manifests a particular concept of progress that is based on harmful beliefs and largelycounterproductive values. Within that value base, the counterproductive influences tend to arisefrom anthropocentric values and assumptions, which are incompatible with sustainable living. Themost effective approach to accomplish a cultural change of such magnitude is through educationalreform. This thesis provides an educational blueprint for changing those anthropocentric valuesand assumptions and to introduce a moral shift towards ecocentrism. A large-scale reform at manylevels of current educational practice is required to ensure that learners acquire the moral,scientific, interpretive and emancipatory knowledge to build a sustainable future for humanity andits home.

Lautenschlager, R. A. "Identify the Specifics: A Biopolitical Approach for Establishing ResearchPriorities." Journal of Forestry 94, no.4 (1996): :31. (v7, #3)

Law in the New Age of Biotechnology. Environmental Law Centre, 201, 10350-124 St., Edmonton,Alberta T5N 3V9, Canada. Canadian $ 42.75. (v4,#1)

Lawler, Andrew, "Stormy Forecast for Climate Science," Science 305(20 August 2004):1094-1097. Climate researchers are facing a confused and perilous future, much of it surrounding NASA'sEarth Observing System. Weather forecasters and climate forecasters often need different data;different government agencies are involved, such as, in the U.S., NASA and NOAA. The work isfragmented and underfunded. International cooperation for global data is even more fragmentedand underfunded. And climate scientists claim their work is more important for national and globalsecurity (more long-term threat to humans) than is the military or terrorist threat. (v. 15, # 3)

Lawrence, A. B., and Rushen, J., eds., Stereotypic Animal Behaviour: Fundamentals andApplications to Welfare. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International, 1993.

Lawrence, Patrick L. "Integrated Coastal Zone Management and the Great Lakes," Land Use Policy14(no.2, 1997):119.

Lawrence, R. D., The White Puma (New York: Henry Holt). Canadian naturalist R. D. Lawrence,who once spent ten months tracking and observing a puma, has written a novel told largely fromthe point of view of a puma in the wilds of British Columbia and bearing an important environmentaland political message. The story follows the life of an unnamed puma, born with a pure white coat,from birth through a life of persecution by humans. His mother and young litter mate are killed byhunters. Wealthy European hunters lust after his pelt and will pay thousands of dollars for a

chance to shoot him. The puma learns to fear and then to hunt his human adversaries. The WhitePuma reminds the wise species that there are other intelligent and worthwhile beings to consider.(v1,#2)

Lawton, J., "Are Species Useful?", Oikos 62(1991):3-4.

Lawton, John H., "Conservation Biology: Where Next?" Society for Conservation BiologyNewsletter 9 (no. 4, 2002):1-2. "Finally, the biggest challenge of all is that we live in a world inwhich the gap between the minority of `haves' and the majority of `have nots' is growing everwider. We live in a desperately unfair, unequal world. Effective conservation is impossible in theface of grinding human poverty on the one hand, and blinding human greed on the other. Moreeffective conservation of Earth's biological riches will not happen without sustainable development,the stabilization of the global population, and social justice, for all nations." Lawton is ChiefExecutive, Natural Environment Research Council, UK, and at Imperial College, London. (v.13,#4)

Lawton, John H. and Robert M. May, eds., Extinction Rates. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995. pp. 248. $ 23. A wide-ranging introduction to the qualitative and quantitative methodsrequired to make predictions about extinction. (v8,#2)Layard, Antonia, Review of Gary Francione, Animals, Property and the Law. Environmental Values7(1998):118.

Layne, Christopher, "Rethinking American Grand Strategy: Hegemony or Balance of Power in theTwenty-First Century," World Policy Journal 15(no.2, 1998), p.8. (v.9,#4)

Lazaroff, Leon. "Pushing Frontiers of Oil Exploration: Drillers Going Off Deep End in Gulf." TheChristian Science Monitor, July 6, 1995, pp. 1, 18. (v6,#2)

Lea, David R., "Melanesian Axiology, Communal Land Tenure, and the Prospect of SustainableDevelopment Within Papua New Guinea", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics6(1993):89-102. It is the contention of this paper that some progress in alleviating the social andenvironmental problems which are beginning to face Papua New Guinea can be achieved bysupporting traditional Melanesian values through maintaining the customary system of communalland tenure. In accordance with this aim I will proceed to contrast certain Western attitudestowards "individual freedom", "self-interested behavior", "individual and communal interests" and"private ownership" with attitudes and values expressed in the traditional Melanesian approach. I will describe how the emergence of a cash economy and the attachment to Western gadgetryand products have effected injury to the environment and undermined values which havepreviously maintained Melanesian social cohesion. Lea is in psychology and philosophy at theUniversity of Papua New Guinea, Papua New Guinea.

Lea, John P., "Tourism Development Ethics in the Third World," Annals of Tourism Research20(1993):701-715. The origins of ethical concern about tourism development in the Third World aretraced in both the sociology of development and the environmental ethics literature. New secularand religious writings single out the traveller and the tourism industry as objects of ethical concern.Lea attempts a preliminary overview of the growing "responsible tourism" and travel ethicsliterature and explores the significance of anti-tourism activity in the Indian State of Goa. Hesuggests a three-part grouping into Third World development ethics, tourism industry ethics, andpersonal travel ethics. "It is certain that tourism ethics in general and environmental ethics inparticular will become an important subdiscipline within tourism studies in the near future." Leateaches architecture at the University of Sydney, Australia. (v5,#4)

Leach, M., Mearns, R. The Lie of the Land. Review by David Thomas, Environmental Values7:(1998):481.

Leahy, Michael P. T., Against Liberation: Putting Animals in Perspective. London and New York:Routledge, 1991. 273 pages. Concern for the rights of animals is based on a series offundamental misconceptions about the basic nature of animals, which tend to identify themrationally, emotionally, and morally far too closely with ourselves. Leahy is in philosophy at theUniversity of Kent. (v4,#3)

Leakey, Richard and Roger Lewin, The Sixth Extinction: Patterns of Life and the Future ofHumankind. New York: Doubleday, 1995. (v6,#4)

Leal, Donald, R. "Community-Run Fisheries: Avoiding the Tragedy of the Commons." Bozeman, MT:PERC Policy Series, No. PS-7, September 1996. (Address: 502 South 19th Ave, Suite 211,Bozeman, MY 59715 USA. Phone 406/587-9591. Fax 406/586-7555). Fish populations in manycoastal areas of the United States and Canada continue to decline, despite government regulations. Communities who mainstay is fishing appear powerless to control the tragedy of destructiveoverfishing. But such as tragedy of the commons is not inevitable, and there are manycommunities that have effectively protected their fishing territories and preserved fish for thefuture. Fishing areas can be protected from overfishing with minimal government involvement. Leal is the coauthor with Terry L. Anderson of Free Market Environmentalism. (v7, #3)

Lear, L, "Review of: Barbara T. Gates, ed., In Nature's Name: An Anthology of Women's Writingand Illustration, 1780-1930; and Lorraine Anderson and Thomas S. Edwards, eds., At Home on ThisEarth: Two Centuries of U.S. Women's Nature Writing" Environmental History 8(no.1, 2003):157-159.

Lear, Linda, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature. 1997. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997.634 pp. $17.95, paper. $35.00, cloth. The first comprehensive biography of the great naturalist. Two themes recur repeatedly: (1) the hurdles she had to overcome as a woman in the masculineworlds of science, government and the professions. Carson pursued and ultimately abandonedwork towards a Ph.D. in biology. (2) Her tenacity as a writer, culminating in Carson's struggle towrite Silent Spring, and the political firestorm the book ignited. Despicable attempts by chemical andagribusiness interests to slander Carson and discredit her work. She pressed her cause in theface of family tragedy and failing health, one of the heroic stories in conservation history. Seealso:--Carson, Rachel, Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel Carson. Beacon Press, Boston,1998. 267 pp. $ 24.00. (v10,#4)

Lear, Linda, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature. New York: Henry Holt, 1997. 640 pages. $ 35. Carson died in 1964, aged 57, and one of the most famous people in America, but her personallife is little known. She was employed full-time at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service, but had heavyfamily responsibilities--her mother, her sister, her nieces, and, ultimately, her grandnephew, whomshe adopted--all the while trying to find a few hours for her work, driven by her sense of theimportance of her subject--first the sea, and then life itself. She was ill throughout the writing ofSilent Spring. Carson prospered in adverse circumstances; she also changed the circumstancesof everyone who came after her. "For Carson, nature writing and popular science writing werevehicles of human redemption." Lear teaches at George Washington University. (v8,#3)

Lear, Linda J., Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature. New York: Henry Holt, 1997. $ 35. Big,definitive biography, 634 pages. (v9,#2)

Leax, John, Standing Ground: A Personal Story of Fath and Environmentalism. Grand Rapids, MI:Zondervan, 1991. 127 pages. $ 7.99. A personal account of one man's stand against the buildingof a nuclear dump near his home. The moral conflicts, fears, angers, and questions Leax facedas he came to terms with the responsibilities of being a steward of the earth. (v6,#4)

LeBlanc (Le Blanc), Jill, "A Mystical Response to Disvalue in Nature," Philosophy Today45(2001):254-265. Holmes Rolston's account of disvalues in nature is too rationalized; it does notspeak to the distress of the individual pained by the stresses of nature. For this one needs amystical, experiential response, which involves loving all things and doing all one can to alleviatesuch disvalue in the world. Le Blanc is at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario. (v.13,#2)

LeBlanc, Jill. "Eco-Thomism." Environmental Ethics 21(1999):293-306. St. Thomas Aquinas isgenerally seen as having an anthropocentric and instrumentalist view of nature, in which therational human is the point of the universe for which all else was created. I argue that, to thecontrary, his metaphysics is consistent with a holistic ecophilosophy. His views that natural thingshave intrinsic value and that the world is an organic unity in which diversity is itself a valuerequiring respect for being and life in all their manifestations. (EE)

LeBreton (Le Breton), Binka. A Land to Die For. Atlanta: Clarity Press, 1997. 151pp. $12.95.Recouping the events surrounding the assassination of Padre Josimo, a black priest internationallyrecognized for his role in the struggle of impoverished squatters for land, LeBreton captures thegrass roots view of the turbulent social fabric of rural Brazil--large landowners, wealthyspeculators. politicians, pistoleiros, peasants, and on both sides, the Catholic Church, torn betweenancient ritual and contemporary liberation theology, heeding the cries of the poor and calling forjustice. Le Breton is a British journalist who lives with her husband in an isolated area ofsoutheastern Brazil. (v8,#3)

Lee, Charles. "The Integrity of Justice: Evidence of Environmental Racism" Sojourners(February/March 1990): 22-25.

Lee, Donald C. "Some Ethical Decision Criteria with Regard to Procreation." Environmental Ethics1(1979):65-69. A response to Daniel Callahan's claim that although population growth has beena longstanding value it now poses a threat to human beings as well as to ecosystemic health. With particular attention to the rank ordering of freedom and the right to procreate. One does nothave a right to procreate to unlimited procreation that threatens the very survival of the species. Lee is in the department of philosophy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM. (EE)

Lee, Donald C. "Toward a Marxian Ecological Ethic: A Response to Two Critics." EnvironmentalEthics 4(1982):339-43. To the claim that Marx has no concept of human nature after 1845 and isnot prescriptive, I reply that his work only makes sense in the light of his definition of the humanbeing as creator and producer of himself through his own productive activity; otherwise, there isno reason that labor should "naturally" belong to the laborer, since other animals live from eachother's labor and exploitation is natural. Marx's rejection of exploitation is an ethical principle. Onthe other hand, I attack the narrow human chauvinism of Marxists which lacks environmentalconsciousness and concern for other species; I label it "eco-imperialism." Marx had severalimportant insights, but his work in general was not always free of the limitations of his age; I tryto point to those insights most instructive in our time with regard to the problems of environment. Lee is in the department of philosophy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM. (EE)

Lee, Donald, "A Hierarchical Ethical Theory Based on the Ecological Perspective" PhilosophicalInquiry 8, nos. 1-2 (Winter-Spring 1986):111-123). Argues that we need a theory whichprescribes different levels of value for different kinds of entities. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Lee, Donald C. "On the Marxian View of the Relationship between Man and Nature." EnvironmentalEthics 2(1980):3-16. Marx holds that mankind has developed from nature and in mutual interactionwith nature: nature is not an "other" but is man's body. Capitalism is a necessary stage inmankind's historical development of the mastery of nature, but it regards nature as an "other" tobe exploited. Thus, a further historical development is necessary: the overcoming of the dichotomybetween man as subject and nature as object. Capitalism bases its concept of wealth onunnecessary production rather than on socially useful production and on the maximization of trueleisure and free and creative activity for all. It creates excess pollution and depletes nonrenewableresources as a result of this wasteful, exploitative, unnecessary production. A Marxian solutionto environmental problems involves the replacement of capitalism with a rational humane,environmentally unalienated social order. Unfortunately, the actual practice of Marxism has notgenerally been in accord with its own theory. Such rational, humane social orders have not yetbeen instituted, but they must be soon. We must take one aspect of Marx's ideas to its logicalconclusion: Marxist practice has been, at best, homocentric, but now it must overcome thatlimitation and truly see nature as our "body." Marxism must become ecologically aware; mankindmust become the steward of its "body": the ecosystem upon which it depends and which nowdepends upon it for its health (homeostasis). Lee is in the department of philosophy, Universityof New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM. (EE)

Lee, Donald C. Review of Science and the Revenge of Nature. By C. Fred Alford. EnvironmentalEthics 9(1987):185-87.

Lee, Donald C. "Government, Justice, and Procreation." Environmental Ethics 4(1982):94-96. (EE)

Lee, K, "Review of: David Wilkinson, Environment and Law," Environmental Politics 11(no.4, 2002):149.

Lee, K., "Review of: Brian Czech and Paul R. Krausman, The Endangered Species Act: History,Conservation, Biology and Public Policy," Environmental Politics 12(no. 1, 2003): 265-266. (v 14,#3)

Lee, Kai N., "Sustainability, Concept and Practice Of," Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 5: 553-568. Biodiversity is dependent on sustainable utilization of the natural world by humans, and theconservation of biodiversity may well be essential to the durability of the human species. Is asustainable economy possible? Recent scientific appraisals suggest that it is but that a transitiontoward sustainability will require significant social, political, and technological changes during thenext two generations. This is also the time period in which human population seems likely to leveloff; hence, it is possible to think of a sustainability transition on the timescale of the demographictransition drawing to a close during the twenty-first century. (v.11,#4)

Lee, Kai N., Compass and Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics for the Environment. Washington: Island Press, 1993. 290 pages. $ 25.00 hardcover. Rigorous science can be thecompass and practical politics can be the gyroscope. Uses the Columbia River Basin in the PacificNorthwest as a case study. "Sustainable development is not a goal, not a condition likely to beattained on earth as we know it. Rather it is more like freedom or justice, a direction in which westrive." (v4,#3)

Lee, Keekok, The Natural and the Artefactual: The Implications of Deep Science and DeepTechnology for Environmental Philosophy. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books (Rowman & Littlefield),1999. Pages 288. ISBN 0-7391-0061-0. $35.00 cloth. Focuses on ontology in the ongoing debatesin environmental philosophy, by making the distinction between the natural and the artefactual. Argues that the crisis facing our kind of industrial civilisation is not so much ecological as

ontological in character. Science and technology are dynamic; while extant or older technologiesare indeed polluting, newer ones or those on the horizon would be increasingly less so.

Technological fixes, however, of this kind mask the true nature of the reality facing us--thesunrise technologies (like biotechnology), are nature-replacing, rather than nature-savingtechnologies. The price we are being asked to pay for a cleaner environment via such technologieswill be the elimination of nature as the ontological other. In other words, our science and ourtechnology increasingly allow us to systematically transform the natural to become the artefactual--the ultimate outcome would be a narcissistic civilisation where nearly everything around us isnothing but the product of human intentions, designs and ends. What we admire then would nolonger be nature's creativity and ingenuity but our own human creativity and ingenuity.

In order to grasp the radical powers of today's technologies and those in the near future,one must also grasp the complex relationships between science and technology in the past andin modern times. These may be explored in turn in the relationships between the history andphilosophy of science on the one hand and the history and philosophy of technology on the other.

Lee challenges one of the central assumptions of contemporary environmentalism: that ifwe could reduce or eliminate pollution, we could "save" the planet without unduly disrupting ourmodern, industrialized societies. Lee argues instead that the process of modernization, with itsattendant emphasis on technological innovation, has fundamentally transformed "nature" into justanother man-made "artefact." Ultimately, what needs to be determined is whether nature has valueabove and beyond human considerations, aesthetic, spiritual, or biological. Provocative, arevolutionary attempt to reconfigure environmental ethics, positing the existence of two separateontological categories - the "natural" and the "artefactual." Natural entities, whether they areorganisms or inert mater, are "morally considerable" because they possess the ontological valueof independence, whereas artefacts are created by humans expressly to serve their interest andends.Contents:--Chapter: 1. Worldviews: Modern and Pre-modern Modernity; The Old Philosophy and the OldScience; The New Science and Its Method, includes Modern Science and the History ofTechnology: Transforming the Natural to Become the Artefactual.2. Modern Technology, the Philosophy of Technology, and the Philosophy of Science.Chapter 3: Independence, Human Design and Artefacticity, including the Natural: Different Sensesof `Nature' and the End of Nature?Chapter 4: Technology: Threats to the Natural, Extant Technology and the Less Radical Threat tothe Natural, including the Humanization of Nature, and the Naturalization of Humanity.Chapter 5: Ontology and Axiology, Abiotic Nature and Intrinsic Value.Appendix 2: Is Nature a Mere Social Construct?

Lee, formerly at the University of Manchester, is now a researcher at the University ofLancaster, UK. Reviewed by Y.S. Lo. Environmental Values 9(2000):254.

Lee, Keekok, "The Source and Locus of Intrinsic Value," Environmental Ethics 18(1996):297-308.In the literature of environmental philosophy, the single most potent argument that has been madeagainst the claim that nature may possess intrinsic value in any objective sense is the Humeanthesis of projectivism and its associated view that human consciousness is the source of allvalues. Theorists, in one way or another, have to face up to this challenge. For instance, J. BairdCallicott upholds this Humean foundation to modern Western philosophy. However, bydistinguishing between the source and locus of value, he makes it possible to argue that natureis the locus of intrinsic value without at the same time compromising the thesis that humanconsciousness is the source of all values. On the other hand, Holmes Rolston, III, another eminentenvironmental philosopher, criticizes the distinction as well as challenges the Humean foundationitself. In this article, I attempt to resolve the disagreement between Callicott and Rolston over thisparticular distinction, thereby doing justice to the insights which each theorist, undoubtedly, hasbrought to bear on the issue of intrinsic value, at least as far as individual organisms is concerned.However, I am also critical of both for having failed to draw out the full implications behind certain

crucial distinctions that should be made about the notion of intrinsic value itself. Lee is inphilosophy, University of Manchester, UK. (EE)

Lee, Keekok, "An Animal: What is it?," Environmental Values 6(1997):393-410. ABSTRACT: Thispaper will argue that posing the question what is an animal? is neither irrelevant nor futile. Bylooking more closely at four conceptions of what is an animal as held implicitly by the generalpublic, by certain philosophers of animal liberation, by apologists for zoos and by the communityof zoologists, it will attempt to show that the first three are partial and decontextualised. On theother hand, the zoological account is obviously more comprehensive, and it will be argued that, ifsuitably teased out, it involves a properly contextualised conception set against the notions ofspecies, habitat, ecosystem and of evolutionary processes in the past (as well as the future).Such a rounder and more historical characterisation will transcend the usual polarisation betweenso-called individualism and holism in environmental philosophy. The transcendence of thisperceived dichotomy is shown also to have practical implications for environmental policy-makingwith regard to issues like biodiversity and the saving of animals from extinction. Department ofPhilosophy University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. (EV)

Lee, Keekok, Holland, Alan, and McNeill, Desmond, eds., Global Sustainable Development. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Explores some of the complexities surroundingsustaninable development in terms of the concept itself as well as at the level of implementationand policy. Challenges facing those who wish to invoke the notion both in their thinking and theirplanning, whether in the developing South or the developed North. The contributors, coming fromdifferent parts of the world, from very different backgrounds and disciplines bring their owndistinctive perspective to bear on the issues they have respectively identified as relevant andcrucial. Lee and Holland are at the University of Lancaster. McNeill is at the University of Oslo. (v.11,#3)

Lee, Keekok. "Beauty for Ever?" Environmental Values 4(1995):213-225. This paper is not primarilyabout the philosophy of beauty with regard to landscape evaluation. Neither is it basically aboutthe place of aesthetics in environmental philosophy. Rather, its aim is to argue that while aestheticshas a clear role to play, it cannot form the basis of an adequate environmental philosophy withoutpresupposing that natural processes and their products have no role to play independent of thehuman evaluation of them in terms of their beauty. The limitations, especially of a subjectiveaesthetics, are brought out through examining the decision of the National Trust in the Lake Districtto restore Yew Tree Tarn, thereby `to ensure its beauty will be permanent'. But should a landscape(an ecosystem for that matter) be `frozen' against natural changes in order that its beauty bepreserved`permanently'? If not, what counter principle(s) can one invoke to argue against sucha philosophy of management or at least to limit such intervention in its name? The National Trust iscommitted `to preserving the beauty and unique character of the Lake District'. Its unique characterincludes its geological formations which make the area beautiful. But geological processes aredynamic. Should their products necessarily be subordinated to aesthetic considerations? If so, arethey not in danger of being treated like a work of art, an artefact which we, humans, are entitledto preserve against change? In a conflict between the requirement of conserving beauty of thelandscape on the one hand and natural processes at work which might undermine that beauty onthe other, should aesthetic considerations always have priority? However, the restoration of YewTree Tarn as opposed to the failure in Yosemite to intervene to prevent one of its lakes from dryingout are merely used as handy examples to lead into such theoretical exploration which should,most certainly, not be interpreted as a general indictment of the overall management policies of theNational Trust on the one hand, or endorsement of those of the Yosemite National Park on theother. KEYWORDS: natural beauty, geological, processes, products, subjective aesthetics, natureas a work of art. Lee is at the Centre for Philosophy and Environment, University of Manchester. (EV)

Lee, Keekok. Social Philosophy and Ecological Scarcity (London and New York: Routledge, 1989). Lee, a philosopher at the University of Manchester, intends this work as the first systematic studyof the implications of ecological scarcity for social philosophy. She finds neither of the two majorcompeting social philosophies (capitalism and Marxist socialism) to be adequate, but recognitionof the ecological crisis should lead to a frugal mode of socialism which makes fewer, rather thanmore demands on the absolutely scare ecological resources. (v1,#2)

Lee, Keekok. "Instrumentalism and the Last Person Argument." Environmental Ethics15(1993):333-44. The last person, or people, argument (LPA) is often assumed to be a potentweapon against a purely instrumental attitude toward nature, for it is said to imply the permissibledestruction of nature under certain circumstances. I distinguish between three types ofinstrumentalism--strong instrumentalism (I) and two forms of weak instrumentalism: (IIa), whichincludes the psychological and aesthetic use of nature, and (IIb), which focuses on the publicservice use of nature--and examine them in terms of two scenarios, the apres moi, le deluge andthe "ultimate humanization of nature" scenarios. With regard to the first, I show that LPA isirrelevant to all the three versions of instrumentalism. With regard to the second scenario, I showthat even though it is redundant insofar as (I) is concerned and irrelevant insofar as (IIa) isconcerned, it is, surprisingly, effective against (IIb), despite the fact that as a form of weakinstrumentalism it is not the target of LPA. In addition, I examine the implications of LPA for the threevariants when it is applied to the preservation rather than the destruction of nature and concludethat LPA is effective against (I) and (IIb), but not as effective against (IIa), which can recognize apermission, though not a duty, to save nature. Lee is in the department of philosophy, Universityof Manchester, Manchester, U.K. (EE)

Lee, M., and R. Hall, "Puppet Show: The EU Is Nothing but a Rubber Stamping Exercise for theCorporations and their Lobby Groups," Ecologist 33 ( 5, 2003): 36-37. (v 14, #3)

Lee, Martha F., Earth First! Environmental Apocalypse. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press,1994. 224 pages. Paper, $ 16.95. "The beliefs and strategies of the radical undergroundenvironmental movement Earth First! ... the apocalyptic doctrine of the group, an extremism whichhas often led them to indulge in some spectacular, dangerous, and often illegal activities."

Lee, N., "Book Review: Confronting Consumption by Thomas Princen, Michael Maniates, and KenConca (Eds.)," Journal of Environment and Development 12(no. 2, 2003): 268-271. (v 14, #3)

Lee, Wendy A., On Discerning the Value in Domesticated Nature, Master's Thesis, Department ofPhilosophy, Lancaster University, September 1992. (v7,#1)

Lee-Lampshire, Wendy, "Anthropomorphism Without Anthropocentrism: A WittgensteinianEcofeminist Alternative to Deep Ecology," Ethics and the Environment 1(no.2, 1996):91-102. Whilearticulating a philosophy of ecology which reconciles deep ecology with ecofeminism may be alaudable project, it remains at best unclear whether this attempt will be successful. I argue thatone recent attempt, Carol Bigwood's feminized deep ecology, fails in that, despite disclaimers, itreproduces important elements of some deep ecologist's essentializing discourse whichecofeminists argue are responsible for the identification with and dual oppression of women andnature. I then propose an alternative model for conceiving and describing human and nonhumannature modeled on Wittgenstein's remarks concerning anthropomorphizing which I argue is immuneto this criticism. Lee-Lampshire teaches philosophy at Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania. (E&E)

Lees-Haley, Paul R. "Manipulation of Perception in Mass Tort Litigation," Natural Resources &Environment 12(no.1,1997):64. (v8,#3)

Leeson, S., "The Need for Growth Promoting Compounds in Poultry Meat Production", Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 4(1991):89ff. Modern strains of broiler chicken are capableof achieving a 2.4 kg liveweight at 42d of age. This extremely fast growth is accomplished in partby balanced diets containing pharmaceutical growth promoting compounds. Over the last fewyears, a number of ethical questions have arisen regarding the use of such compounds. Such fastgrowth rate is accompanied by reduced bird welfare related to morbidity and mortality of aproportion of the birds. In two trials we have shown that acceptable growth rate can be achievedin diets without these compounds, and that economics of production are not adversely affected. It is concluded that future management programs for broiler chickens should consider a temperingof growth rate and that this could lead to improved bird well-being.

Leff, Enrique. Green Production: Toward an Environmental Rationality. New York: GuilfordPublications, 1995. 168 pages. Paperback $16.95. Part of the Democracy and Ecology seriespublished in conjunction with "Capitalism, Nature, Socialism: A Journal of Socialist Ecology."

Leggett, Christopher G., and Bockstael, Nancy E., "Evidence of the Effects of Water Quality onResidential Land Prices," Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management 39 (No. 2, Mar 012000): 121- . (v.11,#2)

Lehman, Donna. What on Earth Can You Do? Making Your Church a Creation Awareness Center. Scottdale, PA; Waterloo, ON: Herald Press/Mennonite Publishing House, 1993. 192 pages. $9.95,$12.95 Canada; paper. Directed toward congregations, this book offers practical ways smallgroups or individuals can get involved and make a difference. (v5,#2)

Lehman, Hugh, Review of: Value Assumptions in Risk Assessment: A Case Study of the AlachlorControversy by Conrad G. Brunck, Lawrence Haworth and Brenda Lee. Journal of Agriculturaland Environmental Ethics 5(1992):110f.

Lehman, Hugh, Rationality and Ethics in Agriculture. Reviewed by Evelyn Pluhar. Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 9(1996):181-186. (JAEE)

Lehman, Hugh, Rationality and Ethics in Agriculture. Reviewed by Freeman Boyd. Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 10(1997):89-92. (JAEE)

Lehman, Hugh, Review of Rollin, Bernard E. The Frankenstein Syndrome: Ethical and Social Issuesin the Genetic Engineering of Animals. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics10(1997):84-87. (JAEE)

Lehman, Hugh & Hurnick, Frank, Editorial: "Technology and Choice in Agriculture", Journal ofAgricultural Ethics 1(1988):163-166.

Lehman, Hugh, Review of: Letourneau, Deborah K., and Burrows, Beth Elpern, (eds.), GeneticallyEngineered Organisms: Assessing Environmental and Human Health Effects. Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 16(2003):91-93. (JAEE)

Lehman, Hugh, "On the Moral Acceptability of Killing Animals", Journal of Agricultural Ethics1(1988):155-162. In this paper we argue that, even if we grant the basic assumptions of a "rightsview" (killing of animals if they are innocent threats or shields or are in a "lifeboat situation"), a gooddeal of killing of animals for food and scientific research continues to be morally acceptable. Lehman is in philosophy at the University of Guelph, Ontario.

Lehman, Hugh, "Are Value Judgments Inherent in Scientific Assessment?", Journal of Agriculturaland Environmental Ethics 6(1993), Supplement. This paper is divided into three parts. In Part I, Idiscuss the view of Bernard Rollin on the question posed in the title of the paper. To reply to theposition taken by Rollin a critic would need to make a distinction between value commitments madein the social context within which people do science from possible value commitments of scienceitself. Since investigating that distinction would take us far afield, in Part II, I make and defend anassumption concerning scientific method. If there are value commitments of science itself, weshould be able to indicate what they are by reference to our description of scientific method. InPart III, I argue that value commitments do enter into the application of scientific method at eachstage and so are indeed inherent in science itself. Further, I shall suggest here that conflictsconcerning the nature of scientific method reflect, in part, conflicts among scientists and otherpeople with regard to what values can be considered to be values of science itself. As part ofthis discussion I will also call attention to the grain of partial truth which is reflected in scientists'claims that science is value free. Lehman is in the Department of Philosophy, University of Guelph,Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 2W1.

Lehman, Hugh, Clark, E. Ann, and Weise, Stephan F., "Clarifying the Definition of SustainableAgriculture", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 6(1993):127-144. A number ofdistinct definitions of sustainable agriculture have been proposed. In this paper we criticize twosuch definitions, primarily for conflating sustainability with other objectives such as economicviability and ecological integrity. Finally, we propose and defend a definition which avoids ourobjections to the other definitions. Lehman is in philosophy at the University of Guelph, Ontario.Clark and Weise are in crop science at the University of Guelph, Ontario.

Lehman, Hugh, Review of Thompson, Paul B., The Spirit of the Soil: Agriculture and EnvironmentalEthics. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 9(1996):89. (JAEE)

Lehman, Hugh Review of Pluhar, Evelyn B., Beyond Prejudice: The Moral Significance of Humanand Non-human Animals. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 9(1996):187. (JAEE)

Lehman, Hugh, Review of Food Animal Well-Being 1993, Bill R. Baumgardt and H. Glenn Gray, eds.,Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 7(1994):125.

Lehman, Hugh, Review of Marcel Dol, Soermini Kasanmoentalib, Susanne Lijmbch, Esteban Rivas,Ruud van den Bos, Animal Consciousness and Animal Ethics: Perspectives from the Netherlands.Assen: Van Gorcurn, 1997. 249 pp. Paperback Dfl. 59.90/ US $ 33.00. Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 11(1998):68-71.Lehman, Hugh, Review of Cynthia Rosenzweig, Daniel Hillel, Climate Change and the GlobalHarvest: Potential Impacts of the Greenhouse Effect on Agriculture. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1998. 324 pp., Index. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1998):71-74.

Lehman, Hugh, Review of John Leslie, The End of the World: The Science and Ethics of HumanExtinction. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1998):63-65.

Lehman, Hugh, Review of Ben Mepharn, ed., Food Ethics, New York: Routledge, 1996. pp. 178,Index. Price Hb: $49.95 (Can Hb $69.95); Pb: $17.95 (Can Pb $24.95). Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 10(1997/1998):203-205.

Lehman, Hugh, Review of Sheldon Krimsky and Roger P. Wrubel, Agricultural Biotechnology andthe Environment: Science Policy and Social Issues. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996).294pp., Index. Price: Cloth, $47.50, Paper, $18.95. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics11(1998):66-67.

Lehman, Hugh. Review of Cynthia Rosenzweig, and Daniel Hillel. Climate Change and the GlobalHarvest: Potential Impacts of the Greenhouse Effect on Agriculture. Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 11(1999):71-74.

Lehman, Hugh. Review of: Bailey, Britt, and Lappe, Marc, (eds.), Engineering the Farm: Ethical andSocial Aspects of Agricultural Biotechnology. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics16(2003):513-516. (JAEE)

Lehman, Hugh. Review of Sheldon Krimsky and Roger P. Wrubel, Agricultural Biotechnology andthe Environment: Science Policy and Social Issues. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics11(1999):66-67. (JAEE)

Lehman, Hugh. Review of Marcel Dol, Soemini Kasanmoentalib, Susanne Lijmbch, Esteban Rivas,Ruud van den Bos, Animal Consciousness and Animal Ethics: Perspectives from the Netherlands.Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1999):68-71.

Lehman, Hugh. Review of John Leslie, The End of the World: The Science and Ethics of HumanExtinction. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1999):63-65. (JAEE)

Lehman, Hugh. A Review of Christian Meyer, Animal Welfare Legislation in Canada and Germany:A Comparison. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1999):150-151. (JAEE)

Lehman, Scott Privatizing Public Lands. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. 240 pages. $45. The federal government retains roughly a quarter of the U.S. lands, and managing them isoften expensive and contentious. A solution, some argue, is privatization. A free market directsprivately-owned resources to their most productive uses. Lehman argues that there is no senseof "productivity" for which it is true that greater productivity is both desirable and a likelyconsequence of privatizing public lands or "marketing" their management. Lehman is in philosophyat the University of Connecticut. (v6,#1)

Lehmann, Scott. "Do Wildernesses Have Rights?" Environmental Ethics 3(1981):129-46. Althoughpreservationists sometimes allege a right of wild areas to remain wild, their arguments do notwarrant the ascription of such a right. It is hard to see how any argument to this conclusion couldbe persuasive, for (1) X having a right to Y requires that depriving X of Y injure X (other thingsbeing equal), and (2) the only X we have reason to think can be injured is an X which possessesconsciousness. On the other hand, rights are problematic creatures, and the individualistic moralview they presuppose does not accord well with the holistic perspective of many preservationists. While it might be possible to develop this perspective into a moral theory that gives wildernessintrinsic value, there seems a greater need for clarifying the policy implications of accepted moralprinciples. Lehmann is in the department of philosophy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT. (EE)

Lehmann, Scott. Review of Why Preserve Natural Variety? By Bryan G. Norton. EnvironmentalEthics 10(1988):275-78.

Lehner, Peter H. "Voluntary Controls in the Proposed Clean Water Amendments of 1995: Realityor Rhetoric," Journal of Environmental Law & Practice 3(no.3, Nov. 1995):25- . Is the shift tovoluntary controls a camouflaged shift to no safeguards?

Lehocky, Daniel. Review of The Limits of Altruism. By Garrett Hardin. Environmental Ethics1(1979):83-88.

Lehr, Jay, ed., Rational Readings on Environmental Issues. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,1992. (v4,#1)

Lei, FM; Qu, YH; Lu, JL; Liu, Y; Yin, ZH, "Conservation on diversity and distribution patterns ofendemic birds in China," Biodiversity and Conservation 12(no.2, 2003): 239-254.

Lei, FM; Qu, YH; Tang, QQ; An, SC, "Priorities for the conservation of avian biodiversity in Chinabased on the distribution patterns of endemic bird genera," Biodiversity and Conservation 12(no.12,2003):2487-2501. (v.14, #4)

Lei, Yi, "Shenceng shengtai xue: yizhong jijin di huanjing zhuyi (Deep Ecology: A RadicalEnvironmentalism)," Zi Ran Bian Lun Fa Yet Jiu (Studies in Dialectics of Nature) 15(no. 2, February,1999):51-55. ISSN 1000-8934. With discussion of Arne Naess, Bill Devall and George Sessions,Richard Sylvan and David Bennett, Michael Zimmerman, and Warwick Fox. (China). (v.10,#1)

Lei Yi, Ecological Ethics, Sanxi People's Press, 2001, Chapters: ethical requirements in the new era;moral extension; radical environmentalism; values and rights of nature; basic principles ofecological ethics; ethics in ecological practice. Professor Lei is at the Humanity School, TsinghuaUniversity.

Lei Yi, A Studies of Deep Ecology thoughts, Tsinghua Uni. Press, 2001. Chapters: the thoughts ofecological movements: from shallow to deep; the theory of deep ecology and its development; thehistorical roots of deep ecology; the practice of deep ecology; Valuation, debates and implication.

Lein, James K. Environmental Decision Making: An Information Technology Approach. Malden, MA:Blackwell Science, Inc., 1997. 288pp. $49.95. The aim of this book is to help decision makers findtheir way through the wide array of new technologies and often overwhelming amount of datanow available, and to show them how to use this data for problem solving and management. (v8,#1)Lein, Yehezkel, "Disputed Waters: Israel's Responsibility for the Water Shortage in the OccupiedTerritories," Ecotheology No 9 (July 2000):68-83.

Leiss, William, The Domination of Nature. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994. Paper,$19.95. 1994 reprint of a book first published 23 years ago, in 1972, here unaltered, and somethingof a classic in the field. The global predicament can only been understood in terms of the mostdeeply rooted attitude that drives Western civilization: the idea of the domination of nature. Leissholds the Research Chair in Environmental Policy, School of Policy Studies, Queen's University.(v6,#2)

Leisz, Stephen, Gage, James, "Suggestions for Development and Conservation Research Needsin Madagascar", Society and Natural Resources, 9(No.1, 1996):97- . (v7,#1)

Leith, James A., Roy A. Price, and John H. Spencer, eds., Planet Earth: Problems and Prospects. McGill-Queen's University Press. A compendium of papers from a 1991 conference at Queen'sUniversity. (v6,#4)

Lekan, Thomas, "Regionalism and the Politics of Landscape Preservation in the Third Reich,"Environmental History. 4(no. 3, July 01 1999):384- . (v10,#4)

Lekan, Todd, "Integrating Justice and Care in Animal Ethics," Journal of Applied Philosophy 21(no.2,August 2004):183-195(13). (v. 15, # 3)

Lemaire, Ton Filosofie van het landschap [in Dutch: Philosophy of the landscape], Baarn: Ambo1970. An influential study into the evolution of the European experience of the landscape as seenin the history of landscape-paintings. Often reprinted in the Netherlands, this book has dominatedthe field of environmental aesthetics there for 2 decades.Lemaire is an influential philosopher in the Dutch debate regarding the place of man in nature. Formerly at at Nijmegen University, he now lives in the countryside in France.

Lembke, Janet, Looking for Eagles: Reflections of a Classical Naturalist. New York: Lyons andBurford, 1990. $ 19.95. The author spent several decades translating Greek and Latin poetry andnow lives with her retired chief-petty-officer husband on the banks of North Carolina's lowerNeuse River. There she roams the wilds and wetlands, taking as her chief mentors Aristotle, Plinythe Elder, and other classical natural historians. Ancient eyes observed and variously interpretedthe same natural phenomena that offer themselves to our inspection, and asked some of the samequestions. (v1,#4)

Lemco, Jonathan, ed., Tensions at the Border: Energy and Environmental Concern in Canada andthe United States. New York: Praeger, 1992. Climate change, acid rain, global warming, The GreatLakes, water and hydroelectric exports, hazardous wastes as international problems between theU.S. and Canada. Lemco is Senior Fellow at the National Planning Association and associated withJohns Hopkins University. (v3,#3)

Lemke, D, "African Lessons for International Relations Research," World Politics 56(no.1,2003):114-138. (v. 15, # 3)

Lemley, Brad, "The New Ice Age," Discover, September 2002, pp. 35-41. Yes, the Earth iswarming, but melting fresh water from ice may shift the Gulf Stream and make Europe much colder,also New England. Studies from the Woods Hole, Massachusetts, oceanographers.Lemonick, Michael D., "Sharks under Attack," Time, August 11, 1977, pp. 59-64. We're killing them,30-100 million a year, and lots of other fish, much faster than they can reproduce. Are theydoomed to extinction? Much of the catch is wasted. (v8,#3)

Lemonick, Michael D. "Winged Victory." Time, 11 July 1994, p. 53. One of several accounts of theremoval of the bald eagle from the endangered list. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is up forrenewal in Congress, and some conservation groups have argued that the proposed changes inthe act would not have saved the bald eagle. (v5,#2)

Lemonick, Michael D., "A Terrible Beauty," Time, December 12, 1994. Cover story. An obsessivefocus on show-ring looks is crippling, sometimes fatally, America's purebred dogs. Fashionableform has been separated from natural function, and these dogs are a genetic mess. Decades ofbad breeding have saddled a quarter of America's purebreds with hereditary illnesses that crippleand even kill; the nation's canine establishment is much to blame. (The following article leaves onewondering whether we treat professional football players much better). (v5,#4)

Lemons, J. and D. Brown, eds. Sustainable Development: Science, Ethics and Public Policy.Reviewed by John M. Gowdy. Environmental Values 8(1999):403. (EV)

Lemons, J.; Westra, L.; and Goodland, R., eds. Ecological Sustainability and Integrity: Concepts and Approaches. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. ISBN 0-7923-4909-1. Chapters byL. Caldwell, K. Shrader-Frechette, J. Baird Callicott and K. Mumford, D. Pimentel, J. Lemons, J.Sterba, P. Miller, R. Goodland, L. Westra, and others. (v.8,#4)

Lemons, John, Laura Westra and Robert Goodland, eds. Ecological Sustainability and Integrity:Concepts and Approaches. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998, 315pp. Reviewed byRob Tinch. Environmental Values 9(2000):394.

Lemons, John, ed. Scientific Uncertainty and Environmental Problem Solving. Malden, MA:Blackwell Science, Inc., 1996. 512 pp. $80. Four major classes of uncertainty are addressed:framing uncertainty, modeling uncertainty, statistical uncertainty, and decision-theoreticaluncertainty. Contributors give specific guidelines for decision making within existing limitations. (v8,#1)

Lemons, John, "The Need to Integrate Values into Environmental Curricula," EnvironmentalManagement 13(no. 2, 1989):133-147. Many environmental problems are controversial becauseof conflicting values and there is no consensus as to which values should have precedence. Environmental managers must have a full understanding of such values and the principles of ethicsthat can be used in decision making. Unfortunately, the integration of values into curricula hasoften not been explicit or comprehensive. University-trained environmental managers do notpossess the knowledge, skills, and methods necessary for more ethically based decisions. Specific curricula are analyzed. Environmental programs should more fully include teaching aboutvalues and ethics. Lemons is in the Division of Life Sciences, University of New England and iseditor of The Environmental Professional. (v2,#1)

Lemons, John, and Brown, Donald A., Sustainable Development: Science, Ethics and Public Policy. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, 1995. Contains: Brown, Donald A., "The Role of Law inSustainable Development and Environmental Protection Decisionmaking," pp. 64-76. (v8,#3)Lemons, John, Donald A. Brown, and Gary E. Varner. "Congress, Consistency, and EnvironmentalLaw." Environmental Ethics 12(1990):311-27. In passing the National Environmental Policy Act of1969 (NEPA), Congress committed the nation to an ethical principle of living in "productive andenjoyable harmony" with the natural environment. Thus understood, NEPA can be given either (1)a technology-forcing interpretation or (2) an intelligent decision-making interpretation. We arguethat in its subsequent decision to site a high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain,Nevada, Congress acted inconsistently with this principle under either interpretation. We concludethat for the foreseeable future, the only way to handle the nation's nuclear wastes consistent withthe environmental goal enunciated in NEPA is to leave them in temporary surface storage facilities,prohibit the licensing of any new nuclear power plants, and take all appropriate steps to reducethe nuclear weapons industry. Lemons is at the Dept. of Life Sciences, University of NewEngland, Biddeford, ME. Brown is in the department of Environmental Resources, Harrisburg, PA. Varner is at the Philosophy Dept., Texas A & M, College Station, TX. (EE)

Lemons, John, ed., Readings from the Environmental Professional. Three volumes: I. NationalEnvironmental Policy Act. II. Natural Resources. III. Risk Assessment. Cambridge, MA: BlackwellScience, 1995. $ 24.95 each. Each volume is a collection of the most interesting, lively, and topicalarticles that have appeared in the journal The Environmental Professional. Typically about threedozen papers. The Natural Resources volume, for example, contains the exchange between J.Baird Callicott, "The Wilderness Idea Revisited: The Sustainable Development Alternative," andHolmes Rolston, "The Wilderness Idea Reaffirmed," and also Kristin S. Shrader-Frechette and EarlD. McCoy, "Ecology and Environmental Problem-Solving," also David Orr, "What Is Education For?" Lemons has been editor of The Environmental Professional, and teaches biology at the Universityof New England. (v6,#4)

Lemons, John, "Cooperation and Stability as a Basis for Environmental Ethics." EnvironmentalEthics 3(1981):219-30. Philosophers and ecologists have proposed that ecological principles suchas cooperation and ecosystem stability serve as a basis for environmental ethics. Requisite to

understanding whether a cooperation based environmental ethic can be taken as an unqualifiedgood is knowledge of the role of cooperation in the context of other interactions between species(e.g., competition), and the significance of such interactions to ecosystem stability. Further, sincethe key ecological concept of stability has been ambiguously defined, the various definitions needto be understood so that use of scientific information in philosophical discussion is accurate andconsistent. Lemons is at Environmental Studies, New England College, Henniker, NH. (EE)

Lemons, John, Donald A. Brown, and Gary Varner, "Congress, Consistency, and EnvironmentalLaw: Nuclear Waste at Yucca Mountain, Nevada," Environmental Ethics 12(1990):311-327. Discusses the moral implications of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) andshows how Congress acted inconsistently in the selection of Yucca Mountain as a nuclear wastedisposal site. The argument assumes that Congress had an ethical principle in mind when NEPAwas created. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Lemons, John. "Shrader-Frechette's Schemata for Scientific Research: Implications forEnvironmental Professionals." The Environmental Professional 17 (no. 1, 1995):72- . (v6,#1)

Lemons, John. Review of Faucheux and O'Connor, Valuation for Sustainable Development:Methods and Policy Indicators. Environmental Values 9(2000):118.

Lemons, John. "A Reply to `On Reading Environmental Ethics.'" Environmental Ethics7(1985):185-88. (EE)

Lemons, John. "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Environmental Ethics and Environmental Facts." Environmental Ethics 5(1983):21-32. Environmental philosophers often assume that we lackmetaethical concepts and normative criteria for environmental decisions, but that we have all thefacts we need from the environmental sciences. This is contested in the case of our obligation tofuture generations as affected by current decisions regarding increased fossil fuel use, decisionswhich affect both the immediate and long-range future, and which must be made deliberately orby default before we know the long-term effects of increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Some suggestions are offered about decision making in the absence of sufficient factualinformation. Lemons is at the Dept. of Biology and Ecology, Deep Springs College, California. (EE)

Lemons, John. "A Reply to `From Aldo Leopold to the Wildlands Project.'" Environmmental Ethics24(2002):441-442. (EE)

Lenkowa (Lekowa), A., Oskalpowana Ziemia (The Scalped Earth), Wiedza Powszechna Publishers, 1971 (3rd edition); the book (first published in 1961) is supposed to be of equaleducational value to Silent Spring by R. Carson. (v.13,#4)

Lenman, James. "Preverences in their Place." Environmental Values 9(2000):431-451. ABSTRACT: In at least some of their forms, Cost-Benefit techniques for the evaluation ofenvironmental projects and policies treat the preferences of citizens as the sole determinants ofthe value of outcomes. There are two salient ways in which this supposition might be defended.The first is metaethical and appeals to considerations about how we must understand talk ofenvironmental and other values. The second is political and appeals to considerations aboutdemocratic legitimacy and the proper aims of public policy. Metaethical considerations, I argue, aresomething of a red herring here. Roughly subjectivist understandings of our talk of values may beappealingly metaphysically unassuming, but in their most plausible formulations they do not supporta view of preferences as the sole determinants of value. Political considerations, on the otherhand, are to be taken very seriously. They offer, however, no straightforward rationale for anycrudely preferentialist measure of social value. Findings obtained from the use of cost-benefittechniques might sometimes have a legitimate role as an input into, but not as a substitute for,

political deliberation. Questions about the scope and limits of such legitimacy are properlyaddressed in political and not in metaethical terms.KEYWORDS: Ethics, social philosophy, value, preference, cost-benefit analysis. Lenman is in theDepartment of Philosophy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. (EV)

Lennard, Jeremy. "Flood of Protests Blocks Columbia Dam Project." The Christian Science Monitor,vol. 89, 3 Jan. 1997, p. 6.

Leon, Warren, and Brower, Michael, The Consumer's Guide to Effective Environmental Choices:Practical Advice from the Union of Concerned Scientists. Pittsburgh: Three Rivers Press (CarnegieMellon University), 1999. 304 pages. $ 15, paper. Forget about paper versus plastic bags, clothversus disposable diapers, paper cups versus ceramics; none of this makes any seriousenvironmental impact. There are other, much more important things to feel guilty about. Worryingabout the trivial things distracts us from the four big culprits: cars, meat, home appliances, andclimate control. They have the greatest impact on environmental quality. You are kidding yourselfif you drive your Land Rover to the grocery story and worry about buying disposable cups. Astudy prepared by the Union of Concerned Scientists, among the greenest of U.S. environmentalgroups. (v.10,#1)

Leopold, Aldo, "Means and Ends in Wild Life Management," Environmental Ethics 12(1990):329-332. A previously unpublished lecture of Leopold from May 1936 shows that the "land ethic" had itsbasis in new directions of wildlife management. Leopold wanted to emphasize the developmentof "aesethetic" ends because of the failure of instrumental means for duplicating natural process.The essay is followed by "A Brief Commentary" by Eugene Hargrove and J. Baird Callicott, pp.333-337, which notes that the lecture demonstrates how early Leopold had moved away fromprudential arguments for a land ethic. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Leopold, Aldo, Sand County Almanac. A Japanese translation is in press. The translator is KeichiFuruya and the publisher is Poporo Publishing Co., Ltd, Attn: Nobuo Hiratsuka, 1-36-2 HonanchoSuginamita, Tokoyo, Japan. Phone 03-324-0069. (v1,#2)

Leopold, Aldo, The River of the Mother of God, and Other Essays by Aldo Leopold. Madison:University of Wisconsin Press, 1991. Susan L. Flader and J. Baird Callicott have edited thiscollection of 59 unpublished and obscurely published pieces by Leopold, many from the Leopoldarchives at the University of Wisconsin. Reviewed in The Christian Science Monitor, April 17,1991, p. 13. (v2,#1) (v1,#3)

Leopold, Aldo, "The Land Ethic," translated by Ye Ping, a philosopher at Northeast ForestryUniversity. Translated into Chinese in a special issue of Information of Ecophilosophy, anoccasional publication of the Research Office in Ecophilosophy of the Northeast ForestryUniversity, Harbin, 1989, No. 2. (China)

Leopold, Aldo, For the Health of the Land: Previously Unpublished Essays and Other Writings. Edited by J. Baird Callicott and Eric T. Freyfogle. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999. Severaldozen, mostly short, pieces, excerpts, some never before published, some published in obscureplaces. Leopold, who died fighting a grasslands fire, left his work only partially in print. Here isLeopold, a prophet recalled from mid-century, with surprising relevance for environmental ethicsat the turn of the millennium. (v10,#4)

Leopold, Aldo. "Some Fundamentals of Conservation in the Southwest." Environmental Ethics1(979):131-41. Leopold first discusses the conservation of natural resources in the southwesternUnited States in economic terms, stressing, in particular, erosion and aridity. He then concludes

his analysis with a discussion of the moral issues involved, developing his general position withinthe context of P.D. Ouspenky's early philosophy of organism. (EE)

Leopold, Aldo. "Means and Ends in Wild Life Management." Environmental Ethics 12(1990):329-32. Although research in wildlife management is repeating the history of agriculture, unlike agriculturalresearch, which employs scientific means for economic ends, the ends of wildlife research arejudged in terms of aesthetic satisfactions as governed by "good taste." Wild animals and plants areeconomically valuable only in the sense that human performers and works of art are: the meansare of the brain, but the ends are of the heart. Wildlife management has forged ahead of agriculturein recognizing the invisible interdependencies in the biotic community. Moreover, it has admitted itsinability to replace natural equilibria and its unwillingness to do so even if it could. Because manyanimals do not exhibit their natural behavior under laboratory conditions, researchers aredependent on observation in the wild. The difficulties involved in isolating variables are especiallyclear in the study of the natural cycle. It is a problem which seems to defy the experimentalmethod.] Leopold (1887-1948). (EE)

Leopold, Aldo. The Essential Leopold: Quotations and Commentaries. Meine, Curt D., and Knight,Richard L., eds. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1999. (v10,#4)

Leopold, Aldo. Aldo Leopold's Southwest. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995. 249 pages. Selected early writings of Leopold, edited and with interpretive comments by DavidE. Brown and Neil B. Carmony. Earlier published as Aldo Leopold's Wilderness (Harrisburg, PA:Stackpole Books, 1990). (v8,#2)

Leopold, Luna B., "Ethos, Equity, and the Water Resource," Environment, March 1990, pp.16-20,37-42. An address given February 15, 1990, the Abel Wolman Distinguished Lecture, sponsoredby the Water Science and Technology Board of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences, inWashington. "The proliferation of public agencies dealing with water has led to a dissassociationof their policies, their procedures, and their outlook from the operational health of the hydrologicsystem." "It is deplorable that the government agency most responsible for managing water inwater-short regions continues to be so insensistive to the hydrologic continuum and to equityamong claimants." "The resource establishment, especially in the field of water, is stuck on theshoals of special interests, a lack of long-term perspective, and a shortage of public-mindedleadership." (v1,#3)

Lequesne (LeQuesne), Carole. Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Issues.Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1996. The impact of rapid trade liberalization on thelivelihoods of poor communities and ways to protect their rights. (v7,#1)

LeQuire, Stan L., ed., The Best Preaching on Earth: Sermons on Caring for Creation. Valley Forge,PA: Judson Press, 1996. 221 pages. (v8,#2)

Lercher, Aaron. "Is Anyone to Blame for Pollution?" Environmental Ethics 26(2004):403-410. Bymaking use of a distinction between "making something happen" and "allowing it to happen," apolluting act can be defined as making something happen with widely scattered externalized costs.Not all polluting acts are blameworthy, but we can investigate which polluting acts are sufficientlybadly performed as to be blameworthy. This definition of polluting act permits us to justify the beliefwe often have that behavior concerning pollution may be blameworthy, even when we do notknow whether the behavior caused harm. (EE)

Lerner, Steve. Eco-Pioneers: Practical Visionaries Solving Today's Environmental Problems.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997. 440 pp. $25. Lerner provides case studies of eco-pioneers whoare exploring sustainable ways to log forests, grow food, save plant species, run cattle, build

houses, clean up cities, redesign rural communities, generate power, conserve water, protectrivers and wildlife, treat hazardous waste, reuse materials and reduce both waste andconsumption. (v.9,#4) Reviewed by Philip Cafaro, Conservation Biology 14(2000):328

LeRoux (Le Roux), PJ (ed) 1987. Environment conservation: why and how? Pretoria: Universityof South Africa. (Africa)

LeRoux (Le Roux), C 1992. Die omgewing. Die Kerkbode 19 Junie 1992. Spesiale Bylae. I-IV. (Africa)LeRoux (Le Roux), CJP. Christuslof laat lig op God se aarde val (Kol 1:12-20). In: Vos, C & Müller,J (eds): Mens en omgewing. Halfway House: Orion, 237-256. (Africa)

Leshy, JD, "Mining Law Reform Redux, Once More," Natural Resources Journal 42(no.3, 2002):461-490.

Leshy, John D., "Water and Wilderness/Law and Politics," Land and Water Law Review (Universityof Wyoming, College of Law) 33 (no. 2, 1988):389-417. Excellent article summarizing what is andwhat is not at stake in the current controversy over water rights that go with wildernessdesignation. Although opponents of water rights for wilderness have been noisy, in fact existingwater rights holders have little at stake, since wilderness water rights "are for the most part rightsto in-stream, non-consumptive use, which means that they actually preserve flows for diversionand consumptive use below the federal reservation." Wilderness water rights are also typicallyjunior, since they date from the wilderness designation. Wilderness advocates have achievedsignal victories in convincing the nation that significant tracts of federal land ought to be set asideand preserved in their natural condition "as embodying an ethical expression by our culture aboutitself and its relationship to our natural heritage." Opponents of wilderness water rights can oftensuccessfully delay new wilderness designations, since Congress dislikes tampering with thestatus quo in water law. On the other hand Congress and the federal courts have regularlyinsisted that designation of federal lands implies reservation of water adequate for the purposesof the designation. Opponents of wilderness water rights may find their strategies successful inshort term only to lose credibility in the long term, given how little is really at stake and theconsiderable popularity of wilderness. "Wilderness is ... the driving engine in federal landmanagement policy just about every place roadless areas exist." Leshy is professor of law,Arizona State University. (v1,#4)

Leshy, John D., "Challenges to Environmental Law", Environmental Law, 25(No.4, 1995):967- . Leshy is the Solicitor of the United States Department of the Interior. Pointing to current efforts byCongressional Republicans to weaken many existing environmental laws, Leshy emphasizes theurgent need for continued scholarship and public service in the fields of environmental and naturalresources law.

Leslie, D, Book Review: "Le Heron, R., Murphy, L., Forer, P. and Goldstone, M., editors Explorationsin human geography: encountering place," Progress in Human Geography 26(no.3, 2002):421- . (v.13, #3)

Leslie, John, "The End is More Nigh," Times Higher Education Supplement, February 16, 1966, page15. "If you view the certainty of global warming, the likelihood of nuclear war and the possibilityof grey goo calamity from the perspective of the doomsday argument, nobody should bet onhumanity's long-term survival." "I believe that humans may have little more than a half chance ofsurviving the next 500 years. Inclined at first to say that the risk of Doom within five centuries wasonly about 5 per cent, I found myself changing this to 40 percent. I reached this conclusion afterconsidering the various dangers facing us in the light of what has come to be known as the

`doomsday argument,' which has made me much less optimistic about the future of humankind."

Leslie, John, The End of the World: the Science and Ethics of Human Extinction. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-14043-9. 310 pages. Hardback, 310 pages; $23 US, $29.95Can, ,16.99. Of all humans so far, roughly 10% are alive with you and me. If human extinctionoccurred soon, our position in population history would have been fairly ordinary. But if humankindsurvived at least a few more centuries, perhaps colonizing the galaxy, we could be among theearliest 0.001% of all humans--a point crucial to a "doomsday argument" originated by thecosmologist Brandon Carter. People who accept the argument will re-estimate the threats tohumankind. These include asteroid impacts; nuclear, chemical and biological warfare; ozone layerdestruction; greenhouse warming, possibly of a runaway kind; overpopulation; poisoning of theenvironment; new diseases; computers replacing humans entirely; disasters from geneticengineering or from nanotechnology; and perhaps even destruction of the galaxy through a "vacuum metastability upset" initiated by physicists. As well as discussing all this, The End of theWorld asks why it should worry us. Is anything ever better than anything else, as a genuine fact? Are lives almost never worth living, or do only miserable ones really matter? Could nuclearrevenge be appropriate although it did no good? And when people of future generations are merepossibilities, what right have they to be born? Leslie is a well known philosopher and cosmologistat the University of Guelph. (v7,#1)

Leslie, John. The End of the World: The Science and Ethics of Human Extinction. Review by HughLehman, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1999):63-65. (JAEE)

Leslie, John. The End of the World: The Science and Ethics of Human Extinction. Reviewed by HughLehman, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1998):63-65.

Lester, James P., ed., Environmental Politics and Policy: Theories and Evidence (Durham, N. C.:Duke University Press, 1989). Twelve essays on the conservation and environmental movements,public opinion, interest groups, party politics, congress, the federal bureaucracy, the courts asthese enter into environmental policy. Also chapters on international environmental politics andalternative views of the environmental problematic. (v1,#3)

Lester, Rita, Review of Rosemary Radford Ruether, Women Healing Earth: Third World Women onEcology, Feminism, and Religion. Environmental Ethics 20(1998):195-98.

Lester, Rita, Review of Dieter T. Hessel, ed., Theology for Earth Community: A Field Guide,Environmental Ethics 20(1998):195-98.

Lester, Rita. Review of: Dieter T. Hessel, ed., Theology for Earth Community: A Field Guide.Women Healing Earth: Third World Women on Ecology, Feminism, and Religion. Edited by RosemaryRadford Ruether. Environmental Ethics 20(1998):195-98.

Letcher Andy, "Lifestyle: `If You Go Down to the Woods Today...': Spirituality and the Eco-ProtestLifestyle," Ecotheology Vol 7 (No. 1, July 2002):88-90. Emerging from the anti-road protests whichmarked the 1990s, Eco-Paganism is a collective term for the diverse set of de-traditionalised, butPagan-like, spiritualities found within road-protest culture. Whilst the actions, and direct-action, ofprotestors may not always appear outwardly to be religious, many protesters are motivated bytheir religious convictions such as the paramount belief in the sanctity of nature. The protestlifestyle, involving an immersion in nature through living outdoors and sleeping in treehouses,reinforces these convictions. These sentiments, and the anguish felt by practitioners as theyengage in environmental struggle, find expression through spontaneous rituals. This article

provides an over-view of the protest lifestyle, suggesting ways in which it informs Eco-Paganreligiosity. An example of a typical ad-hoc religious ritual is provided.

Letourneau, Deborah K., and Burrows, Beth Elpern, (eds.), Genetically Engineered Organisms:Assessing Environmental and Human Health Effects. Reviewed by Lehman, Hugh. Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 16(2003):91-93. (JAEE)

Leverton, Roy, Enjoying Moths. London: T & AD Poyser, 2001. Yes, moths, not butterflies. Wellillustrated, British moths, but anyone interested in enjoying moths in the wild will find this bookworthwhile. (v.13,#1)

Levett, Roger, Review of T. Beaumont, The End of the Yellowbrick Road, Environmental Values7(1998):496.

Levi, Daniel, Kocher, Sara. "The Spotted Owl Controversy and the Sustainability of RuralCommunities in the Pacific Northwest," Environment and Behavior 27(no.5, Sept.1995):631- .

Levidow, Les, "Regulating BT Maize in the United States and Europe: A Scientific-CulturalComparison," Environment 41(no. 10, Dec 01 1999):10- . Cultural factors play a large role indetermining how societies regulate genetically modified crops. (v10,#4)

Levin, P. S. et al, "Indirect Effects of Feral Horses on Estuarine Communities," Conservation Biology16(no.5, 2002): 1364-71. (v.13,#4)

Levin, Simon, editor-in-chief, Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. San Diego: Academic Press, 2001. TheEncyclopedia of Biodiversity is a comprehensive study of the topic of diversity in the natural world,contained within the covers of a single unified work. It consists of five volumes and includes 313separate full-length articles by leading international authors, from "Acid Rain and Deposition"through "Zoos and Zoological Parks." Many articles focus on particular taxonomic groups:"Arachnids," "Fungi," "Hymenoptera," "Salmon." Others focus on important biological concepts orareas of study: "Dispersal Biogeography," "The Concept of the Ecosystem," "Mass Extinctions,""Methods of Taxonomy." Still others focus on management issues: "Ex Situ, In SituConservation," "Insecticide Resistance," "Logged Forests," "Soil Conservation." In his foreword,E.O. Wilson writes: "The articles in the Encyclopedia of Biodiversity are unusually eclectic, yetorganized by a set of easily articulated goals. They are the following: to carry the systematics andbiogeography of the world fauna and flora toward completion; map the hotspots whereconservation will save the most biodiversity; orient studies of natural history to understand andsave threatened species; advance ecosystem studies and biogeography to create the neededprinciples of community assembly and maintenance; acquire the knowledge of resource use,economics, and polity to advance conservation programs based on sustainability; and enrich theethic of global conservation in terms persuasive to all." Many articles should be of interest to environmental ethicists, including the following: (seeseparate bibliographic listings for each.)--"Aesthetic Factors," Gordon Orians.--"Agriculture, Sustainable," G. Philip Robertson and Richard R. Harwood.--"Conservation Biology, Discipline Of," Andrew P. Dobson and Jon Paul Rodriguez.--"Conservation Movement, Historical," Curt Meine.--"Ecological Footprint, Concept Of," William Rees.--"Economic Growth and the Environment," Karl--Goran Maler.--"Economic Value of Biodiversity, Overview," Partha Dasgupta.--"Environmental Ethics," Richard Primack and Philip Cafaro.--"Ethical Issues in Biodiversity Protection," Philip Cafaro and Richard Primack.--"Human Effects on Ecosystems, Overview," Paul Ehrlich and Claire Kremen.

--"Land--Use Issues," John Marzluff and Nathalie Hamel.--"Population Stabilization, Human," Alene Gelbard.--"Property Rights and Biodiversity," Susan Hanna.--"Religious Traditions and Biodiversity," Fikret Berkes.--"Restoration of Biodiversity, Overview," Joy B. Zedler et al.--"Stewardship, Concept Of," Peter Alpert.--"Sustainability, Concept and Practice Of," Kai N. Lee.--"Traditional Conservation Practices," Carl Folke and Johan Colding.--"Wildlife Management," David Saltz. (v.11,#4)

Levin Simon, Fragile Dominion: Complexity and the Commons. Reading, MA: Helix (Perseus), 1999. 264 pages. $ 27 paper. A tour though the current intellectual landscape of ecology andenvironmental science. Six fundamental questions (Chapter 3): (1) What patterns exist in nature? (2) What are the relative roles of historical accident versus environmental determinism? Answers:Depends on temporal and spatial scale. (3) How do ecosystems assemble themselves? Often noanswers are available, but the answers that are indicate trouble ahead with invasive species. (4)How Does evolution Shape these ecological assemblages? (5) What is the relation between anecosystem's structure and how it functions? (5) Does evolution favor resilient systems? Answers require a look at self-organized criticality, edge of chaos, fractal landscapes, and more. Other chapters: Chapter 4: Patterns in Nature. Chapter 5: Ecological Assembly. Chapter 9: Wheredo we go from here? Complexity and the commons. We can hold on to our best human qualitiesonly through a scientifically-informed stewardship of the biosphere. Levin teaches biology atPrinceton University and is a well known ecologist. Reviewed by Robert May, "How the Biosphereis Organized," Science 286(1999):2091. (v10,#4)

Levin, Simon Asher, Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (San Diego: Academic Press [Harcourt], 2001),5 volumes. (v.13,#1)

Levine, James H., "Leslie Salt Co. v. United States: The Ninth Circuit Revisits Federal Jurisdictionover Isolated Wetlands", Tulane Environmental Law Journal, 9(No.1, 1995):167- . (v7,#1)

Levine, JM; Dantonio, CM, "Forecasting Biological Invasions with Increasing International Trade",Conservation Biology 17(no.1, 2003):322-326.

Levine, Michael P., "Pantheism, Ethics, and Ecology." Environmental Values 3(1994):121-138.Pantheism is a metaphysical and religious position. Broadly defined it is the view that (1) "God iseverything and everything is God...the world is either identical with God or in some way a self-expression of his nature" (H.P. Owen). Similarly, it is the view that (2) everything that existsconstitutes a `unity' and this all-inclusive unity is in some sense divine (A. MacIntyre). I begin withan account of what the pantheist's ethical position is formally likely to be. I then discuss therelationship between pantheism and ecology in the context of the search for the metaphysical andethical foundations for an ecological ethic. It is claimed that it is no accident that pantheism is oftenlooked to for such foundations. KEYWORDS: ecology, environment, ethics, pantheism, Spinoza. Levine is in philosophy at the University of Western Australia. (EV)

Levins, Richard and Richard Lewontin. The Dialectical Biologist. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics10(1988):279-84.

Levit, George S., Wolfgang E. Krumbein, and Reiner Grübel. "Space and Time in the Works of V.I. Vernadsky." Environmental Ethics 22(2000):377-396. The main objective of this paper is tointroduce the space-time concept of V. I. Vernadsky and to show the importance of this conceptfor understanding the biosphere theory of Vernadsky. A central issue is the principle of

dissymmetry, which was proposed by Louis Pasteur and further developed by Pierre Curie andVernadsky. The dissymmetry principle, applied both to the spatial and temporal properties of livingmatter, makes it possible to demonstrate the unified nature of space and time. At the same time, thisprinciple shows the difference between the spatial-temporal properties of living matter and thoseof the inert environment. Living matter as opposed to the inert environment is an important part ofthe Weltanschauung of Vernadsky and is connected with all basic statements of his theoreticalsystem. (EE)

Levitus, S., at al, "Warming of the World Ocean," Science 287(2000):2225-2229; Kerr, Richard A.,"Globe's `Missing Warning' Found in the Ocean," Science 287(2000):2126-2127. Earth's MissingWarming Found in the Ocean. Greenhouse skeptics have claimed that there is not as much globalwarming as most models predict, and modelers have long held that this warming is in the oceans,but not had adequate data on ocean warming. A recent study integrates previously scattered dataon ocean temperature profiles, and finds the missing warming. Half the warming occurs above300 meters, but half is below. This also leads to predictions that global warming, though perhapstaking place more slowly than predicted, will be in the high ranges of prediction. (v.11,#1)

Levy, Sanford S. "The Biophilia Hypothesis and Anthropocentric Environmentalism." EnvironmentalEthics 25(2003):227-246. Much anthropocentric environmental argument is limited by a narrowconception of how humans can benefit from nature. E. O. Wilson defends a more robustanthropocentric environmentalism based on a broader understanding of these benefits. At thecenter of his argument is the biophilia hypothesis according to which humans have anevolutionarily crafted, aesthetic and spiritual affinity for nature. However, the "biophilia hypothesis"covers a variety of claims, some modest and some more extreme. Insofar as we have significantevidence for biophilia, it favors modest versions which do not support a particularly robustanthropocentric environmental ethic. A significantly more robust environmental ethic requires themost extreme version of the biophilia hypothesis, for which there is the least evidence. (EE)

Lewandrowski, Jan and Ingram, Kevin. "Policy Considerations for Increasing Compatibilitiesbetween Agriculture and Wildlife." Natural Resources Journal 39(No. 2, Spring 1999):229- . (v10,#4)

Lewin, R., "Damage to tropical forests, or why were there so many kinds of animals?" Science234(1986):149-150.

Lewis, Bernard, What Went Wrong? Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response Reviewed byBatabyal, Amitrajeet A. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 16(2003):416-418. (JAEE)

Lewis, C., "Review of: Steven Rosendale, Ed. The Greening of Literary Scholarship: Literature,theory, and the Environment," Environmental History 8(no. 3, 2003): 503-504.

Lewis, Dale M., Alpert, Peter. "Trophy Hunting and Wildlife Conservation in Zambia," ConservationBiology 11(no.1, 1997):59. Trophy hunting is generating significant benefits for residents of gamemanagement areas in Zambia, and how these benefits might be enhanced. With attention toCAMPFIRE. (v8,#2)

Lewis, Dale, Gilson B. Kaweche, and Ackim Mwenya, "Wildlife Conservation Outside ProtectedAreas--Lessons from an Experiment in Zambia," Conservation Biology 4(1990):171-180. Anexperiment project that sought to halt the drastic loss of elephants and rhinos to poaching in andaround protected areas in the Luangwa Valley. The project involved local residents outsidenational parks in wildlife protection and management activities, sustained yield uses of wildlife, and

recycling revenue into community devleopment. The authors are in wildlife conservation in Zambia.(Africa)

Lewis, Martin, Green Delusions, Reviewed by David Orr in Environmental Ethics 16(1994):329-332.

Lewis, Martin W., Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique of Radical Environmentalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992. 288 pages, cloth. "Eco-radicalism tells us that we mustdismantle our technological and economic system, and ultimately our entire civilization. Once wedo so, the rifts between humanity and nature will purportedly heal automatically. I disagree. WhatI believe we must do is disengage humanity from nature by cleaving to, but carefully guiding, thepath of technological progress. It is for the environmental community to decide which alternativeoffers the best hope for ecological salvation" (p. 251, concluding paragraph). Many of the mostdevoted and strident "greens," those who propose a radical environmentalism, unwittingly espousean ill-conceived doctrine that has devastating implications for the global ecosystem. Lewisdistinguishes the main variants of eco-extremism, exposes the fallacies upon which such viewsultimately flounder, and demonstrates that the policies advocated by their proponents would, ifenacted, result in unequivocal ecological catastrophe. The agenda proposed by eco-extremists,based on local economic self-sufficiency, a shunning of market exchange, and a general retreatfrom advanced technology would require a thoroughgoing reinvention of all social and economicforms. That has the potential for monumental disruption and complete political alienation, anundermining of the very foundations on which a new and ecologically sane economic order mustbe built. Lewis advocates moving forward into the solar age, an age that will require moreinvestment in our technological infrastructure and well as the retention of a globally integratedeconomy. Lewis, once himself a radical environmentalist (p. 80), now advocates what he callsa "Promethean environmentalism" (p. 16, p. 250, etc.). In order to advance the reforms needed tochange our present course, environmentalism must avoid divisive radical philosophies and try tocreate a broad-ranging consensus. Lewis is Assistant Professor of Geography at GeorgeWashington University. (v3,#3)

Lewis, Martin, W., "Radical Environmental Philosophy and the Assault on Reason," pp. 209-230. The resentment of science embedded in fashionable ecomania must subvert or misdirect seriousand necessary environmental initiatives. Lewis is the author of Green Delusions. In Gross, PaulR., Levitt, Norman, and Lewis, Martin W., eds., The Flight from Science and Reason. New York:New York Academy of Sciences, 1996. Distributed by Johns Hopkins University Press. (v9,#2)

Lewis, Martin, Review of Dobson, Andrew, Green Delusions: An Environmentalist Critique ofRadical Environmentalism. Environmental Values 3(1994):81-82. (EV)

Lewis, Peter M. "Economic Reform and Political Transition in Africa: The Quest for a Politics ofDevelopment," World Politics 49(no.1, 1996):92.Ley, D, "Forgetting postmodernism? Recuperating a social history of local knowledge," Progressin Human Geography 27(no.5, 2003):537-560. (v.14, #4)

Li Chongzhen, Hu Shuiqing, "Three errors of ecological ethics studies", Journal of Hunan Uni.2003(1)

Li Peichao, "Defending the legitimacy of environmental ethics", Ethic and Civilization, 2001(3).

Li Peichao, Reconciliation of Nature and Humanism: The New Perspective of Ecological Ethics,Hunan People's Publishing House, 2001. chapters: the history of ecological ethics; the social andtheoretical condition of extending the perspective of ecological ethics; the new characteristics ofecological ethics; the relevance of Chinese traditional culture with ecological ethics; ecologicalethics and China's modernization. Professor Li is at the Institute of Ethics, Hunan Normal University.

Li Shuwen, "The Morality of Eco-civilization and Sustainable Development," Dongyue Luncong (TheForum of Dongyue) 4(1999):83-86. In Chinese. (v.11,#1)

Li, W., Z. Wang, and Tang, H. "Designing the Buffer Zone of a Nature Reserve: A Case Study inYancheng Biosphere Reserve China. Biological Conservation 90(No. 3, 1999):159- . (v10,#4)

Li, W., Z. Wang, and Tang, H. Designing the Core Zone in a Biosphere Reserve Based on SuitableHabitats: Yancheng Biosphere Reserve and the Red Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis). BiologicalConservation 90(No. 3, 1999):167- . (v10,#4)

Li Xiongyi, "Eco-ethic and The Sustainable Development of Society," Tanshu (Inquiry)1(1999):69-71. In Chinese. (v.11,#1)

Li Yalin, "The philosophical foundation of environmental ethics", Journal of Sichuan Uni. 2003(1)

Li Yalin, "The logical prerequisite of environmental ethics", Journal of Sichuan Uni. 2002(1)

Liao Xiaoping, "Eco-ethic, intergenerational ethic and sustainable development", Ethic andCivilization, 2002(3)

Librova, Hana. "The Disparate Roots of Voluntary Modesty." Environmental Values 8(1999):369-380. ABSTRACT: The effective solution of environmental problems calls for changes in levels ofconsumption. Sociologists have described moderation in households of high socio-economic statusin affluent countries, and also a type of modesty which cannot be a response to the experienceof abundance. However, its essence is not the way of life of a traditional community. Sustainableliving based on self-restraint could be considered to be a symptom of the summit of culturalevolution to date. Nevertheless, historical experience warns us against making too much ofcontemporary cases of moderation. KEYWORDS: voluntary modesty, international sociologicalcomparison. Hana Librova, Department of Environmental Studies Masaryk University Gorkeho 7,602 00 Brno, Czech Republic (EV)

Liddle, Michael, Recreation Ecology: The Ecological Impact of Outdoor Recreation and Ecotourism. London: Chapman and Hall, 1997. Ecological impacts of outdoor recreation, featuring the sciencemore than the management. For the management, see Hammitt, William, and Cole, David, WildlandRecreation: Ecology and Management. (v.11,#4)

Lieben, Ivan J. "Political Influences on USFWS Listing Decisions Under the ESA: Time to RethinkPriorities," Environmental Law 27(no.4, 1997):1323- . How political and economic pressures havemodified USFWS listing decisions under the ESA, in direct contradiction to the statute's plainlanguage. Lieben recommends modifications to USFWS listing regulations, which would reducethe likelihood of the Service considering political factors in future decisions and place moreemphasis on the ecosystem significance of a candidate species. (v9,#2)

Lieberman, Joseph. "Meeting the Most Serious Environmental Issue." The Christian ScienceMonitor 89.104 (24 April 1997): 19.

Liebow, E, Book Review: Unhealthy Places The Ecology of Risk in the Urban Landscape. By KevinFitzpatrick and Mark LaGory. Routledge, New York, 2000. Human Ecology 30(no.1, 2002):142-145. (v.13, #3)

Light, A. and J.M. Smith, eds. Philosophy and Geography 1: Space, Place and Environmental Ethics.Reviewed by Jacqui Burgess. Environmental Values 8(1999):526. (EV)

Light, Andrew, Higgs, Eric S., "The Politics of Ecological Restoration," Environmental Ethics18(1996):227-247. Discussion of ecological restoration inenvironmental ethics has tended to center on issues aboutthe nature and character of the values that may or may notbe produced by restored landscapes. In this paper we shiftthe philosophical discussion to another set of issues: thesocial and political context in which restorations areperformed. We offer first an evaluation of the politicalissues in the practice of restoration in general and secondan assessment of the political co ntext into whichrestoration is moving. The former focuses on the inherentparticipatory capacity at the heart of restoration; the latter isconcerned with the commodified use (primarily in the UnitedStates) and nationalized use (primarily in Canada) to whichrestoration is being put. By means of a comparativeexamination of these two areas of inquiry, we provide afoundation for a critical assessment of the politics ofrestoration based on the politics in restoration. Light is inphilosophy at the University of Montana. Higgs is inanthropology and sociology at the University of Alberta. (EE)

Light, Andrew, "Which Side Are You On?: A Rejoinder to Murray Bookchin," Capitalism, Nature,Socialism 4 (No. 2, June 1993): 113-120. Rejoinder to a reply by Bookchin to the author's"Rereading Bookchin and Marcuse as Environmental Materialists."

Light, Andrew and Alan Rudy, "Social Ecology and Social Labor: A Consideration and Critique ofMurray Bookchin," Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, June 1995, pp 75-106. The first comprehensivecritique of social ecology from an ecological socialist perspective. The first part of the papersummarizes the basic social and political ground of Bookchin's theories; the second part arguesthat the absence of the category of social labor ultimately undermines the transformative potentialof social ecology. (v7,#1)

Light, Andrew, "An Environmental Ethic for Ecological Socialists?" Capitalism, Nature, Socialism9(no. 3, September 1998):20-24. Introduction to a symposium on Steven Vogel's Against Nature:The Concept of Nature in Critical Theory (SUNY Press, 1998). Includes contributions by LorenzoSimpson, Alan Rudy, David Maccauley and Vogel. (v.10,#3)

Light, Andrew, and Eric Katz, eds., Environmental Pragmatism. London and New York: RoutledgePress, 1996. 352 pages. Contents: "Introduction: Environmental Pragmatism and EnvironmentalEthics as Contested Terrain," Andrew Light and Eric Katz; "Pragmatism and EnvironmentalThought," Kelly A. Parker; "How Pragmatism is an Environmental Ethic," Sandra B. Rosenthal andRogene A. Buchholz; "Nature as Culture: John Dewey's Pragmatic Naturalism," Larry A. Hickman;"The Environmental Value in G. H. Mead's Cosmology," Ari Santas; "The Constancy of Leopold'sLand Ethic," Bryan Norton; "Integration or Reduction: Two Approaches to Environmental Values,"Bryan Norton; "Before Environmental Ethics," Anthony Weston; "Compatibilism in Political Ecology,"Andrew Light; Pragmatism and Policy: The Case of Water," Paul B. Thompson; "Towards aPragmatic Approach to Definition: Wetlands and the Politics of Meaning," Edward Schiappa; "APluralistic, Pragmatic and Evolutionary Approach to Natural Resource Management," Emery N.Castle; "Laws of Nature vs. Laws of Respect: Non-Violence in Practice in Norway," David

Rothenberg; "Teaching Environmental Ethics as a Method of Conflict Management," Gary E. Varner,Susan J. Gilbertz, and Tarla Rai Peterson; "Beyond Intrinsic Value: Pragmatism in EnvironmentalEthics," Anthony Weston; "Searching for Intrinsic Value: Pragmatism and Despair in EnvironmentalEthics," Eric Katz; "Unfair to Swamps: A Reply to Katz--Unfair to Foundations?: A Reply toWeston," Anthony Weston and Eric Katz; "Environmental Pragmatism as Philosophy orMetaphilosophy?: On the Weston-Katz Debate," Andrew Light.

The first comprehensive presentation of environmental pragmatism as a new approach. Environmental pragmatism argues that theoretical debates are hindering the ability of theenvironmental movement to forge agreement on basic policy imperatives. This new directionadvocate a serious (though not theoretical) inquiry into the practical merits of moral pluralism, usingthe methodology of classical American pragmatist thought. (v7,#1)

Light, Andrew, "Urban Wilderness," Wild Ideas, ed. David Rothenberg (Minneapolis: University ofMinnesota Press, 1995), pp. 195-211. Short version reprinted as "Whither Classical Wilderness?,"in The Trumpeter, March 1995. Distinguishes between two historical conceptions of the idea ofwilderness--classical and romantic--and argues that the idea of the classical wilderness has beentransferred to descriptions of urban spaces. Discusses the notions of wilderness of the Puritans,Upton Sinclair, and Mike Davis (writing about Los Angeles). (v7,#1)

Light, Andrew, "Boys in the Woods: Urban Wilderness in American Cinema," in The Nature ofCities: Ecocriticism and Urban Environments, ed. Michael Bennett and David Teague (Tucson:University of Arizona Press, 1999). This paper furthers the author's earlier arguments concerningthe use of the metaphor of wilderness to describe inner cities (see Light's "Urban Wilderness," inWild Ideas, ed. David Rothenberg, University of Minnesota Press, 1995) by tracking the maliciousrepresentation of the city as an urban wilderness in recent American cinema. The article closeswith a look at the more hopeful appeals to an urban wilderness in portrayals of the inner city byAfrican-American film makers like John Singleton and the Hughs brothers. The point of thisanalysis is to serve a normative critique of the description of racial minorities as the inhabitants ofan urban wilderness; a continuation of the legacy of the depiction of racial others and nature itselfas uncivilized and thus unworthy of equal moral consideration. (v.11,#1)

Light, Andrew and Jonathan Smith. Environmental Ethics and Philosophy and Geography II: TheProduction of Public Space. Reviewed by Christopher J. Preston. Environmental Ethics22(2000):215-218.

Light, Andrew and Jonathan Smith. Philosophy and Geography I: Space, Place, and EnvironmentalEthics. Reviewed by Christopher J. Preston. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):215-218.

Light, Andrew, and Jonathan M. Smith, eds. Philosophy and Geography I: Space, Place, andEnvironmental Ethics. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1997. 283pp. $22.95 paper,$57.50 cloth. The first of an annual volume. Light is in philosophy at the University of Montana andSmith in geography, Texas A&M University. The intersections of philosophy and geography on theissue of environmental ethics, environmental law, natural value, and conceptions of nature. Contents:--Light, Andrew and Jonathan M. Smith, "Introduction: Geography, Philosophy, and theEnvironment" (pp. 1-13)--Burch, Robert, "On the Ethical Determination of Geography: A Kantian Prolegomenon" (pp. 15-47)--Katz, Eric, "Nature's Presence: Reflections on Healing and Domination" (pp. 49-61)--Trachenberg, Zev, "The Takings Clause and the Meaning of Land" (pp. 63-90) --Westcoat, Jr.,James L., "Muslim Contributions to Geography and Environmental Ethics" (pp. 91-116)--Clark, John, "The Dialectical Social Geography of Elisée Reclus" (pp. 117-142)--Spash, Clive L. and Adam M. Clayton "The Maintenance of Natural Capital: Motivations andMethods" (pp. 143-173)

--Paden, Roger, "Wilderness Management" (pp. 175-187)--Steelwater, Eliza, "Mead and Heidegger: The Ethics and Theory of Space, Place, & Environment"(pp. 189-207)--King, Roger, "Critical Reflections on Biocentric Environmental Ethics" (pp. 209-230).--Gandy, Matthew, "Ecology, Modernity, and the Intellectual Legacy of the Frankfurt School" (pp.321-254)--Booth, Annie L., "Critical Questions in Environmental Philosophy" (pp. 255-273).Forthcoming volumes in this series are: II. Public Space (October 1997); III. The Meaning of Place(submissions solicited); IV: Aesthetics of Everyday Life (submissions solicited). (v8,#1)

Light, Andrew and Ben Shippen, Jr., "Is Environmental Quality a Public Good?" Working Paper, Eco-Research Chair, Environmental Risk Management, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,Canada. Environmental protection, like police protection, is something which we want to beprovided equally as a public good. The legal standards should not be lower in one place thananother. But solutions to environmental pollution based on economic incentives that trade pollutionrights do not have equal results and allow different regions of the country to be treated unequally. This is like allowing, as a matter of policy, more crimes in one part of a city as long as few arecommitted in another part. Light is in philosophy at the University of Alberta, Shippen in economicsat Florida State University. (v6,#4)

Light, Andrew, "Environmental Pragmatism and Valuation in Nature," Human Ecology: CrossingBoundaries, ed. Scott D. Wright et al, (Fort Collins, CO: Society for Human Ecology, 1993), pp.23-30. The first published version of the author's work on environmental pragmatism. Includes adiscussion of environmental pedagogy (especially the work of David Orr) as a form ofenvironmental pragmatism. (v7,#1)

Light, Andrew, "Three Questions on Hyperreality," Research in Philosophy and Technology, vol 15,1995. A response to Albert Borgmann's "The Nature of Reality and the Reality of Nature," in Souléand Lease, eds., Reinventing Nature? (Island Press, 1995). Argues that Borgmann's position onthe social construction of nature leads to several puzzles which follow from his attempt tointegrate postmodernism and environmental philosophy. (v7,#1)

Light, Andrew, "Contemporary Environmental Ethics: From Metaethics to Public Philosophy,"Metaphilosophy 33 (No. 3, 2002). In the past 30 years environmental ethics has emerged as oneof the most vibrant and exciting areas of applied philosophy. Several journals and hundreds ofbooks testify to its growing importance inside and outside philosophical circles. But with all of thisscholarly output, it is arguably the case that environmental ethics is not living up to its promise ofproviding a philosophical contribution to the resolution of environmental problems. This articlesurveys the current state of the field and offers an alternative path for its future developmenttoward a more publicly engaged model of applied philosophy. Light is in the Applied PhilosophyGroup at New York University, andrew.light@nyu.edu.

Light, Andrew, Katz, Eric, eds., Environmental Pragmatism. Reviewed by Norman S. Care. Ethicsand the Environment 2(1997):199-202. (E&E)

Light, Andrew and Shippen, Ben S. Jr., "Should Environmental Quality be a Publicly ProvidedGood?", Organization and Environment, 16, (No. 2, 2003): 232-42. Light is an assistant professorof environmental philosophy and the director of the Environmental Conservation Education Programat New York University. Ben S. Shippen Jr. was an assistant professor of economics at MercerUniversity, Macon, Georgia before becoming a research economist at ERS Group.

Light, Andrew, "Restoring Ecological Citizenship," in Democracy and the Claims of Nature, ed. B.Minteer and B. P. Taylor (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002). Argues that if we take

seriously the value of public participation in restoration then we need to understand participationas democratic participation. Claims that this notion of democratic participation is best understoodas a form of environmental citizenship (along a republican model of citizenship). Argues againstan identity model of participation and uses the debate in restoration over prairie burning to illustratethe difference between the citizenship and identity models. Concludes with a brief account of howthese claims could be put into a legal and policy framework. Light is in the Applied PhilosophyGroup at New York University, andrew.light@nyu.edu.

Light, Andrew and de-Shalit, Avner, eds., Moral and Political Reasoning in Environmental Practice. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2002. 12 new papers relating the problem of environmental ethicsand political philosophy to environmental practice. Divided into a general theoretical section on theproblem of overcoming theory and practice divide, a section discussing new philosophical toolsfor improving practices and policies and a third section of case studies. Papers originated at thecombined ISEE/Society for Applied Philosophy Meeting at Oxford University in July 1999.

Introduction offers a critique of Callicott's claims about environmental philosophy itself beingthe most radical version of environmental activism. Contents:-"Environmental Ethics - Whose Philosophy? Which Practice?", Andrew Light and Avner de-Shalit;-"Political Theory and the Environment: Nurturing a Sustainable Relationship," Michael Freeden-"Intuition, Reason, and Environmental Argument," Mathew Humphrey,-"The Justice of Environmental Justice: Reconciling Equity, Recognition, and Participation in aPolitical Movement," David Schlosberg,-"Constitutional Environmental Rights: A Case for Political Analysis," Tim Hayward,-"Trusteeship: A Practical Option for Realizing our Obligations To Future Generations?," WilliamGriffith,-"Ecological Utilisation Space: Operationalizing Sustainability," Finn Arler,-"The Environmental Ethics Case for Crop Biotechnology: Putting Science Back into EnvironmentalPractice," Paul B. Thompson,-"Yew Trees, Butterflies, Rotting Boots and Washing Lines: The Importance of Narrative," AlanHolland and John O'Neill,-"The Role of Cases in Moral Reasoning: What Environmental Ethics Can Learn from BiomedicalEthics," Robert Hood,-"Grab Bag Ethics and Policymaking for Leaded Gasoline: A Pragmatist's View," Vivian E.Thomson,-"Animals, Power and Ethics: The Case of Fox Hunting," Clare Palmer and Francis O'Gorman,-"Ethics, Politics, Biodiversity: A View From the South," Niraja Gopal Jayal.Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group at New York University, andrew.light@nyu.edu. de-Shalitis in Political Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Light, Andrew, "The Role of Technology in Environmental Questions: Martin Buber and DeepEcology as Answers to Technological Consciousness," Research in Philosophy and Technology,Vol. 12, 1992, pp. 83-104. When viewed as responses to the imposition of forms of technologicaldomination over nature, the views of the deep ecologists (especially Naess) are remarkably similarto the onto-theology of Martin Buber. Suggests that ultimately Buber's approach to topic is evenmore radical than Naess's. (v7,#1)

Light, Andrew, and Smith, Jonathan M., eds. Philosophy and Geography III: Philosophies of Place. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998. 309 pp. Contents include:-Malpas, Jeff, "Finding Place: Spatiality, Locality, and Subjectivity."-Dickinson, James, "In Its Place: Site and Meaning in Richard Serra's Public Sculpture."-Mandoki, Katya, "Sites of Symbolic Density: A Relativistic Approach to Experienced Space."-Schnell, Izhak, "Transformations in the Myth of the Inner Valleys as a Zionist Place."-Norton, Bryan, and Hannon, Bruce, "Democracy and Sense of Place Values in Environmentalolicy."

-Howard, Ian, "From the Inside Out: The Farm as Place."-Glidden, David, "Commonplaces."-Wasserman, David, Womersley, Mick, and Gottlieb, Sara, "Can a Sense of Place Be reserved?"-Caragata, Lea, "New Meanings of Place: The Place of the Poor and the Loss of Place as a Centerof Mediation."-Brey, Philip, "Space-Shaping Technologies and the Geographical Disembedding of Place."-Maskit, Jonathan, "Something Wild? Deleuze and Guattari and the Impossibility of Wilderness."Light, Andrew and Jonathan M. Smith, eds. Philosophy and Geography III: Philosophies of Place. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littllefield Publisher, 1999. $68.00. The significance of place shiftsand, some think, diminishes. But a growing literature testifies to the persistence of place as anincorrigible aspect of human experience, identity, and morality. Contents:-Smith, Jonathan M., Light, Andrew, and Roberts, David, "Introduction: Philosophies andGeographies of Place."-Malpas, Jeff, "Finding Place: Spatiality, Locality, and Subjectivity."-Dickinson, James, "In Its Place: Site and Meaning in Richard Serra's Public Sculpture."-Mandoki, Katya, "Sites of Symbolic Density: A Relativistic Approach to Experienced Space." Light, Andrew, and Katz, Eric, eds. Environmental Pragmatism. New York: Routledge, 1996. 352pp. Notes. Index. $65.00 cloth; $19.95 paper. By applying classical American pragmatist thoughtto the environment, this anthology defines and develops the pragmatic approach (methodology orstrategy). The approach is more a method of inquiry and problem-solving than a position (ortheory). Generally, the search for a single comprehensive theory is rejected in favor of conceptualpluralism, on the grounds that commitment to a theory can (and often) hinders problem-solving andpolicy formulation, adoption, and implementation. The volume is likely to become the classicstatement of the pragmatist environmental approach. Contributors include such importantpragmatists as Bryan Norton, Anthony Weston, and Larry Hickman (the Director of the DeweyCenter at Southern Illinois University). Light is in the Department of Philosophy at the University ofMontana. Katz is in Philosophy at New Jersey Institute of Technology.

Contributions to the volume are:--Light, Andrew, and Katz, Eric. "Introduction: Environmental Pragmatism and Environmental Ethicsas Contested Terrain." Pages 1-20.

Part One: Environmental Thought and Classical American Philosophy--Parker, Kelly A. "Pragmatism and Environmental Thought." Pages 21-37.--Rosenthal, Sandra B., and Buchholz, Rogene A. "How Pragmatism Is an Environmental Ethic." Pages 38-49.--Hickman, Larry A. "Nature as Culture: John Dewey's Pragmatic Naturalism." Pages 50-72.--Santas, Ari. "The Environmental Value in G. H. Mead's Cosmology." Pages 73-83.--Norton, Bryan G. "The Constancy of Leopold's Land Ethic." Pages 84-102.

Part Two: Pragmatist Theory and Environmental Philosophy--Norton, Bryan G. "Integration or Reduction: Two Approaches to Environmental Values." Pages105-38.--Weston, Anthony. "Before Environmental Ethics." Pages 139-60.--Light, Andrew. "Compatibilism in Political Ecology." Pages 161-84.

Part Three: Pragmatist Approaches to Environmental Problem--Thompson, Paul B. "Pragmatism and Policy: The Case of Water." Pages 187-208.--Schiappa, Edward. "Towards a Pragmatic Approach to Definition: `Wetlands' and the Politics ofMeaning." Pages 209-31.--Castle, Emery N. "A Pluralistic, Pragmatic and Evolutionary Approach to Natural ResourceManagement." Pages 231-50.--Rothenberg, David. "Laws of Nature vs. Laws of Respect: Non-violence in Practice in Norway." Pages 251-65.--Varner, Gary E.; Gilbertz, Susan J.; and Peterson, Tarla Rai. "Teaching Environmental Ethics asa Method of Conflict Management." Pages 266-82.

Part Four: Environmental Pragmatism: An Exchange

--Weston, Anthony. "Beyond Intrinsic Value: Pragmatism in Environmental Ethics." Pages 285-306.--Katz, Eric. "Searching for Intrinsic Value: Pragmatism and Despair in Environmental Ethics." Pages 307-18.--Weston, Anthony, and Katz, Eric. "Unfair to Swamps: A Reply to Katz; Unfair to Foundations: AReply to Weston." Pages 319-24.--Light, Andrew. "Environmental Pragmatism as Philosophy or Metaphilosophy? On the Weston-Katz Debate." Pages 325-38. (v8,#1)

Light, Andrew, "Is Wilderness a Natural Kind?" Society for Philosophy and Geography Newsletter1 (no. 1, Dec. 1994): 2-3. "'Wilderness' is a term whose reference is historically dependent on thesocial context in which it is used and may be too culturally loaded to represent anything offoundational moral significance." Light amply wishes to conserve the areas we call wilderness,but is uncertain about the term. Light is a philosopher at the University of Alberta. A brief rejoinderfollows, "Varieties of Wilderness: A Rejoinder," by Jonathan M. Smith (p. 4). (v6,#4)

Light, Andrew, "Materialists, Ontologists, and Environmental Pragmatists," Social Theory andPractice 21 (No. 2, Summer 1995): 315-333. Expanded version reprinted as "Compatibilism inPolitical Ecology," in Environmental Pragmatism, ed. A. Light and E. Katz, (London: Routledge, 1996),pp. 161-184. A strategy for resolving competing claims within environmental political theory,focusing on debates between two kinds of theorists: ontologists--such as deep ecologists--andmaterialists--such as Murray Bookchin and the social ecologists. The urgency of the ecologicalcrisis requires a form of metatheoretical compatibilism between the opposing theories. Theargument is derived from a selective and critical reading of Rorty's neo-pragmatism concerning thedistinction between public and private practice. (v7,#1)

Light, Andrew, "Hegemony and Democracy: How the Inherent Politics in Restoration Informsthe Politics of Restoration," Restoration and Management Notes 12 (No. 2, Winter 1995):140-144. Argues that ecological restoration contains an inherent political dimension which consists in thepotential it always has to serve as the ground for public participation in the human-naturecommunity. (v7,#1)

Light, Andrew, "Environmental Pragmatism as Philosophy or Metaphilosophy: On the Weston-KatzDebate," in Environmental Pragmatism, ed. A. Light and E. Katz (London: Routledge Press, 1996),pp. 325-338. Looks at the debate Environmental Ethics between Anthony Weston and Eric Katz(vols. 7:4, 9:3, and 10:3) on the issue of environmental pragmatism. Argues that given a distinctionbetween two different pragmatist approaches to environmental ethics, both Katz and Weston arepragmatists. Compares the views of both scholars to that of J. Baird Callicott who is deemed nota pragmatist in either sense. (v7,#1)

Light, Andrew and Eric Katz, eds. Environmental Pragmatism. Reviewed by Peter S. Wenz. Environmental Ethics 19(1997):327-330. (EE)

Light, Andrew, "Rereading Bookchin and Marcuse as Environmental Materialists," Capitalism,Nature, Socialism, 4 (No. 1, March 1993): 69-98. Translated and republished as "Il MaterialismoAmbientale Bookchin e Marcuse a Confronto," Capitalismo, Natura, Socialismo, issue 10, February1994, pp. 110-139. Argues that Bookchin's critique of the Frankfurt School in general and HerbertMarcuse in particular is flawed, since an examination of both Bookchin and Marcuse reveals thatthey are both "environmental materialists."

Light, Andrew, ed., Ecosystem Health (Blackwell Science), vol. 4, no. 3, September 1998, themeissue: "Environmental Ethics and Environmental Risk Management." Includes:

--Light, Andrew, "Environmental Ethics and Environmental Risk: Expanding the Scope ofEcosystem Health" An argument for why environmental pragmatismcan be used as a bridge between environmental ethics and environmental riskmanagement. Includes a critique of the debate on the merits of pragmatismin this journal between Kristin Shrader-Frechette, Baird Callicott, andBryan Norton.--Hood, Robert, "The Very Idea of Ecosystem Health"--Tal, Alon, "Beyond the Rhetoric of Premeditated Murder: Towards A Rational and CompassionateEnvironmentalist Perspective About The Ethics of Risk Assessment"--Boetzkes, Elisabeth, "Gender, Risk, and Scientific Proceduralism."

Light, Andrew, Nature, Class, and the Built World: Philosophical Essays between Political Ecologyand Critical Technology, 1996, University of California, Riverside, Ph.D. thesis in philosophy. 295pages. Philosophical disagreements on environmental questions can sometimes be set aside inorder to achieve compatible strategies to work toward improving environmental conditions. As partof this strategy, pragmatists call for abandoning the existing prejudices of environmentalphilosophy, in particular nonanthropocentrism and commitments to moral monism. The socialecology-deep ecology divide in political ecology, and the debate between monists and pluralistsin environmental ethics. Both debates are used to advance the pragmatist position. Theprivatization of environmental regulations, and restoration ecology. Questions concerning urbanspace and political identity. Technology and built space have traditionally been ignored byenvironmental philosophers. Space and place are integral to an environmental philosophy temperedby pragmatic concerns. The advisor was Bernd Magnus. (v.10,#1)

Light, Andrew, ed., Social Ecology after Bookchin. New York: The Guilford Press, 1998. 401pages. $ 20.00 paper. For close to four decades, Murray Bookchin's ecoanarchist theory of socialecology, one of the most controversial in the field, has challenged philosophers and activistsworking to link environmental concerns with the desire for a free and egalitarian society. Elevencontributors believe that Bookchin needs his critics and contemplate what next. Reassessingecological ethics, combining social ecology and feminism, building decentralized communities,evaluating new technology, relating theory to activism, and improving social ecology throughinteractions with other left traditions. Light is in philosophy at State University of New York,Binghamton. (v.10,#2)

Light, Andrew, "Environmental Ethics and Environmental Risk: Expanding the Scope of EcosystemHealth," Ecosystem Health, Vol. 4, No. 3, September 1998, pp. 147-151 (double pages). Introduction to a symposium on environmental ethics and environmental risk assessment. Arguesthat the ethical implications of risk management are to be best understood within the context ofecosystem health. Especially important in order to cease thinking about environmental riskassessment and management solely in terms of human health issues and instead broaden itsscope to cover human health in relation to the environment. Includes a discussion of an exchangein the same journal between Bryan Norton, Baird Callicott and Kristin Shrader-Frechette on the roleof pragmatism in understanding ecosystem health. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group at NewYork University, andrew.light@nyu.edu.

Light, Andrew, "Borgmann's Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen: On the Pre-Political Conditions ofPolitics of Place," in Technology and the Good Life?, ed., E. Higgs, A. Light, and D. Strong (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 106-125. Offers a defense against the claim that AlbertBorgmann's work in philosophy of technology is politically conservative. Argues that Borgmann'swork is culturally conservative and does not contain an explicit or formal political philosophy. Instead, Borgmann's work is best understood politically as offering pre-political conditions for howwe should understand the normative value of places. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group atNew York University, andrew.light@nyu.edu. (v.13,#2)

Light, Andrew, "Restauración Ecológica y Reproducción del Arte," in Ingenieria Genetica YAmbiental: Problemas filosoficos y sociales de la biotechnologia, ed. T. Kwiatkowska and R. L.Wilchis (Mexico City: Plaza y Valdez, 2000), pp. 209-219. ("Ecological Restoration and ArtReproduction") Robert Elliot's "Faking Nature," represents one of the strongest philosophicalrejections of the ground of restoration ecology ever offered. Here, and in a succession of papersdefending the original essay, Elliot argued that ecological restoration was akin to art forgery. Justas a copied art work could not reproduce the value of the original, restored nature could notreproduce the value of nature. I reject Elliot's art forgery analogy, and argue that his paperprovides grounds for distinguishing between two forms of restoration that must be given separatenormative consideration: (1) malicious restorations, those undertaken as a means of justifyingharm to nature, and (2) benevolent restorations, or, those which are akin to art restorations andwhich cannot serve as justifications for the conditions which would warrant their engagement.This argument will require an investigation of Mark Sagoff's arguments concerning the normativestatus of art restorations. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group at New York University,andrew.light@nyu.edu. (v.13,#1)

Light, Andrew, "Reconsidering Bookchin and Marcuse as Environmental Materialists: Toward anEvolving Social Ecology," in Social Ecology after Bookchin, ed. A. Light (New York: Guilford, 1998),pp. 343-383. Entirely reworks and supercedes Light's early paper on Bookchin and Marcusepublished in 1993 in Capitalism, Nature, Socialism. Argues that if Bookchin and Marcuse can beread as environmental materialists then Marcuse's work may shed light on how social ecology canbe reconciled with deep ecology. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group at New York University,andrew.light@nyu.edu.

Light, Andrew, "Moral Progress Amid Technological Change," Journal of Speculative Philosophy15 (No. 3, 2001): 195-201. Response to John Lachs's "Both Better Off and Better," in same issuewhich argues that increasing affluence has led to moral progress. Light claims that Lachs errs innot considering the combined environmental consequences andconsequences to future generations of increases in individual welfare. Examples discussedinclude trade-offs between advantages of owning cars and contributions to greenhouse gasesand sustainable agriculture. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group at New York University,andrew.light@nyu.edu. (v.13,#1)

Light, Andrew, "Restoration, the Value of Participation, and the Risks of Professionalization," inRestoring Nature: Perspectives from the Social Sciences and Humanities, ed. P. Gobster and B. Hull(Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2000), pp. 163-181. Efforts to professionalize restoration includethe regulation of restoration projects, the certification of restoration volunteers, and the creationand accreditation of restoration degree programs. By increasing the expertise and authority ofrestorationists, professionalization offers a potential mechanism to reduce the conflict that seemsinherent in many restoration projects. However, professionalization may have significant costs.Professionalism will likely close the content of the language of restoration by controlling howconcepts, terms, and practices of restoration are defined and delimited. This control may makerestoration less participatory and degrade the unique democratic potential of restoration projects.I address these issues using as an example the conflict created by the numerous restorationsknown collectively as the Chicago Wilderness project. The first section expands on andsupercedes the discussion of the democratic values implicit in acts of restoration discussed inLight's 1996 article with Eric Higgs, "The Politics of Ecological Restoration," in Environmental Ethics. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group at New York University,andrew.light@nyu.edu. (v.13,#2)

Light, Andrew, "Ecological Restoration and the Culture of Nature: A Pragmatic Perspective," inRestoring Nature: Perspectives from the Social Sciences and Humanities, ed. P. Gobster and B. Hull

(Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2000), pp. 49-70. Most environmental philosophers have failedto understand the theoretical and practical importance of ecological restoration. This failure isprimarily due to the mistaken impression that ecological restoration is only an attempt to restorenature itself, rather than an effort to restore an important part of the human relationship with non-human nature. I first discuss the possibility of transforming environmental philosophy into a morepragmatic discipline, better suited to contributing to the formation of sound environmental policies,including ecological restoration. In particular, I advocate an alternative philosophical approach tothe kind of work on the value of ecological restoration raised by Eric Katz and other philosopherswho claim that restored nature can never reproduce the actual value of nature. Here, I will makethis contrast more explicit and go on to further argue that Katz's views in particular are notsufficiently sensitive to the values at work in the variety of projects falling within the category ofecological restoration. A richer description of the ethical implications of restoration will identify alarge part of its value in the revitalization of the human culture of nature. Short versions reprintedas "Restoration or Domination?: A Reply to Katz," in Environmental Restoration: Ethics, Theory, andPractice, ed. William Throop (Amherst, NY: Humanity Books (Prometheus), 2000), pp. 95-111, andin Environmental Ethics: What Really Matters? What Really Works?, eds. D. Schmidtz and E. Willott(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 178-187. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group atNew York University, andrew.light@nyu.edu. (v.13,#2)

Light, Andrew, ""Place Authenticity as Ontology or Psychological State?" Philosophy andGeography, 5 (No. 2, 2002), pp. 204-210. This article responds to Eric Katz's "The Authenticityof Place in Culture and Nature: Thoughts on the Holocaust in the Spanish Synagogue of Venice,"in the same issue of the journal. Light argues that Katz's attempt to extend his work on authenticityin ecological restoration to the cultural experience of place confuses a psychological with ametaphysical account of authenticity. The piece concludes with an appeal for an aestheticunderstanding of the importance of place in environmental philosophy. (v.13, #3)

Light, Andrew, "On the Irreplaceability of Place," Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion2(1998):179-184. Analysis of a puzzle concerning Christoph Rehmann-Sutter and theirreplaceability of place. If places are designated as valuable in part because they areirreplaceable, and if any human can appreciate any place, then how can humans ever be part ofa place if they are ultimately substitutable as agents who appreciate places? Two possibleanswers: Two kinds of bioregionalism, liberal bioregionalism and communitarian bioregionalism areidentified. Liberal bioregionalism, recommended for the present, avoids the irreplaceability problemby jettisoning the need to focus on the special qualities of a particular place. Communitarianbioregionalism might be a goal down the road. Light is in philosophy and environmental studies,Binghamton University, SUNY. (v.10,#2)

Light, Andrew, "Public Goods, Future Generations, and Environmental Quality," in Not for Sale: InDefense of Public Goods, ed. A. Anton, M. Fisk, and N. Holmstrom (San Francisco: WestviewPress, 2000), pp. 209-226. Environmental quality ought to be preserved as an inviolate publiclyprovided good. After analyzing the relationship between publicly provided goods (such as fire orpolice protection) and "pure public goods," I argue that the requirements for the delivery of publiclyprovided goods are parasitic on the definition of pure public goods, creating a normative burdenon those who would advocate the privatization of their delivery or maintenance. Using this claimit is argued that a publicly provided good cannot be privatized if it would result in inequality in thedistribution of the good, or diminish the quality of the good. Identification of this argumentativeburden on privation efforts is strengthened by a claim that publicly provided goods represent acommunity's articulation of a suggestion that such goods fulfill commonly held needs. I argue thatenvironmental quality is just such a good. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group at New YorkUniversity,andrew.light@nyu.edu. (v.13,#2)

Light, Andrew and Roberts, David, "Toward New Foundations in Philosophy of Technology: Mitcham and Wittgenstein on Descriptions," Research in Philosophy and Technology 19 (2000):125-147. Over the last twenty-five years, philosophy of technology has become a recognizablesub-discipline in the Americas and Europe. There are journals, societies, and international meetingsdevoted to the subject. But the field suffers from the lack of a common ground on which to basequestions that might define it as a philosophical discipline, central questions whose resolution willdrive the discipline forward. Certainly there are many views now on the social effects oftechnology and how we are to evaluate those effects, but the field nonetheless lacks a criticalintradisciplinary discussion of those competing views of the kind that characterizes mostphilosophical sub-fields such as environmental ethics. After reviewing the general state of thefield, we turn to an analysis of the work of Carl Mitcham, one philosopher of technology who hasfocused on a more descriptive approach to identifying the subject of his philosophical endeavors. We then sketch an alternative descriptive approach to Mitcham's grounded in Wittgenstein'sdescriptive strategies, in part to articulate our own account of improving the descriptive base ofthe field and in part to show how one form of descriptivism (ours) can critically interact withanother (Mitcham's). Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group at New York University,andrew.light@nyu.edu. Roberts completed an M.A. in philosophy at the University of Montana. (v.13,#1)

Light, Andrew, "The Urban Blind Spot in Environmental Ethics," Environmental Politics 10 (No. 1,2001): 7-35. In the past 30 years environmental ethics and political ecology have emerged as twoof the most vibrant and exciting areas of applied philosophy. Several journals and hundreds ofbooks testify to their growing importance inside and outside philosophical circles. But surprisinglyvery little has ever been said, in particular, by environmental ethicists about cities, and what hasbeen written is largely negative. This paper offers an explanation for why the urban environmenthas been ignored in environmental ethics (with a focus on examples found in Holmes Rolston'swork), second, provides a series of ecological and social arguments for why urban issues cannotbe overlooked in a complete environmental ethic, and finally, offers an example of the sorts ofissues that an expanded environmental ethic, inclusive of urban environments, would need tofocus on. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group at New York University, andrew.light@nyu.edu. (v.13,#1)

Light, Andrew, "Bookchin as/and Social Ecology," in Social Ecology after Bookchin, ed. A. Light(New York: Guilford, 1998), pp. 1-23. A personal account of what went wrong with thedevelopment of social ecology and with the social ecology-deep ecology debate. Argues that thelater debate, in particular, was largely pointless. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group at NewYork University, andrew.light@nyu.edu.

Light, Andrew, "Technology, Democracy, and Environmentalism: On Feenberg's QuestioningTechnology," Ends and Means: Journal of Philosophy, Technology and Society, 4 (No. 2, 2000):7-17. Offers a critique of the environmental implications of Andrew Feenberg's work inQuestioning Technology (Routledge, 1999). Light rejects Feenberg's claim of the importance of theEhrlich-Commoner debate in the development of environmental thought and questions the role ofthe relationship between democratically controlled technology and democratic environmentalpractices. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group at New York University, andrew.light@nyu.edu. (v.13,#2)

Light, Andrew, "Elegy for a Garden: Thoughts on an Urban Environmental Ethic," PhilosophicalWritings 14 (2000): 41-47. Narrative piece about the importance of working out an environmentalethic for urban environments illustrated by a description of the fight in New York City overpreservation of community gardens. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group at New YorkUniversity, andrew.light@nyu.edu. (v.13,#1)

Light, Andrew, "What is an Ecological Identity?," Environmental Politics 9 (No. 4, 2000): 59-81. Isenvironmentalism a form of identity politics like feminism, race based politics, and other politicalorientations at the core of the new social movements? This paper argues that it can be, but thatthis claim to political identity has only been clearly available so far to a narrow set ofenvironmentalists, most notably deep ecologists and essentialist ecofeminists. But if it is plausiblethat broader forms of environmentalism can represent a political identity, then a set of politicalobjections to the content of environmentalism become much more salient than they might at firstappear. After attempting a thorough assessment of the possible interpretations of anenvironmental identity politics, I look at the political problems that follow. If environmentalists decideto articulate their environmentalism as a kind of 'ecological identity', and it is surely an open questionas to whether they should, then this identity will encounter some serious hurdles that deserveattention. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group at New York University, andrew.light@nyu.edu. (v.13,#1)

Light, Andrew, "Deep Socialism?: An Interview with Arne Naess," CNS: Journal of SocialistEcology, Vol. 8, No. 1, March 1997, pp. 69-85. Focuses on the social ecology-deep ecology debate,the deep ecology-ecofeminism debate, Naess's views on the relationship between theory andpractice (which suggest they are largely pragmatic) and whether Naess likes the slavish devotionof some of his followers. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group at New York University,andrew.light@nyu.edu.

Light, Andrew, "Taking Environmental Ethics Public," in Environmental Ethics: What Really Matters?What Really Works?, ed. D. Schmidtz and E. Willott (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp.556-566. The pragmatist critique of environmental ethics has argued that the field has largely failedin offering a set of moral foundations to improving environmental policies or for motivating agentsto embrace more supportive environmental practices. If this critique is taken seriously then areassessment is needed of how to encompasses both a traditional philosophical task involving aninvestigation into the value of nature, and a second public task involving the articulation ofarguments which will be morally motivating concerning environmental protection. This chapteroverviews the case for a demarcation of these tasks and makes a claim about their relativeimportance in relation to each other in the context of a methodological form of environmentalpragmatism (as opposed to a more purely philosophical application of the work of particularpragmatists to environmental questions). The result is a form of environmental pragmatism that anonpragmatist could embrace in environmental ethics. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group atNew York University, andrew.light@nyu.edu. (v.13,#1)

Light, Andrew, "Contemporary Environmental Ethics: From Metaethics to Public Philosophy,"Metaphilosophy, 33 (No. 4, July 2002), pp. 426-449. In the past 30 years environmental ethics hasemerged as one of the most vibrant and exciting areas of applied philosophy. Several journals andhundreds of books testify to its growing importance inside and outside philosophical circles. Butwith all of this scholarly output, it is arguably the case that environmental ethics is not living up toits promise of providing a philosophical contribution to the resolution of environmental problems. This article surveys the current state of the field and offers an alternative path for its futuredevelopment toward a more publicly engaged model of applied philosophy. The article includesa substantial section criticizing previous attempts to link environmental ethics and environmentalpolicy, especially the work by nonanthropocentrists on the problem of preservation of the Brazilianrainforest. (v.13, #3)

Light, Andrew, "Are all Anthropocentrists Against Nature?" Rethinking Marxism, 11 (No. 4, 1999):93-102. Consideration and critique of Steven Vogel's Against Nature (SUNY, 1998). Argues thatVogel's description of the environmental implications of the work of the Frankfurt School isexcellent but may be criticized for its treatment of broader forms of anthropocentrism and foroverlooking the implications of the agents/patients distinction when considering the possibility of

representing the welfare of nonhumans. Light is in the Applied Philosophy Group at New YorkUniversity, andrew.light@nyu.edu.

Light, Andrew, "Symposium: Eric Katz's Nature as Subject" Ethics and the Environment 7(no. 1,2002):102-146. Includes:-Hettinger, Ned, "The problem of finding a positive role for humans in the natural world," pp.109-123-Ouderkirk, Wayne, "Katz's problematic dualism and its `seismic' effects on his theory," pp.124-137-Katz, Eric, "Understanding moral limits in the duality of artifacts and nature: A reply to critics," pp.138-146. (E&E)

Light, Andrew and Rolston, Holmes III, eds., Environmental Ethics: An Anthology. Cambridge, MA:Blackwell Publishers, 2002. 40 classic and new papers in environmental ethics organized forclassroom use. Section headings include, "What is Environmental Ethics?: An Introduction," WhoCounts in an Environmental Ethics? Animals? Plants? Ecosystems?," "Is Nature IntrinsicallyValuable?," "Is There One Environmental Ethic? Monism versus Pluralism," "ReframingEnvironmental Ethics: What Alternatives Exist?" (with subsections on Deep Ecology, Ecofeminismand Environmental Pragmatism), "Focusing on Central Issues: Sustaining, Restoring, PreservingNature" (with subsections on sustainability, restoration ecology and wilderness preservation), and"What on Earth Do We Want? Human Social Issues and Environmental Values." An introductionto environmental ethics by Clare Palmer is especially helpful. Light is in the Applied PhilosophyGroup at New York University, andrew.light@nyu.edu. Rolston is in Philosophy at Colorado StateUniversity. (v.13,#2)

Light, Andrew. "Callicott and Naess on Pluralism." Inquiry 39, no. 2 (June 1996): 273-94. Themonism-pluralism debate in environmental ethics, first, as it has most recently been advanced byJ. Baird Callicott in his "Moral Monism in Environmental Ethics Defended," Journal of PhilosophicalResearch 19 (1994). Light assesses Callicott's claim that his communitarianism (combined with alimited intertheoretic pluralism) is sufficient to get the advantages of pluralism advocated by, amongothers, Stone, Weston, Brennan, Varner, and Hargrove. The author argues that Callicott's claimsget us no further in taking up what could be the more important question in the monism-pluralismdebate: how do we achieve a compatibilism among ethical theories which will inform betterenvironmental practices? The paper argues, further, that Arne Naess, whose work hasheretofore been excluded from the mainstream discussion of this issue, has all along understoodthe heart of the monism-pluralism question. All involved in the monism-pluralism debate would dowell to look at what Naess has to say. (v7, #3)

Light, Andrew. "Materialists, Ontologists, and Environmental Pragmatists." Social Theory andPractice 21 (no. 2, Summer 1995): 315-33. (v6,#4)

Light, Andrew. "Clarifying the Public/Private Distinction." Environmental Ethics 20(1998):223-24.

Light, Andrew. "On Hand's End: Contextualizing the Problem of Nature and Technology." Researchin Philosophy and Technology15 (1995): 165. (v7, #3)

Lighthall, David R., and Kopecky, Steven, "Confronting the Problem of Backyard Burning: The Casefor a National Ban," Society & Natural Resources 13 (No. 2, Mar 01 2000): 157- . (v.11,#2)

Lijmbach, Susanne, Review of:Peterson, Anna L., Being Human. Ethics, Environment, and OurPlace in the World. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 16(2003):409-415. (JAEE)

Lijmbach, Susanne. Review of: Stefanovic, Ingrid Leman, Safeguarding our Common Future. Re-thinking Sustainable Development. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics16(2003):209-217. (JAEE)

Likens, G., ed., Long-term Studies in Ecology--Approaches and Alternatives. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989. Contains D. Tilman, "Ecological Experimentation: Strengths and ConceptualProblems." pp. 136-157, an overview of long-term ecological research, of which there is very little. Most ecological research projects last only a few years, far too short a time to take account ofthe great variation in natural systems. (v8,#3)

Lilburne, Geoffrey, "Ecotheology in Search of a Context: Land's Edge in Patrick White's Voss,"Ecotheology Vol 6 (Jul 01/Jan 02):152-166. geofl@nsw.uca.org.au This article reflects the waysin which contexts can be rendered for ecotheological work, on the assumption that ecotheologyand contextual theology are inextricably linked. To be taken up into theological reflection, contextsrequire both mapping and creation. The dialectic of artistic images is explored in a popular religioussong and Patrick White's novel, Voss in such a way as to propose methodological directions forecotheological work in Australia and beyond.

Lilburne, Geoffrey R., A Sense of Place: A Christian Theology of the Land (Nashville, TN: Abingdon,1989). 139 pages. $ 10.95. Chapters: 1. From the secular city to a theology of the land. 2. Thecentrality of the land in aboriginal and Hebrew religion. 3. Shattering the territorial chrysalis: fromthe exile to the Christian scriptures. 4. The poetics of space: place and space in the Westerntradition. 5. The Christification of holy space: incarnation and the land. 6. Defining incarnationalpraxis. An Australian theologian draws from the culture and literature of his native Australia tooffer a vision of ecological responsibility that is biblical, practical, and poetic. Lilburne is nowprofessor of theology at the United Theological Seminary in Dayton, Ohio. (v1,#4)

Limbaugh, Ronald H., "Stickeen and the Moral Education of John Muir," Environmental HistoryReview, vol. 15, no. 1, spring 1991. Stickeen was a dog who crossed a dangerous Alaskanglacier with Muir; Muir's account is interpreted as a classic commentary on the rights of animalsand their place in nature. Limbaugh is professor of history at the University of the Pacific and aMuir authority. (v2,#2)

Lime, David W., ed., Managing America's Enduring Wilderness Resource. Proceedings from theSeptember 1989 conference in Minneapolis and northern Minnesota. 118 papers, 700 pages, $32.50. Order from University of Minnesota, Distribution Center, Coffrey Hall, 1420 Eckles Avenue,St. Paul, MN 55108. (v1,#2)

Limerick, PN, "Forestry and Modern Environmentalism: Ending the Cold War," Journal of Forestry100(no.8, 2002): 46-51.

Lin, Albert C. "Participants' Experiences with Habitat Conservation Plans and Suggestions forStreamlining the Process." Ecology Law Quarterly 23(1996).

Lin, Albert C. "Application of the Continuing Violations Doctrine to Environmental Law", Ecology LawQuarterly 23(no.4, 1996):723.

Lin, G., and S. Ho, "China's Land Resources and Land - Use Change: Insights from the 1996 LandSurvey," Land Use Policy 20(no. 2, 2003): 87-107. (v 14, #3)

Lincoln, R.J., Boxshall, G.A., Clark, P.F. A Dictionary of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics (secondedition). New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 350pp. $51.96. Over 11,000 entries,

providing a working dictionary for students, teachers, researchers and anyone having an interestwithin the broad arena of biodiversity studies. (v8,#3)

Lind, Christopher. Something's Wrong Somewhere: Globalization, Community and the MoralEconomy of the Farm Crisis. (Halifax, N.S.: Fernwood Publishing, 1995). Reviewed by ThomasImhoff in Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 8(1995):199. (JAEE)

Lindberg, David C., "Early Christian Attitudes toward Nature." Pages 47-56 in Gary R. Ferngren,ed, Science and Religion: A Historical Introduction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,2002). These attitudes are often depicted as being anti-rationalist and anti-scientific, by selectivequotation from Tertullian (c. 160-c. 220 A.D). In fact, these attitudes were a great deal morecomplicated and more interesting. Lindberg is in history and philosophy of science University ofWisconsin at Madison. (v. 15, # 3)

Lindbladh, M., Niklasson, M. and Nilsson, S. G., "Long-Time Record of Fire and Open Canopy in aHigh Biodiversity forest in Southeast Sweden," Biological Conservation 114(no. 2, 2003): 231-243.

Lindell, C; Smith, M, "Nesting bird species in sun coffee, pasture, and understory forest in southernCosta Rica", Biodiversity and Conservation 12(no.3, 2003):423-440.

Linden, Eugene, "The Road to Disaster," Time, Oct. 16, 2000, vol. 156, no. 16, pp. 96-98. Pavingthe last 435 miles of BR-163, connecting Cuiaba with the TransAmazon highway, could open upthe Pantanal to uncontrolled development, over half a million square miles in a region especiallyprone to burning. (v.11,#4)

Linden, Eugene, "Tigers on the Brink," Time, March 28, 1994. The cover story. Once considereda success story, tigers are again sliding toward extinction. This time the world's nations may notbe able to save the great cats. Populations have declined 95% in this century; the two mainfactors are loss of habitat and a ferocious black market in body parts, especially bones and otherparts used in traditional medicine and folklore in China, Taiwan, and Korea. A tragic story of humanstupidity driving these majestic animals to extinction. (v5,#1)

Linden, Eugene, "Burned by Warming," Time, March 14, 1994. Big losses from violent storms makeinsurers take global change seriously. The insurance business is first in line to be affected byclimate change; it could bankrupt the $ 1.41 trillion industry. Europe's insurance giants havealready begun to lobby governments to take action. One big concern is the loss of the sandbarriers that protect insured property along the coasts. With 50% of the U.S. population livingwithin 50 miles of a coastline, sea level is now at the highest mark in the past 5,000 years and isrising as much as ten times as fast as before. (v5,#1)

Linden, Eugene, "Can Animals Think?" cover story in Time, March 22, 1993. After years of debate,ingenious new studies of dolphins, apes, and other brainy beasts are convincing many scientiststhat the answer is yes. Dolphins, chimps, parrots, sea lions, dogs. Why intelligence evolved. "Ifthe notion that animals might actually think poses a problem, it is an ethical one. The greatphilosophers, such as Descartes, used their belief that animals cannot think as a justification forarguing that they do not have moral rights. It is one thing to treat animals as mere resources if theyare presumed to be little more than living robots, but it is entirely different if they are recognized asfellow sentient beings. Working out the moral implications makes a perfect puzzle for a large-brained, highly social species like our own." (v4,#1)

Linden, Eugene. "Global Fever." Time, July 8, 1996, pp. 56-57. Climate change threatens morethan megastorms, floods, and droughts. The real peril may be disease. Bugs, germs, and otherpests may thrive. (v7, #3)

Linder, Douglas O., "New Directions for Preservation Law: Creating an Environment WorthExperiencing," Environmental Law 20(1990):49-81. (v7,#2)

Lindholm, J. and Barr, B., "Comparison of Marine and Terrestrial Protected Areas under FederalJurisdiction in the United States," Conservation Biology 15(no.5, 2001): 1441-44.

Lindquist, A., "Job's Plight Revisited: The Necessity Defense and the Endangered Species Act,"Environmental Law 33(no. 2, 2002): 449-482. (v 14, #3)

Lindzey, Andrew and Cohn-Sherbok, Dan, After Noah: Animals and the Liberation of Theology,London: UK: Cassells and in US distributed by Continuum, 1997. (v.10,#2)

Lindzey, Andrew, Animal Theology. London, UK: SCM Press and Champaign, IL, US: University ofIllinois Press, 1994. (v.10,#2)

Lindzey, Andrew, and Yamamoto, Dorothy, Animals on the Agenda: Questions about Animals forTheology and Ethics. London: UK: SCM Press and Champaign, IL: US: University of Illinois Press,1998. (v.10,#2)

Lindzey, Andrew, Animal Gospel: Christian Faith as If Animals Mattered, London: UK: Hodder andStoughton and US: Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1998. (v.10,#2)

Lindzey, Andrew, Animal Rites: Liturgies of Animal Care. London, UK: SCM Press and in USdistributed by Trinity Press International, 1999. (v.10,#2)

Line, Les, "Twilight of America's Grasslands," National Wildlife 35(no. 3, April/May 1997):20-29. Of the original tall-grass prairie, in most states only one or two percent survive, and a surprisingamount of habitat and biodiversity has been lost in recent years. The current plight of grasslandbirds is the most neglected conservation problem in America. Even on agricultural lands that oncesupported such birds, new agricultural practices, such as earlier and more frequent mowing, aredecimating the remaining birds. (v8,#1)

Line, Les, "Peru: Epicenter of El Nino, Fears for its Wildlife," New York Times, May 19, 1998, B12. Some lean years lie ahead for seals, sea lions, penguins, and other beach dwellers if oceanwaters get warmer. A severe year-long food shortage has resulted from record high watertemperatures, and many animals are dying, especially the young. Some scientists predict evenstronger and more frequent El Ninos. (v9,#2)

Lines, William J., Taming the Great South Land: A History of the Conquest of Nature in Australia. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1999. 384 pp. $18.95. Australia's history from thecontinent's geological origins, natural development, and earliest native cultures to its present-daystate of population and economic overgrowth at the expense of the fragile environmental balance. (v.10,#1)

Linge, George, "Ensuring the Full Freedom of Religion on Public Lands: Devils Tower and theProtection of Indian Sacred Sites," Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 27 (No. 2,Wint 2000): 307- . (v.11,#2)

Linklater, WL, "Wanted for Conservation Research: Behavioral Ecologists with a BroaderPerspective", BioScience 54 (no.4, 2004): 352-360(9). Behavioral ecologists have advocated agreater role for behavioral research in conservation, and the contribution of behavioral study to

conservation has increased dramatically. However, a review of the literature in the fields ofbehavioral ecology and conservation finds that half the articles that investigate behavior inconservation journals do not advance beyond the descriptive phase (compared with 14 percentin behavioral ecology journas) and that most articles in behavioral ecology journals (71 percent)are narrowly focused on questions about the adaptive value of behavior, whereas conservationbiology journals include more diverse interests such as causative and developmental mechanisms(43 percent). Addressing this mismatch between the disciplines is the key to improving the utilityof behavioral ecology in conservation. The solution I propose is a renewed appreciation ofTinbergen's paradigm, both in behavioral ecology, where it can encourage more pluralistic researchby integrating proximate and evolutionary questions, and in conservation biology, where it canstructure the advance from descriptive studies of behavior to behavioral problem solving.

Linnea, Ann, Deep Water Passage: A Spiritual Journey at Midlife. Boston: Little Brown, 1995. Theauthor takes an extended canoe trip in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area after a spiritual crisis. (v7,#1)

Linneman, J., "Book Review: Managing the Earth (the Linacre Lectures 2001) By James C. Bridenand Thomas E. Downing (Eds.)," Journal of Environment and Development 12(no. 2, 2003): 266-267. (v 14, #3)

Linneman, JM, "The Grassroots of a Green Revolution: Polling America on the Environment byDeborah Lynn Guber," Journal of Environment and Development 13(no.1, 2004):101-102. (v. 15,# 3)Linville, Mark D. "A Little Lower Than the Angels: Christian Humanism and Environmental Ethics,"Christian Scholars Review 28(No.2. 1998):283-297. In contrast to Lynn White, Jr., who argues thatChristianity is the most anthropocentric of the world's religions and that the West's acceptance ofthis humanistic approach is responsible for our ecologic crisis, Linville offers an account of humanflourishing that includes environmental values and argues that a properly circumspect account ofhumanism provides an adequate grounding for an environmental ethic. (v.11,#2)

Linzey, A., and Cohn-Sherbok, D., Celebrating Animals in Judaism and Christianity. London:Cassells, 1997.

Linzey, Andrew, "Unfinished Creation: The Moral and Theological Significance of the Fall,"Ecotheology No 4 (Jan 1998):20-26.

Linzey, Andrew, and Tom Regan, eds. Love the Animals: Meditations and Prayers (New York:Crossroad, 1989). (v1,#1)

Linzey, Andrew, ed. Animal Rights in the World's Religions. Cassell, 1999. (v.11,#1)

Linzey, Andrew, "Pet and Companion Animals" (Animal Welfare and Rights), Encyclopedia ofBioethics, revised ed. (New York: Macmillan Library Reference, Simon and Schuster, 1955), 180-83. (v6,#2)

Linzey, Andrew, Animal Theology (London: SCM Press, 1994 and Urbana, IL: University of IllinoisPress, 1994). "The idea that the specifically animal creation should be the subject of honour andrespect because it is created by God, however elementary that idea may now appear to us, is notone that has been given endorsement throughout centuries of Christian thought. Whilst it can beclaimed to have some grounding in scripture, in, for example, the psalmist's sense of wonder andbeauty of God's creation and in the regard that Jesus claimed even for the sparrows, theseintimations have never been developed into systematic theological thought, still less full-blowndoctrine." "Are we not to celebrate the life of creation with all its beauty, magnificence and

complexity and therein ... to perceive signs of the grandeur of God? Is not the biblical material rightto point us to the ways in which some animals at least appear to provide moral examples for ourown behaviour? Is not the story of Balaam's ass a sign of how morally advanced are the beastscompared to the mindless Balaams of our world?" "Christians have so little to contribute to thecontemporary debate about animals because they have failed to think theologically afresh." Linzeyis at Mansfield College, Oxford. (See story above, on the new fellowship in ethics and animalsthere.)

Linzey, Andrew, and Cohn-Sherbok, Dan, After Noah: Animals and the Liberation of Theology. London: Mobray, 1997. Also: New York: Cassell/Continuum. 156 pages. Jewish and Christiantraditions have often been blamed for justifying the abuse of animals. While some theologians havebeen negative about animals, there are ample resources within both traditions to support anenlightened and ethical view of animals. The way we treat animals is a benchmark for the kind ofsociety we are; our attitudes toward animals can liberate theology from an obsessive andidolatrous humanism. (v.9,#4)

Linzey, Andrew, Animal Rites: Liturgies of Animal Care. London: SCM Press, 1998. Fourteen newliturgies that are animal-friendly and animal-inclusive, affirming other sentient beings as co-creatures with humans. Linzey is on the faculty at Mansfield College, Oxford. (v.9,#3)Linzey, Andrew, "The Theological Basis of Animal Rights," Christian Century, October 9, 1991. AnAnglican priests criticizes humanocentric theology. (v2,#4)

Linzey, Andrew, "The Moral Priority of the Weak: The Theological Basis of Animal Liberation." Pages 25-42 in The Animal Kingdom and the Kingdom of God, Occasional Paper No. 26, Centre forTheology and Public Issues, New College, University of Edinburgh, 1991. Co-published by theChurch and National Committee of the Church of Scotland. ISBN 1 870126 17 3.

Linzey, Andrew, "Vegetarianism" (Animal Welfare and Rights), Encyclopedia of Bioethics, reviseded. (New York: Macmillan Library Reference, Simon and Schuster 1955), 171-76. (v6,#2)

Linzey, Andrew. Animal Rights: A Christian Assessment of Man's Treatment of Animals. Reviewedin Environmental Ethics 2(1980):89-93.

Lipietz, Alain, Towards a New Economic Order: Postfordism, Ecology, and Democracy (Cambridge,Polity Press, 1993) 2nd ed.. Reviewed by Jo Smith. Environmental Values 6(1997):239-241. (EV)

Lippke, Bruce, Fretwell, Holly L. "The Market Incentive for Biodiversity," Journal of Forestry95(1997):4. (v8,#1)

Lipschutz, Ronnie D., with Mayer, Judith. Global Civil Society and Global EnvironmentalGovernance: The Politics of Nature from Place to Planet. Albany, New York: State University ofNew York Press, 1996. 320 pages. $18.95 paperback, $57.50 hardcover. Neither worldgovernment nor green economics can protect the global environment. Political action throughcommunity and place-based organizations and projects and people acting together locally can havea cumulative impact on environment quality that is significant, long lasting, and widespread. (v7,#3)

Lipsey, Rick. "A Woman's Vision and Dream Turns Central Park Green." The Christian ScienceMonitor, vol. 89, 26 Nov. 1996, p. 13.

Lipske, Mike, "Cutting Down Canada," International Wildlife, March/April 1994. What's about tohappen to vast northern forests will make tropical rain forest look like conservation zones. In

Alberta, 23% of the province is under lease for eventual logging. In British Columbia, one year'scut on public lands is more than twice the harvest from all the national forests in the U.S. A newmill in Alberta, the Alberta-Pacific Mill, or Al-Pac, built for $ 1.3 billion, consumes 120 squarekilometers (about 45 square miles) of forest per year. Lipske is a former senior editor ofInternational Wildlife. (v5,#2)

Liptak, Adam, "Saving Seeds Subjects Farmers to Suits over Patent," New York Times, Nov. 2,2003, p. 14. In 1998, Homan McFarling, Tupelo, Mississippi, bought bags of genetically alteredsoybean seeds, planted a crop, and did what he has always done, saved some seeds andreplanted them the next year. But Monsanto has a patent on Roundup Ready soybeans and suedhim in federal court for $ 780,000. If the court rules against him, he will be forced into bankruptcy. A Monsanto spokeswoman said that Monsanto invested hundreds of millions of dollars to developthe product, and needs to recover its investment, so that Monsanto can contribute to the nextwave of products. (v.14, #4)

Lisowski, M, "Playing the Two-Level Game: US President Bush's Decision to Repudiate the KyotoProtocol," Environmental Politics 11(no.4, 2002): 101-119.

Liss, Peter S., and Duce, Robert A., eds. The Sea Surface and Global Change. New York:Cambridge University Press, 1996. 496 pages. $74.95 cloth. The first comprehensive review ofthe surface microlayer in a decade. The authors address the potential global marine impacts at theair-sea interface due to largescale atmospheric ozone depletion and industrial pollution. (v7, #3)

List, Charles J., "On the Moral Significance of a Hunting Ethic," Ethics and the Environment3(1998):157-175. This paper challenges the claim made by critics and some defenders of hunting,that any ethical code hunters chose to follow is irrelevant to the issue of the morality of hunting. My case is made by (1) constructing a hunting code which meets certain prominent objections totheir moral significance, (2) conceptually tying this code to an environmental ethic--Leopold's landethic, and (3) tying the land ethic to a traditional moral theory--Aristotelian virtue ethics. So, theconstructed code is morally significant because it is consistent with and made intelligible by astandard moral theory. List is in philosophy, Plattsburgh State University of New York, Plattsburgh,NY. (E&E)

List, Charles J. "Is Hunting a Right Thing?" Environmental Ethics 19(1997):405-416. I argue thatsport hunting is a right thing according to Leopold's land ethic. First, I argue that what Leopoldmeans by a "thing" ("A thing is right . . .") is not a human action, as is generally assumed, but rathera practice of conservation that is an activity connecting humans to the land. Such an "outdoor"activity emphasizes internal rewards and the achievement of excellence according to standardswhich at least partially define the activity. To say that hunting is a right thing is to say that thepractice of sport hunting tends in the direction of the land ethic. The actions of individual huntersare judged to be ethical or not by the standards of the practice; these standards are in turnevaluated by the precepts of the land ethic. Second, I discuss how the practical standards areevaluated. I argue that the concepts of integrity, stability, and beauty, contrary to someinterpretations, are not inherent values of the biotic community, but rather labels carefully chosenby Leopold as three conduits for the ecological conscience necessary for the land ethic: theethical, the ecological, and the aesthetic. I show that Leopold uses this model for his ownevaluation of the practice of hunting as well as his evaluation of other practices of conservation.Thus, to ask about whether sport hunting is a right thing is to ask about the historical evolution ofthe standards of this practice and, of equal importance, about the future direction of thesestandards with regard to the land ethic. List is in philosophy at the State University of New York,Plattsburgh, NY. (EE)

List, Charles J. "On Angling as an Act of Cruelty." Environmental Ethics 19(1997):333-334. (EE)

List, Charles. "On the Moral Distinctiveness of Sport Hunting." Environmental Ethics26(2004):155-169. Although controversy concerning the morality of hunting is generally focusedon sport hunting, sport hunting itself is not a morally distinctive kind of hunting. The understandingof hunting in general needs to be supplemented with reference to the goods which hunting seeks.Attempts to draw a moral distinction between sport and subsistence hunting are inadequate andhistorically suspect. Likewise, trying to establish sport hunting as morally distinctive byemphasizing its similarities to other sports also fails. Nevertheless, there are standards acceptedby hunters that support ethical judgments about hunting. Ethical hunting requires reentry into acommunity of nonhuman beings governed by ecology and evolution, not human constructs, thedevelopment of virtues such as tenacity, courage, moderation, and discipline, and the achievementof a heightened respect for the biotic community in which the hunt takes place. By means of suchstandards, we may yet be able to determine what good hunting is even though we are unable todetermine whether sport hunting is good. (EE)

List, John A. and Co., Catherine Y., "The Effects of Environmental Regulations on Foreign DirectInvestment," Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management 40 (No. 1, 2000 July 01): 1- . (v.11,#4)

List Peter, ed., "Environmental Advocacy by Environmental Scientists," a theme issue ofReflections, Newsletter of the Program for Ethics, Science, and Technology. Department ofPhilosophy, Oregon State University. Special Issue 4, April 2000. Fourteen short papers. Samples:--Rolston, Holmes, III, "Environmental Science and Environmental Advocacy."--Shrader-Frechette, Kristin, "Justice and Environmental Advocacy."--Westra, Laura, "Advocacy as a Moral Obligation."--Hollander, Rechelle E., "Toward a Model of Professional Responsibility." Quite usable withstudents, if you wish a unit on this issue in an environmental ethics or policy class. (v.11,#2)

List, Peter C., "The Evolution of Biocentered Ethics in the United States: Implications for ForestConservation." Proceedings, Society of American Foresters, 2001 National Convention, DenverColorado. (Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters, 2002), pages 223-233. (v 14, #3)

List, Peter, "Speaking out for Nature," Reflections 9 (Number 2, Spring, 2002):34-36. Encomium toRachel Carson, whose career shows the need for scientists to speak out on behalf of nature. (v.13,#2)

List, Peter C., ed., Radical Environmentalism: Philosophy and Tactics. Belmont, CA: WadsworthPublishing Co., 1993. 276 pages, paper. Sections on Deep Ecology (Arne Naess, Bill Devall,George Sessions), on Ecofeminism (Carolyn Merchant, Elizabeth Dodson Gray, Ynestra King,Karen J. Warren), on Social Ecology and Bioregionalism (Murray Bookchin, Jim Dodge, KirkpatrickSale, Judith Plant), on Radical Ecoactivism and Ecotactics (Greenpeace, Bob Hunter, Paul Watson)on the Monkey Wrench Gang (Edward Abbey), on the Sea Shepherd Society (Paul Watson), onEarth First! (Dave Foreman, Mike Roselle and the Middle Santiam Protest, George Draffan and theCathedral Forest and Oregon Old Growth, on Redwood Summer), on Ecofeminist Activism (PamelaPhilipose, Cynthia Hamilton, Chaia Heller), on Bioregionalist Activism (Peter Berg) and Responses(Eugene Hargrove, Edward Abbey, Dave Foreman, Michael Martin. List, as editor, says, "...understanding this movement can help `moderates' sharpen their resolve to do more aboutenvironmental problems and find solutions which will check the relentless consumption of wildnature." Peter List is professor of philosophy at Oregon State University. (v3,#4)

List, Peter C., ed. Environmental Ethics and Forestry: A Reader. Philadelphia: Temple UniversityPress, 2000. Paperback. 364 pages. The most comprehensive and concentrated mixture of

science and conscience in forestry and philosophy anywhere available. During the last quartercentury both forestry and philosophy have been rethinking their foundations; a principal focus isvalues carried by nature. A foreground conclusion of the contributors is that forestry needsphilosophy to formulate an ethic, a background conclusion is that philosophy needs forestry to dothe same. Throughout, here is ethics in practice.Part 1: Ethical Systems in Forestry1. THE ECONOMIC RESOURCE MODEL OF FORESTS AND FORESTRY* Bernhard Fernow, Forest and Forestry Defined.* Gifford Pinchot, Principles of Conservation.* Gifford Pinchot, The Use of the National Forests.2. JOHN MUIR ON THE PRESERVATION OF THE WILD FORESTS OF THE WEST* John Muir, The American Forests.3. ALDO LEOPOLD'S LAND ETHIC IN FORESTRY* Aldo Leopold, The Land Ethic.Part 11: Two Philosophical Issues in Forestry Ethics4. MULTIPLE VALUES IN FORESTS* Holmes Rolston III, Values Deep in the Woods.* Holmes Rolston III, Aesthetic Experience in Forests.5. THE RIGHTS OF TREES AND OTHER NATURAL OBJECTS* Robin Attfield, The Good of Trees.* Lawrence E. Johnson, Holistic Entities--Species.* Lawrence E. Johnson, Ecointerests and Forest Fires.Part III: Contemporary Forestry Ethics.6. BASIC PRINCIPLES IN FORESTRY ETHICS* Michael McDonald, First Principles for Professional Foresters.* Paul M. Wood, "The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number": Is This a Good Land-Use Ethic?* James E. Coufal, Environmental Ethics: Cogitations; and Ruminations of a Forester.* The Ecoforestry Declaration of Interdependence.7. CODES OF ETHICS IN FORESTRY, FISHERIES, AND WILDLIFE BIOLOGY* Code of Ethics for Members of the Society of American Foresters.* Code of Ethics and Standards for Professional Conduct for Wildlife Biologists, The WildlifeSociety.* Code of Practices, American Fisheries Society.* Code of Ethics, Oregon Chapter, American Fisheries Society.* A Code of Ethics for Government Service.* The Ecoforester's Way.8. ADOPTING A LAND ETHIC IN THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS* James E. Coufal, The Land Ethic Question.* Norwin E. Linnartz, Raymond S. Craig, and M. B. Dickerman, Land Ethic Canon Recommended byCommittee.* Holmes Rolston III and James Coufal, A Forest Ethic and Multivalue Forest Management: TheIntegrity of Forests and of Foresters Are Bound Together.* Raymond S. Craig, Further Development of a Land Ethic Canon.* Raymond S. Craig, Land Ethic Canon Proposal: A Report from the Task Force.9. ADVOCATING NEW ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS IN PUBLIC NATURAL RESOURCE AGENCIES* Kristin Shrader-Frechette, Ethics and Environmental Advocacy.* AFSEEE Vision: Strategy for Forest Service Reform.* Jeff DeBonis, Speaking Out: A Letter to the Chief of the U.S. Forest Service.* F. Dale Robertson, Chief Robertson Responds.* On Speaking Out: Fighting for Resource Ethics in the BLM: Whistleblower Spills Beans on NorthKaibab.* A Combat Biologist Calls It Quits: An Interview with Al Espinosa.* Cheri Brooks, Enough Is Enough! A Tongass Timber Beast Puts His Foot Down.10. ETHICAL ISSUES IN GLOBAL FORESTRY

* James L. Bowyer, Responsible Environmentalism: The Ethical Features of Forest Harvest andWood Use on a Global Scale.* Alastair S. Gunn, Environmental Ethics and Tropical Rain Forests: Should Greens Have Standing?* Doug Daigle, Globalization of the Timber Trade.11. NEW FORESTRY, NEW FOREST PHILOSOPHIES* Alan G. McQuillan, Cabbages and Kings: The Ethics and Aesthetics of New Forestry.* Stephanie Kaza, Ethical Tensions in the Northern Forest.* Alan Drengson and Duncan Taylor, An Overview of Ecoforestry: Introduction.EPILOGUE* Kathleen Dean Moore, Traveling the Logging Road, Coast Range. (v.11,#4)

List, Peter C., ed., Radical Environmentalism, Reviewed by David Rothenberg in EnvironmentalEthics 16(1994):215-218.

Liszka, James Jakob, "The narrative ethics of Leopold's Sand County Almanac," Ethics and theEnvironment 8(no. 2, 2003):42-70. There is a normative argument present throughout the SandCounty Almanac. In fact the shack stories may be more persuasive, with a subtlety and complexitynot available in his prose "Land Ethic." This paper develops a narrative ethics methodology gleanedfrom rhetoric theory, and current interest in narrative ethics among literary theorists, in order todiscern the normative underpinnings of the stories in Part 1. The narrative ethics approachsidesteps the need to ground the land ethic in ethical theory--which has been a reconstructive andproblematic task for the philosophical interpreters of Leopold--and suggests, instead, that itemerges in Leopold's very effort to narrate his, professional, personal, and practical experiencewith nature. This involves examining the stories in terms of their emotional, logical and performativeaspects. The result is an analysis that shows not only how these stories express normativeclaims, but also justify them. In the narratives, individuals are shown not merely to be means to theecological whole, but the focus of sympathy and concern, in a manner that demands their goodshould also be an object of moral consideration. Liszka is in philosophy, University of Alaska,Anchorage. (E&E)

Litmanen, Tapio. "Environmental Conflict as a Social Construction: Nuclear Waste Conflicts inFinland," Society & Natural Resources 9(no.5, 1996):523. (v7,#4)

Little, C. E., "Redeeming the Geography of Hope," Natural Resources Journal 43(no. 1, 2003): 1-10.

Little, Charles E. Greenways for America. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1995. Thehistory, the examples, and the practical methods for open-space recreation planners. Littledescribes dozens of greenway projects that have improved local economies, and preservedoutdoor space for millions of citizens. Little is an author and journalist specializing in American lifeand history and the environment. (v7,#1)

Little, Charles E. The Dying of the Trees: The Pandemic in America's Forests. New York: Viking,1995. 274 pages. $ 22.95. In the East, along the spine of the Appalachians, the dogwood aredead and dying from a disease called anthracnose, while acid deposition is killing red spruce andbalsam fir from Vermont to Virginia and the Carolinas. Soil disease is destroying the mixedmesophytic forests of West Virginia; in the upper Midwest, gypsy moths are devastating second-growth white pine. In Southern California and the Sierra Nevada, airborne pollutants are killingyellow pine and ponderosa pine; in the Rocky Mountains, spruce budworms and bark beetles havecombined with a century of fires suppression to cripple the health of Douglas fir. In the PacificNorthwest, the ancient forests of Douglas fir and other old-growth species have beensystematically obliterated by Forest Service timber policies. (v6,#3)

Little, Daniel, "Collective Action and the Traditional Village", Journal of Agricultural Ethics1(1988):41-58. This article considers the dispute between "moral economy" and "rational peasant"theories of agrarian societies in application to problems of collective action. I offer an abstractmodel of a traditional village and assess the applicability of recent qualifications of the collectiveaction argument to this model. Little is in philosophy and religion at Colgate University, Hamilton, NY.

Little, Daniel, Review of Nussbaum, Martha, Glover, Jonathan, eds., Women, Culture andDevelopment: A Study of Human Capabilities. Ethics and the Environment 2(1997):91-94. (E&E)

Little, J., and M. Leyshon, "Embodied Rural Geographies: Developing Research Agendas," Progressin Human Geography 27(no. 3, 2003): 257-272. (v 14, #3)

Little, J., "Rural Geography: Rural Gender Identity and the Performance of Masculinity and Femininityin the Countryside," Progress in Human Geography 26(no.5, 2002): 665-70. (v.13,#4)

Little, Jane Braxton, "Quiet! The Sounds of Nature are Harder to Hear," Wilderness, The WildernessSociety, 1999, pages 20-25. Increasing noise pollution in national parks and wilderness areas:commercial and military airplanes, tourist flights, ATV's, helicopters, snowmobiles, jet skis, andmuch more. Little is a freelance writer based in Plumas Country, CA. (v.10,#2)

Little, Jo, "Otherness, representation and the cultural construction of rurality," Progress In HumanGeography. 23 (No. 3, 1999): 437- . (v.11,#4)

Little, SJ; Harcourt, RG; Clevenger, AP, "Do wildlife passages act as prey-traps?," BiologicalConservation 107(no.2, 2002):135-145. (v.13, #3)

Littlewood, David. Review of MacIntyre, Dependent Rational Animals. Environmental Values9(2000):259.

Liu Er, "Some theoretical problems of nonanthropocentric environmental ethics", Studies andExploration, 2002(6)

Liu Fusheng and Song Wenxin, "The Revolution of Values: The Orientation of SustainableDevelopment," Jinlin Daxue Shehuikexue Xuebao (Journal of Jilin University) 2(1999):58-65. InChinese. (v.11,#1)

Liu, Guocheng, Chao Liancheng, Zhang Zhonglun and Ye Ping, Biosphere and Human Society (inChinese). Beijing: People's Press, 1992. 4.65 yuan. 302 pages. ISBN 7-01-000807-8/B.70. Eleven chapters. Section 1 is on "Biosphere Laws." Section 2 is on "Interaction Connectionbetween Human Society and the Biosphere." Section 3 is on "Modern Human Society Control andAdjustment, and its Developmental Trend in Harmony with the Biosphere." The authors discussthe coordinated interrelationship between humans and the biosphere, argue for ways ofestablishing the scientific foundations of ecophilosophy in China. This is said to be the firstsystematic work on the holistic interactions between human society and nature to be published inChina. (China) (v3,#4)Liu, Guocheng, et al., Shengwuquan Kexue Yinlun (An Overview of Biosphere Science). Harbin:Northeast Forestry University Press, 1994. 260 pages. ISBN 7-81008-495-X. In Chinese. Biosphere science as an introduction to environmental ethics and policy in China. Liu is aphilosopher at Northest Forestry University, Harbin, China.

Liu, Jianguo, and Taylor, William W., eds. Integrating Landscape Ecology into Natural ResourceManagement. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. The authors are at Michigan StateUniversity, Lansing. (v.13,#4)

Liu, Jianguo, et al, "Protecting China's Biodiversity," Science 300(23 May 2003)1240-1241. Chinahas over 30,000 species of vascular plants (behind only Brazil and Columbia) and perhaps half areendemics, including many archaic lines. China's biodiversity suffers from the explosive increasein the intensity and extent of human activities. Rangelands are severely overgrazed, wetlands areshrinking rapidly, and invasive species are increasingly a serious problem. Poaching of plants andwildlife is a problem. China has established 1,757 national and local nature reserves, about 13%of the nation's area, remarkable achievements given China's population and the pressing need fordevelopment. Most reserves are in the poorer areas. But the entire nature reserve system facesserious challenges. Liu is in fisheries and wildlife, Michigan State University, and many of theauthors are Chinese.

Liu, Rei, Herrington, Lee P. "The Expected Cost of Uncertainty in Geographic Data", Journal ofForestry 94(no.12, 1996):27. (v7,#4)

Liu, Shu-hsien, "Toward a New Relation Between Humanity and Nature: ReconstructingT'ien-Jen-Ho-I." Zygon 24 (1989): 457-468. Argument for a traditional Chinese principle of harmonyof Heaven and humanity as the basis of a holistic metaphysics. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Liu, Sylvia F., "American Indian Reserved Water Rights: The Federal Obligation to Protect TribalWater Resources and Tribal Autonomy," Environmental Law 25 no. 2 (1995): 425- . A federalwater policy that has historically neglected tribal sovereignty dictate a broad interpretation of theIndian reserved water rights doctrine. (v6,#2)

Liu Zhengming, "Ethical Reflections on Sustainable Development," Daode yu Wenming (Morality andCivilization)4 (1999):37-40. In Chinese. (v.11,#1)

Liverman, Diana M. "Vulnerability and Adaptation to Drought in Mexico." Natural Resources Journal39(No. 1, Winter 1999):99- . (v10,#4)

Livesey, Sharon M and Kearins, Kate, "Transparent and Caring Corporations? A Study ofSustainability Reports by The Body Shop and Royal Dutch/Shell", Organization and Environment,15, (No. 3, 2002): 233-58. This article analyzes sustainability values reports published by The BodyShop International and by the Royal Dutch/Shell Group. The authors show how corporatediscourses expressed in these precedent-setting texts both reflect and influence sociopoliticalstruggle over the meanings and practices of sustainable development. Specifically, the authorsexamine metaphors of transparency and care used to describe corporate rationales for increasingstakeholder communication, including reporting. Drawing on distinct discursive domains of businessaccountancy and personal ethics and sentiment, these metaphors promise to reconstruct theinterface between the firm and society. Exploring the quite different assumptions on which eachof these metaphors relies and their implications for corporate practices of sustainable development,the authors consider whether sustainability values reporting and the dialogue that it claims tofacilitate can promote more democratic and socially and environmentally responsive corporatedecision making, even as they impose new forms of managerial control. Livesey is an associateprofessor of communication at Fordham University's Graduate School of Business in New York.Kearins is a senior lecturer in strategic management at the University of Waikato, Hamilton, NewZealand. (v.13, #3)

Livingston, John A. The Fallacy of Wildlife Conservation. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics7(1985):177-80.

Livingston, John A., "Moral Concern and the Ecosphere." Alternatives Vol. 12, no. 2 (Winter1985):3-9. A general review of several philosophical positions or "world-views" regardinghumanity and the environment: resourcism, the development ethic, and shallow and deepenvironmentalism. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Livingstone, David N., "Ecology and the Environment" (and Christian thought). Pages 345-355 inGary R. Ferngren, ed, Science and Religion: A Historical Introduction (Baltimore: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, 2002). The relationship between environmental thinking and Christian theologyhas been historically complex. Some of these connections are explored through the metaphorsof the Divine Economist, Mother Nature, and the Celestial Mechanic. In the last thirty years therehas been the "greening" of theology. Livingstone is in geography and intellectual history, Queen'sUniversity, Belfast. (v. 15, # 3)

Llewellyn, Daniel W., Shaffer, Gary P., Brown, Cindy. "A Decision-Support System for PrioritizingRestoration Sites on the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain", Conservation Biology 10(no.5,1996):1446.

Llewelyn, John. The Middle Voice of Ecological Conscience: (New York: St. Martins Press, 1991).Reviewed by James Hatley in Environmental Ethics 17(1995):109-111. (EE)

Lloyd, Catherine A., The Balance of Value to the Customer & the Environment for UndergroundingOverhead Lines (sponsored by Norweb), Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, LancasterUniversity, September 1990. (v7,#1)

Lloyd, Catherine A., The Balance of Value to the Customer & the Environment for UndergroundingOverhead Lines (sponsored by Norweb), Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, LancasterUniversity, September 1990.

Lloyd, Jillian, "When Saving a Species Proves To Be Hard on the Animals," Christian ScienceMonitor, Mar 11, 1999, p. 2. Loss of two lynxes in Colorado of five released in the San JuanMountains raises questions about reintroduction efforts. "At the heart of the dispute is atroublesome question: Is it ethical to sacrifice the lives of individual animals to the larger goal ofreviving a species?" George Byrne, Colorado biologist says, "There's no cookbook on this. We'reonly the second place ... to do a lynx reintroduction." A reintroduction in the Adirondack Mountainsof New York failed after most of the lynx were hit by cars. A Defenders of Wildlife advocate, NinaFascione: "Our position is very firm that it's a tragedy when an animal gets killed. But the overallgood of the conservation of the species is the most important thing." See also: Bekoff, Marc,"Jinxed Lynx? Some Very Difficult Questions with Few Simple Answers," Boulder (Colorado)Daily Camera, January 24, 1999. (v.10,#1)

Lloyd, Jillian. "150-Year-Old Land Dispute Intensifies in Colorado." The Christian Science Monitor,vol. 89, 3 March 1997, p. 4.

Lloyd, Jillian. "High Noon at Sundance Kid's Utah Resort." The Christian Science Monitor, vol. 89,19 Feb. 1997, pp. 1, 8.

Lloyd, Jillian. "Wolves As Neighbors: Howls of Praise and Fear." The Christian Science Monitor,vol. 89, 13 Feb. 1997, p. 10.

Lloyd, Jillian. "Will Hikers Foot the Bill as Park Charges Climb?" The Christian Science Monitor, vol.88, 17 Oct. 1996. p. 3.

Lloyd, Jillian. "Yupies, Miners Do Battle in West." The Christian Science monitor, vol. 89, 28 Jan.1997, p. 4.

Lloyd, Jillian. "New Reason for Fighting Pollution (Hint: It's on the Horizon." Christian ScienceMonitor 89 (7 October 1997): 1, 4. For first time for purely aesthetic reasons, the EPA hasproposed regulations to help clear the air in over 150 US national parks and wilderness areas,including the Grand Canyon, Big Bend, Yellowstone, and Yosemite. (v8,#3)

Lloyd, Jillian. "Colorado's Trapping Ban Pits Old West Against New." The Christian ScienceMonitor, vol. 88, 8 Oct. 1996, p. 3.

Lloyd, Tracey, Review of: Ernesto Sirolli, Ripples from the Zambezi: Passion, Entrepreneurship andthe Rebirth of Local Economies, Environmental Values 11(2002):245-247.

Lo, Y. S., Review of: Ouderkirk, Wayne and Jim Hill, eds., Land, Value, Community: Callicott andEnvironmental Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press. 2002. EnvironmentalValues 13(2004):130-132. (EV)

Lo, Y.S. Review of Lee, The Natural and the Artefactual: The Implications of Deep Science andDeep Technology for Environmental Philosophy. Environmental Values 9(2000):254.

Lo, Yeuk-Sze . "Natural and Artifactual: Restored Nature as Subject." Environmental Ethics21(1999):247-266. It has been argued that human restoration of nature is morally problematicbecause artificially restored natural entities are artifacts, which are ontologically different fromnatural entities and hence essentially devoid of the moral standing that natural entities have. Idiscuss the alleged assimilation of restored natural entities to artifacts, and argue that it does notfollow from the ontological differences, if any, between the artifactual and the natural that theformer is morally inferior to the latter. This defense against the devaluation of restored naturalentities is aimed at narrowing the ethical gap between the wild and the tamed, which is oftenendorsed by ecocentric environmental ethics. (EE)

Loader, JA 1987. Image and order: Old Testament perspectives on the ecological crisis. In: Vorster,WS (ed) 1987, 6-28. (Africa)

Loader, JA 1991. God se hemelgewelf (Ps 150). In: Vos, C & Müller, J (eds): Mens en omgewing.Halfway House: Orion, 164-173. (Africa)

Loader, JA 1991. Life, wonder and responsibility: some thoughts on ecology and Christian mission.Missionalia 19:1, 44-56. (Africa)

Loaharanu, Paisan & Ahmed, Mainuddin, "Advantages and Disadvantage of the Use of Irradiationfor Food Preservation", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 4(1991):14-30. Foodirradiation is a physical method of processing food (e.g. freezing, canning). It has been thoroughlyresearched over the last four decades and is recognized as a safe and wholesome method. It hasthe potential both of disinfesting dried food to reduce storage losses and disinfesting fruits andvegetables to meet quarantine requirements for export trade. Low doses of irradiation inhibitspoilage losses due to sprouting of root and tuber crops. Food-borne diseases due tocontamination by pathogenic microorganisms and parasites of meat, poultry, fish, fishery productsand spices are on the increase. Irradiation of these solid foods can decontaminate them ofpathogenic organisms and thus provide safe food to the consumer. Irradiation can successfullyreplace the fumigation treatment of cocoa beans and coffee beans and disinfest dried fish, dates,dried fruits, etc. One of the most important advantages of food irradiation processing is that it is

a cold process which does not significantly alter physico-chemical characters of the treatedproduct. It can be applied to food after its final packaging. Similar to other physical processes offood processing, (e.g. canning, freezing), irradiation is a capital intensive process. Thus, adequateproduct volume must be made available in order to maximize the use of the facility and minimize theunit cost of treatment. Lack of harmonization of regulations among the countries which haveapproved irradiated foods hampers the introduction of this technique for international trade. Actionat the international level has to be taken in order to remedy this situation. One of the importantlimitations of food irradiation processing is its slow acceptance by consumers, due inter alia to aperceived association with radioactivity. The food industry tends to be reluctant to use thetechnology in view of uncertainties regarding consumer acceptance of treated foods. Severalmarket testing and consumer acceptance studies have been carried out on food irradiation inrecent years. These studies showed that, if the safety and the benefits of food irradiation wereproperly explained, the consumers were willing to accept irradiated foods. Considering its potentialrole in the reduction of post-harvest losses, providing safe supply of food and overcomingquarantine barriers, food irradiation has received wider government approvals during the lastdecade. There is also a trend towards increased commercialization of irradiated food. Currently,there are 47 irradiation facilities in some 23 countries being used for treating foods for commercialpurposes.

Lober, Douglas J. "Why Not Here? The Importance of Context, Process, and Outcome on PublicAttitudes Toward Siting of Waste Facilities." Society and Natural Resources 9, no.4 (1996): 375.(v7, #3)

Lockhart, C, "Controversy in Environmental Policy Decisions: Conflicting Policy Means or RivalEnds?" Science Technology and Human Values 26(no. 3, 2001):259-277. (v.13,#1)

Lockwood, J. L. et al, "A Metric for Analyzing Taxonomic Patterns of Extinction Risk," ConservationBiology 16(no.4, 2002): 1137-42. (v.13,#4)

Lockwood, Jeffrey A., "Not to Harm a Fly: Our Ethical Obligations to Insects." Between the Species4 (1988): 204-211. An argument that insects have the necessary neurological structures forconsciousness and/or sentience, and thus should be morally considerable. This absurditysupplants the "stop wild predation" argument as the reductio of the animal rights position. (Katz,Bibl # 2)

Lockwood, Jeffrey, Grasshopper Dreaming: Reflections on Killing and Loving. Boston: SkinnerHouse Books, 2002. The ethics of managing nature. Lockwood is an entomologist with fifteenyears in grasshopper control efforts in Wyoming. Grasshopper Dreaming won the 2003 JohnBurroughs award for natural history writing. Lockwood is now professor of natural sciences andhumanities at the University of Wyoming.

Lockwood, Linda G. Review of Ecology and Our Endangered Life-Support Systems. By EugeneP. Odum. Environmental Ethics 12(1990):375-78.

Lockwood, Michael, "End Value, Evaluation, and Natural Systems," Environmental Ethics18(1996):265-278. I develop a general framework for natural and human values based on theposition that end value is constructed by persons, but not wholly referent to them, identify andanalyze three hierarchically related levels of end value in relation to the functional values whichsupport them and the held and ascribed values generated by entities possessing teleological value,use this framework to indicate the context in which economic values should be located, andassess the implications of the framework for environmental policy and future valuation work. Lockwood is at the Johnstone Centre of Parks, Recreation, and Heritage, Charles Sturt University,Australia. (EE)

Lockwood, Michael. "Humans Valuing Nature: Synthesising Insights from Philosophy, Psychologyand Economics." Environmental Values 8(1999):381-401. ABSTRACT: A rational process forassessment of environmental policy options should be based on an appreciation of how humansvalue nature. Increased understanding of values will also contribute to the development ofappropriate ways for us to relate to and manage natural areas. Over the past two decades,environmental philosophers have examined the notion that there is an intrinsic value in nature.Economists have attempted to define and measure the market and nonmarket economic valuesassociated with decisions concerning natural areas. Psychologists have tried to assess the extentto which people believe in an intrinsic value in nature, and have also begun to work witheconomists to improve nonmarket valuation techniques. I briefly review the contributions made toour understanding of natural area value by environmental philosophy, psychology and economics,and develop a model that integrates insights from these disciplines. Components in the modelinclude cognitions, held values, assigned values and various modes of value expression. I makerecommendations for future validation, development and use of the model. KEYWORDS: Intrinsicvalue, value expression, integrated evaluation. Michael Lockwood, Johnstone Centre Charles SturtUniversity PO Box 789, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia. (EV)

Lodahl, Michael E., "`The Whole Creation Groans': Is There a Distinctively Wesleyan Contributionto an Environmental Ethic?" CTNS (Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences) Bulletin 18 (no.2, 1999):10-19. Yes. A provocative Biblical passage is Romans 8.18-25, which was the text forJohn Wesley's 1781 sermon, "The General Deliverance," which can be a guide and touchstone fora Wesleyan environmental ethics. Lodahl is in theology at Northwest Nazarene College in Nampa,ID. (v.10,#1)

Lodge, DM; Shrader-Frechette, K, "Nonindigenous Species: Ecological Explanation, EnvironmentalEthics, and Public Policy", Conservation Biology 17(no.1, 2003):31-37.

Loeb, A. P., "Review of Peter Huber, Hard Green: Saving the Environment from theEnvironmentalists: A Conservative Manifesto," Environmental History 7(2002): 149-51. (v.13,#2)

Loehl, Craig. "Forest Response to Climate Change: Do Simulations Predict Unrealistic Dieback." Journal of Forestry 94, no.9 (1996): 13. (v7, #3)

Loehman, E. T. and D. M. Kilgour, eds. Designing Institutions for Environmental and ResourceManagement. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 1998, 368pp. Reviewedby Peter Soderbaum. Environmental Values 9(2000):538.

Lofstedt, Ragnar E., Sjostedt, G., eds. Environmental Aid Programmes to Eastern Europe: AreaStudies and Theoretical Applications. Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate, 1996. 240 pp. $67.95. This bookcombines a series of case studies within large theoretical sections to identify the mistakes thathave been made in the field of environmental aid. It uses this to examine how these EasternEuropean nations can improve their environmental aid program overall. (v8,#2)

Lofstedt, Ragnar. "Sweden's Biomass Controversy: A Case Study of Communicating PolicyIssues," Environment 40(no. 4, May 1998):16- . Sweden's efforts to shift to renewable sourcesof energy are being hampered by misunderstandings and distortions of the key issues involved. (v9,#2)

Loftin, Robert W., "The Morality of Hunting," Environmental Ethics 6(1984):241-250. A defense ofsport hunting on utilitarian grounds. Sport hunters are interested in preserving habitats, and thusare inclined to support environmental causes. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Loftin, Robert W. Review of The American Hunting Myth. By Ron Baker. Environmental Ethics9(1987):87-90.

Loftin, Robert W., "The Medical Treatment of Wild Animals," Environmental Ethics 7(1985):231-239.The medical treatment of wildlife can only be justified from a perspective of animal rightsindividualism. Genuine environmental concern is for species and ecosystems, not individualanimals. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Loftin, Robert W. "Scientific Collecting." Environmental Ethics 14(1992):253-64. Scientists oftencollect (kill) organisms in pursuit of human knowledge. When is such killing morally permissible? I explore this question with particular reference to ornithology and against the background ofanimal liberation ethics and a land ethic, especially Mary Anne Warren's account that finds the twoethics complementary. I argue that the ethical theories offered provide insufficient guidance. Asa step toward the resolution of this serious problem, I offer a set of criteria to determine whencollecting is morally permissible. Loftin is at the Philosophy Dept., University of North Florida,Jacksonville, FL. (EE)

Loftin, Robert W. Review of The Arrogance of Humanism. By David Ehrenfeld. EnvironmentalEthics 3(1981):173-76.

Loftin, Robert W., "Psychical Distance and the Aesthetic Appreciation of Wilderness." InternationalJournal of Applied Philosophy 3, no. 1 (1986): 15-19. Wilderness must be approached and enteredat the right "distance" for it to be appreciated, just as a work of art must be seen from the rightdistance. One cannot appreciate wilderness through pictures; one must enter it, illegally ifnecessary, to reduce psychical distance and to gain a full wilderness experience. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Loftin, Robert W. "The Medical Treatment of Wild Animals." Environmental Ethics 7(1985):231-39. The medical treatment of wild animals is an accepted practice in our society. Those who take itupon themselves to treat wildlife are well-intentioned and genuinely concerned about their charges.However, the doctoring of sick animals is of extremely limited value and for the most part basedon biological illiteracy. It wastes scarce resources and diverts attention from more worthwhilegoals. While it is not wrong to minister to wildlife, it is not right either. The person who refuses todo so has not violated any moral duty and is not necessarily morally callous. The treatment ofwildlife is based on the mistaken belief that value lies in individual wild animals rather than the entireecosystem. The genuine concern of those who doctor wild animals should be channeled into moreconstructive directions. Loftin is at the Philosophy Dept., University of North Florida, Jacksonville,FL. (EE)

Loftin, Robert W. Review of The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics. EnvironmentalEthics 12(1990):83-85.

Loftin, Robert W. "The Morality of Hunting." Environmental Ethics 6(1984):241-50. In recent years,philosophers have begun to devote serious attention to animal rights issues. Most of the attentionhas focused on factory farming and animal experimentation. While many of the arguments usedto justify sport hunting are shown to be spurious, the paper defends sport hunting on utilitariangrounds. The loss of sport hunting would also mean the loss of a major political pressure groupworking for the benefit of wildlife through the preservation of habitat. Peter Singer argues that "theshooting of a duck does not lead to its replacement by another." I argue that, on the contrary, theshooting of a duck leads to the production of other ducks and other life forms that are not shot at. Loftin is at the Philosophy Dept., University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL. (EE)

Loftin, Robert and Klein, Ellen, "Hunting" (Animal Welfare and Rights), Encyclopedia of Bioethics,revised ed. (New York: Macmillan Library Reference, Simon and Schuster 1995), 187-90. (v6,#2)

Loftis, J. Robert, "Three Problems for the Aesthetic Foundations of Environmental Ethics,"Philosophy in the Contemporary World 10 (no. 2, Fall-Winter 2003):41-50. A critical look ataesthetics as the basis for nature preservation, presenting three reason why we should not relyon aesthetic foundations to justify the environmentalist program. First, a comparison to other kindsof aesthetic value shows that the aesthetic value of nature can provide weak reason for actionat best. Second, not everything environmentalists want to protect has positive aesthetic qualities. Attempts have been made to get around this problem by developing a reformist attitude towardsnatural aesthetics. These approaches fail. Third, development can be as aesthetically positive asnature. If it is simply beauty we are looking for, why can't the beauty of a well-constructed damor a magnificent skyscraper suffice? Loftis is in philosophy, University of Alabama. (v.14, #4)

Logan, Bernard I., "Government Expenditures on Imported Inputs and the Goals of Food Self-Sufficiency and Food Security in the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference",Journal of Agricultural Ethics 2(1989): This study is a broad examination of the relationshipbetween government expenditures on imported inputs and the performance of the domestic foodsubsector. Because much data on government spending and agricultural production in Africa areunavailable, and those in published form are of suspect validity, the study is undertaken largely asa conceptual overview. Logan is in geography at the University of Georgia, Athens. (v6,#3)Logsdon, Gene. At Nature's Pace. Foreword by Wendell Berry. New York: Pantheon Books,1994. 208 pp. $23 hardbound. Formerly an editor for Farm Journal, Logsdon is an ardentdefender of the small traditonal farm (the farm of fifty years ago), an honor he shares with WendellBerry. Logsdon farms thirty acres in Ohio, and has written twelve books and hundreds of articles. The small farm is not dead, he argues; rather, the future will have more farmers, not fewer. Farmswill be ecologically sane and community-interdependent. The error of the past was that farmerstried to live like city folks. The Amish have proved that farming is a decent living.

Loker, Cynthia A., Daniel J. Decker, R. Bruce Gill, Thomas D. I. Beck, and Len H. Carpenter, TheColorado Black Bear Hunting Controversy: A Case Study of Human Dimensions in ContemporaryWildlife Management. Ithaca, NY: Human Dimensions Research Unit, Cornell University, February1994. HDRU Series No. 94-4. 56 pages. In November 1992, Colorado voters in public referendumby 2-1 banned black bear hunting in the spring, and the use of bait or dogs year round. Therewere four periods in the controversy, with the Colorado Wildlife Commission (a publicly appointedboard) generally being inadequately sensitive to growing public concern, trying to conciliate byaltering hunting season dates to reduce the kill of nursing females in the spring, while continuingto support the hunt. The Colorado Division of Wildlife made recommendations that the WildlifeCommission refused to hear. Biologists maintained that the bear population was not adverselyaffected by the hunt; hunters said they would not be bullied around by people who were reallyopposed to all hunting. The agency that was mandated to represent all citizens' interest in wildlifedisproportionately represented hunter's interests, forcing citizens to take their concern to publicreferendum. There is also available an additional report that analyzes the views of differingsegments of the voting public in this referendum. Copies from Human Dimensions Research Unit,Department of Natural Resources, Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Loker andDecker are with that unit, Gill, Beck, and Carpenter are with the Colorado Division of Wildlife.(v5,#2)

Loland, S, "Sport Technologies: A Moral View," Research in Philosophy and Technology 21(no.,2001): 157-176.

Lombard, AT; Johnson, CF; Cowling, RM; Pressey, RL, "Protecting plants from elephants: botanicalreserve scenarios within the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa," Biological Conservation102 (no. ER2, 2001):191-203. (v.13,#1)

Lombardi, Louis G., "Inherent Worth, Respect, and Rights," Environmental Ethics 5(1983):257-270. A further discussion of "biocentrism" based on the idea that there can be different levels of"intrinsic" or "inherent" worth, thus leading to different moral principles regarding different lifeforms. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Lombardi, Louis G. "Inherent Worth, Respect, and Rights." Environmental Ethics 5(1983):257-70. Paul W. Taylor has defended a life-centered ethics that considers the inherent worth of all livingthings to be the same. I examine reasons for ascribing inherent worth to all living beings, but arguethat there can be various levels of inherent worth. Differences in capacities among types of lifeare used to justify such levels. I argue that once levels of inherent worth are distinguished, itbecomes reasonable to restrict rights to human beings. Lombardi is at the Philosophy Department,Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL. (EE)

Lomborg, Bjorn, The Skeptical Environmentalist. See "Skeptical Environmentalist Labeled`Dishonest'," Science 299 (1/17 /03):326. A Danish panel has judged Bjorn Lomborg's TheSkeptical Environmentalist to be "scientifically dishonest." The Danish Research Agency'sCommittee on Scientific Dishonesty received numerous complaints and as a result mounted a sixmonth investigation of the book. It concluded that Lomborg was not deliberately deceptive but thathe was guilty of "systematic one-sidedness." "Lomborg is highly selective in his use of referencesin practically every field he covers. This is not in accord with scientific standards." The committeechair was Hans Henrik Brydensholdt, a high-court judge. One commentator said: it's "an unusuallyhard ruling by a committee known for being immensely difficult to convince of any wrongdoing."

Lomborg, Bjørn. The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World. Reviewedin Environmental Ethics 25(2003):423-426. (EE)

Long, D. Stephen, Divine Economy: Theology and the Market. London: Routledge, 2000. A critiqueof contemporary capitalism and an argument that it must be baptized with Christian (if not Catholic)presumptions about the moral life. There are no objective perspectives (as postmodernists argue). Competing descriptions of the world cannot be objectively demonstrated to be either true or false. Rather, each narrator attempts to "out-narrate" the others and thereby persuade the listener. Scientific rationality, especially if claimed for the contemporary worldview, economics included,is but one tradition among others and should not have authority over modes of perception embodiedin other traditions. Long argues (or at least narrates a story) that embodies concern for justice andcommunity in economics, empowered by Christian vision, and hopes to persuade that this is a moreattractive story to live by. Long teaches at Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary. (v.13,#2)

Longino, Helen. Review of The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution.By Carolyn Merchant. Environmental Ethics 3(1981):365-69.

Longino, Helen. Review of Ecology as Politics. By André Gorz. Environmental Ethics5(1983):189-90.

Longley P.A., "Geographical Information Systems: on modelling and representation," Progress inHuman Geography 28(no.1, 1 February 2004):108-116(9). (v. 15, # 3)

Longwood, Merle. "The Common Good: An Ethical Framework for Evaluating EnvironmentalIssues." Theological Studies 34 (September 1973): 468-80.

Loomis, J., "How Bison and Elk Populations Impact Park Visitation: A Comparison of Results Froma Survey and a Historic Visitation Regression Model," Society and Natural Resources 17(no. 10,2004): 941-949(9). (v.14, #4)

Loomis, John B., and Walsh, Richard G., Recreation Economic Decisions: Comparing Benefits andCosts. 2nd edition. State College, PA: Venture Publishing, 1997. A textbook and for managers ofparks and recreation areas. The appropriate framework for decision-making. The uniquedefinitions of quantity and price appropriate to outdoor recreation. Benefit-cost analysis of publicreaction, so as to maximize benefits. Loomis and Walsh are in economics at Colorado StateUniversity. (v.9,#3)

Loomis, John B., Integrated Public Lands Management: Principles and Applications to NationalForests, Parks, Wildlife Refuges, and BLM Lands. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press. Loomis is in resource economnics at Colorado State University. (v.13,#4)Loomis, John and Sorg, Cindy, A Critical Summary of the Empirical Estimates of the Values ofWildlife, Wilderness and General Recreation Related to National Forest Regions. 140 pages. FortCollins, CO: 1982. Copy in Colorado State University Library.

Loomis, John B. "Do Additional Designations of Wilderness Result in Increases in Recreation Use." Society & Natural Resources 12(no. 5, July 1999):481- . (v.11,#1)

Loomis, John, and Sorg, Cindy, A Critical Summary of Empirical Estimates of the Values of Wildlife,Wilderness and General Recreation Related to National Forest Regions. Fort Collins, CO: 1982. 140pages. In Colorado State University Library. (v.9,#4)

Lopez, T. M., "A Look At Climate Change and the Evolution of the Kyoto Protocol," NaturalResources Journal 43(no. 1, 2003): 285-312.

Lorbiecki, Marybeth, Aldo Leopold, A Fierce Green Fire. Helena, MT: Falcon Press, 1996. $ 19.95. Good brief biography, with dozens of candid photos, and quotations from his work. (v9,#2)

Lord, Charles P. and Willian A. Shutkin. "Environmental Justice and the Use of History." BostonCollege Environmental Affairs Law Review 22 (no. 1, Fall 1994): 1-26. An analysis of twocommunities fighting for environmental justice reveals that a flawed or careless approach to historyis often a root cause of environmental injustice. In each community, the legal system hasperpetuated environmental injustice by misreading or disregarding that community's history. Communities fighting environmental injustice must vigorously prepare and proclaim their ownhistories and must urge courts and other decisionmakers to examine history carefully and justly. The two communities are one in inner-city South Boston and the Abenaki, a Native American tribeof northern New England. Lord and Shutkin are Visiting Scholars at Boston College Law School. (v6,#1)

Losin, Peter. Review of Aldo Leopold: The Man and His Legacy. Edited by Thomas Tanner.Environmental Ethics 10(1988):169-76.

Losin, Peter. Review of Companion to A Sand County Almanac. Edited by J. Baird Callicott.Environmental Ethics 10(1988):169-76.

Losonsky, Michael. Review of Philosophy and The Ecological Problem, a special issue ofFilozoficky Casopis (Czechoslovakian Philosophy Journal). Environmental Ethics 13(1991):87-93.

Loudiyi, Dounia and Alison Meares. Women in Conservation: Tools for Analysis and a Frameworkfor Action. IUCN Social Policy Service, 1993. 164 pages, $20.00. An annotated bibliography onthe roles and responsibilities of rural women in managing natural resources. Books andunpublished materials are grouped under such themes as forest conservation, water, and training. (v6,#1)

Louka, Elli, Biodiversity and Human Rights: The International Rules for the Protection of Biodiversity.Ardsley NY: Transnational Publishers, 2002. A comprehensive system for the protection ofbiodiversity, including human rights standards, free trade in wildlife, and regulated free accessto plant genetic resources. (v.13,#4)

Love, Thomas F., "Ecological Niche Theory in Sociocultural Anthropology: A Conceptual Frameworkand an Application," American Ethnologist 4(no. 1, Feb. 1977):27-40. The concept of "ecologicalniche" is frequently employed in sociocultural anthropology, but there have been few systematicapplications of it. Love examines the utility of the concept for the analysis of social interaction andchange, with special reference to complex societies. In a small agricultural valley of northCalifornia, competition between two status groups over a scare resource--land--has led todisplacement and changing patters of resource use. "Niche" describes the aggregate outcome ofunderlying processes of competition on the individual level. Love is a sociologist at the Universityof California, Davis.

Lovelock, James, The Ages of Gaia: A Biography of our Living Earth. New York: W.W. Norton,1988. $ 16.95. (v1,#2)

Lovelock, James, "The Greening of Science," pages 39-63 in Wakeford, Tom, Walters, Martin eds.,Science for the Earth: Can Science Make the World a Better Place? New York: Wiley, 1995. "Ifirmly believe that science is badly in need of greening and that everyone, including the greens,need science, but not the kind of science we now have. We want science to return to naturalphilosophy and be once again its old familiar and welcome part of our culture. Science mustabandon its genteel posturing and come down to Earth again quite literally. This is not easy task,it requires scientists to recognize that science has grown fat, lazy and corrupt and, like an obeseatherosclerotic man, imagines that more rich food will cure his condition. That science should bein this condition is disastrous at this time in history, when more than ever we need firm guidanceand a clear understanding of the Earth" (p. 39). Lovelock is an independent scientist, author ofGaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. (v9,#2)

Loverly, Robert, "Wisconsin's Acid Rain Battle: Science, "Science, Communication, and PublicPolicy," Environmental History Review 14(# 3, Fall 1990):21-48. (v1,#4)

Lovett Doust, J, et al., "Effects of land ownership and landscape-level factors on rare-speciesrichness in natural areas of southern Ontario, Canada," Landscape Ecology 18(no.6, 2003):621-633. (v.14, #4)

Lovett, Jon, Review of G.R. Daily, Nature's Services. Environmental Values 7(1998):365.

Lovett, Jon. Review of Peterson and Parker, Ecological Scale: Theory and Applications.Environmental Values 9(2000):261.

Lovins, A., "The role of energy efficiency," in J. Leggett, ed., Global Warming. Oxford, UK: OxfordUniversity Press, 1990.

Low, Mary, Celtic Christianity and Nature: The Early Irish and Hebridean Traditions. Edinburgh:University of Edinburgh Press, 1996. Also published in Northern Ireland: Belfast: The BlackstaffPress, 1996. 236 pages. , 12.95. Love of nature is often said to be one of the characteristicfeatures of Celtic Christianity. Low describes how native beliefs about nature were rejected,transformed or restated as the peoples of early medieval Ireland and the Hebrides made Christianitytheir own. She examines the importance of the land, hills and mountains, water, trees, fire, the sunand the elements in early Christian and biblical imagery. (v.8,#4)

Low, Nicholas, and Gleeson, Brendan, Justice, Society and Nature: An Exploration of PoliticalEcology. London: Routledge, 1998. 257 pages. Gleeson is at Australian National University,Canberra. Sample chapters: Justice in and to the Environment; Environmental Justice: DistributingEnvironmental Quality; Ecological Justice: Rethinking the Biases; Justice and Nature: NewConstitutions?; The Dialectic of Justice and Nature. Low is in the Faculty of Architecture, Buildingand Planning at the University of Melbourne. (v.9,#4)

Low, Nicholas, ed., Global Ethics and the Environment. London: Routledge, 2000. The impact ofdevelopment in new industrial regions, impacts of single events such as the Chernobyl disasteron the global community, and the ethical relationship between human and non-human nature. Lowis at the University of Melbourne. (v.11,#4)

Low, Nicholas and Brendan Gleeson, eds., Making Urban Transport Sustainable. Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Reviewed by Tom Rye. Environmental Values 13(2004):133-135. (EV)

Lowenthal, D., "Review of: Donald Worster, A River Running West: The Life of John WesleyPowell," Environmental History 6(no.4, 2001): 627-28. (v.13,#2)

Lowenthal, David, "Nature and Morality from George Perkins Marsh to the Millennium," Journal ofHistorical Geography 26(2000):3-27. George Perkins Marsh's Man and Nature was the firstcomprehensive study of human impacts on the natural environment, a remarkable work. Marshstressed unforseen and unintended consequences, as well as the heedless greed of technologicalenterprise. Despite recent tendencies to belittle Marsh's insights as derivative elitist,anthropocentric, or narrowly utilitarian, he remains modern environmentalism's pre-eminent pioneer. Lowenthal is a geographer, University College, London.

Lowenthal, David, "Environmental Conflict," Research and Exploration (National Geographic) 7(no.3, Summer, 1991):266-275. Environmental impact issues are highly acrimonious, reflecting deepdifferences. Fears about species extinction, the greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, nuclearand other contaminants lead many to question the fundamental bases of modern entrepreneurial,technological society. We inherit outworn environmental attitudes along with often worn-outenvironments. The adversarial tone of environmental controversy stems from mounting evidenceof the human capacity to destroy or irreversibly damage the biosphere, the complexity anduncertainty of ecological impacts and their global relationships, rising suspicions that government,industry, and even science might be impotent to contain, let alone cure, biosphere destruction. Theaccusatory polemics, however, make it even harder to respond appropriately to impact analysesthat demand action, even if incomplete and provisional. Differing from the past, meanwhile, todayall disputants find the notion of the conquest of nature deplorable. Lowenthal is in Geography,University College, London, an emeritus professor. (v5,#4)

Lowi, Miriam R., "Water and Conflict in the Middle East and South Asia: Are Environmental Issuesand Security Issues Linked?," The Journal Of Environment And Development 8(no. 4, Dec 011999):376- . (v10,#4)

Lowry, P. P. and Smith, P. P., "Closing the Gulf Between Botanists and Conservationists,"Conservation Biology 17(no. 4, 2003): 1175-1176.

Loy, David R., "The Religion of the Market," Journal of the American Academy of Religion65(1997):275-290. The discipline of economics is less a science than the theology of the religionof the market. It's god, the Market, has become a vicious circle of ever-increasing production andconsumption by pretending to offer a secular salvation. The Market is becoming the first trulyworld religion. Loy is in International Studies, Bunkyo University, Chigaski, Japan. (v8,#3)

Loy, David, "Indra's Postmodern Net," Philosophy East and West 43 (no. 3, 1993):481-510. Indra'snet, a cosmological metaphor in Buddhism, with its myriad jewels each reflecting each other,symbolizes an infinitely repeated interrelationship among all the members of the cosmos. There isno beginning, no creator, no purpose, no hierarchy, no center, no privileged point, onlyinterpenetration and mutual identity. This has ecological ramifications that fit surprisingly well withcontemporary poststructuralist philosophy critiques of self-existence and self-presence, asuspicion about the theological quest for Being, an emphasis on groundlessness, thedeconstruction of any transcendental significance, the rejection of truth with a capital T. Althoughthere are differences, there are remarkable parallels between an ancient philosophical system andone of the most provocative developments in modern thought. Buddhism has something to offera rationalized, technologized world that is rapidly devouring what remains of its own spiritual roots. Loy is in international studies at Bunkyo University, Kyoto, Japan. (v5,#4)

Lu Feng, "The idea of oneness with nature and its implication for eco-ethics", Academic MonthlyJournal, 2002(4)

Lubchenco, Jane, "Entering the Century of the Environment: A New Social Contract for Science,"Science 279(1998):491-497. As the magnitude of human impacts on the ecological systems of theplanet becomes apparent, there is increased realization of the intimate connections between thesesystems and human health, the economy, social justice, and national security. The concept ofwhat constitutes "the environment" is changing rapidly. Urgent and unprecedented environmentaland social changes challenge scientists to define a new social contract. This contract representsa commitment on the part of all scientists to devote their energies and talents to the most pressingproblems of the day, in proportion to their importance, in exchange for public funding. The new andunmet needs of society include more comprehensive information, understanding and technologiesfor society to move toward a more sustainable biosphere--one which is ecologically sound,economically feasible, and socially just. New fundamental research, faster and more effective transmission of new and existingknowledge to policy- and decision-makers, and better communication of this knowledge to thepublic will all be required to meet this challenge. Lubchenco's presidential address to the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science, February 1997, and well worth study. Implicationsfor the use of ecology in policy, for science and advocacy, science and conscience. Lubchencohas been president of the Ecological Society of America, is an active environmentalist, and wasinfluential in the Society's policy statement that ecological research ought be devoted neither tosustainable development nor to pure science, but to a "sustainable biosphere." She is in zoologyat Oregon State University, and her election as president of the American Association for theAdvancement of Science is a tribute to her impact in her field, insisting on its relevance and onscientific responsibility. (v9,#1)

Lubell, M., "Environmental Activism as Collective Action," Environment and Behavior 34(no.4, 2002):431-54. (v.13,#4)

Lucardie, P, "Dutch Elections 2002-03: The Comeback of the Communitarians?," EnvironmentalPolitics 12(no.3, 2003):145-149. (v.14, #4)

Lucas, Julie Cook. Review of: Gates, Barbara T., ed., In Nature's Name: An Anthology of Women'sWriting and Illustration, 1780-1930. Environmental Values 13(2004):412-414. (EV)Lucas, Oliver W. R., The Design of Forest Landscapes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Lucas is with the U.K. Forestry Commission. (v7,#2)

Lucas, Peter, "Valuing Birds in the Bush: For Pluralism in Environmental Risk Assessment,"Environmental Values 11(2002):177-191. It is now widely acknowledged that social theorists canmake an important contribution to our understanding of environmental risk. There is however adanger that the current ascendancy of social theory will encourage a tendency to assimilateissues around environmental risk to those at stake in entrenched debates between realist andconstructivist social theorists. I begin by citing a recent example of this trend, before going on toargue that framing the issues in terms of a monism/pluralism dichotomy would make for a moreinformative analysis. Noting that realists and constructivists can make common cause against riskmonism, I turn, in the second half of the paper, to setting out a positive case for risk pluralism. Citingsome fictional examples of risk behavior, I show how different individuals might rationally adoptdifferent perspectives on the same risk. I conclude by exploring some implications of the truth ofrisk pluralism for two current approaches to environmental decision-making (which I term,respectively, the "teleological-pluralistic" approach, and the "economic-monistic" approach). I arguethat the importance of risk pluralism lies in its capacity to highlight the shortcomings of the latterapproach. (EV)

Lucas, Peter, This is not a Planet: Ethics and Environmentalism in the Age of the World Picture,Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September 1994. (v7,#1)

Lucas, Peter. "Environmental Ethics: Between Inconsequential Philosophy and UnphilosophicalConsequentialism." Andrew Light and Eric Katz commend environmental pragmatism as aframework of choice for a more pluralistic, and (consequently) more practically effectiveenvironmental ethics. There is however a prima facie conflict between the promotion of pluralismand the promotion of pragmatism. I consider two different routes by which Light has attempted toresolve this conflict. Light's first strategy involves distinguishing philosophical frommetaphilosophical forms of pragmatism, locating its "metatheoretically pluralist" potential in the latter.I argue that the distinction collapses, leaving the conflict unresolved. Light's second strategyinvolves interpreting metatheoretical pluralism as a form of practical compatibilism. I argue thatmetatheoretical pluralism, thus interpreted, holds no remedy for the perceived practicalineffectiveness of the field. Not only would it fail to qualify as a viable form of pluralism, but itswidespread adoption would actively undermine the real work of environmental ethics: that offostering a sense of the special significance of enlightened and principled action in defense ofenvironmentalist ideals, in the face of the consequentialism which dominates global environmentaldecision making. Environmmental Ethics 24(2002):353-369. (EE)

Lucas, Peter. "Teleological Presuppositions, and the `Expectation Gap': A Response to LauraWestra." Environmental Values 9(2000):383-388. (EV)

Luccarelli, Mark. Review of Adam Rome, The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl andthe Rise of Environmentalism, Organization and Environment, 16, (No. 1, 2003): 126-28. Luccarelliearned a doctorate at University of Iowa and now teaches American Studies at University of Oslo,Norway.

Luccarelli, Mark. Review of Terry Gifford, "Pastoral", Organization and Environment 14 (No. 3,September 2001) pp.369-72. Luccarelli is professor of American studies at the University of Oslo,Norway. (v.13,#2)

Luccarelli, Mark. Lewis Mumford and the Ecology Region: The Politics of Planning. New York:Guilford Publications, 1995. 230 pages. $26.95. Both historical and theoretical perspectives, thedevelopment of Mumford's thought on regional planning, focusing on his pioneering concept of anecologically-based region. How he attempted to turn his ideas into reality through the RegionalPlanning Association of America. (v7, #3)

Luccarelli, Mark. Review of Rebecca Bedell, "The Anatomy of Nature: Geology and AmericanLandscape Painting 1825-1875", Organization and Environment 14 (No. 1, March 2002) pp.88-91.Luccarelli is professor of American studies at the University of Oslo, Norway. (v.13,#2)

Lucero, L, "The State of the Natural Resources Literature Recent Books on Growth, Public Lands,and the Environment", Natural Resources Journal 43 (no.3, 2003): 903-914.

Lucero, L; Tarlock, AD, "Water Supply and Urban Growth in New Mexico: Same Old, Same Old ora New Era?" Natural Resources Journal 43 (no.3, 2003): 803-836.

Ludwig, Donald, Ray Holborn, and Carl Waters, "Uncertainty, Resource Exploitation, andConservation: Lessons from History," Science 260 (April 2, 1993):17, 36. Short, excellent,powerful argument that everyone interested in environmental ethics and biological conservationshould read. "There are currently many plans for sustainable use or sustainable development thatare founded upon scientific information and consensus. Such ideas reflect ignorance of thehistory of resource exploitation and misunderstanding of the possibility of achieving scientificconsensus concerning resources and the environment. Although there is considerable variationin the detail, there is remarkable consistency in the history of resource exploitation: resources areinevitably overexploited, often to the point of collapse or extinction. We suggest that suchconsistency is due to the following common features: (i) Wealth or the prospect of wealthgenerates political and social power that is used to promote unlimited exploitation of resources. (ii) Scientific understanding and consensus is hampered by the lack of controls and replicates,so that each new problem involves learning about a new system. (iii) The complexity of theunderlying biological and physical systems precludes a reductionist approach to management. Optimal levels of exploitation must be determined by trial and error. (iv) Large levels of naturalvariability mask the effects of overexploitation. Initial overexploitation is not detectable until it issevere and often irreversible." (v4,#1)

Lueck, Thomas J., and Jennifer Lee, "No Fighting the Co-op Board, Even With Talons," New YorkTimes, December 11, 2004, p. A1, B14. A famous red tail hawk, known as Pale Male, with his nest,has been removed from an uptown Manhattan apartment building, despite nesting there since 1991.The male hawk, and several different female mates, had sired 26 chicks, 23 of which lived tofledging. Protestors included the entertainer Mary Tyler Moore, who lives in the fancy apartmentbuilding. (v.14, #4)

Lugar, Richard and Biden, Joseph. "An End to Chemical Weapons." The Christian Science Monitor,vol. 89, 28 Feb. 1997, p. 19.

Lugo, AE, "Can we manage tropical landscapes? - an answer from the Caribbean perspective,"Landscape Ecology 17(no.7, 2002): 601-615.

Lugo, Ariel E. "Old-Growth Mangrove Forests in the United States," Conservation Biology 11(no.1,1997):11. (v8,#2)

Luhmann, Niklas. Ecological Communication (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989). Asmuch social theory as environmental ethics. Understanding how society becomes aware ofenvironmental dangers and why irrational responses tend to appear must precede any ethics ofenvironmental responsibility. (v1,#1)

Luke, Brian. "A Critical Analysis of Hunters' Ethics." Environmental Ethics 19(1997):25-44. I analyzethe "Sportsman's Code," arguing that several of its rules presuppose a respect for animals thatrenders hunting a prima facie wrong. I summarize the main arguments used to justify hunting andconsider them in relation to the prima facie case against hunting entailed by the sportsman's code.Sport hunters, I argue, are in a paradoxical position--the more conscientiously they follow the code,the more strongly their behavior exemplifies a respect for animals that undermines the possibilitiesof justifying hunting altogether. I consider several responses, including embracing the paradox,renouncing the code, and renouncing hunting. Luke is in philosophy, University of Dayton, OH.(EE)

Luke, Brian. "Solidarity Across Diversity: A Pluralistic Rapprochement of Environmentalism andAnimal Liberation." Social Theory and Practice 21 (no. 2, Summer 1995):177-206.

Luke, Timothy W., "`Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered': Devall and Sessions on Defendingthe Earth", Organization and Environment, 15, (No. 2, 2002): 178-86. The theory of deep ecologyhas had a profound effect on many environmental political movements over the past generation.While this notion was first advanced by Arne Naess in Western Europe, deep ecology found itsbroadest and most influential popularization, especially in North America, in the work of Bill Devalland George Sessions. Their 1985 work `Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered', outlines theirvision of deep ecology, and as an important source for anyone interested in the ethics and politicsof deep ecology, is summarized and evaluated here. Luke is a university-distinguished professorof political science at Virginia Polytechnic University and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia. (v.13, #3)

Luke, Timothy W. Capitalism, Democracy and Ecology: Departing from Marx. Reviewed by MarkLacy. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):323-324.

Luke, Timothy W. "SUVs and the Greening of Ford: Reimagining Industrial Ecology as anEnvironmental Corporate Strategy in Action", Organization and Environment 14 (No. 3, September2001) pp.311-35. Ford Motor Company, in one of the more remarkable developments in businessmanagement in decades, recently began to remake their image by moves towards more ecologicaland sustainable practices. As this cultural critique shows, however, the continued production ofSUVs, a highly profitable but possibly anti-ecological pursuit, is not the only contradiction in Ford'squest to reinvent itself as a green business leader. Its core belief (that the world can and shouldaccommodate the desires of mobile consumers, most of whom are both auto enthusiasts andenvironmentalists) serves as a severely limiting condition. Ford's innovations are noteworthy, butits approach falls short of what is needed from big business to help create a more ecologicalsociety. Luke is a University Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Virginia PolytechnicInstitute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia. (v.13,#2)

Luke, Timothy. Ecocritique: Contesting the Politics of Nature, Economy, and Culture. Reviewed inEnvironmental Ethics 21(1999):209-211.

Luloff, A. E., and R. S. Krannich, Persistence and Change in Rural Communities: A Fifty YearFollow-up to Six Classic Studies. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing, 2002. Revisits six rural

communities studied by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in the 1940's. Kansas, Iowa, NewHampshire, Georgia, New Mexico, an Amish community in Pennsylvania. With focus on the extentto which the determinants of change are inside and outside the communities. Reviewed by RobBurton. Environmental Values 13(2004):267-269. (EV)

Lund, Vonne, Raymond Anthony, and Helena Rocklinsberg, "The Ethical Contract as a Tool inOrganic Animal Husbandry," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 17(2004):23-49. Thisarticle explores what an ethic for organic animal husbandry might look like, departing from theassumption that organic farming is substantially based ecocentric ethics. We argue that farmanimals are necessary functional partners in sustainable agroecosystems. This opens upadditional ways to argue for their moral standing. We suggest an ethical contract to be used asa complementary to the ecocentric framework. We expound the content of the contract and endby suggesting how to apply this contract in practice. The contract enjoins us to share the wealthcreated in the agroecosystem (our joint contributions) by enjoining us to care for the welfare andneeds of the individual animal, and to protect them from exploitation (just as human co-workersshould not be exploited). The contract makes promoting good animal welfare a necessarycondition for benefiting farm animals. Animals for their part are guaranteed coverage under thecontract so long as they continue to contribute to the system with products and services. Keywords: animal welfare, contract ethics, organic animal husbandry, organic farming, organiclivestock production. The authors are in the Department of Animal Environment and Health,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, Sweden. (JAEE)

Lund, Vonne, Sven Hemlin and James White, "Natural Behavior, Animal Rights, or Making Money- A Study of Swedish Organic Farmers' View of Animal Issues," Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 17(2004):131-156. A questionnaire study was performed among Swedishorganic livestock farmers to determine their view of animal welfare and, other ethical issues inanimal production. The questionnaire was sent to 56.5% of the target group and the response ratewas 75.6%. A principal components analysis (exploratory factor analysis) was performed to geta more manageable data set. A matrix of intercorrelations between all pairs of factors wascomputed. The factors were then entered into a series of multiple regression models to explain fivedependent variables. Respondents were well educated and had long experience of farming. 81%were full-time farmers. They generally had a very positive attitude towards organic animalhusbandry. They considered allowing animals their natural behavior a central aim, which is inaccordance with organic philosophy. Farmers tended to be less approving of concepts like animalrights, dignity, and intrinsic value. When analyzing correlations between the factors, two groupsof farmers emerged that were only partially correlated, representing different attitudes andbehavioral dispositions. These may be interpreted as two subpopulations of organic livestockfarmers in Sweden: those who saw organic farming as a lifestyle ("pioneer attitude") andentrepreneurs, who considered making money and new challenges more important. Their viewof animal welfare differed. While the pioneers considered natural behavior a key issue, this wasless important to the entrepreneurs, who also had a more approving attitude towards invasiveoperations such as castration and were more critical of the organic standards. Keywords: animalethics, attitude, natural behavior, organic animal husbandry, organic farming, organic livestockproduction, questionnaire study. The authors are at the National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway. (JAEE)

Lundmark, C, "Improving the Science Curriculum with Bioethics," Bioscience 52(no.10, 2002): 881- .

Lundmark, Thomas. "Principles and Instruments of German Environmental Law.Journal of Environmental Law & Practice 4(1997):43. A systematic overview of environmental lawin Germany. Emphasis is placed on the so-called principles and instruments of environmental law. (v8,#1)

Lundmark, Thomas; and McNeece, John B., III. "State and Local Government Participation in SolvingEnvironmental Problems at the U.S.-Mexican Border." Journal of Environmental Law and Practice3, no.2 (1995): 37. Increasingly intense environmental problems at the U.S.-Mexican border havestate and local governments seeking authority to engage in cross-border solutions. (v7, #3)

Lundy, Patricia. Debt and Ecological Destruction. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1997. 200pp. $9.95cloth. Based on original research carried out during 13 months of fieldwork in Jamaica, this bookexamines the damage to the social environment and ecology of the island and also identifies a newsocial movement of community environmental groups. Lundy is at Queen's University, Belfast,Northern Ireland. (v8,#1)

Luoma, Jon R., "Habitat Conservation Plans: Compromise or Capitulation?" Audubon 100 (no. 1,January-February 1998):36-51. Habitat Conservation Plants, sweeping regulatory arrangements,are fast becoming the new standard for ecosystem protection. In the past four years more than400 have been approved or set in motion. But are they a great leap forward or a sellout ofendangered species? Although in principle, they protect habitat and many species at theecosystem level, and are praised as a win-win situation, in practice skeptics worry that speciesprotection is becoming driven less by law and science, more by the backrooms deals cut betweenfederal bureaucrats and developers and their lawyers. Especially objectionable is the Babbittinnovation of "no surprises" clauses, which locks in the agreed arrangements for a century, oncethe deal is struck. For all intents and purposes, landowners are absolved of any future liabilityunder the Endangered Species Act. Critics also complain the HCP's are rushed through withoutadequate study, and, under these circumstances, surprises are to be expected. In a forceful letterto Congress, 167 scientists, mostly conservation biologists, complained that the "no surprises"clause "proposes a world of certainty that does not, has not, and never will exist... because wewill always be surprised by ecological systems." (v.8,#4)

Luoto, M., Toivonen, T., and Heikkinen, R. K., "Prediction of Total and Rare Plant Species Richnessin Agricultural Landscapes from Satellite Images and Topographic Data," Landscape Ecology17(no.3, 2002): 195-217. (v.13,#4)

Luper, Steven, and Brown, Curtis, eds., The Moral Life, 2nd. ed. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace,1999. Part VII is Interspecies Issues, mostly dealing with the status of animals. Kant, "Dutiestoward Animals"; Singer, from Animal Liberation; Cigman, "Interest Criterion of Standing";Goodpaster, from "On Being Morally Conserable"; and Rollin, "Environmental Ethics and InternationalJustice."

Luper-Foy, Stephen and Curtis Brown, The Moral Life. Chicago: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992. Section VI is "Interspecies Issues." Organized around: Rationality Criterion of Standing: ImmanuelKant, "Duties toward Animals"; Pleasure Criterion of Standing: Peter Singer, "Animal Liberation";Interest Criterion of Standing: Ruth Cigman, "Death, Misfortune, and Species Inequality"; LifeCriterion of Standing: Kenneth Goodpaster, "On Being Morally Considerable"; and SpeciesFavoritism: Mary Midgley, "The Significance of Species." (v3,#1)

Luper-Foy, Steven. "Natural Resources, Gadgets and Artificial Life." Environmental Values8(1999):27-54. ABSTRACT: I classify different sorts of natural resources and suggest how theseresources may be acquired. I also argue that inventions, whether gadgets or artificial life forms,should not be privately owned. Gadgets and life-forms are not created (although the term"invention" suggests otherwise); they are discovered, and hence have much in common with morefamiliar natural resources such as sunlight that ought not to be privately owned. Nonetheless,inventors of gadgets, like discoverers of certain more familiar resources, sometimes should begranted exclusive but temporary control over their inventions as an incentive for making unknown

items widely accessible KEYWORDS: Artificial life, patents, ownership, natural resources,intellectual property, justice.Steven Luper, Department of Philosophy Trinity University San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA email:sluper@trinity.edu (EV)

Luper-Foy, Steven. "Justice and Natural Resources," Environmental Values Vol.1 No.1(1992):47-64. ABSTRACT: Justice entitles everyone in the world, including future generations, to an equitableshare of the benefits of the world's natural resources. I argue that even though both Rawls andhis libertarian critics seem hostile to it, this resource equity principle, suitably clarified, is a majorpart of an adequate strict compliance theory of global justice whether or not we take a libertarianor a Rawlsian approach. I offer a defence of the resource equity principle from both points ofview. KEYWORDS: Environmental ethics, future generations, justice, natural resources. Department of Philosophy, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212.

Luther, Calvin. The Way of the Human Being. Reviewed by David Rothenberg. Environmental Ethics22(2000):425-429.

Lutherer, L. O., and Simon, M. S., Targeted: The anatomy of an animal rights attack. Norman, OK:University of Oklahoma Press, 1992.

Lutherer, Lorenz Otto and Margaret Sheffield Simon, Targeted: The Anatomy of an Animal RightsAttack. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. Animal rights activists havebroken into more than eighty research and educational institutions in the United States in the lastten years, stealing (the authors maintain) hundreds of research animals and destroying millions ofdollars' worth of property. An analysis of the goals and tactics of the animal rights movement.(v4,#4)

Lutter, Randall and Shogren, Jason F., Painting the White House Green. Washington: RFF(Resources for the Future) Press, 2004. First-hand accounts of what goes on behind the scenesin key decisions about environmental standards and policy. (v. 15, # 3)

Lutts, Ralph H., The Nature Fakers: Wildlife, Science, and Sentiment. Golden, CO: FulcrumPublishers, 1990. $ 22.95. (v1,#4)

Lutts, Ralph H., ed., The Wild Animal Story. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998. 328pages. $ 35. An exploration of the popular genre of wild animal stories, from turn-of-the centurynature writings to contemporary films and television. Queries about the meaning of what animalsdo and our obligation to them. The stories are placed in the context of debate about animalintelligence and purposeful behavior, nature literature and films, popular culture, animals andsociety, and the changing attitudes toward wildlife. Lutts is in continuing education at theUniversity of Virginia, and is the author of The Nature Fakers: Wildlife, Science, and Sentiment. (v9,#2)

Lutz, Ernst, ed., Toward Improved Accounting for the Environment. Washington, DC: World Bank,1993. 329 pages. A sequel to a 1989 volume by Y. F. Ahmad, E. El Serafy, and E. Lutz,Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development. The United Nations' proposed IntegratedSystem of Environmental and Economic Accounting, and case studies in Mexico and Papua NewGuinea, and related assessments. (v6,#4)

Lutz, Ernst., ed. Toward Improved Accounting for the Environment: Washington, D.C.: World Bank,1993). Reviewed by Giles Atkinson in Environmental Values 4(1995):276-278. (EV)

Lutz, Wolfgang, ed. The Future Population of the World: What Can We Assume Today? London:Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1996. 500pp. 50cloth, ,24.95paper. An analysis of the componentsof population change--fertility, mortality and migration--and translates them into projections for 12world regions. The projections by the world's leading demographers, are the first explicity to takeinto account the possible environmental limits to growth. (v8,#1)

Lutzenberger, Jose, "Science, Technology, Economics, Ethics, and Environment." In Callicott, J.Baird, and da Rocha, Fernando J. R. Earth Summit Ethics: Toward a Reconstructive PostmodernPhilosophy of Environmental Education. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996.(v7, #3)

Lutzenberger, José, "Ciência, Ética e Meio Ambiente" (Science, Ethics, and the NaturalEnvironment). Pages 101-116 in Revista do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas daUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Review of the Institute of Philosophy and HumanSciences of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil), Vol. 15, 1992. ISSN0302-217X. By the former Secretary for the Natural Environment of Brazil, who considers himselfa deep ecologist, and who was removed from office for his environmentalist policies, by apresident of Brazil, since removed for corruption. (v4,#4)

Lutzenhiser, L, "The Contours of U.S. Climate Non-Policy," Society and Natural Resources 14(no.6, 2001):511-524. (v.13,#1)

Lybecker, D., Lamb, B. L., and Ponds, P. D., "Public Attitudes and Knowledge of the Black-TailedPrairie Dog: A Common and Controversial Species," Bioscience 52(no.7, 2002): 607-13. (v.13,#4)

Lydeard C.; Cowie RH; Ponder WF; Bogan AE; Bouchet P; Clark SA; Cummings KS; Frest TJ;Gargominy O; Herbert DG; Hershler R; Perez KE; Roth B; Seddon M; Strong EE; Thompson FG, "TheGlobal Decline of Nonmarine Mollusks", BioScience 54 (no.4, 2004): 321-330(10). Invertebratespecies represent more than 99 of animal diversity; however, they receive much less publicity andattract disproportionately minor research effort relative to vertebrates. Nonmarine mollusks (i.e.,terrestrial and freshwater) are one of the most diverse and imperiled groups of animals, althoughnot many people other than a few specialists who study the group seem to be aware of theirplight. Nonmarine mollusks include a number of phylogenetically disparate lineages and species-richassemblages that represent two molluscan classes, Bivalvia (clams and mussels) and Gastropoda(snails, slugs, and limpets). In this article we provide an overview of global nonmarine molluscanbiodiversity and conservation status, including several case studies documenting the diversity andglobal decline of nonmarine mollusks. We conclude with a discussion of the roles that mollusks andmalacologists should play in conservation, including research, conservation managementstrategies, and education and outreach.

Lydeard, Charles and Mayden, Richard L., "A Diverse and Endangered Aquatic Ecosystem of theSoutheast United States," Conservation Biology 9(1995):800-805. There is an extraordinarilydiverse and endangered ecosystem in the United States, the rivers and streams of Alabama andadjoining states. Relative to North America as a whole, Alabama is a highlight of biotic diversity,with much of this diversity imperiled. The biodiversity crisis is not limited to tropical forests, but isright in Americans' own backyards. Lydeard and Mayden are in the Aquatic Biology Program,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tuscaloosa, Alabama. See also Stolzenburg,William, "Sweet Home Alabama," Nature Conservancy 47(no. 4, Sept./Oct 1997):8-9.

Lyman, Howard F., "Mad Cows or Mad World?", The Animals' Agenda 16(no.4, 1996):26. Thelatest outbreak of mad cow disease in Britain, and the likely link to a human brain disorder, isproving that the common practice of recycling diseased animals back into the food chain is utter

madness. Lyman is a rancher and feedlot operator in Montana, and directs the Eating with aConscience campaign of the Human Society of the United States. (v7,#4)

Lyman, RL; Wolverton, S, "The Late Prehistoric-Early Historic Game Sink in the Northwestern UnitedStates," Conservation Biology 16(no.1, 2002):73-85. (v.13, #3)

Lynas, M, "Red Dust Rising", Ecologist 34 (no.1, 2004): 44-54. If you want to be convinced thatglobal warming is happening, you need to visit China.

Lynch, B. D., "Colten, Craig E., ed. Transforming New Orleans and Its Environs: Centuries ofChange," Society and Natural Resources 15(no.7, 2002): 654-55. (v.13,#4)

Lynch, Barbara Deutsch, "The Garden and the Sea: U.S. Latino Environmental Discourses andMainstream Environmentalism," Social Problems 40(1993):108-24. Latinos see nature quitedifferently from mainstream environmentalists. Latino environmentalism, in which the gardenmetaphor is central, rejects the dichotomization of people and nature that has pervadedcontemporary environmentalism. "The environment is a social construction: a product of all culturalresponses to specific historical circumstances which give rise to shared sets of imaginedlandscapes" (p. 109). (v7,#1)

Lynch, D. L., "What Do Forest Fires Really Cost?," Journal of Forestry 102(no. 6, 2004): 42-49(8).Mitchell, K., "Geographies of Identity: Multiculturalism Unplugged," Progress in Human Geography28(no. 5, 2004): 641-651(11). (v.14, #4)

Lynch, Kevin, Managing the Sense of a Region. Cambridge, MIT Press, 1976. 221 pages. Regionalplanning, environmental aspects.

Lynch, MJ; Stretesky, PB; Burns, RG, "Determinants of Environmental Law Violation Fines AgainstPetroleum Refineries: Race, Ethnicity, Income, and Aggregation Effects", Society and NaturalResources 17 (no.4, 2004): 343-357(15).

Lynch, Tony, Wells, David, "Non-Anthropocentrism? A Killing Objection," Environmental Values7(1998): 151-163. To take the idea of a non-anthropocentric ethic of nature seriously is toabandon morality itself. The idea of humanity is not an optional extra for moral seriousness. Non-anthropocentric environmental ethicists mistake the kind of value non-human entities may bear. Itis not moral value, but aesthetic value. KEYWORDS:non-anthropocentrism, humanity, killing,aesthetic value. Tony Lynch is at University of New England, NSW. David Wells is at University ofNew England, NSW. (EV)

Lynch,Tony, "Deep Ecology as an Aesthetic Movement," Environmental Values 5(1996):147-60. Many deep ecologists call for a new ecological ethic. If this ethic is meant to be a moral ethic, thendeep ecology fails. However if deep ecology is interpreted as an aesthetic movement, then it isboth philosophically coherent and practically adequate. KEYWORDS: Deep ecology, morality,aesthetics, nonanthropocentrism. (EV)

Lyons, Graham, Evonne Moore and Joseph Wayne Smith, Is the End Nigh? Internationalism, GlobalChaos and the Destruction of the Earth. Aldershot, Hampshire, UK: Avebury. Brookfield, VT:Ashgate Publishing Co., 1995. 283 pages. $ 69.00. A critique of ideologies that dominate thepower centers of the industrialized world and are accelerating the destruction of natural capitaland the environment. The authors are at the University of Adelaide, Australia. (v7,#2)

Lyons, Jonathan, "Smuggled Orangutans: the Bangkok Six," The Animals' Agenda 15 no. 2 (March1995): 22- . Torn from their mothers and sold to smugglers, six infant orangutans werediscovered, nearly dead, in packing crates at the Bangkok airport. Two of the smugglers wereapprehended and a Mexican zoo official mistook a U.S. Fish and Wildlife agent in a gorilla suit forthe real deal. (v6,#2)

Lyons, Michael. "Political Self-Interest and U.S. Environmental Policy." Natural Resources Journal39(No. 2, Spring 1999):271- . (v10,#4)

Mabogunje, A. L., "Poverty and Environmental Degradation: Challenges within the Global Economy,"Environment 44(no.1, 2002): 8-19. (v.13,#2)

Mac All Mac's should also be searched under Mc. The computer slavishly alphabetizes them.

MacArthur, John, Review of Pearce, David, and Moran, Dominic, The Economic Value ofBiodiversity. Environmental Values 5(1996):89-90. (EV)

Macauley, David, ed. Minding Nature: The Philosophers of Ecology. Reviewed by John Clark,Environmental Ethics 20(1998):199-202.

Macauley, David, ed. Minding Nature: The Philosophers of Ecology. New York: Guildford Press,1996. 350 pages. $18.95 pb. Articles in the book examine the connections between philosophyand ecology in Thomas Hobbes, Martin Heidegger, Ernest Bloch, Hans Jonas, Lewis Mumford, PaulEhrlich, and Murray Bookchin. Contributors include: Frank Coleman, Joan Roelofs, MichaelZimmerman, David Abram, David Macauley, John Ely, Lawrence Vogel, Henry Blanke,Ramachandra Guha, Yaakov Garb, Andrew Feenberg, Joel Whitebook, Alan Rudy, and AndrewLight. Macauley teaches philosophy and literature classes in New York City and is completing hisdoctorate at the State University of New York, Stony Brook. (v7,#1)

Macauley, David. Review of The Fate of Place: A Philosophical History. By Edward S. Casey.Environmental Ethics 22(2000):219-221.

Macauley, David. Review of Getting Back into Place: Toward a Renewed Understanding of thePlace-World. By Edward S. Casey. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):219-221.

MacCleery, Douglas W., American Forests: A History of Resiliency and Recovery. Durham, NC:Forest History Society, 1994 (and earlier editions). Following two centuries of decline, the areaof forest land has stabilized. Today the U.S. has about the same forest areas as in 1920. Thearea consumed by wildfire each year has fallen 90 percent. Populations of deer, turkey, elk,pronghorns, and many other wildlife have increased dramatically. Eastern forests have stageda major comeback. Forest growth nationally has exceeded harvest since the 1940's. Recreationaluse of forests has increased manyfold. Dependence of the economy on wood and woodproducts is as great as ever. One can wonder, however, whether questions about the quality ofthe forests (pine plantations vs. old growth forests) still need to be addressed. MacCleery is aprofessional forester with the U.S. Forest service. (v6,#4)

Macdonald, D.W. and Johnson, P.J., "Farmers and the custody of the countryside: trends in lossand conservation of non-productive habitats 1981-1998," Biological Conservation 94 (No. 1, 2000):221- . (v.11,#4)

MacDonald, Doug. "Beer Cans, Gas Guzzlers and Green Taxes: How Using Tax Instead of LawMay Affect Environmental Policy." Alternatives 22(Jul. 1996):12. Why was the Ontario governmentwilling to impose a green tax on beer cans, but not on gasoline?

MacDonald, E. K., "Playing by the Rules: The World Bank's Failure to Adhere to Policy in the Fundingof Large-Scale Hydropower Projects," Environmental Law 31(no.4, 2001): 1011-50. (v.13,#2)

MacDonald, Gordon J., "Assessing the U.S. Environment", Environment 38(No.2, 1996):25- . Thelatest report of the Council on Environmental Quality serves as no better a guide to policy than itspredecessors. (v7,#1)

MacDonald, Mia, "Toward Kinship `From Protest To Policy.'" The Animals' Agenda 16(Mar.1996):40.When will animal activists be able to retire the lobster and carrot costumes to the closet and startwielding real policy-making power instead? Author Mia MacDonald suggests strategies foradvancing meaningful change in the political arena, while still "keeping the placards aloft and thelobster suits nearby."

MacDonald, Mia. "AHIMSA With Attitude: An Interview With Maneka Gandhi." The Animals' Agenda16, no.1 (1996): 30. Maneka Gandhi, a member of a famous family, describes what it's like to bean animal rights advocate and environmentalist in India. "I became the Minister for Environment andfound the word `environment' was misspelled on the Ministry's letterhead!". (v7, #3)

MacDonnell, Lawrence J. and Sara F. Bates, eds., Natural Resources Policy and Law: Trends andDirections. Washington: Island Press, 1993. $ 19.95 paper. $ 38.00 hardcover. Ten chapters,by, in addition to the editors, Clyde O. Martz, George Cameron Coggins, Richard C. Maxwell, A. DanTarlock, Joseph Sax, Charles F. Wilkinson, David Getches, and Richard J. Lazarus. With a specialemphasis on new laws and important legal cases of the past decade. Contributions include:historical overview, public land law, mineral law, oil and gas law, water resources, public trustdoctrine, environmental law, shifting paradigms. In recent years, the contributors variously argue,we have begun to appreciate the inherent worth of our land, air, water, a worth that is entirelyunrelated to economic growth and development. The evolution of law and policy regarding naturalresource and environmental issues over the past centry reflects these ongoing changes invaluation. MacDonnell and Bates are at the Natural Resources Law Center, University of ColoradoSchool of Law. (v4,#3)

MacDonnell, Lawrence J., From Reclamation to Sustainability: Water, Agriculture, and theEnvironment in the American West. Niwot,CO: University Press of Colorado, 1999. The AmericanWest viewed through the lens of its most contested resource: water. Western water resourceshave been developed beyond their sustainable capacity, resulting in overdevelopment, decliningrural communities, dewatered streams incapable of supporting native species, and degraded waterquality. Sustainable use of water depends on reducing the gap between diverted water and usedwater, restoring the functional integrity of water sources. MacDonnell is a water lawyer, and wasthe first director of the Natural Resources Law Center at the University of Colorado School of Law,Boulder. (v.10,#1)

MacDougall, A. Kent. "Humans as Cancer", Wild Earth 6(no.3, 1996):81-88. "A cancerous tumorcontinues to grow even as its expropriation of nutrients and disruption of vital functions causesits host to waste away. Similarly, human societies undermine their own long-term viability bydepleting and fouling the environment. With civilization as with cancer, initial success begets selfdefeating-excess." Various interpreters argue over whether this is metaphor or more literal, andmany find the idea offensive. Lovelock, with his Gaia hypothesis, initially found the idea absurd,but has changed his mind. Various physicians and epidemiologists have supported the idea. "Whether as metaphor or hypothesis, the proposition that humans have been acting like malignant

cancer cells deserves to be taken seriously." MacDougall is an award-winning professor emeritusof journalism at the University of California. (v7,#4)

MacDowell, LS, "Review of: Neil S. Forkey. Shaping the Upper Canadian Frontier: Environment,Society, and Culture in the Trent Valley; and John M. Findlay and Ken S. Coates, eds. ParallelDestinies: Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies", Environmental History 9 (no.1,2004): 136-137.

Mace, Georgina M., and Hudson, Elodie J. "Attitudes Toward Sustainability and Extinction,"Conservation Biology 13(No.2, 1999):242-. (v.10,#2)

MacEachern, Dianne. Save Our Planet: 750 Everyday Ways You Can Help Clean Up the Earth, Dell,New York, 1990. $ 9.95. (v1,#2)

Macer, Darryl R.J., Bhardwaj, Minakshi, Maekawa, Fumi, and Niimura, Yuki, "Ethical opportunitiesin global agriculture, fisheries, and forestry: The role for FAO," Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 16(2003):479-504. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) has a uniqueand essential role in addressing the ethical problems facing humanity and in making these problemsinto opportunities for practical resolution. A broad range of ethical issues in agriculture, fisheries,and forestry were identified by analysis of the literature and by interviews with FAO staff. Issuesinclude sharing access to and preserving natural resources, introduction of new technology,conservatism over the use of genetic engineering, ethics in animal agriculture, access toinformation, food security, sustainable rural development, ensuring participation of all people indecision making and in receiving benefits of agriculture, reducing corruption, and involvement ofprivate and public sectors in decision making. Rather than viewing these issues as problems, theyshould be viewed as opportunities for debate, learning about others' views, and resolution. TheUnited Nations has an important role to play in how decisions are made in the global ethical debatein food and agriculture. KEY WORDS: agriculture FAO, biotechnology, environment, ethics,fisheries, United Nations. (JAEE)

Macer, Darryl, "Uncertainties About `Painless' Animals", Bioethics, 3 (1989): 226-35. Genetictechniques are being increasingly employed to alter animals used in both medical and agriculturalresearch, and will no doubt be extended into many applications. This paper seeks to examinewhether it is possible to genetically manipulate animals so that they have an altered capacity to feelpain; whether it would be ethical to do so; and how we would regard animals that do not feel pain. The creation of "painless" animals in order to make a new class of means for human ends mayalter the way we argue about the use of animals. Instead of animals possessing some sort ofintegrity, they can be made the longterm property of humans, not only in commercial terms, or whenor how they come into existence, but in whether they are sentient animals of a new class of"painless" animals. Some would argue that this new class would possess the moral status ofplants, however, many would share the author's view that this would be an unethical use of ourpower over nature. The difficulty is to say precisely why it is unethical.

Macer, Darryl R. J., Bioethics Is Love of Life: An Alternative Textbook. Christchurch, New Zealand:Eubios Ethics Institute, 1998. 160 pages. ISBN 0-908897-13-8. Bioethics interpreted as the loveof life. "`Love of life" is the simplest and most all encompassing definition of bioethics, and it isuniversal among all peoples of the world" (p. 1). Chapter 7 is "Love of Nature and EnvironmentalEthics." Environmental ethics as love of life, biophilia, loving especially the integrity of life,organismic and holist. An alternative view published in a location that might not otherwise come toyour attention. Macer is a New Zealander who has spent many years teaching at the Universityof Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan, and has also been instrumental in promoting bioethics in India. Awebsite for the Eubios Ethics Institute is:

http://www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~macer/index.html

Macer, Darryl, "Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific," Journal of Agriculturaland Environmental Ethics 10(1997/1998):249-267. ABSTRACT. The interactions between humans,animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that weare made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactionsbetween humans and other animals, and may be connected to the environmental movement thatbegs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all otherorganisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy andthe value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored insurvey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Surveyconducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia,Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there weremore biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmonyincluding humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, inan attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relatesto human ethics of the relationships. KEY WORDS: Animals, Asia, consciousness, Australia, HongKong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Thailand. (JAEE)

MacFarlane, I., An Evaluation and Prioritisation of Dispute Resolution Procedures in the Context ofSustainable Development. M.Phil. thesis at the University of Stellenbosch 1998. Promotor: JohanP. Hattingh. (v.10,#1)

MacGregor, Sherilyn, "From Care to Citizenship: Calling Ecofeminism Back to Politics," Ethics andthe Environment 9(no. 1, 2004):56-84. Although there are important aspects of ecofeministvaluations of women's caring, a greater degree of skepticism than is now found in ecofeministscholarship is in order. In this article I argue that there are political risks in celebrating women'sassociation with caring, as both an ethic and a practice, and in reducing women's ethico-politicallife to care. I support this position by drawing on the work of feminist theorists who argue that thepositive identification of women with caring ought to be treated cautiously for it obscures some ofthe negative implications of feminized care and narrows our understanding of women as politicalactors. I explain why I think ecofeminists would be better served by using feminist theories ofcitizenship to understand and interpret women's' engagement in politics. MacGregor is in theInstitute for Environment, Philosophy, and Public Policy at Lancaster University, UK. (E&E)

Macguire, Daniel C., and Rasmussen, Larry L., Ethics for a Small Planet: New Horizons onPopulation, Consumption, and Ecology. Albany: SUNY Press, 1998. 151 pages. $ 19.00 paper. (v.10,#2)

Machan, Tibor R., "Do Animals Have Rights?" Public Affairs Quarterly 5(April 1991): 163-173. "Animals have no rights and need no liberation. .... To think that they do is a category mistake." "Rights and liberty are political concepts applicable to human beings because human beings aremoral agents." "There is a scale of importance in nature, and among all the various kinds of being,human beings are the most important..." "With human nature a problem arose in nature that had notbeen there before--basic choices had to be confronted, which other animals do not have toconfront. The question, `How should I live?' faces each human being. ... For this reason we arevery different from other animals--we also do terrible, horrible, awful things to each other as wellas to nature, but we can also do much, much better and achieve incredible feats nothing else innature can come close to." "There is plainly no valid intellectual place for rights in the non-humanworld, the world in which moral responsibility is for all practical purposes absent." "Animals arenot the sort of beings with basic rights to life, liberty and property, whereas human beings, in themain, are just such beings. Yet we know that animals can feel pain and can enjoy themselves andthis must give us pause when we consider using them for our legitimate purposes. We ought tobe humane, we ought to kill them and rear them and train them and hunt them in a fashion

consistent with such care about them as sentient beings." Machan is in the Department ofPhilosophy at Auburn University. (v2,#2)

Machan, Tibor R., Putting Humans First: Why We Are Nature's Favorite. Lanham, MD: Rowman andLittlefield, 2004. The primacy of human life in the natural world and the corresponding justice ofhumans making use of animals. Disputes the concept of "animal rights" and "animal liberation." Humans are very much a part of nature though not, ordinarily, of the wild. Given their nature,human beings not only can, but ought to use nature to serve their needs. Machan is emeritus inphilosophy, Auburn University, and currently teaching at Chapman University.

Macheta, Aleksandra, Environment and Development: Our Common Future, Master's Thesis,Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September 1992. (v7,#1)

Macheta, Aleksandra, Environment and Development: Our Common Future, Master's Thesis,Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September 1992.

Machlis, Gary E., Force, Jo Ellen, Burch Jr., William R. "The Human Ecosystem. Part I: The HumanEcosystem as an Organizing Concept in Ecosystem Management," Society & Natural Resources10(no.4, 1997):347. (v8,#3)

Machlis, Gary E., and Field, Donald R., eds. National Parks and Rural Development: Practice andPolicy in the United States. Covelo, CA: Island Press, 2000. 296 pages. Cloth $55. Paper $27.50. Five case studies of rural development near national parks. Lessons, principles applied, mistakescommitted, and advances made. Personal essays from leaders in parks management. (v.11,#4)

Machtans, Craig S., Villard, Marc-Andre, Hannon, Susan J. "Use of Riparian Buffer Strips asMovement Corridors by Forest Birds", Conservation Biology 10(no.5,1996):1366.

MacIntyre, Alasdair, Dependent Rational Animals. Chicago: Open Court, 2000. Dependency andvulnerability are the keys unlocking the secrets of human morality. All humans are dependentthroughout life, from infancy to age. A community's care for its dependents is a fundamentalmeasure of its moral statue. Other animals experience extended dependence, such as dolphinsand gorillas, and they too exhibit the elementary moral characteristics of cooperation, mutualprotection and care for the disabled. Becoming morally mature is a matter of becoming an"independent practical reasoner," (rather than a matter of psychological health, self-actualizing,identity, etc.). In mature morality we learn how to reflect both on our needs and the communalpractices that meet our dependencies. We learn how to evaluate these needs, something thehigher animals never master, and to adjust them in terms of the needs of others. The virtues--suchas "just generosity"--are important because they sustain independent practical reasoning. (v.11,#3)

MacIntyre, Alasdair. Dependent Rational Animals. London: Gerald Duckworth Ltd, 1999, 172pp. Reviewed by David Littlewood. Environmental Values 9(2000):259.

Mack, John E., "Inventing a Psychology of Our Relationship to the Earth," in Sylvia Staub and PaulaGreen, eds., Psychology and Social Responsibility: Facing Global Challenges. New York: NewYork University Press, 1992. (v3,#3)

Mack, R.N. "Predicting the Identity and Fate of Plant Invaders: Emergent and Emerging Approaches",Biological Conservation 78(no.1/2, 1996):107.

Mackenzie, F. D., "Review of: Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela, Innovation in Natural ResourceManagement: The Role of Property Rights and Collective Action in Developing Countries (Baltimore:Johns Hoplins University Press, 2002)," Land Use Policy 20(no. 3, 2003): 294-295.

Mackenzie, Michael. "A Note on Motivation and Future Generations." Environmental Ethics7(1985):63-69. I examine the motivation issue in our relationship to future generations in light ofa specific set of technological practices--those of Chinese hydraulic agriculture. I conclude thatthese practices appear to embody a "community-bonding" relationship between present and futuregenerations and that such a relationship provides a fruitful perspective on policy. Mackenzie isa visiting fellow in the History of Science Program, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. (China) (EE)

MacKenzie, Michael, "A Note on Motivation and Future Generations," Environmental Ethics7(1985):63-69. A short essay, quite different from most work in this field. MacKenzie examinesa specific technological achievement: hydraulic agriculture in China. This is a project that requirestechnological cooperation across generations; maintenance of the system does not help thepresent population, only future generations. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

MacKenzie, Susan Hill. Integrated Resource Planning and Management. Covelo, CA: Island Press,1996. 240pp. $47 cloth, $24.95 paper. Three indepth case studies are used to explore theinstitutional prerequisites to the creation and implementation of ecosystem-based managementplans in the context of Great Lakes water resources. (v7,#4)

Mackey, Brendan G., "Environmental Scientists, Advocacy, And The Future Of Earth,"Environmental Conservation 26 (No. 4, Dec 01 1999): 245- . (v.11,#2)

Mackinnon, Barbara, Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues, 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: WadsworthPublishing Co., 1998. Chapter 14 is "Environmental Ethics," and in addition to an introductory essayby MacKinnon contains reprints of Holmes Rolston, "Humans Valuing the Natural Environment"(from Chapter 1 of his Environmental Ethics); Karen Warren, "The Power and the Promise ofEcological Feminism"; and Bill Devall and George Sessions, "Deep Ecology." Chapter 15 is "AnimalRights," and in addition to an introductory essay by MacKinnon contains reprints of Peter Singer,"All Animals are Equal," and Bonnie Steinbock, "Speciesism and the Idea of Equality." MacKinnonteaches philosophy at the University of San Francisco. (v8,#3)

Mackinnon, John, with Photographs by Nigel Hicks. Wild China. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press,1996. 208 pp. $40. Wild China surveys the rich biological treasures of this country. It exploresreserves where the Giant Panda is not protected, alpine meadows that are a botanist'swonderland of floral species, wetlands that are home to a million birds, turtle islands, and tigers'stalking grounds. Produced in association with the World Wide Fund for Nature (v8,#1)

MacKinnon, D; Cumbers, A; Chapman, K, "Learning, innovation and regional development: a criticalappraisal of recent debates," Progress in Human Geography 26(no.3, 2002):293-312. (v.13, #3)

MacKinnon, Mary Heather and Moni McIntyre, eds. Readings in Ecology and Feminist Theology. Kansas City, MO: Sheed and Ward, 1994. 360 pages. $19.95. This anthology features keyessays which have helped shape the current understanding of the essential relationship betweenecology and theology. Selections offer a variety of voices which link the growing insights andconcerns of ecology, science, feminism, and theology. Contributors include John Cobb, RayGriffin, Sallie McFague, and Anne Clifford. (v6,#1)

MacLachlan, I, Review of Philo, C. and Wilbert, C., eds. Animal spaces, beastly places: newgeographies of human-animal relations," Progress in Human Geography 26(no.3, 2002):426- .

Maclean, Norman, Young Men and Fire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 288 pages. $ 19.95. On August 5, 1949 a crew of fifteen of US Forest Service elite airborne firefightersjumped into a remote fire in Montana. All but three were killed. This is their story, and its aftermath. For another Maclean story about Montana, see A River Runs Through It, in the media section.(v3,#4)

MacLeish, William H., The Day Before America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994. 278 pages. $21.95. What the condition of the continent was before the Europeans got their hands on it. Theland was changing geologically and ecologically even before the first human inhabitants from Asiaarrived, some 25,000 years ago. The first inhabitants were not shy about altering whatever theycould, but they were few (average density about 11 persons per 100 square kilometers) and werepikers in what they could do compared with the sophisticated ecological savagery of theEuropeans who came after them. Concludes with a chapter on the "native sense" of place. (v5,#4)

MacLeod, Alexander. "Rural Britons Defend Fox Hunt, `Way of Life.'" The Christian ScienceMonitor 89 (14 July 1997): 6. In a rally in London, 100 thousand country folk protested proposedlaws against fox hunting, claiming that city dwellers know next to nothing about rural life. (v8,#2)

MacLeod, Alexander. "Rescuing the Red Squirrel.: The Christian Science Monitor 89.82 (8 April1997): 14.

MacMilan, Douglas C., "An Economic Case For Land Reform," Land Use Policy 17 (No. 1, Jan 012000): 49- . (v.11,#2)

MacMillan, Gordon. At the End of the Rainbow?: Gold, Land, and People in the Brazilian Amazon.New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. 199 pp. $22 paper, $45 cloth. A vivid account of theviolent clash between forty thousand miners and the Yanamami Indians in the state of Roraima, aswell as arguments that explore the perspectives of the farmers, ranchers, natives and othersinvolved in this historic moment. (v7,#4)

Macnab, Paul. "Fisheries Resources and Marine Heritage in Newfoundland: Crisis, Conservationand Conflict", Environments 24(no. 1, 1996):106.

Macnaghten, Phil and Urry, John, Contested Natures. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: SagePublications, 1998. $ 26.50 paper. $ 82.00 cloth. There is no singular "nature" out there that is thefountainhead of pure and positive values waiting to be saved. Rather, there are multiple "natures." Nature is constantly changing its significance in daily life. Nature is irreducibly contested andembedded in highly diverse and ambivalent social practices. All notions of nature are bound upwith different forms of social life from which they cannot be disentangled. The apparently naturalworld has been produced in many ways within particular social practices. Different times, differentsenses, produce different and distinct spaces, from the local to the global. The authors are atLancaster University, UK. (v.9,#3)

Macnaghten, Phil and Urry, John, Contested Natures. London: Sage, 1998. "In this book we seekto show that there is no singular `nature' as such, only a diversity of contested natures; and thateach such nature is constituted through a variety of socio-cultural processes from which suchnatures cannot be plausibly separated. We therefore argue against three doctrines which arewidespread in current thinking about nature and the environment. ...

The first, and most important for our subsequent argument, is the claim that the environmentis essentially a `real entity', which, in and of itself and substantially separate from social practicesand human experience, has the power to produce unambiguous, observable and rectifiableoutcomes. This doctrine will be termed that of `environmental realism', one aspect of which is theway that the very notion of nature has been turned into a scientifically researchable environment....

The second doctrine is that of `environmental idealism'. ... This doctrine holds that the wayto analyze nature and the environment is through identifying, critiquing and realising various`values' which underpin or relate to the character, sense and quality of nature. ...

The third doctrine specifically concerns the responses of individuals and groups to natureand the environment. It is concerned to explain appropriate human motivation to engage inenvironmentally sustainable practices and hence the resulting environmental goods or bads. ... This doctrine we will term `environmental instrumentalism' and is importantly linked to a marketednaturalistic model of human behavior, and its radical separation from non-human species" (pp. 1-1). "The `social' dimensions of nature have been significantly under-examined" (p. 4).

Macnaghten is at the Centre for the Study of Environmental Change, Urry in sociology atLancaster University, Lancaster, UK. (v.13,#1)

MacNally, R. C., Ecological Versatility and Community Ecology. New York: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1995. 435 pages. $ 69.95. A theory of specialist versus generalist species, the generalistshaving more versatility in using resources available in various ecosystems. This gives insight intocommunity ecology and offers a conceptual framework for doing research on species of specialconcern. (v8,#1)

MacNeill, Jim, Pieter Winsemius, and Taizo Yakushiju, Beyond Interdependence: The Meshing of theWorld's Economy and the Earth's Ecology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. 192 pages. $ 8.95 paper. $ 24.95 cloth. An effort to make the recommendations of the Brundtland Reportmore operational. McNeill is at the Institute for Research on Public Policy in Ottawa, Winsemius andYakushiju are at Saitama University, Japan. (v3,#3)

MacPhee, Ross D. W., ed., Extinctions in Near Time: Causes, Contexts, and Consequences. NewYork: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1999. Extinctions during the time Homo sapiens hasbeen on Earth, the last 100,000 years or so. There have been many losses when people beganto expand across areas that had never before experienced their presence. Human effects havebeen especially disruptive on islands, and the contributors think the human presence on continentshas often been almost as bad, although climate change complicates the evidence, and feweranimals disappear where humans had longer been, Europe and Africa. Debate continues andmany issues are unresolved. In the last 500 years, three-quarters of all mammal extinctions occuron islands, and most of the remainder occur in Australia. Most of the recent mammal extinctionsare small mammals, in contrast with the Pleistocene extinctions, where most were large (thoughthis may reflect bias in fossil preservation). (v.13,#1)

MacRae, R.J., Henning, J., and Hill, S.B., "Strategies to Overcome Barriers to the Development ofSustainable Agriculture in Canada: The Role of Agribusiness", Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 6(1993):21-52. Strategies to involve agribusiness in the development ofsustainable agricultural systems have been limited by the lack of a comprehensive conceptualframework for identifying the most critical supportive policies, programs and regulations. In thispaper, we propose an efficiency/substitution/redesign framework to categorize strategies formodifying agribusiness practices. This framework is then used to identify a diverse range ofshort, medium, and long-term strategies to be pursued by governments, community groups,academics and agribusiness to support the transition. Strategies discussed include corporategreening, ethical investment, changing the legal status of the corporation, new business forms and

the development of ecological economics. MacRae, Henning, and Hill are at Macdonald College ofMcGill University, Quebec.

Maddison, D; Bigano, A, "The amenity value of the Italian climate", Journal of EnvironmentalEconomics and Management 45(no.2, 2003):319-332.

Maddock, Ant, Benn, Grant A., Scott-Shaw, C. Rob. "An African Conservation Agency'sPerspective on Advocacy," Conservation Biology 11(no.4, 1997):831. (v8,#3)

Maddock, Ant H., and Samways, Michael J., "Planning for biodiversity conservation based on theknowledge of biologists," Biology and Conservation 9(2000):1153-1169. Maddock is with theKwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Service, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Abstract. To conserve biodiversity, complementary approaches are necessary. Besides usingmuseum data from sightings and specimens, the knowledge of experts can also be employed. Often such valuable information is lost on retirement or death. To investigate the value of thisknowledge for nature conservation planning, we sent questionnaires to 124 professionalconservationists in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Fifty-two replies illustrated thatthe historical context biases our concepts of nature and the conservation of biodiversity. Despitean awareness of all the spatial scales, complexities and dynamics of nature, there is still a strongfocus on large-sized animals and visibly discrete ecosystems, such as wetlands. Nevertheless,the respondents illustrated that an awareness of infrequently seen and less well known organismsis increasing. Harnessing this expert knowledge was valuable for conservation planning, but hadthe weakness that many taxa and localities were neglected. Similar problems arose with data frommuseum specimens. However, both these approaches were synergistic and highlighted thegeographical areas that need far more exploration of their biodiversity. Such information gatheringis an important ethical and practical exercise for conserving biodiversity. Key words: biodiversity,concepts, conservation, nature, planning, questionnaire survey. Samways is at the InvertebrateConservation Research Centre, School of Botany and Zoology, University of Natal,Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. (v.13,#1)

Maddock, Ant H. and Michael J. Samways. "Planning for Biodiversity Conservation Based on theKnowledge of Biologists," Biodiversity and Conservation 9(no. 8, 2000):1153-1169. Abstract. Toconserve biodiversity, complementary approaches are necessary. Besides using museum datafrom sightings and specimens, the knowledge of experts can also be employed. Often suchvaluable information is lost on retirement or death. To investigate the value of this knowledge fornature conservation planning, we sent questionnaires to 124 professional conservationists in theprovince of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Fifty-two replies illustrated that the historical contextbiases our concepts of nature and the conservation of biodiversity. Despite an awareness of allthe spatial scales, complexities and dynamics of nature, there is still a strong focus on large-sizedanimals and visibly discrete ecosystems, such as wetlands. Nevertheless, the respondentsillustrated that an awareness of infrequently-seen and less well known organisms is increasing. Harnessing this expert knowledge was valuable for conservation planning, but had the weaknessthat many taxa and localities were neglected. Similar problems arose with data from museumspecimens. However, both these approaches were synergistic and highlighted the geographicalareas that need far more exploration of their biodiversity. Such information gathering is an importantethical and practical exercise for conserving biodiversity. Key words: biodiversity, concepts,conservation, nature, planning, questionnaire survey.

Madigan, Nick, "Hearst Land Settlement Leaves Bitter Feelings: Deal Will Limit Public Access toCoast," New York Times, September 20, 2004, page A13. A complex conservation deal in coastalCalifornia, San Luis Opispo County, involves State of California purchase of much of the giantholdings of the Hearst Corporation, largely undeveloped and owned by descendants of thepublishing magnate William Randolph Hearst. The dispute has involved finding a middle ground

between the interest of the public, which is entitled by law to access to the beach, and that of theHearst Corporation which controls vast tracts of land from which it has the right to profit. Opponents of the deal say the State is too generous to the Hearst Corporation, which has retainedthe most dramatic parts of the coastline and plans to develop luxury homes on 320 acre parcelsand a large hotel, "the most exclusive subdivision on the West Coast." Public use of the beachesis limited to 100 persons a day during daylight hours in one of the two most scenic areas and to20 people at a time once a month in the other. (v.14, #4)

Madigan, Nick, "Enlisting Law Schools in Campaign for Animals," New York Times, November 27,2004, p. A1, A 23. Bob Barker, long-time host of "The Price Is Right," has given a million dollars toeach of several law schools to set up law education in animal welfare legislation, including thoseat Stanford, Columbia, Duke, the University of California, Los Angeles, and Harvard. An additionalconcern is having pet animals spayed. (v.14, #4)

Madsen, Kathrine Hauge, Holm, Preben Bach, Lassen, Jesper and Sandøe, Peter, "RankingGenetically Modified Plants According to Familiarity," Journal of Agricultural and EnvironmentalEthics 15(no. 3, 2002):267-278. In public debate GMPs are often referred to as being unnatural ora violation of nature. Some people have serious moral concerns about departures from what isnatural. Others are concerned about potential risks to the environment arising from the combinationof hereditary material moving across natural boundaries and the limits of scientific foresight of long-term consequences. To address some of these concerns we propose that an additional elementin risk assessment based on the concept of familiarity should be introduced. The objective is tofacilitate transparency about uncertainties inherent in the risk assessment of the GMP. Familiarityconventionally involves data and experience relating to the plant species and the ecosystem inquestion. We would like to extend this concept to the molecular level of plant breeding and suggestthat GMP characteristics should be compared to a reference baseline determined by conventionalbreeding techniques. Three GMPs are ranked according to familiarity at the plant and ecosystemlevel and the molecular level. The approach may help to integrate discussion of the scientificarguments and moral questions raised in the debate about GMOs by providing an operationalscheme within which moral concerns are brought within the framework of science-based riskassessment. KEY WORDS: bioethics, familiarity, regulation, risk assessment, unnatural. Madsen,Lassen, and Sandøe are with the Centre for Bioethics and Risk Assessment, The Royal Veterinaryand Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark. Holm is with the Danish Institute ofAgricultural Sciences, Research Centre, Flakkebjerg, Denmark. (JAEE)

Madsen, Peter, "What Can Universities and Professional Schools Do to Save the Environment?" InCallicott, J. Baird, and da Rocha, Fernando J. R. Earth Summit Ethics: Toward a ReconstructivePostmodern Philosophy of Environmental Education. Albany, NY: State University of New YorkPress, 1996. (v7, #3)

Madson, Chris, "A Life for Conservation" (Aldo Leopold), Wyoming Wildlife 62 (no. 1, January,1998):14-19. Also: "Touching Wyoming," (Leopold in Wyoming) pp. 20-23; Elkhorn, Philip, "TheHunter" (Leopold as a Hunter), pp. 24-27. And excerpts from Leopold, "In His Own Words." Atwenty page feature on Leopold on the 50th anniversary of his death. Madson is the editor ofWyoming Wildlife and a student of Bob McCabe's at the University of Madison. See entries underMcCabe. Copies for $ 1.50 plus postage to Wyoming Wildlife, 5400 Bishop Blvd, Cheyenne, WY82006. (Thanks to Phil Pister and Curt Meine.)

Maehr, D. S., Land, E. D., Shindle, D. B., Bass, O. L. and Hoctor, T. S., "Florida Panther Dispersaland Conservation," Biological Conservation 106(no.2, 2002): 187-97. (v.13,#2)

Maehr, David S. The Florida Panther: Life and Death of a Vanishing Carnivore. Covelo, CA: IslandPress, 1997. 320 pp. $40 cloth, $19.95 paper. Maehr presents the first detailed portrait of the

endangered panther--its biology, natural history, and current status--and a realistic assessmentof its prospects for survival. (v9,#2)

Maestas, Jeremy D., Knight, Richard L., and Gilgert, Wendell C., "Biodiversity across a Rural Land-Use Gradient," Conservation Biology 17 (No. 5, October 2003):1425-1434. Biodiversity comparedin ex-urbia, ranchlands, and nature reserves. Some bird species that adjust well to humans (withbird feeders or garbage piles) may be increased in numbers in ex-urbia, but most are not. Wildlifeare on ranchlands and reserves, but, surprisingly, there may be fewer invasive exotics onranchlands than on nature reserves--possibly because nature reserves have trails with lots ofpeople on them, who bring in the seeds. In the face of expanding ex-urbia and limited naturereserves, the authors conclude that attention to biodiversity conservation on ranchlands is quitevital. Maestas is with the U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service, Provo, Utah. (v.14, #4)

Magdoff, F., F.H. Buttel and J.B. Foster. Hungry Profit: Agriculture, Food and Ecology. Review byD. Spaner, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1999):252-254. (JAEE)

Magel, C. R., Keyguide to information sources in animal rights. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1989.

Magel, Charles R., Keyguide to Information Sources in Animal Rights. London: Mansel Pub., 1989. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1989. 267 pages.

Magel, Charles R., A Bibliography on Animal Rights and Related Matters. Washington, DC:University Press of America, 1981. 602 pages.

Magel, Charles R. A Bibliography of Animal Rights and Related Matters. Reviewed in EnvironmentalEthics 4(1982):89-91.

Magel, Charles R. Review of The Moral Status of Animals. By Stephen R. L. Clark. EnvironmentalEthics 2(1980):179-85.

Maggitti, Phil. "The Stray Cat: Whose Life Is It, Anyway?" The Animals' Agenda 14 (no. 6, 1994):22- . They're everywhere! They're everywhere! It's raining cats and cats. And no one seemsto know for sure what to do about the situation--except to attack everyone else's solutions. Areport on the state of the (dis)union among feral cat advocates. (v6,#1)

Maggitti, Phil. "Is Fur Really Dead?" The Animals' Agenda 15(no.6 Nov.1995):24. Furriers by thedozens lose their shirts. Models take off their shirts and more to demonstrate that the only skin youshould wear is your own. Is this the beginning of the end for fur, or the middle of a long, cold war? Maggitti has some interesting answers. (v7,#1)

Magill, Arthur W. "Multicultural Wildland Users: A Growing Communication Challenge." TheEnvironmental Professional 17 (no. 1, 1995): 51- . (v6,#1)

Magnuson, Jon, "Reflections of an Oregon Bow Hunter," Christian Century, March 13, 1991. TheLutheran campus pastor at the University of Washington in Seattle goes bow hunting for elk withone of the Pacific Northwest's most respected trophy bow hunters, also a churchman. Magnusonfears that "as populations become increasingly urbanized and technologically sterile, natural cyclesof decay, death and rebirth become dangerously romanticized and more remote from realities ofdaily life." He worries that antihunting protests have "triggered more guilt than I'd like to admit." Hisguide urges "the need to recognize the natural world for its own values and laws. He is a commit-ted bow hunter because it draws him into a relationship and harmony with the natural world. Youhave to learn to respect the animal you hunt." After three days of immersion in the Oregon wilds,

Magnuson gets a short. "I am poised with the decision whether or not to loose the arrow. Aprayer now on my lips. My fingers release" "to identify myself with an ancient primordial ritual, thespilling of blood." (v2,#1)

Magnuson, Jon, "Great Lakes, Troubled Waters," Christian Century 116(no. 25, Sept. 22-29,1999):902-905. The Great Lakes basin, populated by over 40 million people, is at the center of acollision of economic interests and environmental politics. Authorities are reluctantlyacknowledging that the lakes have been polluted by economic interests, to the point of jeopardizinghuman health. "It's not the water of the Great Lakes we finally have to worry about. It isourselves." Magnuson, a Lutheran pastor, is a member of the Lake Superior Binational Forum, ofthe International Joint Commission of Canada and the United States. (v.10,#3)

Magnusson, Magnus, and White, Graham, eds., The Nature of Scotland: Landscape, Wildlife, andPeople, revised ed., 1997, first edition 1991. Edinburgh: Canongate Press, 1997. Chapter 16 is"The Protection of the Land," a review of nature conservation in Scotland. (v.8,#4)

Magoc, Chris J., Yellowstone: The Creation and Selling of an American Landscape, 1870-1903. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999. Paper, $ 20. The American myths and late-Victorian values behind the movement both to preserve the Yellowstone wilderness and to extractits natural resources, codifying the ultimate American landscape. (v10,#4)

Magretta, Joan, "Growth Through Global Sustainability: An Interview tih Monsanto's CEO, RobertB. Shapiro," Harvard Business Review 75(no. 1, Jan./Feb. 1997):79-88. Shapiro claims: The needfor environmentally sustainable products will soon create a major strategic discontinuity for theworld's enterprises. Recognition of this discontinuity is transforming Monsanto's thinking aboutgrowth. Although a closed sustem like the earth cannot support an unlimited increase of materialthings, it can withstand exponential growth of information. Hence two design principles have beenincorporated into new product development at Monsanto: substituting information for "stuff" andreplacing products with services. (v8,#1)

Maguire, Daniel C. and Rasmussen, Larry L., Ethics for a Small Planet. Albany, NY: SUNY Press,1998. The crisis caused by the combined impact of overpopulation, overconsumption, andeconomic and political injustice. The authors wish to bring religious scholarship into dialogue withthe world's policymakers. The world's religions will be important players in the crises relating topopulation and the threat of ecocide. Maguire indicts our male-dominated religions for the problemsthey have caused for our ecology and reproductive ethics. Rasmussen claims that Europeanspackaged a form of earth-unfriendly capitalism and shipped it all over the world with missionaryzeal. Maguire teaches social ethics at Marquette University. Rasmussen teaches social ethics atUnion Theological Seminary, New York. (v9,#1)

Maguire, Lynne A. "Making the Role of Values in Conservation Explicit: Values and ConservationBiology." Conservation Biology 10, no.3 (1996): 914. (v7, #3)

Magurran, Anne E., Measuring Biological Diversity. Malden, ME: Blackwell Publishers, 2004.Magurran is in ecology and evolution, University of St. Andrews, Scotland. (v.14, #4)Mahanty, S. and Russell, D., "High Stakes: Lessons from Stakeholder Groups in the BiodiversityConservation Network," Society and Natural Resources 15(no.2, 2002): 179-88. (v.13,#2)

Maher, NM, "Review of: Daniel D. Richter, Jr. and Daniel Markewitz, Understanding Soil Change:Soil Sustainability over Millennia, Centuries, and Decades", Environmental History 8(no.1,2003):145-146.

Mahiman, J. D., "Uncertainties in Projections of Human-Caused Climate Warming," Science 278 (21November, 1997):1416-1417. Good summary, with as many certainties as uncertainties. Mahimandistinguishes virtually certain facts ("atmospheric abundances of greenhouse gases are increasingbecause of human activities"), virtually certain projections, 99 percent ("The stratosphere willcontinue to cool significantly as CO2 increases"), very probable projections, 90 percent ("Adoubling of atmospheric CO2 over preindustrial levels is projected to lead to an equilibrium globalwarming in the range of 1.5o to 4.5oC"). Also incorrect projections ("the number of tropical storms,hurricanes, and typhoons per year will increase"). The author is at the National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration Lab at Princeton University. (v.8,#4)

Mahler, Richard. "Political Strife Threatens Mexico's Pristine Jungles." The Christian ScienceMonitor, 17 May 1994, pp. 10-11. The Chiapas conflict has left the area vulnerable to development.(v5,#2)

Mahoney, Denis, "Towards a Better Press for Animals," Animal Issues (University of Sydney,Australia) 2, no. 1, 1998. (v.10,#1)

Mahoney, Timothy, "Platonic Ecology: A Response to Plumwood's Critique of Plato," Ethics and theEnvironment 2(1997):25-41. This is a response to Val Plumwood's critique of Plato and anoverview of the way in which Plato provides a viable environmental vision. This vision sees therealm of nature as rooted in the realm of logos, and human beings as sojourners who arenonetheless integral parts of nature whose vocation is to act as mediators between the realmsthereby bringing nature into even greater participation in logos. To fulfill the human vocation onemust come to an awareness of the logos by purging oneself of the sham values which permeatesociety and distort one's understanding of reality. Mahoney is in philosophy at the University ofTexas at Arlington. (E&E)

Mahr, Marcy. "A Natural Diversity "Hot Spot" in Yellowstone Country", Wild Earth 6(no.3 ,1996):33. (v7,#4)

Mahy, Brian W. J. and seven others, largely virologists and microbiologists, "The Remaining Stocksof Smallpox Virus Should Be Destroyed," Science 262(1993):1223-1224.

Mainka, Sue and Trivedi, Mander, eds., Links between Biodiversity Conservation, Livelihoods andFood Security: The Sustainable Use of Wild Species for Meat. Covelo, CA: Island Press, 2002. The global use of wild animals for meat is now the primary illegal activity in many protected areas, andgrowing human populations and a lack of livelihood options suggest that demand for wild meat islikely to continue to rise. Are there ways of sustaining the use of wild meat?

Mainstreaming the Environment: The World Bank Group and the Environment Since the Rio EarthSummit. Fiscal 1995. Summary. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1995. 59 pages. How theWorld Bank has sought to be an active partner in implementing the Rio imperatives. The Bank hasa growing loan portfolio of environmental projects, now $ 10 billion for 137 projects in 62 countries. Obtainable from: The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N. W., Washington, DC 20433. E-mail:boons@worldbank.org

Major, DE, "Review of: Agency, Democracy, and Nature: The U.S. Environmental Movement Froma Critical Theory Perspective by Robert J. Brulle," Journal of Environment and Development 11(no.4,2002): 448-449.

Makim, A, "Resources for Security and Stability? The Politics of Regional Cooperation on theMekong, 1957-2001," Journal of Environment and Development 11(no.1, 2002):5-52. (v.13, #3)

Malakoff, David, "Plan to Import Exotic Beetle Drives Some Scientists Wild," Science 284(12 May1999):1255. Endangered species living in exotic pest. Saltcedar (Tamarix) was introducedextensively in the last century as a windbreak and to control erosion in the U. S. Western states,and has proved an ecological disaster, covering 500,000 hectares in 15 states, and crowding outnative vegetation in riparian areas. A plan to use an introduced Chinese leaf beetle to control itseems promising; but, alas, the endangered willow flycatcher has learned to nest in the saltcedar. The plan has been put on hold, and subject to more extensive (and more carefully controlled)testing. (v10,#4)

Malakoff, David, "Plan to Import Exotic Beetle Drives Some Scientists Wild," Science 284(1999):1255 Endangered flycatcher, exotic beetle, and invasive tamarisk. Tamarisk, or saltcedar, wasintroduced years ago as a windbreak and to control erosion in the U.S. West and has proved andisastrous invasive, displacing riverine native plants in fifteen states. Tamarisk flourishes in thehighly modified rivers that agriculture, damming, irrigation, and overgrazing in the West has created. Plans to import an exotic beetle that feeds on the tamarisk, however, have been limited because,meanwhile, the endangered willow flycatcher, deprived of its original nesting habitat, has learnedto nest in the tamarisk. But the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, charged with both uprooting thetamarisk and preserving the flycatcher, is making limited trials of beetle introductions. (v.10,#2)

Malakoff, David, "Extinction on the High Seas." Science 277(1997):486-488. See under themeissue, Science, 25 July 1997, on "Human-Dominated Ecosystems," for this and related articles.

Malakoff, David, and Stone, Richard, "Scientists Recommend Ban on North Sea Cod," Science298(1 November 2002):939. Cod stocks in the northeast Atlantic are at historic lows, and a panelof scientists says that populations will collapse if there are not drastic reductions in fishing. Butthis could cost 20,000 jobs in the United Kingdom alone. It looks like it is doomsday either for thecod or for the cod fishermen. (v.13,#4)

Malakoff, David, "Congress Clears Way for Rodent Rules," Science 294(23 November 2001):1637. Animal welfare of rodents. For thirty years, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)has exempted mice, rats, and birds from the Animal Welfare Act. But these account for 95% ofall experimental animals. The U.S. Congress has approved the start of developing rules for the useof rodents, previously blocked by biomedical research groups. The USDA has been persistentlysued by animal rights groups and had agreed to draft caging and care rules. But biomedical groupshad blocked this until now. Depending on how fast the USDA moves, the matter could soon beback in court. (v.13,#1)

Malakoff, David, "Researchers Fight Plan to Regulate Mice, Birds," Science 290(6 October2000):23-24, also "Research Group Wins Delay in Rules," Science 290(13 October 2000):243-245. Also: McArdle, John, "Animal Welfare Act's Changes Deserve Praise, Not Panic," Science 290(17November 2000):1299-1300. Are mice animals? No. Yes. No, at least not in 2001. The U.S.Department of Agriculture agreed to a lawsuit settlement challenging the 30-year old ruling thatmice, rats, and birds are not laboratory "animals," under the Animal Welfare Act. This exempted95% of all experimental animals from the federal government's legal definition of "animal." Animalwelfare advocates have long challenged the ruling. In 1992 a federal judge ruled that the USDA'sjustification for the exemption--that Congress never intended the law to apply to the three kinds ofanimals-- was "strained and unlikely." In September 2000, the USDA agreed to include theseanimals and "initiate and complete a rulemaking on the regulation of birds, rats, and mice within areasonable time." Biomedical research groups protested vigorously, though their protests were disregarded bythe USDA and the courts. But through the request of the University of Mississippi Medical Centerin Jackson to Congressman Thad Cochran (R-MS), on a rider attached to the agriculture

appropriations bill, Congress voted that mice, rats, and birds will not be animals in fiscal year 2001.A recent editorial in Nature complained, "Some of the research lobby's arguments verge on thereactionary." Although currently voluntary, many research laboratory animals have included theseanimals in animal welfare concerns for decades. Others claim it will drive up costs unacceptably. (v.11,#4)

Malakoff, David, "Arizona Ecologist Puts Stamp on Forest Restoration Debate," Science 297(27September 2002):2194-2196. Wally Covington, forest ecologist at Northern Arizona StateUniversity, wants to return ponderosa pine forests to their "presettlement" state, but argues thatmanaged burning is not enough; present forests, laden with fuel from too much suppression, needto be heavily cut, as well as burned. Loggers and President Bush find this a desirable forestpolicy, since they can both cut and prevent fires. They keep Covington well funded. But otherenvironmentalists are not so sure, even about the ponderosa pines in Arizona, and are quite surethat one ought not to extrapolate a "one size fits all" to policy for other kinds of forests. Summerfires in 2002 in the West have heated up this debate. (v.13,#4)

Male, T., "Potential Impact of West Nile Virus On American Avifaunas," Conservation Biology 17(no.3, 2003): 928-930. (v 14, #3)

Malecki, Becky, Spiritual Benefits of Wilderness, a M. S. thesis completed in the Department ofHuman Development, Colorado State University, spring 1993, with a principal advisor BeverlyDriver, United States Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, FortCollins. (v4,#2)

Maler, Karl-Goran, "Economic Growth and the Environment," Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 2:277-284. Will economic growth deteriorate or improve the environment? The general finding formany pollutants is that a country with a very low income does not have much pollution but whenthe scale of the economy grows, for example, as measured by GDP per capita, emissions of thesepollutants will increase. However, when the income per capita is high enough, the economy willreach a turning point and pollution will decrease with further increases in per capita income. However, empirical and conceptual challenges remain. (v.11,#4)

Mallin, MA; Posey, MH; McIver, MR; Parsons, DC; Ensign, SH; Alphin, TD, "Impacts and Recoveryfrom Multiple Hurricanes in a Piedmont-Coastal Plain River System," Bioscience 52(no.11, 2002):999-1010.Malmsheimer R.; Floyd D., "U.S. Courts of Appeals Judges Review of Federal Natural ResourceAgencies Decisions," Society and Natural Resources 17(no.6, July 2004):533-546(14). (v. 15, #3)

Malmsheimer, RW; Keele, D; Floyd, DW, "National Forest Litigation in the US Courts of Appeals",Journal of Forestry 102 (no.2, 2004): 20-25(6).

Malnes, Raino, Valuing the Environment. Reviewed by Clive L. Spash. Environmental Values5(1996):270-273. (EV)

Malnes, Raino, Valuing the Environment. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1995. Climate policy. The priority principle. Risk and hard cases. Realism and responsibility. Futurepeople. Against ecological egalitarianism. Against the green theory of value. Malnes is in politicalscience, University of Oslo. (v9,#1)

Malo, Juan E., Suarez, Francisco. "New Insights Into Pasture Diversity: the Consequences of SeedDispersal in Herbivore Dung," Biodiversity Letters 3(1996):54.

Malone, Charles R., "Ecology, Ethics, and Professional Environmental Practice: The YuccaMountain, Nevada, as a Case Study," The Environmental Professional 17 (no. 3, 1995): 271- . (v6,#4)

Maly, Kenneth. Review of Sacred Land, Sacred Sex: Rapture of the Deep. By DoloresLaChappelle. Environmental Ethics 15(1993):275-78.

Man and Nature Center, Odense University, Denmark. This Center operated under a five yearfunding grant and produced many relevant publications in environmental philosophy, policy, andethics. Its operations ended last summer (June 1997), although some of its publications, such asa Danish anthology in environmental ethics and a book by Finn Arler on Cross-Cultural Protectionof the Environment, are still in press. A list of publications is available at:

http://hum.ou.dk/Center/Hollufgaard/The list and many of the publications are in both English and Danish. Hollufgaard is the name of aresearch and conference center adjacent to the University, where the project was located. Onephilosopher associated with the project was Finn Arler, who has now returned to the philosophydepartment at Aarhus University. His address: Institut for Filosofi, Aarhus Universitet, Ndr.Ringgade, bygn 328, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Tel. +45 86 19 14 92. E-mail: filfa@hum.aau.dk (v.8,#4)

Man, Chistopher D. "The Constitutional Rights of Nonsettling Potentially Responsible Parties in theAllocation of CERCLA Liability," Environmental Law 27 (no.2, 1997):375. Man, an associate withthe Washington, D.C. office of Hunton & Williams, examines the Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, and Liability Act's liability provisions and settlement process, and arguesthat denying nonsettling parties their right to seek further contribution from other PotentiallyResponsible Parties violates the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. In addition tosuggesting alternatives to the current liability and settlement schemes, he suggests that nonsettlingparty interests should be reexamined, and posits that nonsettling parties deserve additionalsafeguards to protect their constitutionally guaranteed due process rights. (v8,#3)

Manahan, Stanley E. Environmental Science and Technology. Boca Raton, FL: St. Lucie Press,1997. 672pp. $49.95. The traditional environmental spheres of water, air, earth, and life, and the"anthrosphere" and the impact of human activities, especially technology, on the Earth. (v8,#3)

Manaster, Kenneth A., ed., Environmental Protection and Justice: Readings and Commentary inEnvironmental Law and Practice. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co., 1998. 239 pages. ISBN0870842536. (v.9,#3)

Manca Graziadei, Antonio J.; Marini, Pasquale; and Amisano, Benedetta. "Environmental Law inItaly," Journal of Environmental Law & Practice 3(no.3, Nov. 1995):40- . Italy's environmentalregulatory system covers all areas of pollution, but enforcement is inconsistent. (v6,#4)

Mander, Jerry, Goldsmith, Edward, eds. The Case Against the Global Economy. San Francisco:Sierra Club Press, 1996. 386pp. $28 cloth. Essays by more than forty economic, agricultural, andenvironment experts who argue for local production and social equity. (v7,#4)

Mander, Jerry. "How Cyber Culture Deletes Nature." The Ecologist 29(no. 3, May 1999):171-

Mander, Jerry. Review of In the Absence of the Sacred. Environmental Ethics 14(1992):373-76.

Mander, Jerry. "Technologies of Globalization," Wild Earth 7(no.1, 1997):21. (v8,#2)

Mandiberg, Susan F., "The Dilemma of Mental State in Federal Regulatory Crimes: The EnvironmentalExample", Environmental Law, 25(No.4, 1995):1165- . Mandiberg draws upon Supreme Courtcase law and traditional common-law principles to suggest a framework for interpreting the mentalstate provisions of environmental and other regulatory crimes. Unlike other commentators, shesuggests that mental-state analysis be grounded in notions of moral wrongdoing, understood froma modern perspective. Professor Mandiberg then applies this framework to the ResourceConservation and Recovery Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act to resolvesome outstanding issues and illuminate others that have not yet been widely addressed by thecourts. (v7,#1)

Manes, Christopher, "Philosophy and the Environmental Task," Environmental Ethics10(1988):75-82. Manes argues that environmental ethics is a "negative ethics" that offers the taskof resistance to the totalizing metaphysics of technology. As a philosophy, environmental ethicsmust be concerned with action, not philosophical dialectics, logic, or theology. Solid argument bya non-academic philosopher. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Manes, Christopher, Green Rage: Environmentalism and the Unmaking of Civilization. New York:Little, Brown. 291 pages. $ 18.95. Manes, once a Fulbright scholar and early associate editor ofEarth First!, wrote Green Rage during his first year of law school at the University of California atBerkeley. He chronicles the historical events, political context, and social impetus that created theradical environmentalist groups, such as Greenpeace and Earth First! Radical environmentalismmay be the last chance for turning away from destroying the planet to cohabiting the planet withother life forms. Green Rage is already a best-seller on the West Coast. (v1,#4)

Manes, Christopher. "Contact and the Solid Earth," Wild Earth 7(no.1, 1997):19. (v8,#2)

Manes, Christopher. "Philosophy and the Environmental Task." Environmental Ethics10(1988):75-82. Although the particular ethical consequences of biocentrism can be defended ata logical level, the centrality of problems with valuational frameworks in biocentric ethics leads toontological ambiguities which contribute to the broader problematic of modern metaphysics. Isuggest, however, that this may actually help to thematize the relationship between themetaphysical foundations of environmentalism and its social task. Mysticism and phenomenology,including the concept of the "ecological self," attempt to settle these ambiguities in a dialecticalopposition to the technological world view behind the environmental crisis. Whatever ontologicalstability they achieve, however is at the expense of being assimilated by the same kind ofmetaphysical totalization characterizing technological thinking. Unlike anthropocentrism and thestewardship model of environmentalism, nevertheless, these difficulties for biocentrism lead topositive results: the ambiguities in the search for philosophic stability and foundational certainty canact as a cue to the nonmetaphysical task of analyzing and resisting technological power. Theresult may be a"negative ethics," but one that holds out the possibility of confronting the real powerrelations of technological culture (and the use of ethics within them), rather than pursuing theendless project of discovering the hidden source of value and meaning. Manes is a graduatestudent in Old English Literature and Medieval Studies at the University of Oregon. (EE)

Manes, Christopher. "Nature and Silence." Environmental Ethics 14(1992):339-50. A viableenvironmental ethics must confront "the silence of nature"--the fact that in our culture only humanshave status as speaking subjects. Deep ecology has attempted to do so by challenging the idiomof humanism that has silenced the natural world. This approach has been criticized by those whowish to rescue the discourse of reason in environmental ethics. I give a genealogy of nature'ssilence to show how various motifs of medieval and Renaissance origins have worked togetherhistorically to create the fiction of "Man," a character portrayed as sole subject, speaker, and telosof the world. I conclude that the discourse of reason, as a guide to social practice, is implicatedin this fiction and, therefore, cannot break the silence of nature. Instead, environmental ethics must

learn a language that leaps away from the motifs of humanism, perhaps by drawing on thediscourse of ontological humility found in primal cultures, postmodern philosophy, and medievalcontemplative tradition. Manes is a graduate student in Old English Literature and Medieval Studiesat the University of Oregon. (EE)

Mangel, M. et al., "An Interdisciplinary Examination of Carnivore Reintroductions." In J. L. Gittlleman,Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, pp. 296-336. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,1996. (v8,#1)

Mangels, Ann Reed, "Vegan Diets for Women, Infants, and Children", Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 7(1994):111-122. Infants, children, adolescents, and pregnant and lactatingwomen have been described as groups with special needs and at higher risk for nutritionaldeficiencies than adult males. Vegan diets can be safely used by these groups if foods and insome cases supplements are selected with provide a healthful and nutritionally adequate diet. There is a c=scarcity of studies of "newer" vegetarians who are often more mainstream that thevegetarians of the 1960's and 1970's. In some instances this has led to assumptions about today'svegans which are based on out-dated information. Thorough scientific new studies are needed. Mangels and Havala are nutrition advisors at the Vegetarian Resource Group, Baltimore, MD.

Mangold, Robert D. "Sustainable Development: The Forest Service's Approach." Journal ofForestry 93(no. 11, Nov. 1995):25- . (v6,#4)Maniates, Michael F. and Whissel, John C., "Environmental Studies: The Sky Is Not Falling,"Bioscience 50 (No. 6, 2000 Jun 01): 509- . (v.11,#4)

Mank, BC, "The Murky Future of the Clean Water Act after SWANCC: Using a HydrologicalConnection Approach to Saving the Clean Water Act", Ecology Law Quarterly 30 (no.4, 2003): 811-892.

Manley, D, "Review of: Unwin, D. and O'Sullivan, D. Geographic information analysis," Progressin Human Geography 27(no.5, 2003):674. (v.14, #4)

Mann, Charles C., and Mark L. Plummer. Noah's Choice: The Future of Endangered Species. NewYork: Knopf, 1995. 302 pp. $24. ". . . an excellent review of the goals and workings of the law,. . . presents what likely will continue to be an unavoidable clash among society's fundamentalvalues"--Brad Knickerbocker, The Christian Science Monitor, 14 March 1995, p. 11. (v6,#1)

Mann, Charles, "How Many is Too Many?" Atlantic Monthly, February 1993. The answers to thisquestion since the 1700's have varied between those who believe that continued populationgrowth will eventually lead to an environmental catastrophe (such as economist Robert Malthusin 1798 and the biologist Paul Ehrlich in his 1968 book The Population Bomb) and those who arguethat increasing technological efficiency and changing social/economic patterns will solve theproblem (such as the Marquis de Condorcet in 1794 or A. B. and L. H. Louvins in their 1991 essay"Least Cost Climatic Stabilization"). At the Rio Earth Summit the developing countries of the Southresponded to the developed countries of the North saying that the problem is not one ofoverpopulation in the South but of excessive consumption in the North. This ignores the increasingnumbers of well-off people in developing countries who consume at the same unsustainable levelas those in developed countries. India, for example, has between 150-300 million rather wealthyconsumers. (v8,#3)

Mann, Charles C. and Mark Plummer. "Is Endangered Species Act in Danger?" Science 267 (March3, 1995): 1256-1258. The Act needs to be reauthorized, and refunded, this year. Far more plantsand animals are being added to the list than are leaving it. Critics say that act is as fault;

supporters say the budget for enforcement is far too small. Critics say few species are beingrecovered; supporters say that you should not expect high recovery rates in an intensive careemergency room. A frequent theme is rather pragmatic: since the Act isn't working, and can't bemade to work because it is too expensive and landowners won't cooperate, maybe we should dosomething else. Mann and Plummer are co-authors of Noah's Choice: The Future of EndangeredSpecies. Couple any reading of this with the review by Gary Paul Nabhan in Orion, Spring 1995,pp. 60-61: "Noah's Choice is a highly engaging and challenging but ultimately disappointing polemicon why endangered species conservation efforts are based on unsubstantiated scientific claimsthat do not sufficiently yield to human concerns. Although the authors are respected journalists..., they suffer from a chronic inability to deal with a trait inherent to modern science: uncertainty." (v6,#1)

Mann, Charles C., and Plummer, Mark L., "Army Corps Siezed by Dam Indecison," Science 287 (7January 2000):27. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers pleads for more time to decide whether toremove four dams on the Snake River to save endangered salmon in the Pacific Northwest. TheCorps finds that there would be great benefits to wildlife, but heavy economic and social impacts. Critics say that ample data is already in and that the Corps is stalling. (v10,#4)

Mann, Charles C., and Mark L. Plummer, Noah's Choice: The Future of Endangered Species. NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995. 302 pages. $24. (v6,#2)

Mann, Charles C., "Extinction: Are Ecologists Crying Wolf?" Science, August 16, 1991, Critics saythe mega-extinction predictions are exaggerated. Part of the trouble is whether the theory of islandbiogeography is applicable to tropical forests; part of the trouble is general ignorance about whatis there, especially with insects and fungi, part of the trouble is how species are related toecosystems, and how much human interference upsets systems outside the temperate zone.(v2,#3)

Mann, Charles C., "The Real Dirt on Rainforest Fertility," Science 297(9 August 2002):920-923. Most Amazonian rainforest has poor soil; the nutrients are in the forests above the surface. Butthere is a soil named terra preta, prized for its great productivity. Archaeologists now believethese soils, often in 1-5 hectare plots, were created by ancient Amazonians through someagricultural practices at which we can mostly only speculate. Some argue for a modified slash andburn called "slash and char," but others claim the ancients had no way to cut down large numbersof trees. There are research effors to create similar soils, in the hope of greater Amazonianfertility. Still others lament that the rainforest will be destroyed anyway, whether for poorer orricher soils. (v.13, #3)

Mann, Charles C. and Mark L. Plummer, "The Butterfly Problem," Atlantic Monthly, January 1992. Grounded in "the Noah principle"--the view shared by many conservationists that all species havea right to exist--the Endangered Species Act insists that we attempt to save every threatenedspecies. This inflexibility has now become economically untenable. Because the government doesnot have the means to preserve endangered species, let alone a coherent plan, its decisions arehaphazard. Private landowners often find themselves paying for the preservation of species theynever heard of. (v3,#1)

Mann, Charles C. and Plummer, Mark L., "Forest Biotech Edges Out of the Lab," Science 295(1March 2002):1626-1629. Transgenic forestry? Frankentrees? New, high-intensity tree plantationsare setting the stage for rapid biotechnological change in forestry. But the novel methods maynever be used if the ecological risks and economic obstacles cannot be overcome. In a testplantation in drylands Oregon, 7200 hectares of cloned hybrid poplars, planted in square blocks400 meters to a side, receive water, fertilizer, and pest treatments under a computer-controlled

system, and are growing at ten times the usual rate for poplars. But ecologists and others worrywhat if the genes from these huge mechanized plantations spread into the wild?(v.13, #3)

Mann, Charles C., "Unnatural Abundance," New York Times, November 25, 2004, an op-ed piece.Mann de-bunks the first Thanksgiving and its myth of abundance on the American landscape. Mostof the productivity and many invasives were introduced either by the Europeans or were presentby virtue of Indian management of the landscape, which kept the Eastern forests game-friendly,although the Indians had just been decimated before the Pilgrims arrived by a viral disease caughtfrom shipwrecked French sailors. Mann even thinks the buffalo herds were managed by theIndians (without horses), and that the huge herds the Europeans encountered were a result of thelack of Indian control, since the virus had decimated them. The Indians likewise managed the hugeflocks of passenger pigeons. (v.14, #4)

Mann, S. and Kogl, H., "On the Acceptance of Animal Production in Rural Communities," Land UsePolicy 20(no. 243-252, 2003): Manning, A., and Serpell, J., eds., Animals and human society: Changing perspectives. New York:Routledge, 1994.

Manning, H, "The Environment, the Australian Greens and the 2001 National Election," EnvironmentalPolitics 12(no.3, 2003):123-132. (v.14, #4)

Manning, Rita C. "Air Pollution: Group and Individual Obligations." Environmental Ethics6(1984):211-25. The individual motorist often defends his unwillingness to change his drivinghabits in the face of air pollution by pointing out that a change in his actions would be insignificant. The environmentalist responds by asking what would happen if everyone did change. In thispaper I defend the environmentalist's response. I argue that we can appeal to the followingprinciple to defend both group and individual obligations to clean up air: if the consequences ofeveryone doing "a" are undesirable, then each and every one ought to do what he can to preventthe undesirable consequences. Manning is in the philosophy department, California StateUniversity, Hayward, CA. (EE)

Manning, Rita C., Speaking from the Heart: A Feminist Perspective on Ethics Rowman and Littlefield,1992. 224 pages. $ 14.99 paper; $ 40.00 cloth. Contains a section "Caring for Animals: Shoulda Feminist Care?" Manning is in the Department of Philosophy, San Jose State University. (v4,#1)

Manning, Robert, Valliere, William, and Minteer, Ben, "Values, Ethics, and Attitudes Toward NationalForest Management: An Empirical Study," Society and Natural Resources 12(1999):421-436. Astudy measuring environmental values and ethics and exploring their relationships to attitudestoward national forest management. Case study: Green Mountain National Forest, Vermont. Respondents (1) favor nonmaterial values of national forests, (2) subscribe to a diversity ofenvironmental ethics, including anthropocentric and bio-/ecocentric, and (3) support emergingconcepts of ecosystem management. The authors are in the School of Natural Resources,University of Vermont.

Manning, Robert E., and Valliere, William A. "Environmental Values, Environmental Ethics, andWilderness Management: An Empirical Study." International Journal of Wilderness 2, no. 2 (August1996): 27-32. A study of visitors to the Breadloaf Wilderness in Vermont. Both wilderness valuesand environmental ethics can be isolated and measured and are significantly related to wildernesspurity. Manning teaches in natural resources at the University of Vermont, Valliere is a researchassistant there. (v7, #3)

Manning, Robert, William Valliere, and Minteer, Ben. "Values, Ethics, and Attitudes Toward NationalForest Management: An Empirical Study." Society & Natural Resources 12(no. 5, July 1999):421- . (v.11,#1)

Manning, Robert E., "The Nature of America: Visions and Revisions of Wilderness," NaturalResources Journal 29(1989):25-40. Wilderness has proved to have not only the values Congressanticipated in the Wilderness Act, but other, unexpected values as well. Manning is professor inthe School of Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington. (v3,#3)

Manning, Russ. "Environmental Ethics and Rawls' Theory of Justice." Environmental Ethics3(1981):155-65. Although John Rawls' A Theory of Justice does not deal specifically with theethics of environmental concerns, it can generally be applied to give justification for the prudentand continent use of our natural resources. The argument takes two forms: one dealing with theimmediate effects of which impact the present society, should be subject to environmental controlsbecause they affect health and opportunity, social primary goods to be dispensed by society. Delayed environmental impacts, affecting future generations, are also subject to control becausefuture generations have a just claim upon our natural resources--the generation to which a personbelongs is an arbitrary contingency which should not exclude persons not yet born from consider-ation in the original contract of society. Manning is a free-lance science writer and editor inKnoxville, TN. (EE)

Mannison, Don, Michael McRobbie, and Richard Routley, ed. Environmental Philosophy. Reviewedin Environmental Ethics 4(1982):69-74. Richard Routley is now Richard Sylvan.

Manring, NJ, "Locking the Back Door: The Implications of Eliminating Postdecisional Appeals inNational Forest Planning" Society and Natural Resources 17 (no.3, 2004): 235-245(11).

Mansbridge, Jane J., ed. Beyond Self-Interest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. A newstudy of the possibility of altruism and cooperation in public and private life, with implications foran enlightened environmental policy. (v1,#3)

Manson, Neil A., "The Precautionary Principle, The Catastrophe Argument, and Pascal's Wager,"CPTS (Center for Philosophy, Technology and Society, University of Aberdeen, Scotland) Ends andMeans, vol 4, no. 1, Autumn 1999, pp. 12-16. Environmentalists often invoke the precautionaryprinciple, that, where there are real uncertainties, especially the possibility of catastrophe, oneought to act conservatively. They favor the precautionary principle over cost-benefit analysis,thinking that cost-benefit analysis is difficult, benefits likely to be more easily estimated than harms. Further, they wish to place the burden of proof on those who wish to introduce changes. But,Manson argues, some version of cost-benefit analysis is unavoidable. Instead of resisting it,environmentalists should consider embracing it. They will be pleasantly surprised by how oftencost-benefit analysis rules in their favor. Manson is Gifford Research Fellow at the University ofAberdeen. (v10,#4)

Manson, Neil A. "Formulating the Precautionary Principle." In part one, I identify the core logicalstructure of the precautionary principle and distinguish it from the various key concepts that appearin the many different formulations of the principle. I survey these concepts and suggest a programof further conceptual analysis. In part two, I examine a particular version of the precautionaryprinciple dubbed "the catastrophe principle" and criticize it in light of its similarities to the principleat work in Pascal's Wager. I conclude with some suggestions for advocates of the precautionaryprinciple who wish their formulation to avoid the pitfalls confronting the catastropheprinciple.Environmental Ethics 24(2002):263-274. (EE)

Manson, Neil A., "The Precautionary Principle, The Catastrophe Argument, and Pascal's Wager,"CPTS (Center for Philosophy, Technology and Society, University of Aberdeen, Scotland) Ends andMeans, vol 4, no. 1, Autumn 1999, pp. 12-16. Environmentalists often invoke the precautionaryprinciple, that, where there are real uncertainties, especially the possibility of catastrophe, oneought to act conservatively. They favor the precautionary principle over cost-benefit analysis,thinking that cost-benefit analysis is difficult, benefits likely to be more easily estimated than harms. Further, they wish to place the burden of proof on those who wish to introduce changes. But,Manson argues, some version of cost-benefit analysis is unavoidable. Instead of resisting it,environmentalists should consider embracing it. They will be pleasantly surprised by how oftencost-benefit analysis rules in their favor. Manson is Gifford Research Fellow at the University ofAberdeen. (v.11,#1)Manterfield, Mark, "Conference Report: For the Love of Nature? Centre for Human EcologyConference, 24-28 June 1999, Findhorn, Scotland," Ecotheology No 8 (Jan 2000):129-132.

Manus, Peter M. "The Owl, the Indian, the Feminist, and the Brother: Environmentalism Encountersthe Social Justice Movements." Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 23, no. 2(1996): 249. (v7, #3)

Mao, Yu-Shi, "Evolution of Environmental Ethics: A Chinese Perspective." In Frederick Ferré andPeter Hartel, eds., Ethics and Environmental Policy: Theory Meets Practice (Athens, GA: Universityof Georgia Press, 1994. Paper given at University of Georgia, Second International Conferenceon Ethics and Environmental Policies, April 5-7, 1992. The author is professor of economics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing. (China)

Mapel, David R., and Nardin, Terry, eds., International Society: Diverse Ethical Perspectives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. The moral foundations of the international order. Fifteen contributors. The character of international society, the authority of international law andinstitutions, and the demands of international justice. Mapel is in political science at the Universityof Colorado at Boulder. Nardin is in political science at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. (v9,#1)

Mappes, Thomas A. and Jane S. Zembaty, Social Ethics: Morality and Social Policy, 4th ed., NewYork: McGraw Hill, 1992. Chapter 11 is on "The Environment." Readings are: William F. Baxter,"People or Penguins: The Case for Optimal Pollution"; William Godfrey-Smith, "The Value ofWilderness"; Bernard E. Rollin, "Environmental Ethics"; Peter S. Wenz, "Ecology and Morality"; Lily-Marlene Russow, "Why Do Species Matter?"; "Ramachandra Guha, "Radical AmericanEnvironmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique." (v2,#4)

Maraga, E.K. "A Review of Range Production and Man agement Extension Activities in Kenya,"Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1999):131-144. The paper presents anoverview of the development of range management extension activities in Kenya. The status quoof range management activities is discussed with particular reference to extension infrastructure,scope of extension interventions and mechanisms of dissemination of these innovations. On thebasis of the nature of available innovations and efficiency of dissemination mechanisms, the paperemphasizes the need for future institutional reforms to facilitate successful application oftechnological interventions, validation of the Kenyan innovation Diffusion Model and enhancementof the social acceptability of technological interventions. KEY WORDS: range managementextension, range production extension technology, extension infrastructure, extension innovationdissemination, extension constraints, range research

Maranzana, L. C., "Defenders of Wildlife V. Norton: A Closer Look at the `Significant Portion of ItsRange' Concept," Ecology Law Quarterly 29(no.2, 2002): 263-82. (v.13,#4)

March, W. Eugene, Israel and the Politics of Land: A Theological Case Study. Philadelphia:Westminster/John Knox, 1994. 104 pages. $ 12.99. The Hebrew Bible does not so much giveIsrael its land as property willed to them by God as does it articulate a global theology of allpeoples, exemplified in the Hebrews, being earth-keepers, rather than land-owners. March isprofessor of Old Testament at Louisville Theological Seminary, Louisville, KY. (v5,#3)

Marchak, M. Patricia, Logging the Globe. McGill-Queen's University Press. Problems and prospectsfacing forestry worldwide. (v6,#4)Marcolongo, Tullia. "The Pits," Alternatives 23(no.2, 1997):4. BC's Huckleberry mine raises moreconcerns about flaws in the environmental assessment process, and conflicts of interest ingovernment. (v8,#2)

Margaret Anne Scully, Human Rights and the Environment (Indigenous Communities), University ofSouthern California, Ph.D thesis, 1997. 203 pages. Indigenous communities are commonly held tolive in harmony with nature and yet are not immune to the environmental degradation wrought bydevelopment. Solutions to environmental problems need not be "grand schemes" or universallyapplicable standards. Environmental assessments intended to facilitate the "delicate balancing" ofcompeting interests are often culturally biased. Important international agreements have broad-based aspirations but may evolve into customary norms. "Eco-cultural security" is explored in lightof the desperate circumstances of many indigenous communities. Divergent cross-culturalenvironmental ethics can be used to privilege mainstream environmental principles. The advisorwas Sheldon Kamieniecki. (v.10,#1)

Margolis, Michael, "Fending Off Invasive Species: Can We Draw the Line Without Turning to TradeTariffs?" Resources (Resources for the Future), Spring 2004, no. 153, pages 18-22. Nations canwish to ban imports that may harbor invasive species, but the environmentalist concerns have away of combining with others interested and who wish to ban the same imports for protectionistpolicies. Inspection of the goods is one way without tariffs, but can be costly and ineffective. Tariffs is another way to keep out the goods that might bring in invasive species. Sorting this out. (v. 15, # 3)

Margoluis, Richard, Salafsky, Nick. Measures of Success: Designing, Monitoring, and ManagingConservation and Development Projects. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998. $35. 363 pp. (v9,#2)

Marguand. Robert. "Court Weighs Widows's Rights to a Lake Tahoe View." The Christian ScienceMonitor, vol. 89, 27 Feb. 1997, pp. 1, 18.

Margul, Tadeusz, Zwierze w kulcie i micie (The Animal in Cult and Myth), UMCS, 1996. In Polish. (v9,#2)

Margulis, Lynn, "Science Education, USA: Not Science, Not Yet Education, The Ecology Example,"pp. 307-315 in Margulis, Lynn and Sagan, Dorion, Slanted Truths (New York: Springer-Verlag,1997). A commentary on science education, kindergarten through graduate school, especially inecology. "The answers to nearly all the major philosophical questions are either found in orilluminated by the science of life, especially ecology, whose stated goal is the elucidation of therelationship of organisms to environment. ... Philosophical insights garnered from the life sciencesare suppressed by the arbitrary pigeonholing of rigid academic traditions? What is our relation, asHomo sapiens mammals, with our environment? How much and what sort of land is required toensure the health and growth of a person, a family? ... These enlightening questions, of intrinsicinterest, cannot even be mused in the academic-environment that requires `covering the material'"(p. 311) Margulis teaches biology at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. (v9,#2)

Marietta, Don E., Jr. Review of People, Penguins and Plastic Trees. Edited by Donald VanDeVeerand Christine Pierce. Environmental Ethics 9(1987):373-75.

Marietta, Don E., Jr., "Environmentalism, Feminism, and the Future of American Society." TheHumanist 44, no. 3 (May/June 1984): 15-18, 30. A popularized account of the blending ofenvironmental thought and the main ideas of feminism. More rigorous presentations can be foundin Environmental Ethics, 1984-87. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Marietta, Don E. "The Interrelationship of Ecological Science and Environmental Ethics." Environmental Ethics 1(1979):195-207. A recent trend among environmentalists (e.g., AldoLeopold) of basing ethical norms for land use, resource management, and conservation onecological principles such as homeostasis is examined, and a way to justify such an ethicalapproach through analysis of moral judgment is explored. Issues such as the is/ought impasse,the connection between value judgments and reasons for acting, and the question of whethermoral judgments are definitive and categorical are treated as they relate to an ecological ethic, i.e.,an environmental ethic grounded in ecological science. I argue that such an ethic is in suchregards as sound as more traditional approaches. Marietta is in the philosophy department, FloridaAtlantic University, Boca Raton, FL. (EE)

Marietta, Don E., Jr., "Environmental Holism and Individuals," Environmental Ethics10(1988):251-258. A defense of a holistic environmental ethic that does not reject humanisticethics. Marietta criticizes extreme holism for its abstraction and reductionism; it neglects the entirerange of human experience and human ethical history. Marietta offers an important analysis, butthe statement of the position is too brief; it requires a more detailed and longer argument. (Katz,Bibl # 2)

Marietta, Don E., Jr., For People and the Planet: Holism and Humanism in Environmental Ethics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994. Human duty is based on a critical and holisticphilosophy of nature and a humanistic ethics. The holism stresses how humans are a part of thesystem of nature and rejects any claim that nature exists for humans. But holism must avoidexaggerated statements of its position, recognizing that ecological science is subject to changeand growth. Humanism recognizes that humans, though part of nature, are a distinct part ofnature. Without making unsupportable claims that humans are morally superior to other livingthings, humans are different in significant ways from the rest of nature. The humanist heritage hasdeveloped moral concepts such as justice, freedom, and development of the human personalitythat are too valuable to be sacrificed to environmental concern. An ethics results that combinesthe insights of environmental ethics and of humanism. Foreword by Holmes Rolston. Marietta isin philosophy at Florida Atlantic College. (v5,#4)

Marietta, Don E. "World Views and Moral Decisions: A Reply to Tom Regan." Environmental Ethics2(1980):369-71. Tom Regan criticizes my thesis that obligation toward the environment isgrounded in a world view and thereby has a moral overridingness which mere interests anddesires do not have. He holds that my approach is too subjectivistic. I counter, first, by explainingthat phenomenology, which I use in my analysis of moral obligation, is not subjectivistic in the wayemotivism or prescriptivism in ethics is subjectivistic. Second, I argue that world views areproducts of learning and experience of one shared world, that most world views share largeareas of agreement, and that they can be argued for and criticized.Marietta is in the philosophy department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL. (EE)

Marietta, Don, Jr., and Lester Embree, eds. Environmental Philosophy and Environmental Activism. Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield, 1995. 224 pages. Should environmental philosophy andethics be seen as a form of applied philosophy or something else, perhaps best called practicalphilosophy. How should environmental philosophy be practiced in life, especially in the lives of

academics? Contributors: J. Baird Callicott, "Environmental Philosophy is Environmental Activism:The Most Radical and Effective Kind"; Timothy Casey, "The Environmental Roots of EnvironmentalActivism"; Lester Embree, "Phenomenology of Action for Ecosystemic Health or How to Tend One'sOwn Garden"; Irene Klaver, "The Implicit Practice of Environmental Philosophy"; Don Marietta, Jr.,"Reflection and Environmental Activism"; Ullrich Melle, "How Deep is Deep Enough? EcologicalModernization or Farewell to the World City?"; Bryan Norton, "Applied Philosophy vs. PracticalPhilosophy: Toward an Environmental Policy Integrated According to Scale"; Kate Rawles, "TheMissing Shade of Green"; Gary Varner, "Can Animal Rights Activists Be Environmentalists?"; RedWatson, "The Identity Crisis in Environmental Philosophy"; Peter Wenz, "Environmental Activism andAppropriate Monism." Marietta and Embree are both in philosophy at Florida Atlantic University. (v6,#3)

Marietta, Don E., Jr. "Ethical Holism and Individuals." Environmental Ethics 10(1988):251-58. Environmental holism has been accused of being totalitarian because it subsumes the interests andrights of individuals under the good of the whole biosphere, thus rejecting humanistic ethics. Whether this is true depends on the type of holism in question. Only an extreme form of holismleads to his totalitarian approach, and that type of holism should be rejected, not alone because itleads to unacceptable practices, but because it is too abstract and reductionistic to be an adequatebasis for ethics. Marietta is in the philosophy department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton,FL. (EE)

Marietta, Don E. "Knowledge and Obligation in Environmental Ethics: A PhenomenologicalApproach." Environmental Ethics 4(1982):153-62. Ecological ethics, in which ecological scienceinforms the basic principles of morality, requires a significant revision of traditional metaethics,especially regarding the views (1) that moral judgments are justified by deductive argument, and(2) that there is a dichotomy between fact and value. This interpretation of the relationshipbetween knowledge and obligation is grounded in the phenomenology of perception with specialattention to the role of a person's world view in the perception of both facts and values and thefittingness relation between perception, world view, and obligation. Marietta is in the philosophydepartment, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL. (EE)

Marietta, Don, Jr. For People and the Planet. Review by Lawrence Johnson, Environmental Values7:(1998):485.

Marincowitz, Friedl, Towards an Ecological Feminist Self beyond Dualism and Essentialism, 1998. M.A. thesis at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. 233 pages. Promotor: Johan P.Hattingh. (v.10,#1)

Markarian, Michael, "Tally-ho, Dude!" The Animals' Agenda 19(no. 6, Nov 01 1999):22- . Foxhunting isn't a British relic; it's an American reality, and Michael Markarian tells its dirty little secrets. (v10,#4)

Markarian, Michael. "Migratory Massacre: Foul Play Along the Flyway," The Animals' Agenda17(no.4, 1997):22. Markarian explains how hunters use federal law as regulatory camouflage toprey upon millions of migratory birds. (v8,#3)

Markarian, Michael. "Sport Hunting: The Mayhem in Our Woods." The Animals' Agenda16(Jul.1996):14. (v7,#2)

Markarian, Mike. "Bowhunting: Culling or Crippling?" The Animals' Agenda 16, no.1 (1996): 17. (v7,#3)

Markie, Peter J., "Feinberg on Moral Rights", Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 62 (1984) 237-45. Joel Feinberg believes that a moral right is a special kind of claim. He uses his explanation of whatit is to have a moral right to defend substantive claims about the rights of animals and futuregenerations. It is argued that Feinberg's concept of being in a position to claim is problematic. Fourways to understand this concept are examined: two of these are inconsistent with Feinberg'sviews on the rights of animals and members of future generations and the other two, whileconsistent with these views, are flawed in other ways. This leads the author to conclude thatFeinberg has failed to provide a correct explanation of what it is to have a moral right which isconsistent with his position on the rights of animals and future generations.

Marks, Alexandra, "Environmentalists Target Java-Drinkers to Save Birds," The Christian ScienceMonitor 89 (10 July 1997): 3. In the past 20 years, almost half of the old rain-forest-like coffeeplantations have been replaced by high-yield, sun-grown farms. The old way provided habitat forneotropical migratory birds. Since 1980, bird populations have dropped alarmingly: for example,Baltimore orioles have declined 20-25%, wood thrushes 40%, golden-winged warblers 50%. Other factors, too, are involved. Costa Rica has launched an "ECO-OK" project to identify shade-grown coffee to consumers. Perhaps some of the old farms can be saved, and some birds, too. (v8,#2)

Marks, Alexandra. "Environmentalists Target Java-Drinkers to Save Birds." The Christian ScienceMonitor 89 (10 July 1997): 3. Changes in coffee-growing methods are blamed for drops inmigratory bird populations. (v8,#2)

Marks, Jonathan, What It Means to be 98% Chimpanzee: Apes, People, and their Genes. Berkeley:University of California Press, 2002. Not much more than it means for humans to be 70% fish and25% banana, according to Marks. Humans do share many genes with animals and plants, but fromthis genetic similarity little follows about how similar humans are anatomically and behaviorally. Theshared genes are widely used in various life forms, our protein molecules are indeed similar tothose in chimps. But our cognitive and cultural capacities are very different. For Marks this alsoweakens the argument that chimpanzees deserve human rights and equal protections. Marks isa molecular anthropologist.

Marks, Jonathan, What It Means to be 98% Chimpanzee: Apes, People, and their Genes. Berkeley:University of California Press, 2002, 2003. If we are 98% chimp, then we should go naked andsleep in trees 98% of the time? Numbers depend on perspective. Humans have three times asmuch brain size as chimps, so by that standard we are 300% more than chimps. Obviouslyhumans are quite different from chimps in their mental capacities and cultural developments, so the98% figure is only true in a quite limited sense. Marks is in anthropology at the University of NorthCarolina, Charlotte. (v. 15, # 3)

Marks, R., "Review of: Judith Shapiro, Mao's War against Nature: Politics and Environment inRevolutionary China," Environmental History 7(no.3, 2002): 508-09. (v.13,#4)

Markus, Tomislav, "Ekoloska etika -- razvoj, mogucnosti, ogranicenja (Environmental Ethics,Development, Possibilities, Limitations), Socijalna Ekologija (Journal for Environmental Thought andSociological Research (Zagreb, Croatia) 13(No. 1, 2004):1-23 (in Croatian) (missing diacriticalmarks in the titles) Overview of environmental ethics in English-speaking countries for the lastthree decades. Baird Callicott, Holmes Rolston, Eric Katz, Andrew Light, Robin Attfield and others. Environmental ethicists have given a valuable critique of environmental destructiveness of modernsociety and anthropocentric tendencies in Western moral philosophy and pointed to manyinconsistencies in Western thought about the human relation to nature. The main insufficiency intheir work is the lack of a radical enough critique of technical civilization. A second insufficiency

is an idealistic approach which underestimates the material factors. Markus is at the KroatischesInstitut fur Geschichte, Zagreb. (v. 15, # 3)

Marler, Peter., "Social Cognition: Are Primates Smarter than Birds?" pages 1-32 in Nolan, Jr., Val,Ketterson, Ellen D., eds., Current Ornithology, vol. 13. New York: Plenum Press, 1996. "There aremany striking similarities between the accomplishments of birds and primates. Their achievementsin different forms of social learning are surprisingly similar with regard to the acquisition of bothpatterns of responsiveness to environmental stimulation and new motor patterns. Examples of tooluse are as frequent and as complex in birds as in primates, although questions of socialtransmission remain moot in both cases. Primates seem to excel, however, in aspects of socialcognition. There are cases of complex social cognition where primate accomplishments appearto be outstanding. . . . Accomplishments in the domain of social communication are just asimpressive in birds as in monkeys and apes, and the ability for vocal learning is an outstandingavian achievement that leaves non-human primates far behind. I am driven to conclude, at leastprovisionally, that there are more similarities than differences between birds and primates. Eachtaxon has significant advantages that the other lacks" (p. 22). (v.8,#4)

Marlett, Jeffery, "Bio-dynamic Farming and the Rise of Catholic Environmentalism, 1930-60,"Ecotheology No 5/6 (Jul 98 / Jan 99):51-59.

Marques, Soromenho Viriato, "Justica e Sentido da Terra (Justice and a Sense of the Earth),"Philosophica (Lisbon: Departamento de Filosofia, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa)1, 1993, pp. 31-44. What is the significance today of the problem of justice, as we now have toconsider it? This analysis attempts to clarify the foundation of this question, specifically throughdetermining the interrelationships between the enormous environmental-political problems of ourcentury and the principles of the philosophy of nature and of the philosophy of politics in themodern era. This includes an analysis of the failure of political science, of autonomy andsecularization, of practical and political reason, and of the eclipse of nature within the frameworkof anthropological idealism. The author is professor of philosophy at the University of Lisbon. Address: Departmento de Filosofia, Cidade Universitaria, 1699, Lisboa Codex, Portugal. Homeaddress: Praceta Dr. Joaquim Ferreira de Sousa, Lote 7-4. C, Urbanizaçao Quinta de Vanicelos,P-2900 Setúbal, Portugal. (v4,#4)

Marquette University, Interdisciplinary Minor in Environmental Ethics, Generating and UsingElectricity in the United States." A report prepared by students in the first capstone seminar forthe Interdisciplinary Minor in Environmental Ethics. Accessible through:http://www.inee.mu.edu/Capstone%202003/Proposal.htm

An ambitious project that spanned the 2003 Spring semester, ten students identified thereligious and philosophical foundations for approaching electricity use and generation from anethical perspective (appropriated from Jesuit spirituality, Aldo Leopold, and the Roman Catholicprinciple of subsidiarity), researched relevant topics on use and generation by renewable and non-renewable sources, produced seventeen reports, and concluded to ninety-two recommendationsthrough an iterative, consensus process.

Affirmation of their efforts by US Senator Russ Feingold's environment aide, Mary FrancesRepko, proved to be a highlight of the capstone experience. She flew to Milwaukee while in theprocess of participating in the mark-up of the Senate's energy bill and engaged them in an in-depthdiscussion on their recommendations. When pressed for at least one to include in the bill, thestudents opted for an awareness alert on electricity bills that quantified environmental effects fromthe amount of electricity used. Jame Schaefer was the advisor. (v 14, #3)

Marquis, Robert J., and Christopher J. Whelan, "Insectivorous Birds Increase Growth of White Oakthrough Consumption of Leaf-Chewing Insects," Ecology 75(1994):2007-2014. The authors findthat insect-eating birds substantially reduce the insects that eat tree leaves, and thus, by regulating

insects, substantially increase the growth of oaks. The research suggests that the migratingsongbirds that (used to) fill the North American forests each spring are not simply decorative frillsplaying some minor role in the ecosystems, but that they play a crucial role in maintaining the healthand productivity of forest trees. But such birds, unfortunately, have been in recent decline.Marquis is in biology at the University of Missouri-St. Louis. Whelan is at the Morton Arboretum,Lisle, Illinois. For a popular summary, see Sharon Begley, "Why Trees Need Birds," National Wildlife33 (no. 5, Aug.-Sept., 1995):42-45. (v5,#4)

Marr, Katharina. Environmental Impact Assessment in the United Kingdom and Germany: aComparison of EIA Practice for Wastewater Treatment Plants. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1998. 352pp. $72.95. An analysis of the differences in environmental impact assessment for managing theenvironment in two populous countries.

Marr, Katharina. Environmental Impact Assessment in the United Kingdom and Germany: aComparison of EIA Practice for Wastewater Treatment Plants. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1998. 352pp. $72.95. An analysis of the differences in environmental impact assessment for managing theenvironment in two populous countries.

Marra P.P.; Griffing S.; Caffrey C.; Kilpatrick A.M.; McLean R.; Brand = C.; Saito E.; Dupuis A.P.;Kramer L.; Novak R., "West Nile Virus and Wildlife," BioScience 54(no.5, 1 May 2004):393-402(10). (v. 15, # 3)

Marrs, RH, "World in Transition-Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Biosphere," BiologicalConservation 108(no.1, 2002):130- . (v.13, #3)

Marsh, John. "No Wilderness, All Heritage", Environments 24(no. 1, 1996):39.

Marshall, Alan Hilary, The Concept of Environmental Ethics, M.A. thesis at the University of SouthAfrica (UNISA), Pretoria, 1993. 133 pages. Human development and excesses threaten not onlythe continued existence of the human species but that of all other forms of life on earth. Environmental ethics ought to confront and contain this threat. There are two opposed kinds ofphilosophical positions: a nature-centered ethic, here called biocentrism, from which environmentalethics was developed, and homocentrism, which has arisen in opposition to biocentrism. Marshallargues for a homocentric view. The homocentric view is the world view that the peoples andnations of the world currently adopt; morality is largely worked out in that context, and it is the viewmost likely to be successful in environmental conservation. The supervisors were Z. Postma deBeer and P. Voice. (v6,#3)

Marshall, Alan, "A Postmodern Natural History of the World: Eviscerating the GUT's from Ecologyand Environmentalism," Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 29(no. 1, 1998):137-164. The plant ecologist Henry Gleason in 1926 was already a postmodernist. If we characterize postmodernism as an emphasis on hetergeneity, ephemerality, and anti-foundationalism, pluralism, fragmentation, indeterminacy, schizophrenia, chaos, antiformalism,discontinuity, absence, playfulness, irony, localism, anarachy and ontological meaninglessness,Gleason's theory reflects such ideas in the ecological arena. There remains a need for a neo-Gleasonian postmodern approach in which ecological phenomena are examined using non-determinant, pluralist and local perspectives and that reject the foundationalism and unifyingapproach of modernist science. This posits a view of the Earth's biota highlighting fragmentation,anarchism, and non-interaction. Community ecology, as opposed to the unifying and totalizingtendencies of ecosystems ecology, can claim to be the intellectual site of such a postmodernnatural history. But there is a final irony. There cannot be a postmodern natural history, sincenatural history is fractured into undefinable and indefinite fragmented associations which defy

generalization. Marshall is in science and technology studies, Univerisity of Wollongong, Sydney,Australia. (v.9,#3)

Marshall, Brent K. "Globalisation, Environmental Degradation and Ulrich Beck's Risk Society." Environmental Values 8(1999):253-275. ABSTRACT:This paper is organised in threeinterconnected parts. First, contemporary political economic approaches to understanding thestructure of the global economic system are outlined and synthesised. Specifically, it is suggestedthat the current structural configuration of the globe is a transitional phase between thespatially-bounded configuration hypothesised by world-system theory and the configurationhypothesised by globalisation theorists. Second, the contemporary problem of environmentaldegradation is situated in a global structural context. Third, an outline and critique of Ulrich Beck'stheory of the "Risk Society" is presented to illustrate the increasing inadequacy ofnation-state-centric theories in explaining the dynamic linkage between global capitalism and localenvironmental degradation. KEYWORDS: Globalisation, environmental degradation, nation-state,world-system. Brent K. Marshall, Department of Sociology University of Tennessee 901 McClungTower, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA Email: marshall@utkux.utcc.utk.edu (EV)

Marshall, Carolyn, "Restoration of San Francisco Bay Salt Ponds Is Begun," New York Times, July26, 2004, p. A10. The goal is to return stagnant industrial pools to teeming tidal wetlands. (v. 15,# 3)

Marshall, Nina T., The Gardener's Guide to Plant Conservation. By the World Wildlife Fund inconjunction with the Garden Club of America. ISBN 0-891-139-4. Paper. $ 12.95. Orders to WorldWildlife Fund, P. O. Box 4866, Hampden Post Office, Baltimore, MD 21211, Phone 410/516-6951. There is an enormous trade in threatened and endangered wild plants sold to gardeners, andincreasing interest by gardeners to control this by authenticated statements of origin. TheNetherlands, which was once the worst offender, has become a leader in the labeling of plantsfor the market place: cyclamens, miniature daffodils, fritillarias, trilliums, orchids, cacti, trout lilies,and others. Winter daffodil (Sternbergia candida) was described as a new species in 1979 and,as a result of collecting for the garden trade, may be extinct today. (v4,#4)

Marshall, Peter, Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Collins. 767pages. , 25.00 hardcover, also in paper by Fontana, , 10.00. Chapters on Taoism, Proudhon,Kropotkin, Gandhi, and Murray Bookchin. (v4,#1)

Marshall, Peter, Nature's Web: An Exploration of Ecological Thinking. In U.K. published by Simonand Schuster and in U.S. by Paragon House, New York, 1992.

Marshall, Peter, Nature's Web: An Exploration of Ecological Thinking (London: Simon & Schuster,1992) has been republished in the US as Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place in Nature (New York:Paragon House, 1994), $29.95. A paperback edition published by Cassell is coming out this yearin UK. The book has received some excellent reviews, and Choice calls it "a wonderful hisory of`green' ideas."

Marshall, Peter. Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. 523pp. $21.95 paper. Claims to be the first comprehensive overview of the intellectual roots of theworldwide environmental movement--from ancient religions and philosophies to modern scienceand ethics--and to synthesize these into a new philosophy of nature adequate for a contemporarygrounding of moral values and social action. (v7,#4)

Marshall, Peter. Riding the Wind: A New Philosophy for a New Era. London and New York:Cassell, 1998, 263pp. In this account of his mature thinking, Peter Marshall develops a dynamic andorganic philosophy for the third millennium which he calls liberation ecology. Deep, social, and

libertarian, liberation ecology seeks to free nature, society and individuals from their existingburdens so that they can all realize together their full potential. Riding the Wind presents a freshand inspired vision which combines ancient wisdom and modern insights, reason and intuition,science and myth. Chapters include: The Way of the Universe, Nature's Web, Creative Evolution,Playful Humanity, Reverence for Being, The Family of Life, After the Leviathan, The CommonTreasury, Dwelling Lightly on Earth, Learning to Live, The Alchemy of Love. John Clark, Professorof Philosophy at Loyola University, New Orleans, says: "Riding the Wind is a well written andaccessible work that makes a strong statement of Peter Marshall's important and distinctive positionin contemporary ecological thought. The book deserves to be read and discussed widely." Marshall is a full-time writer, and his many books include the highly acclaimed Nature's Web:Rethinking our Place on Earth and Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. (v9,#2)

Marston, Ed, ed., Reopening the Western Frontier. Covelo, CA: Island Press, 1990. 350 pages. Cloth $ 24.95; paper $ 15.95. Members of a far-flung network of free-lance writers contributearticles describing the changes they see occurring in their respective corners of the U. S. West. Thought-provoking and never dull. (v2,#3)

Marston, Sallie A., "The social construction of scale," Progress In Human Geography 24 (No. 2,2000): 219- . (v.11,#4)

Martell, D. L., Miyanishi, K., Bridge, S. R. J., and Johnson, E. A., "Wildfire Regime in the BorealForest," Conservation Biology 16(no.5, 2002): 1177-78. (v.13,#4)

Martell, Luke, Ecology and Society: An Introduction. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press,1994. Also: London: Polity Press, 1994. 230 pages. Chapters: Ecology and Industrialism; TheSustainable Society; Green Philosophy; The Green Movement; Ecology and Political Theory;Rethinking Relations between Society and Nature; The Future of Environmentalism. "I deal inparticular with ... `radical ecology' ... strands in environmental thinking which require ... fundamentalchanges in economic structure and value systems or either anthropocentric or eco-centric ethics. It is the most radical strands in which I am especially interested" (pp. 5-6). "Ecology, in short,revolutionizes thinking about the social and political world but also needs it. Both are important tochange. An alliance of the green movement with social democratic and socialist movements,pushing for politically globally co-ordinated solutions, is the basis on which such change can beachieved" (p. 199). Martell is a sociologist at the University of Sussex, UK. (v.9,#4)

Martien, K. and Trojnar, K., "California: Pushing to Expand, Learning to Grow," Journal ofEnvironment and Development 10(no.4, 2001): 391-95. (v.13,#2)

Martin, Brendan. "From the Many to the Few: Privatization and Globalization", The Ecologist 26(no.4,1996):148. North and South, East and West, the public sector is under assault. In the name ofgreater "efficiency", public services have been "contracted out": development projects"franchised" to private companies; state spending slashed; user charges for basic servicesintroduced or increased; and markets "deregulated". In the process, power and wealth havebecome increasingly concentrated and the ability of nation states to protect the public interest hasbeen undermined. The chief beneficiaries have been transnational corporations which have usedthe auctioning-off of the state sector to integrate their operations further. (v7,#4)

Martin, Calvin Luther, In the Spirit of the Earth, Reviewed by Jim Cheney in Environmental Ethics16(1994):321-327.

Martin, Calvin Luther, In the Spirit of the Earth: Rethinking History and Time. Baltimore: JohnsHopkins University Press, 1992. 152 pages. $ 19.95. Teachers and writers of history must gobeyond history-as-usual to speak of the much deeper story of humans and their connections to

the earth. Martin earlier wrote Keepers of the Game, on native American relationships with theanimals. The more participatory sense of the natural world held by small hunting groups led moreclearly to the fundamental truth that nature conserves humans. (v4,#1)

Martin Enserink, "The Lancet Scolded Over Pusztai Paper," Science 286(22 October, 1999):565. Britain's most prestigious medical journal, The Lancet, published a transgenic food paper byStanley Ewen and Arpad Pusztai claiming that rats fed transgenic potatoes had abnormalities intheir intestines. The authors, especially Pusztai, have also claimed that transgenic potatoes canstunt rats' growth and impair their immune systems. Critics say the paper is deeply flawed. TheLancet editors admit the paper is controversial but reply that five of six referees (twice the usualnumber) recommended publication, if only to get the claims evaluated. There is currently a heateddebate over transgenic foods in the U. K. See Ewen, Stanley W. B., and Pusztai, Arpad, "Effectsof Diets Containing Genetically Modified Potatoes Espressing Galanthus nivalis Lectin on Rat SmallIntestine," The Lancet 354 (October 16, 1999):1353-1354. The authors are pathologists at theUniversity of Aberdeen. (v10,#4)

Martin, Evelyn and Timothy Beatley, "Our Relationship with the Earth: Environmental Ethics inPlanning Education," Journal of Planning Education and Research 12(1993):117-126. The resultsof a study of the extent to which university planning programs are contributing to new ethicalrelationships through the teaching of environmental ethics. Eighty-one programs were surveyed. The links between environmental ethics and environmental planning are often weaker than theycan be and ought to be. Implications for planning education and recommendations for futurecurriculum development. The survey involves some rather sophisticated inquiry about where (inwhich departments) environmental ethics is and is not taught on which campuses. "Exposure tosuch ethical theories, concepts, and tools is as essential to the long term productivity,effectiveness, and relevance of planners as are the more conventional skills-based courses." Martin is with the Center for Respect of Life and Environment, a division of the Humane Society ofthe United States; Beatley is chair of the Department of Urban and Environmental Planning at theUniversity of Virginia. Also involved is Bruce K. Ferguson, Landscape Architecture, University ofGeorgia. This study was also the subject of panels at the Annual conference, Council ofEducators in Landscape Architecture, Charlottesville, VA, October 17-20, 1992 and at theAssociation of Collegiate Schools of Planning, Columbus, OH, October 30-November 1, 1992. Those interested in further information and in the Land Ethics program are invited to contact EvelynMartin, Center for Respect of Life and Environment, 2100 L Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20037. Phone 703/329-3320. (v4,#1)

Martin, Evelyn, "The Last Mountain," American Forests, April 1993. "The Mt. Graham red squirrelcontroversy [building a telescope that threatens a subspecies of red squirrel] raises fundamentalquestions about whether we humans should reach for the stars without coming to know the landat our feet." (v4,#1)

Martin, Jay G. "Developing Global Environmental Management Programs," Natural Resources &Environment 11(1997):33.

Martin, John N. Review of Environment and Ethics-A New Zealand Contribution. Edited by JohnHowell. Environmental Ethics 10(1988):357-62.

Martin, John N. Review of Environmental Ethics: Philosophy and Policy Perspectives. Edited byPhilip P. Hanson. Environmental Ethics 10(1988):357-62.

Martin, John N. "The Concept of the Irreplaceable." Environmental Ethics 1(1979):31-48. Ananalysis is proposed for the common argument that something should be preserved because it is

irreplaceable. The argument is shown to depend on modal elements in irreplaceable, existenceassumptions of preserve, and the logic of obligation. In terms of this theory it is argued thatutilitarianism can account for most, but not all instances of persuasive appeals to irreplaceability. Being essentially backwards looking, utilitarianism cannot in principle justify preservation of objectsirreplaceable because of their history or genesis. Martin is in the philosophy department, Universityof Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH. (EE)

Martin, John N. "Order Theoretic Properties of Holistic Ethical Theories." Environmental Ethics13(1991):215-34. Using concepts from abstract algebra and type theory, I analyze the structuralpresuppositions of any holistic ethical theory. This study is motivated by such recent holistictheories in environmental ethics as Aldo Leopold's land ethic, James E. Lovelock's Gaiahypothesis, Arne Naess' deep ecology, and various aesthetic ethics of the sublime. I also discussthe holistic and type theoretic assumptions of such standard ethical theories as hedonism, naturalrights theory, utilitarianism, Rawls' difference principle, and fascism. I argue that although thereare several common senses of part-whole in ethical theory, the central sense of holism in ethicsis that of a theory that defines its key moral idea as an emergent group property grounded in therelational properties of its individual constituents. Hedonism and Kantianism do not count as holisticin this sense. Natural rights theory does in a degenerate way. Utilitarianism and variousenvironmental ethics are paradigm examples. I point out as a general structural weakness ofenvironmental holistic theories that their first-order grounding in nonmoral vocabulary seems topreclude an explanation of many moral intuitions about human ethics. Martin is in the philosophydepartment, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH. (EE)

Martin, Michael, "Ecosabotage and Civil Disobedience," Environmental Ethics 12(1990):291-310. One of the few anaylses of the morality of ecosabotage. Martin discusses the relationshipbetween ecosabotage and civil disobedience, with the crucial distinction that civil disobedience isa public act, while ecosabotage is not. There are no general arguments against ecosabotage, butthere are also no specific justifications for it. Martin argues on utilitarian grounds and ignores(generally) the non-anthropocentric value systems of most ecosaboteurs. But it is the radicalismof the goal---a non-anthropocentric ethic---that requires the disobedient action. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Martin, Michael. "Ecosabotage and Civil Disobedience." Environmental Ethics 12(1990):291-310. I define ecosabotage and relate this definition to several well-known analyses of civildisobedience. I show that ecosabotage cannot be reduced to a form of civil disobedience unlessthe definition of civil disobedience is expanded. I suggest that ecosabotage and civil disobedienceare special cases of the more general concept of conscientious wrongdoing. Althoughecosabotage cannot be considered a form of civil disobedience on the basis of the standardanalysis of this concept, the civil disobedience literature can provide important insights into thejustification of ecosabotage. First, traditional appeals to a higher law in justifying ecosabotage areno more successful than they are in justifying civil disobedience. Second, utilitarian justificationsof ecosabotage are promising. At present there is no a priori reason to suppose that some actsof ecosabotage could not be justified on utilitarian grounds, although such ecosaboteurs as DaveForeman have not provided a full justification of its use in concrete cases. Martin is in thephilosophy department, Boston University, Boston, MA. (EE)

Martin, Paul S., and Szuter, Christine R., "War Zones and Game Sinks in Lewis and Clark's West,"Conservation Biology, February 1999. Native American warfare's unnatural ecological effects. The number and distribution of bison and other big animals was likely determined by the presenceof buffer zones between warring Native tribes. In an individual tribe's homeland, populations ofbison and elk were often in serious decline. But in the war zones between tribes, where huntersseldom went, these animals flourished. The conclusion, say these most recent advocates of this"war zone theory," is that the scarcity or abundance of large animals seen by the Lewis and Clarkexpedition was not "truly natural, that is, falling outside human influence or control. ... The West

in the time of Lewis and Clark was long past any purely `natural condition' that might serve as anabsolute benchmark for planners." One of the study's authors--an advocate of the "blitzkrieg"theory that newly arrived human hunters drove North America's megafauna such as mammothsand mastodons extinct some 13,000 years ago--suggests conservationists might want to restorepre-Native American nature preserves by importing elephants who would mimic the extinctmegafauna. See also Stevens, W. K., "Unlikely Tool for Species Preservation: Warfare," NewYork Times, 3/30/99. (v.10,#2)

Martin, Peter and Ritchie, Helen, "Logics of Participation: Rural Environmental Governance underNeo-liberalism in Australia," Environmental Politics 8(no. 2, Summer 1999):117- .McKinnell, Robert G. and DiBerardino (Di Berardino), Marie A., "The Biology of Cloning: History andRationale," Bioscience 49(no. 11, Nov 01 1999):875- . (v10,#4)

Martin, Thomas E. and Finch, Deborah M., eds., Ecology and Management of Neotropical MigratoryBirds: A Synthesis and Review of Critical Issues. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.$28.00 paper $52.00 cloth. 512 pages. The apparent decline in numbers among many species ofmigratory songbirds is a timely subject in conservation biology, particularly for ornithologists,ecologists, and wildlife managers. This book is an attempt to discuss the problem in full scope. It presents an ambitious, comprehensive assessment of the current status of neotropical migratorybirds in the U.S., and the methods and strategies used to conserve migrant populations. Eachchapter is an essay reviewing and assessing the trend from a different viewpoint, all written byleaders in the fields of ornithology, conservation, and population biology. Thomas E. Martin is fromUniversity of Montana, and Deborah M. Finch is from USDA Forest Service, Arizona. (v7,#1)

Martin, Vance G., "Australia's Wilderness Movement--Gathering Momentum," International Journalof Wilderness 2, no. 1 (May 1996):10-14. Australia's wilderness movement emphasizes someuniquely Australian features, on a continent as large as the United States but with 10% of the U.S.population, largely semiarid or arid, but with rainforest as well and with an unusual fauna and flora. Designation is principally at the state level, and increasingly recognizes the histories of theaboriginal peoples. Good summary of political and philosophical issues, as well as of designatedareas. Martin is with the International Center for Earth Concerns and the WILD foundation, Ojai, CA. (v7,#2)

Martin, Vance G., and Nicholas Tyler eds. Arctic Wilderness , the 5th World Wilderness Congress. Golden, CO: North American Press, 1995. (v6,#3)

Martin, Vance, Tyler, Nicholas, eds. Arctic Wilderness--The 5th World Wilderness Congress. Ojai,California: The WILD Foundation, Nov. 1995. $32. The aim of the 5th WWC was to enhanceawareness of the natural beauty, natural resources, and the aesthetic and scientific importanceof the Arctic and Antarctica. Examples of discoveries and developments in both basic and appliedscience, of exploitation of renewable and nonrenewable natural resources, and of newinformation discovered. There are clear warnings about the consequences of human activity athigh latitudes. (v7,#4)

Martin, Vance C., and Alan Watson, "International Wilderness." In Hendee, John C. and Chad P.Dawson, Wilderness Management: Stewardship and Protection of Resources and Values. 3rd ed. Fulcrum Publishing, 2002. Internationally "there is increasing acceptance of the term [wilderness]to mean those areas legislated or zoned for protection in their natural condition, [yet]accommodating a wider spectrum of human activity than the U.S. definition might allow." (v. 15,# 3)

Martin, William F. "Nuclear Doubts Put US Out of Step on Global Warming." The Christian ScienceMonitor 89.86 (31 March 1997): 19.

Martinez, Eluid. "Coping with Scarcity on the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo." Natural Resources Journal39(No. 1, Winter 1999):117- . (v10,#4)

Martinez, Graciella, "Ecoturismo en la Sierra Tarahumara" published in El Heraldo, a newspaper ofChihuahua, Mexico, February 7, 1998. Available on website at:

http://www2.planeta.com/mader/planeta/0898/0898 Tarahumara.htmlA warming for the local communities and the State Government of Chihuahua, Mexico, about thepossible adverse consequences of ecotourism. There are negative impacts on the Tarahumaraindigenous peoples and on the environment in the Copper Canyon area, and such impacts aretypical of many others elsewhere around the globe. Ecotourism needs careful regulation if itsbenefits are to be realized. Martinez also read a paper at the South West Texas and New MexicoPhilosophical Society, El Paso, Texas, in April 1998, "Bringing Environmental Ethics down to Earth,"arguing that grand theories in environmental ethics are not particularly helpful in solving the on-the-ground problems of ecotourism. Martinez is a Mexican philosopher, who has recently completeda master's degree in the philosophy of environment and development at Colorado State University. (v.9,#3)

Martinez-Alier, Joan, The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts andValuation. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2002. Reviewed by Pat Devine. Environmental Values13(2004):269-274. (EV)

MartinezAlier (Martinez-Alier), J., "Distributional Obstacles to International Environmental Policy: TheFailures at Rio and Prospects after Rio." Environmental Values Vol.2 No.2(1993):97-124.ABSTRACT: The concept of `sustainable development' as used by the Brundtland Commission wasmeant to separate environmental policy from distributional conflicts. Increases in income sometimesare beneficial for the environment (for instance, they allow the use of domestic cooking fuelswhich in some ways are less damaging to the environment), but higher incomes have meant higheremissions of greenhouse gases, and higher rates of genetic erosion. In the aftermath of the Rioconference of June 1992, this article analyses some unavoidable links between distributionalconflicts and environmental policy. Often, environmental movements have tried to keepenvironmental resources and services outside the market, but there are now attempts to establishproperty rights on, and to give money values to, environmental resources and services, such asagricultural genetic resources and the CO2 absorption facility provided by the oceans and newvegetation. European `green' proposals to impose an `eco-tax,' and proposals from India to createa world market for CO2 emission permits are considered. The issue raised by the growing ThirdWorld agroecology movement, of payment of `farmers' rights' for in situ agricultural biodiversity isdiscussed. The article includes a short discussion of the North American free trade agreement(NAFTA) between Mexico and the USA. in so far as it involves so-called `ecological dumping,' i.e.trading at values which do not include environmental costs. In the last sections, the article askshow prices in ecologically-extended markets would be formed, how much such prices will dependon distribution, and how much (or how little) such payments would change distribution of income. Environmental movements of the Poor are faced with the dilemma of keeping environmentalresources and services out of the market, or else asking for property rights to be placed on them. KEYWORDS: property rights, environmental movements, greenhouse effect, agriculturalbiodiversity, environmental policy, poverty and environment, ecological debt. Universitat Autonoma,Barcelona 08193, Spain.

Martinschramm, (Martin-Schramm), James B., Population, Consumption, and Ecojustice: Challengesfor Christian Conceptions of Environmental Ethics, Union Theological Seminary, New York, Ph.D.thesis. 314 pages. Four moral norms that have been proposed as the foundation for an ethic of

ecojustice (sustainability, sufficiency, participation, and solidarity) are applied to the problemsposed by unsustainable patterns of human production, consumption, and reproduction. Anexamination of the ecological, theological, and moral challenges posed by population growth andoverconsumption. A constructive ethic of ecojustice and a critique of the 1994 United NationsWorld Plan of Action on World Population. An assessment of five important theologians: JamesNash, Sallie McFague, John Cobb, Jr., Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Leonardo Boff. Anadequate ethic of ecojustice must emphasize the reciprocal relationship of ecological integrity andsocial justice and must offer not only sound theological grounding but also specific ethical guidancetoward policy formulation. The advisor was Larry Rasmussen. (v.10,#1)

MartinSchramm (Martin-Schramm), James B. "Population-Consumption Issues: The State of theDebate in Christian Ethics," in Dieter T. Hessel, Ed., Theology for Earth Community (Maryknoll, NY:Orbis, 1996), 132-142.

MartinSchramm (Martin-Schramm), James B. "Population Growth, Poverty, and EnvironmentalDegradation," Theology and Public Policy 4(no. 1, 1992).MartinSchramm (Martin-Schramm), James B., "Population Growth, Poverty, and EnvironmentalDegradation," Theology and Public Policy 4(1992):26-38. Martin-Schramm is at Union TheologicalSeminary, New York. (v3,#3)

Marvier, Michelle A., Smith, David L. "Conservation Implications of Host Use for Rare ParasiticPlants," Conservation Biology 11(no.4, 1997):839. (v8,#3)

Marvin, E. Olsen, Dora G. Lodwick, and Riley E. Dunlap. Viewing the World Ecologically. Boulder,CO: Westview Press, 1992. 214 pp. $28.00 paper. The authors use surveys to look at howstrongly society adheres to the prevailing paradigm of the twentieth century, the technologicalsocial paradigm of the industrial period, compared with a shift to a sustainable developmentparadigm. Many persons hold attitudes that relate to both paradigms. Most of the data are abouta decade old. (v6,#1)

Marvin, G.R. Review of Susan Davis, Spectacular Nature. Environmental Values 8(1999):521. (EV)

Marx, Leo, The Report from the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, vol. 10, no.3/4,Summer/Fall 1990. "Post-Modernism and the Environmental Crisis." "There may be more thancoincidence involved in the simultaneous discovery of the global and social nature of environmentaldegradation and the skeptical, anti-foundationist drift of contemporary philosophy and criticaltheory." (v2,#2)

Mary O'Brien. Making Better Environmental Decisions: An Alternative to Risk Assessment.Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 25(2003):211-214. (EE)

Marzluff, J. M., "Fringe Conservation: A Call to Action," Conservation Biology 16(no.5, 2002): 1175-76. (v.13,#4)

Marzluff, John, and Hamel, Nathalie, "Land-Use Issues," Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 3: 659-674. Land use issues concern the processes by which human activities determine land cover. Important issues are agricultural development and intensification, settlement, and extraction ofnatural resources. In response to human land use, the earth's land cover has changed from amosaic of native woodlands, forests, and grasslands to an increasingly impacted mixture ofdegraded and fragmented native habitats, exotic croplands, and impervious urban surfaces. In thelast three centuries, models suggest that forests have declined 19%, grasslands have declined8%, and cropland has increased over 400%. This article discusses how land use processes havechanged through time and how they have caused the natural pattern of land cover to change. This

transformation of the planet's landscape is widely recognized as the primary driver in the currentglobal loss of biodiversity. Several examples of how land use can influence biodiversity are alsoconsidered. (v.11,#4)

Marzluff, John M., Sallabanks, Rex, eds. Avian Conservation: Research and Management.Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998. $55. 512 pp. (v9,#2)

Mascia, MB, "The Human Dimension of Coral Reef Marine Protected Areas: Recent Social ScienceResearch and Its Policy Implications", Conservation Biology 17(no.2, 2003):630-632.

Mase, Hiromasa, "Ecophilosophy as Liberal Arts Philosophy," Philosophical Inquiry 11(nos. 1-2,Winter-Spring 1989):28-36. "Confronted with today's ecological problems, basically what we areseeking is the ecological attitude, `we, as a part, also live for the whole'. ... `Mankind bears a moralresponsibility for the world of the future, and also for the whole of nature'" (p. 34). Mase is at KeioUniversity, Tokyo.

Mase, Hiromasa. Keio University, Japan, "Nature and Ethics: Whiteheadian Approach," Annals ofthe Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (Tokoyo) 7(March, 1988):155-161. Argues foran environmental ethics based on intrinsic value in nature, using a Whiteheadian philosophy, withsome attention to Aldo Leopold. A key category is "experience" in the Whiteheadian sense. (v1,#2)

Maser, Chris, Sustainable Forestry: Philosophy, Science, and Economics. Delray Beach, FL: St.Lucie Press, 1994. 373 pages. $ 39.95. Maser dislikes intensive forestry and proposes policiesthat would lead to lower, although probably more sustainable, harvest levels. He recognizes thelegitimate role humans play in ecosystems and is concerned for the protection of scarce resourcessuch as old growth forestry and biodiversity; he is also concerned about the fallacy of every-increasing human populations and economic activity. Maser is a forest ecologist. (v6,#4)

Maser, Chris, The Redesigned Forest. San Pedro: R. & E. Miles, 1988. P., xx, 234. Maser is aformer employee of the Bureau of Land Management, a zoologist and expert on forest ecology. This book is an argument for a more enlightened policy of sustainable forestry. Maser criticizescurrent philosophical attitudes to forestry, the so-called "plantation mentality," but his alternativeof sustainable forest management is still locked into an overly mechanistic and anthropocentricconception of nature. "We need to learn to see the forest as the factory that produces rawmaterials...for a common goal...a sustainable forest for a sustainable industry for a sustainableenvironment for a sustainable human population" (pp. 148-149). A good example of the limitationsof "resource environmentalism."

Maser, Chris, The Redesigned Forest. San Pedro, CA: R. and E. Miles Publishers, 1988. In theredesigned forest, natural forces are mimicked successfully and are also highly controlled.

Maser, Chris. Sustainable Community Development. Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie Press, 1997.280pp. $39.95 paper. Maser presents a clear picture of a community-directed process ofdevelopment based on human values, active learning, shared communication and cooperationwithin a fluid system that becomes shared societal vision both culturally and environmentally. (v8,#1)

Maser, Chris. Resolving Environmental Conflict: Towards Sustainable Community Development.Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie Press, 1996. Maser examines notions of development sustainability,and community and the synergism of ecology, culture and economic needs that promote a healthyenvironment enriching the lives of all its inhabitants. (v7,#1)

Masolo, D. A., African Philosophy in Search of Identity. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana UniversityPress, 1994, and Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994. Is there an African philosophy? A Kenyan philosopher analyzes this debate, its history and current status. African thinkers haveused philosophy as the primary vehicle for theoretical articulation of their identities as the meansfor contesting identities imposed by outsiders. Among the philosophers studied is H. Odera Oruka,who has an interest in environmental philosophy. African philosophy has grown out of uniquecultural circumstances and now embraces many different constructions of African reality,problems, and methods of acquiring meaningful knowledge. Masolo is in philosophy at theUniversity of Nairobi, also he has been visiting professor at Antioch College. (v6,#3)

Mason, J., and Singer, P., Animal factories. New York: Crown, 1980.

Mason, J., An unnatural order: Uncovering the roots of our domination of nature and each other.New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993.

Mason, Jim. "A Lion in Every Back Yard: The Mass Marketing of Exotic Animals." The Animals'Agenda 16(Jul. 1996):26. (v7,#2)

Mason, Marianne D. "Saving the Chesapeake Bay, One Gazebo at a Time." Natural Resources &Environment 14(No. 2, Fall 1999):134- . (v10,#4)

Mason, Michael, "Democratising Nature? The Political Morality of Wilderness Preservationists,"Environmental Values 6(1997):281-306. ABSTRACT: Deep ecological appeals for wildernesspreservation commonly conjoin arguments for participatory land use decision-making with theircentral championing of natural areas protection. As an articulation of the normative meaning ofparticipatory democracy, the discourse ethics advanced by Jürgen Habermas is employed tohighlight the consistency and justifiability of this dual claim. I argue that Habermasian moral theoryreveals a key tension between, on the one hand, an ethical commitment to wilderness preservationinformed by deep ecological and bioregional principles that is oriented to a naturalistic value orderand, on the other, the procedural norms of democratic participation. It is claimed that discourseethics thereby raises critical philosophical and practical questions concerning the political legitimacyof deep ecology. In examining the progressive claims of environmental philosophers andwilderness activists embracing this perspective, I draw empirically upon Canadian arguments fornatural areas protection and associated radical prescriptions for a democratisation of land usedecision-making. School of Geography and Environmental Studies University of North London, 62-66 Highbury Grove, London, N5 2AD, UK. (EV)

Mason, Miriam, "Lifestyle: Exploring Community Life at the Morning Star Center," Ecotheology No3 (July 1997):111-116.

Mason, Simon, "Lifestyle: Gh1andi's Spirituality in Today's Ecological Crisis," Ecotheology No 5/6(Jul 98 / Jan 99):226-238.

Masri, Al-Hafiz B. A., Islamic Concern for Animals (Petersfield, Hants, England: The Athene Trust,1987). The author was for many years the first Sunni Imam of the Shah Jehan mosque, Woking,United Kingdom. Includes 100 Quranic quotations and 50 from the Hadith. Dr. Masri has alsoproduced a videotape in this field. (v2,#1)

Massey, Marshall, "Where Are Our Churches Today? A Report on the Environmental Positions ofthe Thirty Largest Christian Denominations in the United States," Firmament, vol. 2, no. 4, Winter,1991. "Over 70% of all U. S. Christians are now in denominations that either have active ecologyministries or are beginning to assemble ecological ministries." Programs are underway in the UnitedMethodist Church (3rd largest), Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (5th), Presbyterian Church

(USA) (8th), United Church of Christ (14th), Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) (20th), andprograms are beginning in the Catholic Church (1st), the Southern Baptist Convention (2nd), theNational Baptist Convention of America (9th), the Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod (10th), theEpiscopal Church (12th), American Baptist Churches USA (13th), and the Seventh-day AdventistChurch (24th). The larger denominations that have taken no action are the National BaptistConvention (4th), the Church of God in Christ (Memphis, TN) (7th), and the Church of Jesus Christof the Latter-day Saints has made a formal commitment to inaction (6th). (v2,#1)

Massinga, Antonio. "Development Dilemmas in Mozambique." The Ecologist 26(Mar.1996):73. Afterthree decades of warfare, Mozambique is being developed as a tourist destination. While theeconomic returns for local people are slim, the ecological damage is often considerable. Buttourism is not the only destructive industry making land grabs on Mozambique. Trapped by thecurrent development model, many environmentalists feel forced to make invidious choices. (v7,#2)

Masson, Jeffrey Moussiaeff, and McCarthy, Susan, When Elephants Weep. New York: DelacortePress, 1995. A comprehensive argument for animal sensibility. (v.10,#2)

Masson, Jeffrey. "Animal Passions," The Animals' Agenda 17 (no.1, 1997):34. Jeffrey Massonexplores animal emotions with Kim Sturla. (v8,#2)

Masson, Philippe. "Sustainable Rural Development," Land Use Policy 14(1997):75. (v8,#1)

Matczak, P., Problemy ekologiczne jako problemy spoeczne (Ecological problems as SocialIssues), Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM (UAM Press), Pozna, 2000.

Matczak, P., Problemy ekologiczne jako problemy spoeczne (Ecological problems as SocialIssues), Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM (UAM Press), Pozna, 2000. (v.13,#1)

Matheny, G, "Expected Utility, Contributory Causation, and Vegetarianism," Journal of AppliedPhilosophy 19(no.3, 2002): 293-298.

Matheny, Gaverick, "Least harm: A defense of vegetarianism from Steven Davis's omnivorous proposal." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 16(2003):505-511. Steven Davis argues that the number of animals killed in ruminant-pasture production is less thanthe number of animals killed in crop production. Davis then concludes the adoption of anomnivorous diet would cause less harm than the adoption of a vegetarian diet. Davis's argumentfails on three counts: first, Davis makes a mathematical error in using total rather than per capitaestimates of animals killed; second, he focuses on the number of animals killed in production andignores the welfare of these animals; and third, he does not count the number of animals who maybe prevented from existing. KEY WORDS: animal production, animal rights, animal welfare, leastharm, population, utilitarianism, vegetarianism. (JAEE)

Mather, A., "Managing Scotland's Environment," Land Use Policy 20(no. 2, 2003): 198. (v 14, #3)

Mather, Alexander S. Global Forest Resources (London: Belhaven Press, 1990). (v1,#2)

Mathews, David Ralph. "Common versus Open Access: The Canadian Experience," The Ecologist25(no.2/3, Mar. 1995):86- . Government fisheries policy in Canada has been heavily influencedby the "Tragedy of the Commons' thesis-with disastrous results; the regulated commons;Discrimination and redundancies; opening up access for industrial trawlers; Local resistance. (v6,#4)

Mathews, Freya, ed., Ecology and Democracy. London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1996. Ninecontributors. Originally published as volume 4, no. 4, of Environmental Politics. (v7,#4)

Mathews, Freya, "Conservation and Self-Realization: A Deep Ecology Perspective," EnvironmentalEthics 10(1988):347-355. An excellent discussion of the basic tenets of deepecology---self-realization and identification with the wider world---and the apparent dilemma thiscreates for conservation policies. Deep ecology assumes that "identification" with nature leadsto conservation as a matter of self-defense, but if nature as a whole would continue withouthumanity, why is it important to conserve for the survival of humanity? Mathews argues that"identification, in the context of deep ecology, is premised on a convergence of interests" (p. 353).An individual's interests lead to a wider identification; but one cannot then nullify the more localconcerns for the sake of more cosmic ones. Mathews also bases the argument on the unarguedclaim that the universe as a whole is a self-realizing entity, endowed with conatus. Cosmicidentification does seem to "lose" the individual. Mathews ends by saying that the loss of life onEarth can be viewed with equanimity, but this is a strange way to argue for environmentalism. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Mathews, Freya, The Ecological Self. London: Routledge, 1990, published in the United States byBarnes and Noble, Savage, Maryland, 1991. Mathews claims here the first book-length treatmentof the metaphysical foundations of ecological ethics. The author seeks to provide a metaphysicalillumination of the fundamental ecological intuition that we are in some sense "one with" nature andthat everything is connected to everything else. She considers and rejects the dominant atomisticmetaphysics implicit in Newtonian physics. Drawing on Einsteinian cosmology, modern systemstheory, and the philosophy of Spinoza, she elaborates a new metaphysics of interconnectedness. The normative implications of this new metaphysics for our conceptions of nature and the self areanalyzed in this provocative study. (v2,#3)

Mathews, Freya, "Ecological Philosophy," in Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 10 vols, ed,Edward Craig (London: Routledge, 1998) in vol. 3, pp. 197-202. Mathews is in philosophy, LaTrobeUniversity, Victoria, Australia. (v.13,#1)

Mathews, Freya, For Love of Matter: A Contemporary Panpsychism. Albany: State University ofNew York Press, 2003. "To adopt a panpsychist outlook is to enter the terrain of `spirituality,' sinceit opens up this possibility of communicative engagement with a responsive world that invites usto assume an attitude of eros in relation to it. In considering this invitation however, we areimmediately confronted with the traditional problem of evil: why should we make ourselvesavailable and vulnerable to a world that can and does visit so much suffering and harm upon us? How can we affirm the erotic intent of the One in creating us, in the light of the tortured testimonyof the created?" (p. 10). A useful account is the story of Eros and Psyche, recorded by LuciusApuleius in the second century A.D. "This story reveals how it is possible to sustain an eroticengagement with the world, consonant with a panpsychist outlook, in full knowledge of thepossibilities of suffering and death that this world holds for us" (p. 10). Mathews is in philosophy,La Trobe University, Australia.

Mathews, Freya. For Love of Matter: A Contemporary Panpsychism. Albany, NY: SUNY Press,2003. Challenges basic assumptions of Western science, modern philosophy, and environmentalphilosophy, arguing that the environmental crisis is a symptom of a larger, metaphysical crisis.Western science rests on the premise that the world is an inert backdrop to human presencerather than a communicative presence in its own right, one capable of dialogical congress with us.Mathews explores the transformative effects of a substitution of the latter, panpsychist premisefor the former, materialist one. She suggests that to exist in a dialogical modality is to enter anexpanded realm of eros in which the self and world are mutually kindled into a larger, moreincandescent state of realization. She argues that any adequate philosophical response to the so-

called "environmental crisis" cannot be encompassed within the minor discipline of environmentalphilosophy but must instead address the full range of existential questions. Freya Mathews isSenior Lecturer of Philosophy at La Trobe University. She is the author of The Ecological Self andeditor of Ecology and Democracy. (v.14, #4)

Mathews, Freya. "Introduction: Ecology and Democracy." Environmental Politics 4(Winter 1995):1. (v7,#2)

Mathews, Freya. "Conservation and Self-Realization: A Deep Ecology Perspective." EnvironmentalEthics 10(1988):347-55. Nature in its wider cosmic sense is not at risk from human exploitation andpredation. To see life on Earth as but a local manifestation of this wider, indestructible andinexhaustible nature is to shield ourselves from despair over the fate of our Earth. But to take thiswide view also appears to make interventionist political action on behalf of nature--which is to say,conservation--superfluous. If we identify with nature in its widest sense, as deep ecologyprescribes, then the "self-defence" argument usually advanced by deep ecologists in support ofconservation appears not to work. I argue that the need for eco-activism can be reconciled witha rejection of despair within the framework of deep ecology, and that in the process of thisreconciliation the meaning of the term conservation acquires a new, spiritual dimension. Matthewsis in the philosophy department, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. (EE)

Mathews, Freya. "Community and the Ecological Self." Environmental Politics 4(Winter 1995):66. (v7,#2)

Mathews, Jessica, "Post-Clone Consciousness," Washington Post (3/7/97): A19. See under:Kolata, Gina, "With Cloning of a Sheep, the Ethical Ground Shifts," New York Times (2/24/97): A1. (v8,#1)

Matloff, Judith. "Southern Africa's Oasis May Turn to Dust." Christian Science Monitor 89 (22 July1997): 1, 9. (v8,#3)

Matloff, Judith. "Above Rwanda's Madding Crowd, Mountain Gorillas Reign." The Christian ScienceMonitor, vol. 80, 10 Dec. 1996. p. 5.

Matloff, Judith. "Africa's Oil is Cheap, But Often a Hassle." The Christian Science Monitor, vol. 88,16 Oct. 1996, p. 9.

Matloff, Judith. "Battle For River City Seen as Turning Point in War Over Zaire." The ChristianScience Monitor, vol. 89, 10 March 1997, pp. 1, 18.

Matossian, Mary Kilbourne. Shaping World History: Breakthroughs in Ecology, Technology,Science, and Politics. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997. 240pp. $22.95. A survey of humankindfrom earliest times to the present which focuses on four factors: climate, communication andtransportation technology, scientific advances, and the competence of political elites. (v8,#1)Matson, P. A., et al, "Agricultural Intensification and Ecosystem Properties," Science277(1997):504-509. See under theme issue, Science, 25 July 1997, on "Human-DominatedEcosystems," for this and related articles.

Matsuzawa, T., ed., Primate Origins of Human Cognition and Behavior. Tokyo: Springer, 2001. AJapanese view of primates, primate culture, primate science, and the cognitive capacities ofchimpanzees and macaques--always with respect for the primates. (v.13,#1)

Matthew, R. A., "Review of: Restoring Nature: Perspectives from the Social Sciences andHumanities, edited by Paul H. Gobster & R. Bruce Hull," Natural Resources Journal 41(no.4, 2001):1023-26. (v.13,#2)

Matthews, Anne, "Slow Death Beyond the 98th Meridian. Can Anyone Out There Save the GreatPlains?" Outside, May 1993. Two percent of the nation live in this vast area, largely depopulatedwith the agricultural revolution and industrialization. The plains are overgrazed, overplowed,overfenced, and also a wheat basket. Can the plains be re-invented as an alternative to industrial,urban civilization? "We're hard-wired for the Paleolithic," says Wes Jackson. "We need lesstechnological cleverness, more understanding." (v4,#1)

Matthews, Clifford, Tucker, Mary Evelyn, and Hefner, Philip, eds., When Worlds Converge: WhatScience and Religion Tell Us about the Story of the Universe and Our Place in It. Peterborough, NH:Open Court, 2001. Contributions arising from the 1999 Parliament of World's Religions, often witha concern for the relationship between humans and their planet. (v.13,#1)

Matthews, Freya, "Letting the World Grow Old: An Ethos of Counter-Modernity," Worldviews 3(no.2, 1999):

Matthews, George W. Review of The Struggle for Nature: A Critique of Radical Ecology. By JozefKeulartz. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):431-434.

Matthews, Patricia M. Reivew of: Brady, Emily, Aesthetics of the Natural Environment.Environmental Values 13(2004):401-403. (EV)

Matthews, Sue, "The IMF and the World Bank: Financial Friends or Environmental Enemies," Africa- Environment and Wildlife 2(no. 2, January/February, 1994):27-31. In early 1993, after a hiatusof almost 30 years, the World Bank offered to lend South Africa 3 billion rand ($ 800,000), followingthe new government there, and the lifting of United States and United Nations sanctions. Therewere detailed negotiations with the South African government and the African National Congress(ANC) party about potential projects within a social reconstruction program. The InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF) also offered an equally large loan to help relieve the balance-of-paymentsstrain South Africa had experienced as a result of the drought and the consequent heavy maizeimports of 1992. These advances were met with jubilation on the one hand and words of warningon the other. Many critics felt it was unwise to drive South Africa further into debt, and evenunnecessary, given its huge gold reserve. When World Bank President Lewis Preston visited thecountry, Nedbank's chief economist was quoted, "We have enough finance in this country, but wejust don't know how to use it." Others were wary of accepting the World Bank and IMF loans,having seen the consequences of the debt crisis in the rest of Africa. And since both institutionsare controlled by member countries whose votes are in accordance with the size of theirrespective donations, the United States wields the most power. Through the bank and the IMF, theUnited States has exerted such a strong influence over the macroeconomic policies of Africannations that it has been likened to the recolonization of Africa. Particularly troublesome areStructural Adjustment Programmes (SAF's), which typically require currency devaluation to makeexports cheaper and imports more expensive, spending cuts, withdrawal of subsidies, and tradeliberalization, resulting in plummeting per capita incomes, rising unemployment and urban poverty,and reduced government spending on social services, also encouraging the expansion of cashcrops for export at the expense of food crops which are grown for local consumption. Much ofthis burden of adjustment falls on the poor, especially women and children. The World Bank andIMF have been attempting reforms, but reform is difficult. Matthews is a marine ecologist and freelance journalist.

Matthewson, K, "Review of: Murphy, A.B. and Johnson, D.L., editors, Cultural encounters with theenvironment: enduring and evolving geographic themes", Progress in Human Geography 27(no.2,2003):245-246.

Matthiessen, Peter, "The Last Cranes of Siberia," New Yorker, May 3, 1993. The cranes of Russiaare facing extinction amid Russia's economic anarchy, as multinational corporations and localentrepreneurs plunder the natural resources of Siberia's Amur Basin. Now environmentaldelegates from Russia, China, Japan, and the U.S. are putting aside national disputes in the fightto save the region's endangered species. (v4,#2)

Matthiessen, Peter, The Birds of Heaven: Travels with Cranes. Paintings by Robert Bateman. SanFrancisco: North Point Press, 2001. Cranes are birds out of time and rapidly running out of space. Ancient birds, all fifteen species are in trouble, and on every continent except South America. Several species seemed doomed to extinction. Yet no other birds have as popular a hold on theimagination of as many cultures. Matthiessen travels to China, Mongolia, India, Europe, and theUnited States to investigate and to lament the plight of cranes. (v.13,#1)

Matthiessen, Peter. "The Last Wild Tigers." Audubon 99 (no. 2, March-April 1997):54-63, 122-25. There are now about 3,000 tigers in Asia, down from 100,000 at the turn of the century. Prospects for survival are not good, given the mix of escalating numbers of people, their demandson the environment, and the vicissitudes of governments in the regions the tigers inhabit. Matthiessen is a well-known wildlife conservationist. (v8,#1)

Mattingly, Michael. "Private Development and Public Management of Urban Land: a Case Study ofNepal." Land Use Policy 13(Apr.1996):115. (v7,#2)

Mattson, David J.; Herrero, Stephen;and Pease, Craig M. "Science and Management of RockyMountain Grizzly Bears." Conservation Biology 10, no.4 (1996): 1013. (v7, #3)

Mattson, David J. "Ethics and Science in Natural Resource Agencies", Bioscience 46(no.10,1996):767. (v7,#4)

Mattson, David J., and Merrill, Troy, "Extirpations of Grizzly Bears in the Contiguous United States,1850-2000", Conservation Biology 16(no. 4, August 2002):1123-1136. The Yellowstone grizzlybear owes it survival to the Endangered Species Act. The estimated 400-600 grizzlies in thegreater Yellowstone ecosystem would not be there today if not for the bear's listing under the ESAa quarter-century ago. The authors use a computer model to compare population trends beforeand after listing, and figure in changes in land management resulting from the ESA, and concludethat, without the law, the bear would have a "one in quadrillion chance" of still existing as a viablepopulation. Mattson is a biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Plateau Field Station,Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. Merrill is an independent researcher, Moscow, ID. (v.13,#3)

Maturana, Humberto R. and Francisco J. Varela, Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of theLiving. Dordrecht/Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1980. This book was first published in Chile asAutopoiesis: The Organization of the Living. This seems to be the origin of the recent term"autopoiesis" (autos, self, and poiein, to produce) to refer to nature and organisms as self-organizing systems, although this idea is an old one ("the earth produces of itself, Greek:automatically, Luke 4.28). More recently, the idea had already been in use in systems theory andin irreversible thermodynamics. The authors claim that organisms are self-organizing machines. A popular account is The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding. Boston, Shambhala, 1988.

Matzke, Gordon Edwin, and Nabane, Nontokozo. "Outcomes of a Community Controlled WildlifeUtilization Program in a Zambezi Valley Community." Human Ecology Forum 24 (Winter 1996): 65.(v7, #3)

Matzke. Jason P., A Pluralistic Humean Environmental Ethic: Dealing with the Individualism-HolismProblem, Ph.D. thesis, Michigan State University, Spring 2003. Environmental ethicists often arguefor ethical holism, granting moral standing to ecosystems and species. However, this conflictswith traditional ethics which attributes moral standing to individual organisms. This is theindividualism-holism problem. Marry Anne Warren and J. Baird Callicott have each offered solutionswhich they claim are monistic. I synthesize their views and reinterpret them as a pluralisticHumean environmental ethic, one which ameliorates but cannot fully eliminate the conflict.

Warren's principles are revised here in light of my contention that interests play the centralrole in determining the moral standing of individual organisms and this provides substance toCallicott's otherwise more abstract approach. Callicott's work, in turn, provides theoreticalcoherence for Warren's principles.

Humean sentimentalism, however, is open to the charge of relativism, especially sinceHume's appeal to universal agreement on central moral beliefs cannot be sustained in a world soobviously diverse. Humean sentimentalism can be reinterpreted pluralistically. Differences inexperience and culture prevent universal agreement, but the common experience of living ashumans in this world, with its particularities, limits the range of acceptable alternatives. Furthermore, because reason informs sentiment, there are grounds for critically assessing Humeanmoral claims.

A pluralistic approach to moral reasoning provides an alternative to the continuingtheoretical and practical stalemate between individualists and holists. Choices may have ethicalremainders, but neither side of a debate can so easily insist that compromise threatens their moralintegrity. The thesis advisor was Fred Gifford. (v.14, #4)

Mauchamp, A. "Threats from Alien Plant Species in the Galapagos Islands," Conservation Biology11(no.1, 1997):260. (v8,#2)

Maurer, Brian A. "Relating Human Population Growth to the Loss of Biodiversity", BiodiversityLetters 3(no.1, 1996):1. (v7,#4)

Maurer, Brian A., Untangling Ecological Complexity: The Macroscopic Perspective. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1999. Maurer argues that ecology can and ought to study fauna andflora on regional and continental scales, often more enlightening than too much detailed study inlocal communities, the macroscopic scale as opposed to the microscopic scale. (v.10,#1)

Maurer, Brian A., "Ecological Science and Statistical Paradigms: At the Threshold," Science279(1998):502-504. Ecosystems are too complicated to form testable theories about easily. Linearthinking about ecosystems--assumptions that they are "balanced" or "stable," for example--is beingreplaced by the view that ecosystems are constantly changing and that those changes dependto a large extent on conditions experienced by an ecosystem before its measurement. Areecosystems predictable in dynamic change, and lawlike or regular to this extent? Not yet in manycases, since both the theory and the statistics used in analysis have been too simplistic. But theymay become so with more sophisticated statistical methods. Maurer is in zoology, Brigham YoungUniversity, Provo, UT. (v9,#1)

Maxeiner, D., Miersch, M. Öko-Optimismus. Review by Inglofur Blühdorn, Environmental Values7:(1998):490.

Maxwell, Fordyce, "The Treatment of Animals and the Food Industry," Pages 10-15 in The AnimalKingdom and the Kingdom of God, Occasional Paper No. 26, Centre for Theology and Public Issues,New College, University of Edinburgh, 1991. Co-published by the Church and National Committeeof the Church of Scotland. ISBN 1 870126 17 3.

Maxwell, Steven. "The Commercial Environmental Services Industry: Overview and Outlook."Journal of Environmental Law and Practice 3(no.4, Jan. 1996):4. Despite a shake-out amongenvironmental companies, the need for high-quality environmental services will endure, and theforecast is optimistic. (v7,#1)

May, Elizabeth, At the Cutting Edge: The Crisis in Canada's Forests. Toronto: Key Porter Books,Ltd. Canadian $ 25.00. An analysis of what modern industrial forestry is all about, according toMay, the wholesale destruction of Canada's natural heritage. Myths and half-truth perpetuated bythe Forest Industry and the Canada government. (v.10,#2)

May, Larry and Shari Collins Sharatt, eds., Applied Ethics: A Multicultural Approach. EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994. 553 pages. Paper. Another reader in applied ethics, this onefeatures multicultural perspectives and in that respect is distinctive. The multicultural emphasis isapparent in the section on "Environmental Ethics": Bernard E. Rollin, "Environmental Ethics andInternational Justice"; William K. Reilly, "The Green Thumb of Capitalism: The Environmental Benefitsof Sustainable Growth"; J. Baird Callicott, "Traditional American Indian and Western EuropeanAttitudes Toward Nature: An Overview"; Chung-ying Cheng, "On the Environmental Ethics of theTao and Ch'i"; Karen J. Warren, "The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism"; andRamachandra Guha, "Radical American Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A ThirdWorld Critique." Both editors are at Washington University, St. Louis. (v4,#4)

May, Peter H., da Motta, Ronaldo Seroa, eds. Pricing the Planet: Economic Analysis for SustainableDevelopment. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. 192 pp. $45. Environmental economistsand ecologists explore possibilities for sustainable development on a global scale. In the processthey shed light on some difficult questions about how much we can expect from economicdevelopment projects as they currently stand, given the finite resources of our Earth. (v7,#4)

May, Peter H., ed., Natural Resource Valuation and Policy in Brazil. New York: Columbia UniversityPress, 1999. (v.13,#4)

May, R. "Conservation: Dealing With Extinction," Pages 48-62 in Imagine Tomorrow's World, Gland:Switzerland, IUCN, 1998. (v.10,#1)

May, Robert M., "Taxonomy as Destiny," Nature 347 (September 13, 1990):129-130 and C. H.Daugherty, A. Cree, J. M. Hay, and M. B. Thompson, "Neglected Taxonomy and ContinuingExtinctions of Tuatara (Sphenodon), Nature 347 (September 13, 1990):177-179. The tuatara is alarge, iguana-like reptile, the sole survivor of a group that flourished in the Triassic Period, nowconfined to a few islets off the coast of New Zealand. It has a well-developed third eye in thecenter of its head, a variation on an organ that has been reduced to the pineal gland in mostvertebrates. The authors argue that there are three species, not one, and that the establishedview that there is one species has resulted in inadequate conservation, with one species nowextinct and the others imperiled. Further, they wonder whether these two remaining species, quitedisparate from superficially similar lizards, do not by some measures represent as much diversityas in all 6,000 species of more common snakes, lizards, and amphibians. Phylogenetic distanceneeds to be figured into estimates of diversity and into priorities in conservation. They suggestsome ways to calculate this. May is a zoologist at Oxford; Daugherty, Cree, and May are biologistsat Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand; Thompson is a zoologist at the University ofSydney in Australia. (v5,#1)

May, Robert M., "The Modern Biologist's View of Nature," pages 167-182 in Torrance, John, ed.,The Concept of Nature. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. "My conclusion is that humanity todaydoes indeed have a very special place in nature, not because we were divinely created to use itand rule it, but rather because we have--for what must be a fleeting moment in evolutionary time--cast off the shackles that keep population in check, and in so doing threaten, by the continuingincrease in human numbers and associated activities, to bring about the end of history in thenatural world. ... I believe we should cherish and conserve diversity primarily for the ethicalreason that we now recognize we are no more, though no less, than a part of it; no longer can aneducated person see the world as a God-given inheritance to wreak to human ends" (p.168, p.182). May is in zoology, Oxford University. (v.10,#1)

Mayer, J. "The Stalemate in Food and Agricultural Research, Teaching, and Extension," Science260: 881-82. (v6,#2)

Mayer, Sue, and Stirling, Andy, "Finding a Precautionary Approach to Technological Developments- Lessons for the Evaluation of GM Crops," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 15(no.1, 2002):57-71. The introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops and foods into Europe hasgenerated considerable controversy. Despite a risk assessment system that is intended to beprecautionary in nature, the decisions that have been taken have not gathered public confidence.Key attributes of a precautionary appraisal system include humility, completeness, assessingbenefits and justifications, making comparisons, allowing for public participation, transparency,diversity, and the "mapping" of alternative views rather than the prescription of single solutions.A comparison of the European GM regulatory system with a different (more precautionary)approach using a "multi-criteria mapping" technique reveals a number of problems. These includethe narrow framing of the established risk assessment system (thereby excluding many issuesof public concern), a lack of public involvement in the process, and a failure to include appropriatecomparisons or a diversity of options. Recent changes to the European regulatory system only gopart of the way to addressing these issues. Further controversy may therefore be expected.However, practical ways of undertaking a more broad-based precautionary approach are nowavailable (including the multi-criteria mapping method). These new approaches to technologyassessment offer a means for decision making to earn greater public confidence in this complexand difficult area. KEY WORDS: GMO, genetically modified crops, multi-criteria mapping,precautionary principle, risk assessment. technology assessment. Mayer is with GeneWatch UK,Tideswell, Buxton, Derbyshire, UK. Stirling is with Science and Technology Policy Research,University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. (JAEE)

Mayo, Deborah G. and Rachelle D. Hollander, eds., Acceptable Evidence: Science and Values inRisk Management. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. $ 19.95. 292 pages. In Oxford'sEnvironmental Ethics and Science Policy Series. Twelve contributors. Three sections: Perceivingand Communicating Risk Evidence; Uncertain Evidence in Risk Management; Philosophy andScientific Evidence. Sample chapters: Kristin Shrader Frechette, "Reductionist Approaches toRisk"; Ellen K. Silbergeld, "Risk Assessment and Risk Management: An Uneasy Divorce"; SheilaJasanoff, "Acceptable Evidence in a Pluralistic Society." Mayo teaches philosophy at VirginiaPolytechnic Institute. Hollander is coordinator for ethics and value studies at the National ScienceFoundation. (v5,#3)

Mayo, Deborah G., and Rachelle Hollander, eds., Acceptable Evidence: Science and Values in RiskManagement. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, paper edition, 1994. 304 pages. $ 19.95. "This volume shows that rational, critical approaches to value-laden risk judgments can be fruitful,making possible more sophisticated risk assessments and risk management that bettercomprehends the values at stake." - Ethics. Now in paper and complimentary examination copies

are available. Mayo teaches philosophy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Hollander iscoordinator for Ethics and Values Studies at the National Science Foundation. (v5,#1)

Mayo, Deborah G., ed., Acceptable Evidence: Science and Values in Risk Management. New York:Oxford University Press, 1991. 304 pages. $ 35.00. (v3,#3)

Mayo, Ed. "The Potential of Eco-Taxes", The Ecologist 26(no.5, 1996):204. (v7,#4)

Mazis, Glen A., Earthbodies: Rediscovering Our Planetary Senses. Albany: State University ofNew York Press, 2002. Can we understand our bodies without understanding how they are partof a rhythmic flow with the rest of the planet. How can we decide how to treat the animals aroundus when we fail to realize the nature of our kinship with them. Without hearing the voices of theearth, rocks, and ocean waves, how can we dialogue with the planet or understand ourselves. What kind of ethics would help us find a moral way to achieve an inclusive global community andcherish the environment? Mazis is professor of humanities and philosophy at Soka University andalso Associate Professor of humanities and philosophy at Penn State at Harrisburg. (v.13,#2)

Mazis, Glen A., Earthbodies: Recovering our Planetary Senses. Albany, NY: State University ofNew York Press, 2002. (v.13, #3)

Mazza, Mia Anna. "The New Evidentiary Privilege for Environmental Audit Reports: Making theWorst of a Bad Situation." Ecology Law Quarterly 23, no.1 (1996): 79. (v7, #3)

Mazzotta, Marisa J. and Kline, Jeffrey, "Environmental Philosophy and the Concept of NonuseValue," Land Economics 71 (no. 2, 1995):244-249. Economists have hotly debated nonuse values,whether they are measurable, and whether they should be included in environmental decision-making. It is important to consider the possibility that many individuals may view nonmarketvaluation as irrelevant to the more fundamental issue of whether humans have obligations to naturebeyond purely anthropocentric concerns. Philosophical questions are at least as important toconsider as methodological questions. The debate over nonuse values can be enriched byconsidering different environmental philosophies. This is a challenge for economists, but ifresource economists broader their anthropocentric perspective to encompass nonanthropocentricenvironmental philosophies, they may find that many of the methodological problems associatedwith defining and measuring nonuse values will be cast in a new light. Mazzotta and Kline are inResource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston. (v.10,#1)

Mc. All Mc's should also be searched under Mac in exact alphabetical order.

McAuliffe, Dennis, "Snowmobilers Could Shift Into Park Again," Washington Post (2/15/02): A3. Gatekeepers in Yellowstone wear gas masks. West Yellowstone, Montana bills itself as the"Snowmobile Capital of the World." At the entrance to the park just outside of the city, National Parkemployees are wearing gas masks to ward off headaches, dizziness, and nausea from the fumesof the snowmobiler entering the park. Says one gatekeeper: "It's a nightmare. It's chaos. It's loud. It's smelly. It's dangerous. . . . It's just too much. The roads can't handle it. The animals can'thandle it. We can't handle it." Under the Clinton Administration, the Park Service had orderedsnowmobiles phased out of Yellowstone by the winter of 2003-2004. The only vehicles thatwould then be allowed in the Park in the winter would be snow coaches--minivans on skis andtank-like treads--that carry 12 passengers. But after a lawsuit filed by a snowmobilermanufacturer's association, the Bush Administration has reopened the decision and is consideringa compromise proposal that would allow a reduced number of snowmobiles in the park each dayand would require new stringent emissions for the vehicles. To meet these requirements,snowmobilers would have to ride new, cleaner and quieter machines with four-stroke enginesinstead of the two-stroke engines common today. Two-stroke snowmobiles have engines

comparable in noise and emissions to law-mower motors. Four-stroke snowmobiles are quietenough that you can talk in their presence. Some prefer them to the snow coaches, whichalthough they reduce pollution by carrying multiple passengers, are incredibly noisy (ear plugs areprovided for passengers who ride in them). After seeing the new quieter snowmobiles, somePark Service employees are saying they can live with them. McAvoy, Leo H. and Daniel L. Dustin."Toward Environmental Eolithism." Environmental Ethics6(1984):161-66. We apply two contrasting principles of human workmanship, the principles ofdesign and eolithism, to the issue of responsible environmental stewardship. Both principles aredescribed and analyzed in an environmental context with an emphasis on the weaknesses of themore popular design principle and the strengths of the lesser known eolithic principle. Weconclude with a discussion of the principles' complementary potential for environmental planningand management. McAvoy is at the Division of Recreation, Park and Leisure Studies, Universityof Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Dustin is at the department of Recreation, San Diego StateUniversity, San Diego, CA. (EE)

McAvoy, Leo H. "Hardining National Parks." Environmental Ethics 2(1980):39-44. The "tragedy ofthe commons" argument developed by Garrett Hardin is applied to problems associated with theincreasing use of the national parks in the United States. The relevance of his argument to suchproblems is illustrated by a discussion of the proposals included in the recent Draft GeneralManagement Plan for Yosemite National Park. Implications for the future management of Yosemiteand other public recreation resources conclude the article. McAvoy is at the Division ofRecreation, Park and Leisure Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.McAvoy, Leo H., and Daniel L. Dustin. "The Decline and Fall of Quality Recreation Opportunitiesand Environments?" Environmental Ethics 4(1982):49-57. User satisfaction as the ultimate goalof recreation planning and management is contested by a discussion of human adaptability whichmakes it possible for people to adjust to a progressively lower quality of recreation opportunitieswithout loss of satisfaction. Recreation planning and management based on such satisfactionlevels are then shown to perpetuate a deterioration in the quality of recreation environmentsthemselves. To arrest this trend, a new goal for recreation planning and management is proposedbased on the equation of quality of opportunity with diversity of environmental settings. The articleconcludes with a discussion of this goal in light of the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS)concept developed recently by members of the United States Forest Service. McAvoy is at theDivision of Recreation, Park and Leisure Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Dustinis at the department of Recreation, San Diego University, San Diego, CA. (EE)

McAvoy, Leo H. and Dustin, Daniel L., "The Right to Risk in Wilderness," Journal of Forestry 79(no.3, 1981):150-152. Outdoor recreation opportunities ought to be expanded to include "no-rescue"wilderness areas in which users would bear sole responsibility for their personal welfare. Somewilderness enthusiasts want the challenge of being totally on their own, and they have this right. Agencies managing areas designated as full-risk would be absolved, indeed prohibited, fromintervening at any time on behalf of any recreationist in distress. With comment by J. Alan Wagar.

McBribe, Eileen. "Australia Takes Barriers Off World's Greatest Reef." The Christian ScienceMonitor, vol. 89, 8 Jan. 1997, pp. 10-11.

McBride, Eileen. "Island of Isolation." The Christian Science Monitor, vol. 89, 29 Jan. 1997, pp. 10-11.

McBride, Eileen. "Australia Defines Nature-Friendly Tours." The Christian Science Monitor 89.103(23 April 1997): 10.

McCabe, Robert A, ed., Leopold: Mentor, by His Graduate Students. Proceedings of an AldoLeopold Centennial Symposium held in Madison, Wisconsin, April 23-24, 1987. Madison, WI:

Department of Wildlife Ecology, UW-Madison, 1988. No ISBN number. $ 6.00 plus $ 1.50 shipping.(Pam Starr, Department of Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI53706). Recollections by about two dozen graduate students. (v9,#1)

McCabe, Robert A. Aldo Leopold: The Professor. Madison, WI: Rusty Rock Press, 1987. ISBN 0-910122-98-9 (Rusty Rock Press, Attn: Pam Starr, Department of Wildlife Ecology, University ofWisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706). $29.95 hardbound, plus $2.50 shipping. McCabe took up the professorial reins in the University of Wisconsin Department of Wildlife Ecologywhen Leopold died and remained in the department until he retired about 1986, and continued tohold an office there until his death about two years ago. McCabe has collected and hisrecollections about Leopold. Sections on Leopold's department, Leopold as a teacher, personaland professional interactions, the shack, Leopold as a scientist, commissioner, hunter, writer, andthe end of his life. (Thanks to Curt Meine.)

McCaffrey S., "Thinking of Wildfire as a Natural Hazard," Society and Natural Resources 17(no.6,July 2004):509-516(8). (v. 15, # 3)

McCaffrey S.M., "Fighting Fire with Education: What Is the Best Way to Reach Out toHomeowners?," Journal of Forestry 102(no.5, July/August 2004):12-19(8). (v. 15, # 3)

McCaffrey, Stephen C. "An Assessment of the Work of the International Law Commission", NaturalResources Journal 36(no.2, 1996):297. (v7,#4)

McCagney, Nancy, Religion and Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell's, 1999. 288 pages. Humans incommon need a healthy environment, and a cross-cultural dialogue about environmental values willfacilitate shared values and the re-evaluation of environmentally destructive practices. Scienceand religion must work together in mutual respect. McCagney is at the University of Delaware. (v.11,#1)

McCammon, Antony L. T. "Banking Responsibility and Liability for the Environment: What Are BanksDoing." Environmental Conservation 22, no.4 (1995): 297. (v7, #3)

McCarthy, Elaine, Yearley, Steven. "The Irish Environmental Protection Agency: The Early Years." Environmental Politics 4(Winter 1995):257. (v7,#2)

McCarthy, John, Noor, Yus Rusila. "Bird Hunting in Krangkeng, West Java: Linking Conservationand Development," The Journal of Environment and Development 5(no.1, 1996):87. (v8,#2)

McCarthy, L, "The brownfield dual land-use policy challenge: reducing barriers to privateredevelopment while connecting reuse to broader community goals," Land Use Policy 19(no.4,2002): 287-296.

McCarthy, Michael A., Lindenmayer, David B., Drechsler, Martin. "Extinction Debts and Risks Facedby Abundant Species," Conservation Biology 11(no.1, 1997):221. (v8,#2)

McCay, Bonnie J. and James M. Acheson, eds., The Question of the Commons: The Culture andEcology of Communal Resources. 439 pages, $ 14.95 paper. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press,1991. The problems that arise in using common resources. (v2,#4)

McClanahan, T. R., and Young, Truman P. East African Ecosystems and Their Conservation. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1996. 480pp. $70. Draws on the expertise of leading ecologists,each intimately familiar with a particular set of East African ecosystems, to provide an in-depth and

integrated account of the ecology, management, threats, and conservation of these diverseecosystems. Each chapter analyzes a given ecosystem type, taking the reader through the basicsof its ecology, its historical use (and misuse) by humans, and its prospects for conservation. (v8,#1)

McClelland, Linda Flint, Building the National Parks: Historic Landscape Design and Construction. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. 656 pages. $ 30, paper. (v.10,#3)

McClendon, Shannon K. and Martin V. Melosi, eds., Comparative Environmental Management in theAmericas: Social, Cultural and Legal Perspectives. Houston, TX: Institute for Public History, 1993. Contains Max Oelschlaeger, "Managing Planet Earth: Questions Concerning Expert Management,"pp. 100-128. (v5,#2)

McClintock, Jack, "Peter the Great," Discover, October 1999, pp. 80-87. Profile of Peter Raven,Missouri Botanical Gardens, one of the half dozen most effective conservationists in the world. (v.11,#1)

McCloskey, H. J. Ecological Ethics and Politics. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 7(1985):71-74.

McCloskey, H. J., Ecological Ethics and Politics. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield,1983. P. 167. This book attempts too much and ends up saying too little. Divided into three parts,it examines the scientific, ethical, and political dimensions of the environmental crisis. In Part I,McCloskey dismisses scientific predictions of ecological disaster because they are based onprojections--assumptions that present trends will continue unchanged. In Part II, McCloskeyargues for a human-based ethical theory, modelled on W. D. Ross, rather than for a new ecologicalor nonanthropological ethic. But the position seems a muddle, for he claims (p. 36) that nonhumannatural objects can have great intrinsic value. Later, he seems to confuse intrinsic withinstrumental value, for species that are ugly or harmful to man are denied the value necessary forprotection (p. 61). But if human use is the criterion for protection, then there are only prudentiallimits on mankind's use/destruction of the natural environment. Perhaps the best part of the bookis Part III, where McCloskey argues for international political solutions to the ecological crisis. Manyreaders, however, may find too sanguine his faith in Western liberalism. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

McCloskey, Michael. "Conservation Biologists Challenge Traditional Nature ProtectionOrganizations," Wild Earth 6(1996):67. (v8,#1)

McCloskey, Michael. "What the Wilderness Act Accomplished in Protection of Roadless AreasWithin the National Park System." Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation 10, no.2 (1995): 455.(v7, #3)

McClosky, Michael, "Local Communities and the Management of Public Forests," Ecology LawQuarterly 25(No.4, 1999):624-. (v.10,#2)

McCluskey, JJ; Rausser, GC, "Hazardous waste sites and housing appreciation rates", Journal ofEnvironmental Economics and Management 45(no.2, 2003):166-176.

McComas, LA; Shanahan, J; Butler, JS, "Environmental Content in Prime-Time Network TV'sNon-News Entertainment and Fictional Programs," Society and Natural Resources 14(no. 6,2001):533-542. (v.13,#1)

McConnell, W. J., "Madagascar: Emerald Isle or Paradise Lost?," Environment 44(no.8, 2002): 10-23. (v.13,#4)

McCormick, Bill. "SimEve Meets OncoMouse." Real WORLD (Spring 1997): 12-13. An entertainingreview of works by Donna Haraway (University of California at Santa Cruz), including her bookwith the unwieldly title (in cyber-jargon)Modest*Witness@Second*Millennium.FemaleMan*Meets*OncoMouse, and her video, DonnaHaraway Reads the National Geographics of Primates. After wading hip-deep in deconstructionjargon, which was inspired by Derrida and has been typified by square brackets, as in [eco]logic,whereby you can both use a word and deny it, we may now have to wade, up to our necks, inacademic cyber-jargon. Or, perhaps, you can avoid stepping in. Computer-generated signifiersused by Haraway include trademark, copyright, and other signs. So Nature becomes Nature,trademarked; Earth becomes SimEarth, sim for simulated. Haraway has been praised by WilliamCronin in Uncommon Ground and by Michael Zimmerman in Contesting Earth's Future. Although hesays he's torn between laughing and crying, McCormick, nevertheless, thinks that David Lehman'sindelible phrase describes Haraway's work: it "gives bullshit a bad name." (v8,#3)

McCormick, John .Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement (Bloomington: IndianaUniversity Press, 1989, and London: Belhaven Press). A history of environmentalism on a globalscale. $ 35.00. (v1,#2)

McCormick, William, "Antoine Roquetin and `The Adulterous Woman': Reading Sartre and Camuson Nature." Manuscript paper. Antoine Roquetin is the diarist in Nausea. Sartre thought of it ashis goal "to rescue the entire [human] species from animality." He looked in the mirror one day andfound out what he "had always known: I was horribly natural." "The Adulterous Woman" is oneof Camus' short stories revealing an attitude toward nature. In contrast with Sartre, Camus hadgreat respect for nature; he believed that "the earth is our common homeland," and "the body is ourcommon bond." Copies from the author: P. O. Box 1729, Charlottesville, VA 22902-1729. (v6,#4)

McCormick. Bill. "The Island of Dr. Haraway." Environmental Ethics 22(2000):409-418. DonnaHaraway's cyberfeminism has shown considerable appeal on an interdisciplinary level. Her basicpremise is that by the end of the twentieth century the boundary between humans and machineshas become increasingly porous, and, whether we acknowledge it or not, we are alreadycyborgs. She also posits this cyborg identity as an acceptable emblem for progressive politics. Idisagree, and cite such writers as Susan Bordo, Sharona Ben-Tov, and Jhan Hochman to highlightsome of the weaknesses of her position. I argue that we have had repeated warnings aboutimplications of yoking the human to the machine, and that Haraway's "promising monsters" areanything but promising. (EE)

McCoy, Earl D. "Advocacy as Part of Conservation Biology." Conservation Biology 10, no.3(1996): 919. (v7, #3)

McCullough, Dale, "North American Deer Ecology: Fifty Years Later." Pages 115-122 in Tanner,Thomas, ed., Aldo Leopold: The Man and His Legacy (Ankeny, Iowa: Soil Conservation Society ofAmerica, 1987). Includes the controversy over deer management on Angel Island in the SanFrancisco Bay. The state of California tried both relocating deer and birth control implants, underpressure from the San Francisco Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. 85% ofrelocated deer died withinin one year of relocation. The Society was unable to trap and implantenough females to prevent continued population growth. "The alternatives to shooting for controlof deer populations are expensive, ineffective, and not particularly humane." (p. 121). McCulloughteaches wildlife management at Berkeley.

McCullough, Dale R., ed. Metapopulations and Wildlife Conservation. Washington, D.C.: IslandPress, 1996. 432 pages. $55 cloth, $28 paper. Contributors describe what metapopulationthinking has been applied in specific situations and suggest the analysis required in given cases.

Case studies of an array of vertebrate species illustrate nuances of metapopulation theoryanalysis and its practical applications. (v7, #3)

McCullough, Edwin R. "Through the Eye of a Needle: The Earth's Hard Passage Back to Health." Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation 10, no.2 (1995): 389. (v7, #3)McCully, Patrick. Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams. Atlantic Highlands, NJ:Humanities Press, Zed Books, 1996. The history and politics of dam building world wide and whylarge dams have become the most controversial of technologies. The wide-ranging ecologicalimpacts of dams, the human consequences of these impacts, and the extensive technical, safetyand economic problems which afflict the technology are described through numerous casestudies. (v7,#1)

McCutcheon, Marc, The Beast in You: Activities and Questions to Explore Evolution. Charlotte, VT:Williamson Publishing Co., 1999. ISBN 1-885593-36-8. A book for kids, explaining the beast insidethem. "Look in a mirror. What do you see? (Besides one handsome kid!) Look closely. See abeast? No, of course not. Look again. See parts of a beast? Hmm. Smile. There's one! Hold upyour fingers. There's another! Wiggle your ears. There's another! Would you believe thatwhenever you are afraid or angry, an ancient beast springs into action? Yet it also lies quietly withyou when you sleep. Sometimes the beast is warm and fuzzy. But sometimes it is as ferociousas a lion. Who is this weird creature, and why can only remnants, or parts, of it be seen? Wheredid the beast come from in the first place? And why has most of it disappeared?

For kids. But it could provoke useful discussion in a college class on how far humans arebeasts, whether we are a part of or apart from nature, on nature and culture, and whether ourbeastliness is part of the problem or part of the solution. (v.13, #3)

McDaniel, Bruce A., "Economic and Social Foundations of Solar Energy," Environmental Ethics5(1983):155-168. Solar energy is supported as an expression of certain values--such asindividual freedom--and not as the satisfaction of economic preferences. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

McDaniel, Bruce A. "Economic and Social Foundations of Solar Energy." Environmental Ethics5(1983):155-68. Underlying solar energy development is a fundamental issue of values andindividual choices. Where solar energy comes to include such ideas as appropriate decentralizedtechnology, self-sufficiency and autonomy, and a responsibility to conserve and preserve theenvironment, solar energy can become a channel for exploring alternative values. The requirementhere is to view solar energy not as just another energy source maintaining an ever increasing flowof consumption goods. Rather, solar energy should be viewed as an opportunity for thedevelopment of values which expand individual choices through the creative process of thecommunity paradigm. McDaniel is at the Economics department, Marquette University, Milwaukee,WI. (EE)

McDaniel, J, "Spirituality and Sustainability," Conservation Biology 16(no.6, 2002): 1461-1464.

McDaniel, Jay B. Earth, Sky, Gods & Mortals: Developing an Ecological Spirituality. Reviewed inEnvironmental Ethics 13(1991):361-65.

McDaniel, Jay, ed., Liberating Life: Contemporary Approaches to Ecological Theology. Maryknoll,NY: Orbis Press, 1990. (v1,#2)

McDaniel, Jay, "Land Ethics, Animal Rights, and Process Theology." Process Studies 17 (1988):88-102. McDaniel is primarily concerned with demonstrating the relevance of environmentalphilosophy for Christian "creation consciousness"---the idea that humans should care for the worldas God's creation. He uses Whitehead's process theology to blend together the diverse

philosophical views of animal rights, Leopold's land ethic, Heidegger, and deep ecology. (Katz, Bibl# 2)McDaniel, Jay B. Earth, Sky, Gods and Mortals: Developing an Ecological Spirituality (Mystic, CT:Twenty-Third Publications, 1990). 214 pages. McDaniel weaves together various strands ofcontemporary theology for an ecological spirituality. Influenced by process theology, the authorsynthesizes core insights of feminism, liberation theology, creation theology, and world religions. Study questions and an annotated bibliography. This is a work of ecological theology more thanenvironmental ethics. Influenced by the process philosophy of Whitehead and contemporaryfeminist thought about ethics, McDaniel articulates one vision of an "ecological Christianity."McDaniel is professor of religion at Hendrix College, Conway, Arkansas, has served as chair ofMeadowcreek Project, and is a member of the Church and Society Working Committee of the WorldCouncil of Churches.(v1,#1)

McDaniel, Jay B., Living from the Center: Spirituality in an Age of Consumerism. St. Louis: ChalicePress, 2000. Ten healing alternatives to the temptations of consumerism, including: "The world isnot a global marketplace, but rather a gorgeous planet, filled with many creatures, each of whomis loved by God on its own terms and for its own sake, and each of whom contains God within. (v.13,#1)

McDaniel, Jay B., With Roots and Wings. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1995. 243 pages. $ 16.95,paper. Insights from the sciences, Christian theology, and interreligious dialogue break new groundin the search for wholistic spirituality. An alternative to consumerism and fundamentalism. Beopen to being rooted in the earth; be open to the insights of people of other faiths. Becomecentered on God. (v6,#4)

McDaniel, Jay, "Physical Matter as Creative and Sentient," Environmental Ethics 5(1983):291-317. A provocative blending of quantum physics and process philosophy (Whitehead) that asks us toconsider the value of "nonliving" physical matter. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

McDaniel, Jay B., Of God and Pelicans: A Theology of Reverence for Life. Louisville:Westminster/John Knox Press, 1989. Pp. 168. In this book McDaniel argues for a life-centered ethicwith a central concern for the ethical consideration of animals, rather than (as in Earth, Sky, Gods,and Mortals) an ecological vision. Influences of process thought and feminism infuse the argument. Develops from a process perspective a theological sensitivity for all living things, animal andhuman, especially those who suffer and are oppressed. (v1,#1) Reviewed in Environmental Ethics13(1991):361-65. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

McDaniel, Jay B., "Communion with Spirits and Ancestors," Ecotheology No 1 (July 1996):9-34.

McDaniel, Jay. "Christian Spirituality as Openness toward Fellow Creatures." Environmental Ethics8(1986):33-46. In developing theologies and spiritualities of ecology, Christians can learn from theNobel laureate Barbara McClintock and from process theology. That "feeling for the organism" ofwhich McClintock speaks can be understood within a process context as a distinctive mode ofspirituality. The feeling is an intuitive and sympathetic apprehension of another creature in a waywhich mirrors God's own way of perceiving. It involves feeling the other creature as a fellowsubject with intrinsic value. A subjective capacity of this sort is by no means sufficient for aspirituality of ecology, but by all means necessary. McDaniel is at the department of religion,Hendrix College, Conway, AR. (EE)

McDaniel, Jay. "Physical Matter as Creative and Sentient." Environmental Ethics 5(1983):291-317. With the emergence of quantum theory, the Newtonian idea that matter is inert, devoid of creativityand sentience, becomes questionable. Yet, physicists have by no means agreed upon an

alternative understanding that can replace the Newtonian paradigm. Henry Stapp and others arguethat Whitehead's thought provides a peculiarly appropriate framework for a new understandingof matter in light of quantum theory. The implications for a theology of ecology are manifold. Nolonger are matter and mind utterly discontinuous, nor is matter devoid of value until assigned valueby humans or by God. Even the divine reality is, in a certain sense, "material." This calls for a newsensitivity within Western religion, in which religion itself becomes openness to, and appreciationfor, physical matter. McDaniel is at the department of religion, Hendrix College, Conway, AR. (EE)

McDonagh, Sean, "Resolving the Third World Debt Crisis: A Crucial Challenge for Ecojustice,"Ecotheology No 5/6 (Jul 98 / Jan 99):95-113.

McDonagh, Sean, To Care for the Earth: A Call to a New Theology. Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Co.,1986. 215 pp.

McDonagh, Sean. The Greening of the Church. London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1990. (v8,#2) Also:Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1990.

McDonagh, Sean. Passion for the Earth: The Christian Vocation to Promote Justice, Peace and theIntegrity of Creation. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1997. 163pp. $14 paper. An analysis of how theworld's economic system poisons the Earth and disrupts justice, peace, and the integrity ofcreation. (v8,#1)

McDonald, Bryan "Considering the Nature of Wilderness: Reflections on Roderick Nash's`Wilderness and the American Mind'" Organization and Environment 14 (No. 2, June 2001) pp.188-201. This piece considers both Nash's work and the continued relevance and impact of his ideas.The objective way Nash describes wilderness as a pristine place through much of his work hasbecome increasingly problematic as scholars consider the ways in which humans construct andreconstruct different and often contradictory conceptualizations of nature. Although Nash's workdoes not definitively explore the concept of wilderness and its modern significance, it does providea foundational consideration of the way Americans have interacted with the concept of a realitynot modified by human industry, culture or technology. MacDonald is a doctoral student at theSchool of Social Ecology, University of California at Irvine. (v.13,#2)

McDonald, David. "City Limits," Alternatives 23(no.2, 1997):28. New public-private partnershipsfor improving cities may not meet UN Habitat Conference expectations. (v8,#2)

McDonald, Hugh P. "Dewey's Naturalism." In the recent literature of environmental ethics, certaincriticisms of pragmatism in general and Dewey in particular have been made, specifically, thatcertain features of pragmatism make it unsuitable as an environmental ethic. Eric Katz asserts thatpragmatism is an inherently anthropocentric and subjective philosophy. Bob Pepperman Taylorargues that Dewey's naturalism in particular is anthropocentric in that it concentrates on humannature. I challenge both of these views in the context of Dewey's naturalism. I discuss hisnaturalism, his critique of subjectivity, his naturalization of intrinsic value, and his holistic treatmentof justification. Environmmental Ethics 24(2002):189-208. (EE)

McDonald, Hugh P., John Dewey and Environmental Philosophy. Albany, NY: State University ofNew York Press, 2004. Major figures in contemporary environmental ethics compared, contrastedwith a detailed analysis of John Dewey's ethics, his theory of intrinsic value, and his holisticapproach to moral justification. Arguing against the idea that Dewey's philosophy isanthropocentric, McDonald claims that using Dewey's philosophy will result in a superiorframework for environmental ethics. McDonald is in philosophy at New York City College ofTechnology (CUNY).

McDonough, William, and Braungart, Michael, "The Next Industrial Revolution," The Atlantic Monthly,October 1998, pages 82-92. Since UNCED at Rio de Janeiro, the business buzzword has been"eco-efficiency." "Eco-efficiency is an outwardly admirable and certainly well-intended concept,but, unfortunately, it is not a strategy for success over the long term, because it does not reachdeep enough. It works within the same system that caused the problem in the first place, slowingit down with moral proscriptions and punitive demands. It presents little more than an illusion ofchange. Relying on eco-efficiency to save the environment will in fact achieve the opposite--it willlet industry finish off everything quietly, persistently, and completely" (p. 83). The authors proposeinstead "eco-effectiveness." "Our concept of eco-effectiveness leads to human industry that isregenerative rather than depletive. It involves the design of things that celebrate interdependencewith other living systems. From an industrial-design perspective, it means products that workwithin cradle-to-cradle life cycles rather than cradle-to-grave ones" (p. 88). (v.9,#4)

McDowell, James B., Rethinking Man and Nature: Eco-feminism, Taoism and the Human CharacterIdeal, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September 1990.

McDuff, Mallory D. "Public Outreach and Conservation Scientists." Conservation Biology: TheJournal of the Society for Conservation Biology 13(No. 4, August 1999):695- . (v10,#4)

McEachern, M. G., and Schroder, M. J. A., "The Role of Livestock Production Ethics in ConsumerValues Towards Meat," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 15(no. 2, 2002):221-237, (JAEE)

McElroy, Michael B., Nielsen, Chris P., and Lydon, Peter, eds., Energizing China: ReconcilingEnvironmental Protection and Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Committee onEnvironment, distributed by Harvard University Press, 1998. Studies of Phase I of the HarvardUniversity Committee on Environment China Project (1995-1998). $ 25, paper. 719 pages.Nineteen contributors. Examples:--Alford, William P., and Shen, Yuanyuan, "Limits of the Law in Addressing China's EnvironmentalDilemma"--Panayotou, Theodore, "The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Environmental Policy in China"--Weller, Robert P., and Bol, Peter K., "From Heaven-and-Earth: Chinese Concepts of theEnvironment and Their Influence on Policy Implementation"--Wu, Baozhong, He, Kebin, Fan Yuansheng, and Shao, Weijun, "The Status and Trend of China'sPolicies on Climate Change" (v.10,#2)

McElroy, Susan Chernak, Animals as Guides for the Soul. New York: Ballantine Books (RandomHouse), 1998. (v.10,#3)

McElroy, Susan Chernak, Animals as Teachers and Healers. New York: Ballantine Books (RandomHouse), 1996, 1997. A New York Times bestseller. McElroy lives on a farm in Wyoming. (v.10,#3)McEwen, F. L. and Milligan, L. P., Discussion Note on "An Analysis of the Canadian Research andDevelopment System for Agriculture/Food", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics5(1992):107-109.

McFague, Sallie. Super, Natural Christians: How We Should Love Nature. Minneapolis: AugsburgFortress, 1997. 200pp. $15 paper. Reorienting our religious sensitivities from the "supernatural" tothe "super, natural" can help us "see these earth others as we see the human others--as madein the imago dei--and therefore as both subjects in themselves and as intimations of God." McFague teaches theology at Vanderbilt Divinity School. (v8,#1)

McFague, Sally, The Body of God: An Ecological Theology. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1993. Most accounts of religion and science address only issues pertaining to epistemology and methodor offer a simple theology of the stewardship of nature. McFague wants to link the whole scientificworldview with questions of social justice, the environment, and Christian doctrines. She wantsan organic model and constructs something like a liberation theology of nature. She shifts fromperson-centered to cosmos-centered theology. Seeing the universe as God's body impels us intoan ethic of care. This is a model of God specifically for the sake of the Earth. McFague teachestheology at Vanderbilt Divinity School. Her 1987 Models of God received the American Academyof Religion's Award for Excellence. (v4,#1)

McGaa, Ed, Eagle Man, Mother Earth Spirituality: Native American Paths to Healing Ourselves andOur World. 230 pages. $ 14.95. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1990. A Sioux Indian with alaw degree from the University of South Dakota, also a Marine Corps veteran of over 100 combatmissions in Viet Nam, argues that "a reversal of world values, a spiritual concept of the earth asGod-created and sacred, is in order before we two-leggeds can be environmentally effective ona global basis." (v2,#4)

McGarigal, K; Romme, WH; Crist, M; Roworth, E; "Cumulative effects of roads and logging onlandscape structure in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado (USA)," Landscape Ecology 16( no. 4,2001):327-349. (v.13,#1)

McGee, Glenn, "The Relevance of Foucault to Whiteheadian Environmental Ethics." EnvironmentalEthics 16(1994):419-424. Although he devotes little explicit analysis to ethics, Whitehead'sunderstanding of the human moral life immerses both human moral agency and environmentalethics in the natural world, judging good actions in the context of complex and interdependenthistories of value present in societies of what he calls actual occasions. In this sense,Whiteheadian environmental ethics draws on the most interesting features of Michel Foucault'sgenealogies of values that suffuse institutions. Nevertheless, a Whiteheadian notion ofenvironmental ethics exceeds Foucault's work in that Whitehead acknowledges the possibility ofresponsible human values and actions with regard to the environment. McGee is with the Dept. ofPhilosophy, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA. (EE)

McGee, Glenn, "Consumers, Land, and Food: In Search of Food Ethics" in Alessandro Bonanno,ed., The Agricultural and Food Sector in the New Global Era. New Delhi: Concept Publications,1993. McGee is with the Dept. of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Dartmouth,MA. (v5,#2)

McGinley, PC, "From Pick and Shovel to Mountaintop Removal: Environmental Injustice in theAppalachian Coalfields," Environmental Law 34(no.1, 2004):21-106. (v. 15, # 3)

McGinn, Thomas, "Ecology and Ethics," IPQ: International Philosophical Quarterly 14(1974):149-160. "Developed countries have an obligation to restore a disturbed balance of nature. If man mustrespect nature as he respects his own body, a new emphasis on cooperation with naturalprocesses must replace disruptive exploitation. But economic and technological developmentlooked at on a world scale raises the different problem of distributive justice. ... The ethics ofecology joined to the ethics of distributive justice furnish the necessary guidelines for this planning. Any further destruction of the balance of nature is an attack on man and as such can becondemned on humanistic moral grounds." McGinn has taught at Makere University in Uganda.

McGinn, Thomas, "Ecology and Ethics," IPQ: International Philosophical Quarterly 14(1974):149-160. Humanism and anti-humanism in the ecological context. The relation of instinct and reason in valuejudgments. The objectivity of value. The relationship of whole and part in the ecological system. The relation of ends and means in ecological systems. Technological development and moral

responsibility. "If man must respect nature as he respects his own body, a new emphasis oncooperation with natural processes must replace disruptive exploitation" (p. 159). McGinn is withthe Christophers and has taught at Makerere University in Uganda.

McGinnis, Michael Vincent, "Deep Ecology and the Foundations of Restoration," Inquiry 39(no. 2,June, 1996):203-217. "Throughout the globe, degraded ecosystems are in desperate need ofrestoration. Restoration is based on world-view and the human relationship with the natural world,our place, and the landscape. The question is, can society and its institutions shift fromdevelopment and use of natural resources to ecological restoration of the natural world withouta change in world-view? Some world-views lead to more destructive human behavior than others. Following Naess's ecosophical comparison of the deep and shallow ecology movements, thisessay depicts the relationships between restorationists and the natural world. Contrast the anti-restoration position of Katz/Elliot. In deep ecological restoration we can develop a realization thatour community is part of the self-producing character of all life. In deep ecological restoration, wefind one important medium for the institutionalization, politicalization, and transpersonalization of adeeper understanding of what it means to be human being with nature." McGinnis is with theCenter for Bioregional Conflict Resolution, Goleta, CA. (v8,#3)

McGinnis, Michael V. "Myth, Nature, and the Bureaucratic Experience." Environmental Ethics16(1994):425-436. From the "deep" ecological perspective, there is a dualism between anecocentric and an anthropocentric perspective, and this dualism is reflected in the ideal of thebureaucratic experience. The bureaucrat lives by the myth of the human ability to control nature.An eco-myth is evolving that can offer one means of transcending the dominant bureaucraticmythic experience. This eco-myth moves toward a positive and sensitive human relationship withnatureCa collective experience that values nature on its own terms and not as standing reserve.This position is no less mythic than the one it is replacing, but it is a better myth, because, beingnon-dualist, it offers the prospect of a political society in harmony with nature. McGinnis is with theCenter for Bioregional Studies, Goleta, CA. (EE)

McGinnis, Michael V., "Collective Bads: The Case of Low-level Radioactive Waste Compacts,"Natural Resource Journal 34, no. 3 (July 1994). (v6,#1)

McGinnis, Michael V., "On the Verge of Collapse: The Columbia River System, Wild Salmon and theNorthwest Power Planning Council," Natural Resources Journal 35(1995):63-92. The ColumbiaRiver Basin contains several species of endangered fish and wildlife. The Northwest PowerPlanning Council has attempted to restore salmon. The stakeholders are presumed to share valuesabout the landscape, their sense of place in it, their relationship to nature, and to share faith in theability of science and technology to restore ecosystems. Cooperation requires a high level ofecocentrism, principles of reverence, respect, humility, responsibility, care and respect--essentiallyan ethic of the environment. Nevertheless, the biological collapse of the salmon is at risk. But thereis some hope. McGinnis is at the Center for Bioregional Studies and Conflict Resolution, Goleta, CA. (v.10,#1)

McGinnis, Michael V., "On the Verge of Collapse: The Columbia River System, Wild Salmon and theNorthwest Power Planning Council," Natural Resource Journal 35, no. 1. (v6,#1)

McGinnis, Michael V., "The Politics of Restoring Versus Restocking Wild Salmon in the ColumbiaRiver," Restoration Ecology 2 (no. 3, 1994):149-155 (v6,#1)

McGlone, John J., " What is Animal Welfare?", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics6(1993), Supplement. A theoretical framework is developed to distinguish between acceptable andunacceptable welfare. To use this model, we can first consider a hypothetical environment thatmeets all known needs. If we then impose a graded stressor and take measures we could initially

detect only behavioural changes. The animal would still be in a state of well-being. As theenvironment changes further, the animal makes major, measurable behavioural and physiologicaladjustments. Still, these changes are in the range of normal homeokinetic adjustment, and arecharacteristic of a response to stress. Well-being is maintained, with some effort, but the animal,although not comfortable, maintains an acceptable level of well-being. These types of physiologicaland behavioural adjustments would also be observed among wild counterparts of the domesticspecies in a natural setting. Next, the animal reaches a state of environmental stress in which itwould suffer health and reproductive problems if it remained in this state for a prolonged period. Even though the animal could live in this state for a long time, its well-being is lowered. The finalstate is a severe, acute challenge that results in death in a short time. Of course, everyone wouldagree the animal's welfare is poor in this final state. The question of where to draw the linebetween normal and poor welfare is critical. Because feeling a little poorly is much like feelinghungry (something we all normally experience from time to time), this cannot be the critical measureof well-being. Rather, only when animals reach a prepathological state (Moberg, 1985) can wesay welfare is poor. Two examples are included to support the model: pain-inducedimmunosuppression and immunosuppression associated with depression. McGlone is in theDepartments of Animal Science & Cell Biology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas79409-2141.

McGowan, Christopher, The Raptor and the Lamb: Predators and Prey in the Living World. NewYork: Henry Holt, 1997. 235 pages. $ 25. Predation is one of the fundamental forces driving theeconomy of life on Earth, and humans are fascinated by it. Studying predation offers a way tounderstand dynamic relations among species and to see the adaptations made in response to adangerous world. McGowan is in zoology at the University of Toronto. (v8,#3)

McGrath, Alister, The Reenchantment of Nature: The Denial of Religion and the Ecologic Crisis. New York: Doubleday, 2002. Contrary to Lynn White and to the cultured despisers of religion, itis not Christianity that is the cause of the environmental crisis, but the Enlightenment secularizingof nature and exalting of human autonomy. Belief in the Christian God brings with it a profoundsense of human limits with regard to nature and a thoroughgoing respect for and wonder at nature,a reenchantment of nature for which many, especially exponents of the Romantic tradition asWordsworth and Thoreau, have long been searching. McGrath devotes much less time to the anti-nature elements within Christianity, or to the ambiguous understandings of nature as being bothgood and fallen. McGrath is professor of historical theology, Wycliffe Hall, Oxford.

McGrath, SW, "Review of: Susan Fenimore Cooper. Rochelle Johnson and Daniel Patterson, eds.Essays on Nature and Landscape", Environmental History 9 (no.1, 2004): 153.

McGregor, Liz, "Kruger's thriving elephant herds face a new cull," The Observer (U.K.),International Magazine, Sunday August 31, 2003. More than 3,000 elephants in Kruger NationalPark in South Africa face culling. There are 11,000 elephants in the park and they are reproducingin this protected and benign environment at about 1,000 per year. Elephants reproduce about onceevery four years between the ages of 14 and 45. They are good parents and infant mortality isnegligible, and they live for up to 70 years. They are eating up the park, say officials. Contraception methods have failed. (v.14, #4)

McGregor, Robert Kuhn, A Wider View of the Universe: Henry Thoreau's Study of Nature. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1997. Using Thoreau's unabridged journals and fieldnotes, McGregor analyzes Thoreau's efforts to understand and form a comprehensive view ofnature as a spiritual whole in which all species are interdependent. (v9,#2)

McGregor, Robert Kuhn, "Deriving a Biocentric History: Evidence from the Journal of Henry DavidThoreau." Environmental Review 12 (1988): 117-126. An argument for a "biocentric" history tobroaden our understanding of human-nature interactions. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

McGrew, William C.; Marchant, Linda F.; and Nishida, Toshisada, eds. Great Ape Societies. NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 350 pages. $64.95 cloth, $24.95 paper. Comprehensiveup-to-date syntheses of work on chimpanzees, baboons, gorillas, and orangutans, drawing ondecades of international field work, zoo and laboratory studies. (v7, #3)

McGurty, Eileen Maura. "From NIMBY to Civil Rights: The Origins of the Environmental JusticeMovement," Environmental History 2(no.3, 1997):301. (v8,#3)

McHenry, MG, "The Worst of Times: A Tale of Two Fishes in the Klamath Basin", EnvironmentalLaw 33 (no.4, 2003): 1019-1058.

McHenry, T, "Review of: Theodore Binnema, Common and Contested Ground: A Human andEnvironmental History of the Northwestern Plains," Environmental History 7(no.4, 2002): 698.

McInnis, Noel, and Don Albrecht, ed., What Makes Education Environmental? Washington, DC:Environmental Educators, Inc., and Louisville, KY: Data Courier, Inc., 1975. Two dozen articles. The authors are both freelance authors, based in Wisconsin. (v6,#2)

McIntosh, Alastair, Soil and Soul: People versus Corporate Power. London: Aurum Press, 2001. A radical politics of place, with much attention to the Hebrides of Scotland. Earth, or soil in ametaphorical sense, and people, or metaphorically, soul. The interrelationships between naturalecology, social community, and the human spirit. Engagement with soil and soil transforms into avision of freedom and social justice. A radical liberation theology, rediscovering both the presenceof God in nature and the neglected femininity of divine wisdom. Two successful campaigns atcommunity empowerment: land reform on the Isle of Eigg and in the new Scottish Parliament. Howthe people of the Isle of Harris resisted their mountain being turned into the gravel pit of Europe bya multinational road-stone company. The world can be reconstituted; we can all assumeresponsibility for our lives and for the planet. A call to "make beauty blossom anew out ofdesecration". (v.13,#4)

McIntosh, Alastair, "The Emperor has no Clothes ... Let us Paint our Loincloths Rainbow: AClassical and Feminist Critique of Contemporary Science Policy," Environmental Values 5(1996):3-30. The British government's White Paper on science together with government research councilreports are used as a basis for critiquing current science policy and its intensifying orientation,British and worldwide, towards industrial and military development. The critique draws particularlyon Plato and Bacon as yardsticks to address who science is for, what values it honours andwhere current policy departs from imperatives of socio-ecological justice. Metaphors of theEmperor's New Clothes and incremental spectral shift in attitude help illuminate both the problemsand ways forward. The paper calls for a re-integration of classical perspectives with addedinsights, often ecofeminist, from philosophy, poetics and a theology of reverence. Predication onthe values of love, interconnectedness and orientation towards children's all-round developmentshould be central to curricular reform. Consistent with the views of Plato, the original founder ofthe Academy, the utilitarian role of science ought to be balanced with a contemplative role ofscience as the art of knowing ourselves in relation to nature. Only with such a holistic academicapproach can it adequately rise to providing a pedagogy of authentic human development, serviceto the poor and remedies, rather than contribution, to the ongoing destruction of nature. KEYWORDS: Philosophy of science, ecophilosophy, ecofeminism, ecotheology, human ecology,geopoetics, reverence, deep ecology, environmental education, science policy, Plato, Bacon. (EV)

McIntosh, Alastair. Review of Dieter Steiner and Markus Nauser. Fragments of Anti-fragmentaryViews of the World: (London: Routledge, 1993). (EV)

McIntosh, Alistair, "The Case for God: Carbeth Hutters' Feudal Defence against Eviction,"Ecotheology No 8 (Jan 2000):86-110.

McIntosh, Robert P., The Background of Ecology: Concept and Theory. NY: Cambridge UniversityPress. Ecology cannot change the dominant humans-nature paradigm. (v4,#1)

McIntyre, Krista K. "RCRA: Circuits Conflict on Private-Party Cost Recovery." Natural Resourcesand Environment 10(no. 3, Winter 1996):58. (v7,#1)

McIntyre, Rick, A Society of Wolves: National Parks and the Battle over the Wolf. Stillwater, MN:Voyageur Press, 1993. (v7,#1)

McKay, Christopher P. and Robert H. Haynes, "Should We Implant Life on Mars?" ScientificAmerican, December 1990. "Traditional theories of value are based on two ingrained habits ofhuman thought: anthropocentrism and geocentrism. Principles of ethics have been formulatedprimarily to guide and govern the relations among people here on Earth. The scope of ethicaltheory has recently been expanded, however, to encompass all forms of nonhuman life,ecosystems and even inanimate structures, such as rocks, landforms and barren planets. Thisradical environmental ethic includes the idea that Earth's rich and diverse biota is inherently good. Thus, the biosphere as we know it is by definition what these theories assert ought to be." Turning to the solar system, "ecopoiesis" is "the fabrication of a self-sustaining ecosystem on alifeless planet." "Clearly, ecopoiesis raises philosophical issues that can be resolved only byadopting a cosmocentric theory of intrinsic values." "If and only if no potentially viable forms of lifeare found should we attempt to introduce emigrant species from Earth." McKay is a researchscientist with NASA in California and Haynes is distinguished research professor of biology atYork University, Toronto. NASA has just launched an eight-year "Search for ExtraterrestrialIntelligence--Microwave Observing Project (SETI-MOP)" that will scan 10 billion times more searchspace than the sum of all previous searches. (v1,#4)

McKay, Christopher P., "Does Mars Have Rights: An Approach to the Environmental Ethics ofPlanetary Engineering." In Don MacNiven, ed., Moral Expertise: Studies in Practical and ProfessionalEthics (London: Routledge, 1990). See under Haynes, Robert H.

Mckeand, Steve, Svensson, Jan. "Sustainable Management of Genetic Resources," Journal ofForestry 95(no.3, 1997):4. (v8,#2)

McKenny, Gerald P., To Relieve the Human Condition: Bioethics, Technology, and the Body. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1998. In contrast to the utopian quest of medicinefor perfect health, with the human body brought under our choices and desires, McKenny arguesthat the task of bioethics is to explore the moral significance of the body as it is expressed in thediscourse and practice of moral and religious traditions. McKenny is in religious studies at RiceUniversity. (v8,#3)

McKibben, Bill, The Age of Missing Information. New York: Random House, 1992. 261 pages. $20.50. McKibben conducted an experiment. On May 3, 1990 he had the entire output of the UnitedStates' largest cable TV system taped, almost 100 channels. McKibben analyzed the films,programs, news, commercials to discover the nature of electronic media and how it reduces thesort of information we receive. This analysis is compared with the information presented to himon an overnight stay in the Adirondack Mountains. The ecological crisis is grounded in an inability

to relate to the natural world, and this is compounded by the media. What habits of mind and bodydo TV ads and jingles help produce? Sloppy habits, where we cease to be mindful of how we areconnected to a finite Earth. McKibben (like Gore) analyzes this as, at depth, a spiritual problem.(v3,#4)

McKibben, Bill, The End of Nature. Now released in paperback, Anchor, 1990, $ 9.95. (v1,#4)

McKibben, Bill, Maybe One: A Personal and Environmental Argument for Single-Child Families. NewYork: Simon and Schuster, 1998. 240 pages. Summarized in "The Case for Single-Child Families,"Christian Century, May 13, 1998, vol. 115, pp. 498-504. A sensitive study of the pros and consof having one child instead of two, or three, with saving the environment in mind. In some sensesthis can seem concerned and selfless, though from other perspectives, one has to take seriouslythose who think having no children, or one, is selfish, since such parents often wish to do moreself-fulfilling things with themselves than to bother with children. "My hope is not to settle thisquestion for anyone else; it truly isn't my business what you chose to do. All I want to do is toopen the debate, to remove `population' from the category of abstraction and make it the very realconsideration of how many children you or I decide to bear. No single decision any of us will makewill mean as much to our own lives or to the life of the planet."

"The beginning of Genesis contains the fateful command ... to `be fruitful and multiply, andfill the earth.' That this was the first commandment gave it special priority. And it was biological,too, a command that echoed what our genes already shouted. But there is something else uniqueabout it--it is the first commandment we have fulfilled. ... We can check this commandment off thelist. ... But when you check something off a list, you don't throw the list away. You look furtherdown the list and see what comes next. ... Feed the hungry, clothe the naked, comfort theoppressed, love your neighbor as yourself; heal the earth." McKibben, author of The End ofNature, is Sunday School superintendent at a Methodist Church in upstate New York. He and hiswife have one child.

McKibben, Bill, The End of Nature. New York: Random House, 1989. Pp. ix, 226. Originally alengthy magazine article for The New Yorker, this is a highly readable and significant merging ofscientific, religious, philosophical, and political thought concerning the environmental crisis. McKibben begins with the scientific fact that humanity has altered the atmosphere, and thus theclimate of the earth. Nothing, therefore, exists in the world untouched by human technology; theidea of a pure, unspoiled nature, existing somehow apart from human civilization, is an impossiblecontradiction. McKibben explores the meaning of this end of nature, particularly for religious andphilosophical conceptions of humanity. The end of the book involves a tour through two opposingphilosophical visions, continued domination of nature and resistance to human-centeredness. Asa work of journalism, this book has no documentation---there are no footnotes despite manyreferences to other books and thinkers. Nonetheless, it is a poignant and moving introduction tothe problems of environmental philosophy. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

McKibben, Bill, The Comforting Whirlwind: God, Job, and the Scale of Creation. Grand Rapids, MI:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1994. Paper, $ 8.99. McKibben, author of The End of Nature, hereundertakes an environmentalist reading of the book of Job. (v5,#4)

McKibben, Bill, "Climate Change and the Unraveling of Creation," Christian Century 116 (no. 34, Dec.8, 1999):1196-1199. "In the past 30 years we have systematically and even more rapidlydestroyed this planet's inventory of life. ... In the case of the struggle to save and preserve theenvironment--God's creation--the church's leadership is absolutely mandatory." McKibben is theauthor of The End of Nature and Maybe One, recently reissued by Penguin. (v10,#4)

McKibben, Bill, "Creation Unplugged," Religion and Values in Public Life, vol. 4, no. 2/3,Winter/Spring 1996. The Center for the Study of Values in Public Life at Harvard Divinity School.

A supplement to the Harvard Divinity Bulletin, vol 25, no. 2/3, 1996. "If we are not to wreck God'screation, then there are certain things we simply must not do--we simply must not continueconsuming as we are now. And there are certain thing we must do--we must share our bountywith the rest of the world, finding somewhere a middle ground so they don't follow our path toconsumer development" (p. 20). McKibben is the author of The End of Nature and Hope, Humanand Wild: True Stories of Living Gently on the Earth; and lives in the Adirondacks. (v7,#2)

McKibben, Bill, Hope, Human and Wild. Little, Brown, 1995. $ 22.95. After The End of Nature,McKibben now finds hope for our beleaguered Earth. Hope begins when he notices the remarkable recovery of forest and wildlife in the Adirondacks around his home, even though thearea had been a barren, overlogged wasteland only a hundred years ago. This sent him on aquest for other signs of hope, found as far off as Brazil and India. (v6,#4)

McKibben, Bill, Enough: Staying Human in an Engineered Age. New York: Times Books (HenryHolt), 2003. First the "end of nature," and next "the end of humans." An assessment from thefrontiers of bioscience and robotics of how these developments are both rapidly maturing andveering inexorably out of control. McKibben applauds genetic engineering when linked withtherapy, for in this case we do not tamper with the fundamental genetic materials passed to futuregenerations in the germline. But genetic engineering is likely also to be used to enhance height,intelligence, athletic ability, or just about any trait imaginable. Parents will choose the genes thatshape their children's future; a child will become a pianist because that's what his parents choosefor him, not because he chose it. If we can reshape our bodies to overcome any setbacks weencounter, life is meaningless because you can never know how you would really feel, if yourbody were not pumping designer proteins. This starts us on the road to leaving human naturebehind, engineering ourselves into a "posthumanity." The genetic engineering and nanotechnologyfuture crosses the line beyond "enough" into the zone of "way too much." There is a spiritualboundary, "the enough point."

McKibben, Bill. "More Thoughts on Common Ground with Conservatives." Wild Earth 6, no.1(1996): 7. (v7, #3)

McKibben, Bill. Maybe One: A Personal and Environmental Argument for Single-Child Families. Areview by G. WUNDERLICH, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1999):158-162. (JAEE)

McKinley, Jr., James C., "With Help, Sea Turtles Rally to Escape Oblivion," New York Times,October 14, 2004, A1, A12. Olive ridley sea turtles are recovering in Mexico, although the other sixspecies of sea turtles are not doing well. Hundreds of thousands of ridley sea turtles now comeashore in Mexico to nest, recovering since the 1980's, with this year's landing one of the largestin recent memory. But the turtles and their nests have to be guarded at gunpoint against poachers,who kill the turtles and sell the eggs as a delicacy in Mexican markets. (v.14, #4)

Mckinney, William J. and H. Hamner Hill. "Of Sustainability and Precaution: The Logical,Epistemological, and Moral Problems of the Precautionary Principle and Their Implications forSustainable Development." Ethics and the Environment 5(2000):77-88. ABSTRACT: Front theconvening of the Brundtland Commission in 1983 to the United Nations Conference on Environmentand Development and bc vojid. sustainable development has been one o *the core issues facingenvironmental ethicists and policy makers. The challenge facing both policy makers and ethicistshas been to ascertain the proper formulation and implementation of sustainable developmentpractices either within the present global market economy or within a new, more ecological, parThis analysis, however, takes a slightly different tack. (E&E)

McKinney, M. L., "Why Larger Nations Have Disproportionate Threat Rates: Area IncreasesEndemism and Human Population Size," Biodiversity and Conservation 11(no.8, 2002): 1317-25. (v.13,#4)

McKinney, Matthew J., "Dispute Resolution Courses in Natural Resource Schools: Status andNeeds for the Future," Renewable Resources Journal, Summer 1993. Much of the problem inenvironmental conflict is structural, as well as differences on issues. Few opportunities exist forthe interests affected by proposed actions to participate directly in the decisionmaking process. What's going on, and what might be better, at 46 natural resources schools in the training ofnatural resource professionals entering this arena. McKinney has taught a dispute resolutionscourse at the University of Montana, and is director of the Montana Consensus Council. (v6,#2)

McKinney, Matthew J., "Designing a Dispute Resolution System for Water Policy and Management,"Negotiation Journal, April 1992. McKinney has recently been named the director of the MontanaOffice of Public Policy Dispute Resolution. He completed his M.A. in environmental ethics atColorado State University and a Ph.D. in natural resources at the University of Michigan. (v4,#3)

McKinney, ML, "Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation," Bioscience 52(no.10, 2002): 883-890.McKnight, Bill M., ed., Biological Pollution: The Control and Impact of Invasive Exotic Species. Indianapolis: Indiana Academy of Science, 1993. (1102 North Butler Avenue, Indianapolis, IN46219). (v4,#4)

McLaughlin, A., "Is Science Successful? An Ecological View." Philosophical Inquiry 6, no. 1 (Winter1984): 39-46. McLaughlin uses the metaphor of an organism as part of a net to show why webelieve science to be successful and why at the same time it is not--i.e., why it is leading into anecological crisis (see also McLaughlin's article in Environmental Ethics 7 [Winter 1985). (Katz, Bibl# 1)

McLaughlin, Andrew, "Marxism and the Mastery of Nature: An Ecological Critique," in Roger S.Gottlieb, ed., Radical Philosophy: Tradition, Counter-Tradition, Politics (Philadelphia: TempleUniversity Press, 1993) Within the Marxist tradition, industrialism and the domination of nature havelargely been endorsed as a potentially progressive expansion of human power and the avenuetoward the historical realization of human freedom. But any dialectical project that acknowledgesthe embeddedness of humanity within nature should be skeptical of the project of the dominationof nature. The Marxist project of domination is incompatible with a dialectical understanding ofsociety and nature. McLaughlin is a philosopher at Lehman college in the Bronx, New York. (v5,#1)

McLaughlin, Andrew, Regarding Nature: Industrialism and Deep Ecology. Albany, NY: StateUniversity of New York Press, 1993. Deep ecology explained and demystified for a generalreadership by drawing out areas of continuity and discontinuity between deep ecology andprogressive political thought. The fundamental assumptions of the ideologies within which we findourselves caught--capitalism, socialism, anthropocentrism, egocentrism. McLaughlin is professorof philosophy, Herbert H. Lehman College, City University of New York. (v4,#1)

McLaughlin, Andrew, "Images and Ethics of Nature," Environmental Ethics 7(1985):293-320. Thisis a further development of a paper on science and ecology. Here McLaughlin discusses the waydifferent world-views construct an image of nature, and consequently, an ethics of nature. Science is merely instrumental, and so nature is not respected. But alternative views of nature,primarily the image of an interconnected web, can be derived from ecological principles andBuddhism. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

McLaughlin, Andrew, "Ecology, Capitalism, and Socialism." Socialism and Democracy(Spring/Summer 1990): 69-102. Excellent overview of the failures of both capitalism and socialism(in its current forms) to deal with ecological problems. Capitalism fails for three fundamentalreasons: the dynamics of markets, the discounting of the future, and the requirement ofnon-sustainable growth. Centralized socialism fails because "bureaucratic rationality" is unable"to achieve an ecologically adequate society" (p. 91), primarily because of inadequate knowledgeof the manipulation of environments. A socialism tied to bioregions, democratic and decentralized,is the best possible solution. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

McLaughlin, Andrew, Regarding Nature: Industrialism and Deep Ecology. Reviewed by HolmesRolston, III, Ethics 105(1994):201-202.

McLaughlin, Andrew, "Ecology, Capitalism, and Socialism" Socialism and DemocracySpring/Summer 1990. There are theoretical and practical difficulties matching capitalism with anecologically sound human society or with adequate respect for nature. Socialism has morepromise theoretically, but existing socialist societies are often no better in practice than capitalistones. The centralized Soviet bureaucracy is a major problem. Bioregional (green) socialism couldbe an answer. Useful survey of the Soviet debate about nature preserves. (v1,#2)

McLaughlin, Andrew. "Ethical Intuitions and Environmental Ethics." Environmental Ethics5(1983):283-84.

McLaughlin, Andrew. "Images and Ethics of Nature." Environmental Ethics 7(1985):293-319. Science generates an image of nature as devoid of meaning or value, and this image makes morallimits on the human manipulation of nature appear irrational. In part this results from the particularkind of abstraction that constitutes scientific activity. For both epistemological and practicalreasons this abstraction should not be taken as the only reality of nature. Such mis-takingbecomes increasingly likely--and dangerous--as science and technology are used in theconstruction of the world within which we experience nature and ourselves. Three alternativeimages of nature are discussed to indicate other possibilities. Imaging nature as an interconnectednetwork, a view rooted in both ecology and Buddhism, is a more comprehensive and adequatefoundation for conceptualizing the practical and ethical dimensions of humanity's relation withnature. McLaughlin is in the philosophy department, Lehman College, City University of New York,Bronx, NY. (EE)

McLaughlin, Andrew. Regarding Nature: Industrialism and Deep Ecology: (Albany: State Universityof New York Press, 1993). Reviewed by Richard Gault in Environmental Values 4(1995):79-81. (EV)

McLaughlin, Andrew. Review of The Whale and the Reactor. By Langdon Winner. EnvironmentalEthics 9(1987):377-80.

Mclean, J. and Straede, S., "Conservation, Relocation, and the Paradigms of Park and PeopleManagement? A Case Study of Padampur Villages and the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal,"Society and Natural Resources 16(no. 6, 2003): 509-526.

McLean, Daniel; Jensen, Ryan, "Community Leaders and the Urban Forest: A Model of Knowledgeand Understanding," Society and Natural Resources 17(no.7, August 2004):589-598(10). (v. 15,# 3)

McLean, Douglas, and Peter G. Brown, eds., Energy and the Future. Totowa, New Jersey:Rowan and Littlefield, 1983. Pp. 206. This is a collection of essays written under the auspices of

the Center for Philosophy and Public Policy, University of Maryland. It is interdisciplinary; the mainphilosophical interest lies in the arguments regarding ethical obligations to future generations. Several perspectives are proposed: In two separate papers, Brian Barry, "Intergenerational Justicein Energy Policy," (pp. 15-30), and Talbot Page, "Intergenerational Justice as Opportunity," (pp. 38-58), argue that justice demands the preservation, not of resources, but of opportunities for the useof resources and the creation of the good life. David A. J. Richards, "Contractarian Theory,Intergenerational Justice, and Energy Policy" (pp.131-150), attempts to use the idea of Rawls'"original position" as a model for intergenerational justice. Hillel Steiner, "The Rights of FutureGenerations," (pp. 151-165), attacks the notion that nonexisting entities can have rights now anduses this critique to undermine the currently fashionable Lockean/Nozick view of property rightsregarding natural resources. Douglas MacLean, "A Moral Requirement for Energy Policies," (pp.180-197) argues that concern for the future is a moral value promoting the good life--it is not acontingent concern of human interest or preference. But the central essay in this collection isDerek Parfit's "Energy Policy and the Further Future: The Identity Problem" (pp. 166-179). I considerthis essay, along with Parfit's "Future Generations: Further Problems," Philosophy and PublicAffairs 11 (1982): 113-172, to be the most important theoretical work in the ethics of futuregenerations. Parfit's problem is simple: any policy we contemporary people adopt will change theidentities of the people who actually exist in the future: thus, our obligations regarding the futurecannot be directed at future people. Nevertheless, Parfit still wants to claim that it is better for usto create a good world for the future. But for whom is it better? Not the people who exist becauseof the policy, and not the people who would have existed if we had adopted a different policy. Parfit's position amounts to this principle: "It is bad if those who live are worse off than those whomight have lived." (p. 75). But he admits that this principle is, at present, unjustified. No argumentconcerning the obligations to future generations can avoid Parfit's paradox; but a solution to it willlikely lead to a redrawing of the map of ethical principles (see pp. 176-178, "Theoretical Footnote"). (Parfit's work has produced a vast bibliography in its own right, and I do not list any of theseworks here. See, e.g., Ethics 96, no. 4 [1986], a Symposium on Derek Parfit's Reasons andPersons [Oxford University Press, 1984].)

McLean, George F., ed. Man and Nature. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 3(1981):177-80.

McLean, Ian F. G. "The Role of Legislation in Conserving Europe's Threatened Species." Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society of Conservation Biology 13(No. 5, Oct. 1999):966- . (v10,#4)

McLean, Samantha. Review of Brian Tokar (Ed.), "Redesigning Life? The Worldwide Challenge toGenetic Engineering", Organization and Environment 14 (No. 4, December 2001) pp.474-77. McLean is a PhD student working on sustainable agriculture issues in the School of Social Ecologyand Lifelong Learning at the University of Western Sydney, Australia. (v.13,#2)

McLean, Samantha. Review of Vandana Shiva, "Stolen Harvest: The Hijacking of the Global FoodSupply", Organization and Environment, 15, (No. 2, 2002): 212-14. Samantha McLean is a PhDcandidate at the School of Social Ecology and Lifelong Learning, University of Western Sydney,Australia. (v.13, #3)

McLuhan, T. C. The Way of the Earth. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994. 570 pages. Hardcover, $ 30.00. Six diverse cultures that show how different spiritual traditions world-widehave valued, perceived, and understood the earth. Extensive art and literature from AboriginalAustralia, Greece, Africa, South America, and Native North America, with the intent of displayingunderlying unities in the belief systems and wisdom of the peoples of the world. (v7, #3)

McMakin, AH; Malone, EL; Lundgren, RE, "Motivating Residents to Conserve Energy WithoutFinancial Incentives," Environment and Behavior 34(no.6, 2002): 848-863.

McMichael, Anthony J., Planetary Overload: Global Change and the Health of the Human Species. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 352 pages. An analysis of the ways in whichglobal change is affecting human health adversely. (v6,#2)

McMichael, Tony, Human Frontiers, Environments and Disease: Past Patterns, Uncertain Futures. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Epidemiology and environments, past andfuture. The dilemma is that stressed environments promote disease epidemics. Most of the worldlives at a level of privation Westerners would not accept, beyond the reach of the very resourcesWesterners cannot live without. The worsening dilemma is that to the extent that Westernerssupport their development in, and extension of their prosperity to, the rest of the world, they sowthe seeds of everyone's destruction. There may already be too many people in the world tosupport universal living standards at a level Westerners consider minimal. There isn't enough land,enough water, or enough resources. In a zero sum game, reality trumps altruism; the price ofcomfort for some being the misery of others, including their epidemic diseases, which may alsobecome ours. (v.13,#1)

McMillion, Scott, "Cattle-killing Wolf Pack in for Shock," Bozeman Daily Chronicle (5/18/00): A1. Yellowstone wolves being trained to avoid cattle. Members of the Sheep Mountain wolf pack, oneof about a dozen packs of restored wolves in Yellowstone area, are being captured, placed in apen, and fitted with shock collars that will activate whenever they get within two meters of a calfplaced in the pen with them. The pack has been killing cattle for several years and past attemptsto modify their behavior (by killing members known to have eaten cattle) have failed. The plan isto train the wolves for several months so they realize "that livestock aren't prey items" and thenrelease them back into their home territory. The hope is that these wolves will learn to avoidlivestock and will teach their offspring to do the same. Ed Bangs, the leader of the wolf-restorationeffort in the region, thinks "the only alternative is to shoot them all." But then a new pack wouldprobably take over the territory that includes both private and public grazing land bordering the Parkand they too would probably begin to prey on cattle. (v.11, #2)

McMillion, Scott, "Cherry Creek Poisoning Plan OK'd," Bozeman Daily Chronicle (7/24/98): 3. Poisoning three species of trout to assist an endangered trout. In order to provide habitat for Westslope cutthroat trout, the Gallatin National Forest in Montana plans to remove brook, rainbow, andYellowstone cutthroat trout from Cherry Lake in the Lee Metcalf Wilderness by poisoning the lakeand its tributaries. The West slope cutthroats are candidates for listing under the EndangeredSpecies Act. Because a waterfall kept any fish from reaching upstream on their own, the drainagewas barren of trout until people introduced the fish earlier this century. Thus none of thesespecies of fish are "native to this habitat," though one might argue that 50 to 80 years is sufficientfor the introduced fish to become "naturalized." Ironically, about 100 miles away, National ParkService officials are trying to protect the Yellowstone cutthroat by killing Midwestern lake trout, aspecies that was introduced into Yellowstone Lake. (v.9,#3)

McMullen, A, "Peatlands and environmental change," Land Use Policy 19(no.4, 2002): 336-337.

McMurtry, John. Review of Vivek Pinto, Gandhi's Vision and Values: The Moral Quest for Changein Indian Agriculture, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1999):243-246. (JAEE)

McNairn, Heather E. and Mitchell, Bruce, "Locus of Control and Farmer Orientation: Effects onConservation Adoption", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 5(1992):87-102. Farmersin a southwestern Ontario watershed were surveyed to determine factors influencing theirattitudes towards adoption of soil conservation practices. The majority of farmers in thewatershed were internally motivated which indicates they believe that their own actions determinetheir successes and failures. Most respondents were also environmentally oriented. McNairn is

in land resource science at the University of Guelph, Ontario. Mitchell is in geography at theUniversity of Waterloo, Ontario.

McNally, Mary. "Indian Reservations, Solid Waste and Development: Some Difficult Choices." Environments 23, no.3 (1996): 1. (v7, #3)

McNally, Ruth and Peter Wheale, "Biopatenting and Biodiversity: Comparative Advantages in theNew Global Order," The Ecologist 26 (no. 5, Sept.-Oct, 1996):222-228. Over the last twodecades, the biosciences industry has been stretching the interpretation of patent law in order toattain intellectual property rights over genetically engineered living organisms. Such patent rights,coupled with moves to gain exclusive access to the biodiversity of the South, are leading to a newglobal order. Opposition to such "biotechnological imperialism" is gaining in momentum. McNally isin human sciences at Brunel University. Wheale is with the University of Surrey's EuropeanManagement School. (v9,#1)

McNally, Ruth, Wheale, Peter. "Biopatenting and Biodiversity: Comparative Advantages in the NewGlobal Order", The Ecologist 26(no.5, 1996):222. Genetic engineering has enabled novel speciesof plants, animals, and micro-organisms to be created as genes from totally unrelated species,which cannot breed with each other so are spliced together. To reap financial gain, thebiotechnology industry has, over the past two decades, pushed for patent law to cover its"inventions". Patent rights over living organisms, combined with the industry's efforts to gainexclusive access to the world's biodiversity, are exacerbating the commodification andindustrialized use of species. Opposition to this "biotechnological imperialism" is gaining momentum. (v7,#4)

McNamara, Kenneth J., eds., Evolutionary Trends (Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 1990). 368 pages, paper $ 24.95 (v2,#1)

McNamee, Kevin, "Undermining Wilderness," Alternatives 25(no. 4, Fall 1999):24- . The Canadianmining industry is abandoning its support for a national network of protected areas. (v.11,#1)

McNamee, Kevin. "Accelerating and Enhancing Our Efforts to Protect National Heritage",Environments 24(no. 1, 1996):35.

McNeeley, Jeffrey A., et al., eds., Global Strategy on Invasive Alien Species. Covelo, CA: IslandPress, 2001.

McNeeley, Jeffrey A. and Keeton, William S., "The Interaction between Biological and CulturalDiversity," in von Droste, Bernd, Plachter, Harald, and RÖssler, Mechtild, eds., Cultural Landscapesof Universal Value: Components of a Global Strategy. Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer, 1995, incooperation with UNESCO. (v8,#3)

McNeeley, Jeffrey A., Kenton R. Miller, W. V. Reid, R. A. Mittermeier, T. B. Werner, Conserving theWorld's Biological Diversity. 1990. Available for $ US 18.00, including postage, from IUCNPublications, 1196 Gland, Switzerland; World Resources Institute, P. O. Box 4852 Hamden Station,Baltimore, MD 21211; or World Bank Publications, P. O. Box 7247-8619, Philadelphia, PA 19170-8619. (v1,#3)

McNeely, Jeffrey A., "The Convention On Biological Diversity: A Solid Foundation For EffectiveAction," Environmental Conservation 26 (No. 4, Dec 01 1999): 250- . (v.11,#2)

McNeely, Jeffrey A., Rojas, Martha, Martinet, Caroline. "The Convention on Biological Diversity:Promise and Frustration," The Journal of Environment and Development 4, no. 2 (Summer 1995):33- . (v6,#4)

McNeil, Jr., Donald G., "The Great Ape Massacre," New York Times Magazine, May 9, 1999,Section 6, pages 54-57. The bushmeat crisis in Africa.

Further information: On 19 February 1999, 34 experts, representing 28 differentorganizations and agencies, assembled at the offices of the American Zoo and AquariumAssociation (AZA) in Silver Spring, Maryland in a consensus statement expressed alarm at thecommercial bushmeat crisis in Africa and its impact on threatened and endangered species,particularly great apes. The bushmeat trade is having dire consequences, not only for wildlife, butalso for people in Africa and throughout the world. If current unsustainable rates of exploitationcontinue, the commercial bushmeat trade will decimate, if not eliminate, some endangered species,such as great apes, forest elephants, and other fauna upon which the health of forest ecosystemsdepend. It may have already caused the extinction of Miss Waldron's red colobus monkey, whichformerly existed in the forested zones of Ivory Coast and Ghana. The African great apes--chimpanzees, gorillas, and bonobos--are at particular risk. This illegal trade is destroying free-ranging populations of chimpanzees just when their protection in the wild is being recognized asimportant for understanding how to control the spread of HIV and other emerging infectiousdiseases in humans. Moreover, the killing and dressing of chimpanzee meat in the bush maypresent a human health risk for those engaged in this trade and is a potential point of entry for newdiseases into the global human population.

African governments are called to take full responsibility for enforcing existing laws andmaintaining vigilance against corruption, and until policy makers put the value of protecting wildlifeahead of immediate financial gain, there will be no way to stem the loss of Africa's irreplaceablebiological heritage, including our closest living relatives, the great apes. Logging companies, miningfirms, and other extractive industries bear a significant responsibility for the growth of theunregulated commercial bushmeat trade. They must ensure that illegal hunting of threatened andendangered species is prohibited in their concessions and minimize their impact on wildlife byproviding alternative sources of food for their employees. They should also do all they can tocontribute to equitable, transparent, and lasting solutions. Contact: Michael Hutchins, Director,Conservation and Science, American Zoo and Aquarium Association, 8403 Colesville Road, SilverSpring, MD 20910-3314. MHutchins@aza.org (301) 562-0777, ext. 240. Fax: (301) 562-0888.

McNulty, SG; Aber, JD, "US National Climate Change Assessment on Forest Ecosystems: AnIntroduction," Bioscience 51(no, 9, 2001):720-722. (v.13,#1)

McNutt, John, Boggs, Lesley P. Running Wild: Dispelling the Myths of the African Wild Dog.Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997. 150 pp. $45. Uncovering extraordinary newfacts about the life and habits of the African wild dog, the authors argue for its importance as an"indicator species" in one of the world's most ecologically significant wetlands. They documentthe hunting behavior, play rituals, and natural history of the Mombo pack in the heart of Botswana'sOkavango Delta. (v8,#3)

McPhail, Robyn, "Living on the Land: Ecotheology in Rural New Zealand," Ecotheology Vol 6 (Jul01/Jan 02):138-151. chirmac@voyager.co.nz Do we, in the churches in New Zealand, have anecotheology? The presenter draws on experience in rural church and community, noting changessince the mid twentieth century and exploring issues of theory versus practice and secular versusreligious. Some anecdotal evidence for incipient ecotheology is offered, with reference toperceptions of relationship with the land, and popular theology in Bible texts and hymns. The aimis to counter claims that New Zealand agriculture is devoid of ecotheological foundation, but alsoto affirm the positive in actual thought and practice of rural people and raise questions about whatis still missing. Case studies - sustainable logging, the dairy mega-merger and genetic modification

- set the scene for a gospel commission for Church and academy to spread our ecotheologicalvision. The presentation culminates with the point and purpose of all faith and practice - indeed thecrown of creation itself - the sabbath.

McPhee, Euan, "Developing a Theological Basis for a Land Ethic," Ecotheology No 1 (July 1996):43-52.

McQueery, Margaret, and Gavrish, Tetyana, eds., Nuclear Legacy: Students of Two Atomic Cities. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press, 2000. Articles authored by students of the Tri-Cities area in thestate of Washington, near the Hanford nuclear research facility, which produced plutonium, andSlavutych, Ukraine, near Chornobyl, who share a common inheritance--coming of age in a nuclearcommunity. (v.13,#2)

McQuillan, Alan G., "Is National Forest Planning Incompatible with a Land Ethic?" Journal ofForestry, May 1990. "The forestry profession has not developed an acceptable methodology forallocating forest land among often mutually exclusive uses." "The question about which lands aresuitable for timber production is not one that the profession is well-prepared to answer." TheForest Service "determines what lands to allocate to timber harvest on the basis of whether theyare needed to meet timber production targets established for each forest rather than on the basisof the forest lands' inherent productive potential. These targets may be passed down to the forestlevel or on the basis of local timber production goals set to meet the needs of existing or projectedmilling capacity in or near each national forest. Either way, by allowing output targets to drive theland allocation process, Forest Service planners can avoid the more difficult question of whetherroad building and timber harvesting represent the highest and best use of any particular groundin the forest." "It is hardly surprising that the agency tends toward schizophrenia." McQuillan isdirector of the Wilderness Institute, University of Montana, Missoula. (v1,#4)

McQuillan, Alan G., "Cabbages and Kings: The Ethics and Aesthetics of New Forestry." Environmental Values Vol.2 No.3(1993):191-222. ABSTRACT: The advent of new forestry in theUnited States represents a traumatic shift in the philosophy of national forestry praxis, abroadening of values to include aesthetics and sustainability of natural ecological process. Theethics of traditional forestry are shown to be `Stoic utilitarian' and positivist, while the ethics ofnew forestry adhere closely to the `land ethic' of Aldo Leopold. Aesthetics in traditional forestryare shown to be modernist, and to have developed from, and in opposition to a Romantic aestheticof the late nineteenth century. This transition is traced from the first U.S. landscape architect,Frederick Law Olmsted Sr., to the first U.S.-born forester, Gifford Pinchot. The language andprecepts of new forestry are shown to parallel those of postmodernism, and the possibility of abroadened aesthetics of forestry, developed through postmodernist criticism, is outlined. Thelanguage of gardening is used as a model of forestry praxis, with traditional forestry adhering tothe principles of vegetable gardening, while new forestry offers an opportunity to flesh out anentire spectrum of gardening genres. KEYWORDS: Environmental ethics, aesthetics, forestry,forest policy, postmodernism. School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812,USA.

McQuillan, Alan G. "Passion and Instrumentality: Further Thoughts on the Callicott-Norton Debate."Environmental Ethics 20(1998):317-24. Although J. Baird Callicott and Bryan G. Norton define theword intrinsic quite differently, both are against any "essentialist" position which posits "anobjectivist theory of value in nature." Viewed in this context, their differences emerge in terms ofinstrumentality and anthropocentrism. While a nonanthropocentrist position is tenable, it cannot bedivorced from the centrality of human passion and desire. From the Humean perspective, assumedby both authors, however, desire does not reduce to instrumental value alone. As a result,Callicott's position emerges as the stronger argument: that the moral consideration of nature

requires more than instrumental value, no matter how broadly instrumentality is construed. MacQuillan is in the School of Forestry, University of Montana. (EE)

McQuillan Alan G., and Preston, Ashley L., eds., Globally and Locally: Seeking a Middle Path toSustainable Development. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1998. (v.9,#3)

McQuillan, Alan G., "Is National Forest Planning Incompatible with a Land Ethic?" Journal of Forestry88 (no. 5, May 1990):31-37. "Can forest planning adhere in principle to Leopold's land ethic andjuggle multiple uses in practice?" "The question about which lands are suitable for timberproduction is not one that the professional is well-prepared to answer." "It is hardly surprising thatthe agency [U. S. Forest Service] tends toward schizophrenia." McQuillan is director of theWilderness Institute and a professor at the University of Montana, Missoula. (v2,#1)

McShane, Katie, The Nature of Value: Environmentalist Challenges to Moral Theories, Ph.D. thesis,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 2002. Environmentalists have argued that contemporary ethicaltheories have overly strict rules about what kinds of things can be intrinsically valuable. Theserules make it impossible for many of the things that environmentalists care deeply about to beconsidered bearers of intrinsic value--things which are not rational, sentient, or in some cases,even alive. In this dissertation I consider possible responses to this environmentalist criticism fromwithin mainstream ethical theories. Using the value of ecosystems as a test case, I analyze whatfeatures a thing must have, and why, in order to be a (potential) possessor of intrinsic value oneach of three ethical theories: wellbeing-based, Moorean, and rational attitude accounts. Ultimately, I argue that while a place can be made for the intrinsic value of ecosystems on all threetheories, rational attitude accounts do the best job of accommodating environmentalist concernswithout incurring other significant theoretical costs. McShane is in philosophy at North CarolinaState University, but this year a visiting professor at the Center for Ethics and the Professions atthe Kennedy School, Harvard University. Her committee was: Elizabeth Anderson (chair), StephenDarwall, P. J. Ivanhoe, John Vandermeer (Biology).

McShane, Katie. "Ecosystem Health." Environmental Ethics 26(2004):227-245. On mostunderstandings of what an ecosystem is, it is a kind of thing that can be literally, not justmetaphorically, healthy or unhealthy. Health is best understood as a kind of well-being; a thing'shealth is a matter of retaining those structures and functions that are good for it. While it is trueboth that what's good for an ecosystem depends on how we define the system and that how wedefine the system depends on our interests, these facts do not force us to the conclusion that anecosystem has no good of its own. Ecosystems and persons can have goods of their own in spiteof the fact that the schemes we use to categorize them are matters that we decide upon. (EE)

McShane,TO, "The Devil in the Detail of Biodiversity Conservation", Conservation Biology 17(no.1,2003):1-3.

McWhorter, Ladelle, ed., Heidegger and the Earth: Issues in Environmental Philosophy. Six essays. Samples: "Heidegger and Ecology," "The Strange Uncanniness of Human Being on Earth; "Meetingand Place." McWhorter is professor of philosophy at the University of Richmond, Virginia. (v3,#4)

Meadowcroft, James. Review of David Pepper. Eco-socialism: From Deep Ecology to SocialJustice: (London: Routledge, 1993). (EV)

Meadows, Donella, The Global Citizen (Corvelo, CA: Island Press, 1991). 300 pages. $ 24.95 cloth,$ 14.95 paper. By the co-author of Limits to Growth. Meadows teaches at Dartmouth College.(v2,#2)

Meadows, Donella, "Chicken Little, Cassandra, and the Real Wolf: So Many Ways to Think aboutthe Future," Wild Earth 9 (No. 4, Wint 1999): 24- . (v.11,#2)

Meadows, Donella H., Dennis L. Meadows, and Jorgen Randers, Beyond the Limits: ConfrontingGlobal Collapse, Envisioning a Sustainable Future. Post Mills, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Co.,1992. 300 pp. $ 19.95. A sequel to the 1972 book, The Limits to Growth (which sold 9 millioncopies in 29 languages). The ruling metaphor in the book is "overshoot," which occurs whenexcessive growth pushes a system beyond its limits. (v3,#2)

Meagher, Laura, Teaching Children about Global Awareness. Crossroad/Continuum, 1991. 144pages. Practical ideas to help children live responsibly in an interdependent world. (v2,#3)

Mealey, Stephen P., "Ethical Hunting: Updating an Old Heritage for America's Hunting and WildlifeConservation Future." Keynote address at the Foundation for North American Wild SheepConference, San Antonio, Texas, February 18, 1994. "I believe killing wildlife, as part of hunting,is acceptable only when it is the true and artful climax of the hunting ritual, practiced as thetimeless art of self-sustenance, with reconnection to, and participation in, the natural process of`life unto life only through death.' Full appreciation of this most fundamental and bittersweetprocess comes with full participation, and full participation through the hunt cannot occur withoutexperiencing, first-hand, the kill." Mealy is Forest Supervisor of Boise National Forest. Copies onrequest Stephen P. Mealey, Boise National Forest, 1750 Front Street, Boise, ID 83702. (v5,#1)

Meaton, Julia, Morrice, David, "The Ethics and Politics of Private Automobile Use,"EnvironmentalEthics 18(1996):39-54. Despite growing awareness of its various problems, private automobile useis still seen as an inviolable individual freedom. We consider the ethical arguments for and againstprivate automobile use with particular reference to John Stuart Mill's theory of freedom. There ismuch evidence to show that private automobile use is an other-regarding harmful activity that is,therefore, on Mill's terms, liable to public control. Although it cannot be an entirely self-regardingactivity, we consider private automobile use in this category and argue that even on Mill's termsit can properly be subjected to extensive control. We also challenge Mill's theory and argue thatprivate automobile use lacks adequate moral justification. We then consider the policy implicationsof this ethical argument and review some of the policy options available. We conclude that althoughan immediate total ban on private automobile use is justifiable, it is inadvisable at this time and thatmore limited, but effective control should be implemented in preparation for a total ban. Meaton isin geographical and environmental sciences, Huddersfield University, Yorkshire, UK. Morrice is insocial sciences, Staffordshire University, UK. (EE)

Meatyard, B., "Review of: C. D. Preston and D. Pearman, New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)," Biological Conservation 114(no. 1, 2003): 154-155.Meatyard, B., "Review of: Groombridge, Brian, Et Al, World Atlas of Biodiversity: Earth's LivingResources in the 21st Century (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002)," BiologicalConservation 114(no. 2, 2003): 305-306.

Mech, L. David, "The Challenge and Opportunity of Recovering Wolf Populations," ConservationBiology 9 (1995): 270-78. There is an expanding opportunity for wolf recovery, but, because ofthe wolf's mobility, fertility, and long life, there are few places where wolves can be reintroducedwithout control, which means trapping and killing problem wolves. Those who favor wolvestypically favor government rather than public control, but if control were allowed by the public(ranchers, landowners, hunters), this could be more effective and cheaper, more acceptable tothose for whom wolves create problems, and allow wolves to live in far more places. Mech is theforemost wolf biologist in the world, with the National Biological Service, Laurel, MD, USA. (v6,#2)

Medeiros, Paul Joseph, Juxtaposing Aldo Leopold and Martin Heidegger: Interpretation, Time, andthe Environment. Ph.D. thesis, Duke University. May, 2000. The concepts of authentic time,inauthentic time, and everyday time, articulated by Martin Heidegger in the 1924 lecture "TheConcept of Time" and in Being and Time, are used to disclose American environmentalism as atradition calling for a temporal modification of everyday life through engaged contact with the wild. The essays of conservationist Aldo Leopold, forerunner of contemporary environmental ethics,are chosen as representative of a tradition that includes Emerson, Thoreau, and Muir. The threemain themes intrinsic to Leopold's essays--that our historical roots in the wild yield cultural values,that the whole of nature can be perceived as a community, and that we ought to respect and carefor the land (the famous "land ethic")--are interpreted in terms of Heidegger's concepts of theauthentic past, present, and future, respectively.

Issues of interpretation, specifically the linguistic and metaphysical obstacles to ourunderstanding of Heidegger and the problem of a philosophical representation appropriate toLeopold and the American environmental tradition in general, are a major concern of thedissertation. These problems are unraveled by virtue of the dissertation's hermeneutical structure:Part I presents the evolution of the three themes in Leopold's essays leading up to their explicitformulation in A Sand County Almanac, Part II is a tripartite analysis of Heidegger's translatedworks from the 1966 Der Spiegel interview back to "The Concept of Time" guided by Leopold'sthemes, and Part III reinterprets Leopold's environmental philosophy, including the land ethic, in lightof the results of Part II i.e., Heidegger's phenomenological conception of past, present, and future. The dissertation concludes that the possibility of authentically interpreting both Leopold andHeidegger in this circular manner is grounded in their common heritage in German Romanticism. Principal advisors were Alasdair MacIntyre and Gregory Cooper. (v.11,#1)

Medina, Ada, "The artist on process and ethics," Ethics and the Environment 8 (no. 1, 2003):3-21. Interview with Ada Medina. The conceptual and material processes behind her work. Art andphilosophy, politics, nature, aesthetics, and her own creative practices. Art as "negotiating anin-between space, a threshold of contingency and flux, where oppositions permeate each other." Work in environmental ethics and ecophilosophy also aims to engage liminal spaces, includingnature/culture, thought/action, and self/other. In art and philosophy, the most interesting andinnovative work does not stop at describing such dualisms, and does not aim to transcend them. Instead, it directs attention to the complexity and relation within any seeming opposition. Why thatproject is compelling and important. Medina is an artist, Santa Fe, NM. (E&E)

Meeker, Joseph W., The Comedy of Survival: In Search of an Environmental Ethic. Los Angeles,CA: International College, Guild of Tutors Press, 1980.

Meeker, Joseph W., Minding the Earth: Thinly Disguised Essays on Human Ecology. Alameda CA:Latham Foundation Publications, 1988. 110 pages. $ 8.95 paper.

Meeker, Joseph W., The Comedy of Survival: Studies in Literary Ecology. New York: Scribner,1974.

Meeker, Joseph W. Minding the Earth: Thinly Disguised Essays on Human Ecology. Alameda, CA:The Latham Foundation, 1988. (v6,#3)

Meeker, Joseph W., Review of: Theodore Rozak: The Voice of the Earth, Environmental Ethics16(1994):111.

Meeker, Joseph W., The Spheres of Life: An Introduction to World Ecology. New York: Scribner,1975.

Meeks, M. Douglas, God the Economist. Minneapolis: Fortress Books, 1989. 257 pages. NorthAmericans live by the logic of the market. Value is determined by exchange in the marketplace. Everything becomes a commodity to be used and depleted, hoarded or cast away. When personsare valued for their exchange in the marketplace, insecurity and competitiveness result. Insteadof loving one another, sharing with one another, nurturing the well-being of one another, wecompete with one another, use one another, and discard one another. These are the perils ofriches. Meanwhile, forty million people die every year from poverty's perils, the lack of food,shelter, health, education, and hope. (v8,#3)

Meeks, M. Douglas. God the Economist: The Doctrine of God and Political Economy. Minneapolis:Fortress Press, 1989.

Meffe, G. K., L. A. Nelson, R. L. Knight, and D. A. Shenborn, Ecosystem Management: Adaptive,Community-Based Conservation. Washington, DC: Island Press, 3003. (v. 15, # 3)

Meffe, Gary K. and C. Ronald Carroll, Principles of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: SinauerAssociates, forthcoming 1994. With 55 contributors, many doing chapters, many doing short boxessays. For upperclass use, in contrast to the preceding which is for introductory use. J. BairdCallicott writes chapter 2, "Philosophy and Ethics of Conservation." Some short essays: SusanBratton, "Monks, Temples, and Trees: the Spirit of Biodiversity"; Roderick Nash, "DiscoveringRadical Environmentalism in Our Own Cultural Backyard: From Natural Rights to the Right ofNature"; Holmes Rolston, "Duties to Endangered Species," David Orr, "Liberalizing the Liberal Arts:From Domination to Design"; Phil Pister, "Agency Multiple-Use Conflicts"; Frederick Ferré, "The Post-modern World"; Eric Katz, "A New Vision: Humans and the Value of Nature." Meffe is at theSavannah River Ecology Laboratory in South Carolina; Carroll is at the University of Georgia inecology. (v4,#2)

Meffe, Gary K., and C. Ronald Carroll, eds., Principles of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA:Sinauer Associates, Inc., 1994. 600 pages. Hardcover. Twelve major chapter authors, in additionto the two editor authors, and over 50 authors of selected short essays. What is conservationbiology, populations, genetics, ecosystems, reserve designs, biodiversity, restoration, political andsocial issues, sustainable development, risk assessment, the future. For the chapter onconservation ethics and values, see the Callicott entry below. This and Richard B. Primack,Essentials of Conservation Biology (also by Sinauer), see Newsletter, Fall 1993) are the twoleading texts in the field. (v5,#2)

Meffee, Gary K., and C. Ronald Carroll, Principles of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA:Sinauer Associates, 1994. 575 pages. $ 46.95. With chapter contributions by various authors. The chapter on "Conservation Values and Ethics" is by J. Baird Callicott, with box essays byHolmes Rolston on "Duties to Endangered Species" by Susan P. Bratton on "Monks, Temples, andTrees: The Spirit of Diversity," and by Roderick Frazier Nash, "An American Perspective:Discovering Radical Environmentalism in our Own Cultural Backyard--From Natural Rights to theRights of Nature." By a team of authors. Other sample chapters: James A. MacMahon and WilliamR. Jordan, III, "Ecological Restoration"; Gordan H. Orians, "Global Biodiversity: Patterns andProcesses"; Norman Myers, "Global Biodiversity: Losses"; Gary S. Hartshorn, "SustainableDevelopment Case Studies." Eighteen chapters in all. Meffee is at the University of GeorgiaSavannah River Ecology Laboratory and Carroll is at the Institute of Ecology at the University ofGeorgia. (v5,#1)

Meffee, Gary K., and C. Ronald Carroll, and contributors, Principles of Conservation Biology, 2nded. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer and Associates, 1997. 729 pages. 155 pages longer than the firstedition in 1994, with more focus on ecosystem management, also with a chapter on becoming moreeffective in the policy press. More on the marine environment. Two dozen new box essays. The

chapter on "Conservation Values and Ethics" continues by J. Baird Callicott. Box essays byHolmes Rolston, III, "Our Duties to Endangered Species"; Susan P. Bratton, "Monks, Temples, andTrees: The Spirit of Diversity"; Roderick Frazier Nash, "Discovering Radical Environmentalism in OurOwn Cultural Backyard: From Natural Rights to the Rights of Nature." Meffee is the incoming editorof Conservation Biology. Carroll is at the Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia. (v8,#2)

Meffert, Lisa Marie, "How Speciation Experiments Relate to Conservation Biology," Bioscience 49(No. 9, 1999 Sep 01): 701- . The assumption of captive breeding strategies--that founder eventsreduce genetic variation--may not always be correct. (v.11,#4)

Mehalik, M. M., "Technical and Design Tools: The Integration of ISO 14001, Life Cycle Development,Environmental Design and Cost Accounting." In ISO 14001 Case Studies and Practical Experience,ed. Ruth Hillary. London: Greenleaf Publishing, 2000. (v.11,#2)

Mehalik, Matthew Marc, "Sustainable Network Design: A Commercial Fabric Case Study."Interfaces: Special Edition on Ecologically Sustainable Business Practices, 2000. Mehalik is inSystems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia.

Mehren, M 1991. Francis of Assisi: Reconciliation with God, humanity and creation. Missionalia19:3, 183-191. (Africa)

Meiklejohn, Brad. "Alaska: The Wildlands Model?", Wild Earth 6(no.3, 1996):50. (v7,#4)

Meilaender, Gilbert, "Terra es animata: On Having a Life," Hastings Center Report 23(no. 4,1993):25-32. The contemporary concept of the person, dominant in bioethics, has lost theconnection between our person and the natural trajectory of the bodily life, a strange upshot forbioethics. Premodern Christians knew persons as terra animata, animated earth. Persons areinseparable from the growth, development, and decline of their bodies. The humanist,Enlightenment concept of the person overlooks this and finds the essence of personality in rationalautonomy, without which the organic body lacks all value. Among the peculiarities of our historicistand purportedly antiessentialist age is the rise to prominence of an ahistorial and essentialistconcept of the person. On this view it is not the natural history of the embodied self but thepresence or absence of certain transnatural capacities that makes the person. The so-calledmaterialistic age ironically holds that everything central to our person is separated from the body. But to have a life is to be terra animata, a living body whose natural history has a trajectory. Everyhuman life has a narrative quality, one that begins before we are conscious of it and may, in ourdecline, continue for a time after we have lost consciousness of it. This is relevant for how weinterpret living wills. Also medical suicide, when a person takes rational, autonomous control overthe circumstances of one's death, can elevate the cerebral over the biological dimensions of life. Meilaender is in religion at Oberlin College. (v5,#4)

Meinberg, Eckhard, Homo Oecologicus. Reviewed by Ingolfer Blühdorn. Environmental Values6(1997):116-117.

Meine, C, "Roosevelt, Conservation, and the Revival of Democracy," Conservation Biology 15(no.4, 2001):829-831. (v.13,#1)

Meine, Curt, and Meffee, Gary K. "Conservation Values, Conservation Science: A HealthyTension." Conservation Biology 10, no.3 (1996): 916. (v7, #3)

Meine, Curt, Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. Pp.xv, 638. The first complete biography of Leopold, the most influential thinker in contemporary

environmental philosophy. The text builds upon and expands the classic treatment of Leopold inSusan Flader, Thinking Like a Mountain (1974). (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Meine, Curt, "The Reach of Words," Wild Earth 9(no. 3, Fall 1999):22- . (v.11,#1)

Meine, Curt, ed. Wallace Stegner and the Continental Vision: Essays on Literature, History, andLandscape. Covelo, CA: Island Press, 1997. 240 pp. $24.95. Contributors consider Stegner aswriter, as historian, and as conservationist, discussing his place in the American literary tradition,his integral role in shaping how Americans relate to the land, and his impact on their own personallives and careers. (v9,#2)

Meine, Curt, "Conservation Movement, Historical," Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 1: 883-896. Modernefforts to conserve biodiversity have their foundations in older traditions of resource managementand nature protection. This chapter traces the history of the conservation movement, focusing onthose events and patterns that led to the emergence of biodiversity conservation from earlierutilitarian and preservation-oriented approaches. Because the conservation movement continuesto redefine itself, this articles concludes with a consideration of key themes from recent history. (v.11,#4)

Meine, Curt. Review of Global Bioethics. By Van Renssalaer Potter. Environmental Ethics11(1989):281-85.

Meine, Curt. Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 11(1989):369-72.

Meiners, Roger E., and Yandle, Bruce, "The Common Law: How It Protects the Environment," PERCPolicy Series, No. PS-13, May 1998. (PERC, 502 South 19th Avenue, Suite 211, Bozeman, MT59718-6827). Common law cases, that preceded environmental regulation, were more successfulthan people usually think, and offer an alternative to still more government regulation. Meinersteaches economics and law at the University of Texas at Arlington. Yandle is in economics andlegal studies, Clemson University. (v9,#2)

Meiners, Roger E. and Bruce Yandle, eds. Taking the Environment Seriously. Lanham, MD:Rowman & Littlefield, 1993. 288 pages. $42.50. Essays argue that it is time to consider market-oriented solutions to environmental problems. (v5,#2)

Meinig. D. W., ed. The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays. New York:Oxford University Press, 1979. Sense of place. (v8,#1)

Meir, Avinoam, and Tsoar, Haim. "International Borders and Range Ecology: The Case of BedouinTransborder Grazing." Human Ecology Forum 24 (March 1996): 39. (v7, #3)

Meiring, PGJ 1991. The Greens - avant-garde missionaries? Missionalia 19:3, 192-202. (Africa)

Meisels, T., "Liberal Nationalism and Territorial Rights," Journal of Applied Philosophy 20(no. 1,2003): 31-44. (v 14, #3)

Mejia, Alfonso Alonso, Leeanne Tennant de Alonso, Lincoln Brower, and Dennis Murphy,"Maintaining Migratory Phenomena: The Mexican Monarch Butterfly Challenge," Society forConservation Biology Newsletter 3 (special issue, May 1996):1, 17. The Monarchs winter inselected forests of Oyamel fir in Mexico, clustering in large groups in some eight or so areas. Theyneed the protection of the forests to survive winter freezing, but forest destruction threatens theirsurvival. Mexico has set aside a Monarch Butterfly Special Biosphere Reserve by presidential

decree, though much of the reserve is private land, and only a portion of the reserve is fullyprotected. Logging is still permitted on much of it. Ways to combine butterfly protection and theeconomic needs of local peoples are reviewed. The authors, zoologists from the University ofFlorida, Harvard, and Stanford, have been involved in intensive study of the problem. (v7,#2)

Melin, Anders, "Genetic Engineering and the Moral Status of Non-Human Species," Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 17(2004):479-495. Genetic modification leads to severalimportant moral issues. Up until now they have mainly been discussed from the viewpoint that onlyindividual living beings, above all animals, are morally considerable. The standpoint that alsocollective entities such as species belong to the moral sphere have seldom been taken into accountin a more thorough way, although it is advocated by several important environmental ethicists. Themain purpose of this article is to analyze in more detail than often has been done what the practicalconsequences of this ethical position would be for the use of genetic engineering on animals andplants. The practical consequences of the holistic standpoint (focused on collective entities) ofHolmes Rolston, III, is compared with the practical consequences of the individualistic standpoints(focused on individual living beings) of Bernard E. Rollin and Philipp Balzer, Klaus Peter Rippe, andPeter Schaber, respectively. The article also discusses whether the claim that species are morallyconsiderable is tenable as a foundation for policy decisions on genetic engineering. Keywords:Balzer et al., genetic engineering, holistic ethical position, Rollin, Rolston. The author is at theCentre for Theology and Religious Studies, Lund University, Sweden. (JAEE)Mellon, M., Biotechnology and the Environment: A Primer on the Environmental Implications. Apublication of the National Wildlife Foundation, Biotechnology Policy Center, 1400 16th St., N. W.Washington, DC 20036. (v4,#1)

Mellor, Mary, Review of Cook, Julie, Breaking the Boundaries: Towards a Feminist Green Socialism.Environmental Values 3(1994):278-279. (EV)

Mellor, Mary, Breaking the Boundaries: Towards a Feminist Green Socialism. London: Virago, 1992. , 8.99. Green politics, ecofeminism, deep ecology, clan societies, global development,industrialism, capitalism, North and South and related women and environment issues. Women andtheir work is a central theme. Although socialism has rather consistently failed to respondadequately to the challenges of either feminism or environmentalism, a feminist green socialism ispossible. Reviewed, rather negatively, by Julie Cook, Women's Environmental Network, inEnvironmental Values 3(1994):278-279. (v5,#3)

Mellor, Mary. "Feminism and Environmental Ethics: A Materialist Perspective." Ethics and theEnvironment 5(2000):107-124. ABSTRACT: There is a long-standing claim within feminist literaturethat women speak with a `different voice' (Gilligan 1982), that it is both possible and desirable tohave on ethics from the standpoint of women (Noddings 1990), that the standpoint of women isa better starting point for adequate knowlede of the world (Harding 1993). This claim is central toecofeminist politics. that women have a particular perspective on the relationship betweenhumanity and nature and have a moral/political calling to reweave the world Diamond and Orenstein1990) or heal the wounds of an ecologically destructive social order (Plant 1989). In this essay I will not be making the claim that womenper se have a superior vision or a higher moral authority, but that (inethics that does not take account of the gendered nature of society isdoomed to failure as it will confront neither the material structure ofhuman society or the way in which that structure impacts on the materiality of the relationshipbetween humanity and nature. (E&E)

Melosi, M. V., "Review of: Ted Steinberg. Acts of God: The Unnatural History of Natural Disasterin America," Environmental History 7(no.1, 2002): 137. (v.13,#2)

Melosi, Marvin V., "Equity, Eco-racism and Environmental History," Environmental History Review19 (1995): 1-16. If the emergence of the Environmental Justice Movement shows us anything, itclearly demonstrates that the foundations of environmentalism laid twenty-five years ago are notunshakable; that the connection between environmental rights and civil rights has to be takenseriously. Melosi is at the University of Houston. (v6,#4)

Melton Journal, The . "Judaism and Ecology: Our Earth and Our Tradition," is a theme issue of TheMelton Journal, a publication of the Melton Research Center for Jewish Education at the JewishTheological Seminary of America, no. 24, spring 1991. Included is an article by Eric Katz, "Are Wethe World's Keepers? Toward an Ecological Ethic for Our Home Planet." Other articles are on aJewish theology of creation, animal life in Jewish and Christian traditions, kosher vegetarianism,a high school curriculum on Judaism and ecology, and environmental organizations in Israel. (v2,#2)

Melton Journal (Melton Research Center for Jewish Education, The Jewish Theological Seminaryof America). Spring 1991, no. 24, is Judaism and Ecology: Our Earth and Our Tradition, with ninefeature articles. Spring 1992, no. 25, is Towards a Jewish Ecological Paradigm: Essays andExplorations, with ten articles. Melton Research Center, Jewish Theological Seminary of America,3080 Broadway, New York, NY 10027. (v5,#2)

Mench, Joy A., "Assessing Animal Welfare: An Overview", Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 6(1993), Supplement. Because of increasing public concern about the qualityof life of farm animals, there has been a growing effort to develop rigorous and clearlyinterpretable scientific criteria for assessing animal welfare. The indicators which have commonlybeen used to assess welfare in farm animals are productivity, health, physiology and behaviour. Each of these indicators has advantages and disadvantages with regard to measurement andinterpretation. One underlying problem is that it may be difficult or impossible to determine a normor standard to which measures can be compared in an effort to evaluate welfare. Instead, it isnecessary to direct attention to an understanding of the causal and functional aspects ofbehavioural and physiological events in animals. In this context, I discuss integrative researchapproaches which can be used to evaluate the emotional, motivational and cognitive factorsaffecting animal welfare. Mench is in the Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland,College Park, MD 20742.

Mencher, Marissa, "The Panama Canal: Danger Ahead," The Journal Of Environment AndDevelopment 8(no. 8, Dec 01 1999):407- . (v.11,#1)

Mendel, LC; Kirkpatrick, JB, "Historical Progress of Biodiversity Conservation in the Protected-AreaSystem of Tasmania, Australia," Conservation Biology 16(no.6, 2002): 1520-1529.

Menon, Surabi, et al, "Climate Effects of Black Carbon Aerosols in China and India," Science 297(27September 2002):2250-2250. With commentary: Chameides, William L., and Bergin, Michael, "SootTakes Center Stage," Science 297(27 September 2002):2214-2215. Carbon dioxide is still theprincipal globally significant greenhouse gas. But soot in the air, not a gas but a particulate, mayalso seriously perturb regional climate. Soot emission in China and India may be responsible forthe increase in droughts in northeast China and flooding in southeast China in the summerobserved in the last twenty years. Warming over northern Africa and cooling over the SouthernUnited States may also be involved. But measuring techniques for soot leave uncertainty. Whatthis means for environmental policy (and ethics) is also uncertain. (v.13,#4)

Menotti, Victor, and Sobhani, Ladam. "Globalisation and Climate Change." The Ecologist 29(no. 3,May 1999):178- . (v.11,#1)

Menotti, Victor. "Forest Destruction and Globalisation." The Ecologist 29(no. 3, May 1999):180-

Menz, Fredric C. "Transborder Emissions Trading between Canada and the United States." NaturalResources Journal 35, no.4 (1995): 773. (v7, #3)

Mepham, Ben, (ed.). Food Ethics. Review by Mark Fisher, Environmental Values 7:(1998):375.

Mepham, Ben, "Farm Animal Diseases in Context," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics17(2004):331-340. This special issue is devoted to a series of papers that explore the ethicalimplications of epizooitcs, diseases affecting large numbers of farm animals. The aim is to considerthe general context in which epizootics (like foot and mouth disease) and zoonoses (like avian flu)occur, and new approaches to animal husbandry by which they might be avoided in the future. Mepham is at the Centre for Applied Bioethics, University of Nottingham, UK. (JAEE)

Mepham, T.B., G.A. Tucker, J. Wiseman. Issues in Agricultural Bioethics. Review by RichardBawden, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1999):145-150. (JAEE)

Mepharn, Ben, ed. Food Ethics, New York: Routledge, 1996. pp. 178, Index. Price Hb: $49.95 (CanHb $69.95); Pb: $17.95 (Can Pb $24.95). Reviewed by Hugh Lehman, Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 10(1997/1998):203-205.

Merchant, Carolyn, ed. Ecology. Atlantic Highlands NJ: Humanities Press, 1994. This, the fourthvolume in a series "Key Concepts in Critical Theory" is designed for courses in environmentalstudies, politics, history, and philosophy. This explores the connections between the dominationof nature and human beings as articulated by thinkers such as Adorno, Horkheimer, and Marcuse,and asks how current environmental philosophies propose to liberate both humans and nature. The relationships between domination and class society, hierarchy, human-centeredness,patriarchy, economics, religion, and science are discussed. Merchant is at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley. (v7,#1)

Merchant, Carolyn, Radical Ecology: The Search for a Liveable World. London and New York:Routledge, 1993. 288 pages. $ 49.95 cloth. In order to maintain a liveable world, we mustformulate new social, economic, scientific, and spiritual approaches that will fundamentallytransform human relationships with nature. Merchant analyzes the revolutionary ideas of visionaryecologists to bring environmental problems to the attention of the public and examines the problems,the ideas, the actions that will make society rethink, reconstruct, and reinvent its relationship withthe non-human world in the search for a liveable world. (v4,#3)

Merchant, Carolyn, ed. Green Versus Gold. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998. $45 cloth, $25paper. 416 pp. (v9,#2)

Merchant, Carolyn, Earthcare. Reviewed by Sara Ebenreck. Environmental Ethics19(1997):323-325. (EE)

Merchant, Carolyn, Earthcare: Women and the Environment. (New York: Routledge, 1995).Reviewed by Ariel Salleh. Environmental Values 6(1997):372-373. (EV)

Merchant, Carolyn, ed., Major Problems in American Environmental History: Documents and Essays.Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1993. 544 pages. American environmental history from pre-contactIndian times to the present, each illustrated by several primary source documents and essays. Specific regional concerns as well as larger cultural issues including the confrontation between

nature and civilization in the nineteenth century. Conservation, pollution, and wildernesspreservation. Many dozens of documents over four centuries from the past to the present. Withan instructor's manual. Merchant is professor of environmental history at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley. (v3,#4)

Merchant, Carolyn, Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England. ChapelHill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. Pp. xv, 379. Important work of environmental historyfrom a pioneer in the field. Merchant explores the colonization of New England from 1600-1850as an example of the ecological transformations that shaped the dominant world-view of thetwentieth century. In this period the ideas of mechanization, market-production, patriarchy, anddomination became the controlling aspects of human consciousness regarding nature. AsMerchant writes in the preface, this work continues the discussion of the themes of her earlierbook, The Death of Nature: "the roots of the environmental crisis, the roles of women in history,the change fron nature as mother to nature as machine, and the place of science in the creationof the modern world" (p. xiii). Contains detailed appendices, notes, and bibliography. (Katz, Bibl# 2)

Merchant, Carolyn, ed. Ecology: Key Concepts in Critical Theory. Atlantic Highlands, NJ:Humanities Press, 1994. 35 selections, reprints of previously published articles, organized inseven sections: (1) Critical Theory and the Domination of Nature, (2) Environmental Economics andPolitics, (3) Deep, Social, and Socialist Ecology, (4) Ecofeminism, (5) Environmental Justice, (6)Spiritual Ecology, and (7) Postmodern Science. "Domination is one of our century's most fruitfulconcepts for understanding human-human and human-nature relationships. The theme ofdomination and its reversal through liberation unites critical theorists and environmentalphilosophers whose work spans the twentieth century. When the domination of nonhuman natureis integrated with the domination of human beings and the call for environmental justice, CriticalTheory instills the environmental movement with ethical fervor" (p. 1). Merchant teachesenvironmental history, philosophy, and ethics in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy,and Management, University of California, Berkeley. (v7, #3)

Merchant, Carolyn. The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 3(1981):365-69.

Merchant, Carolyn. "Environmental Ethics and Political Conflict:A View from California." Environmental Ethics 12(1990):45-68. I examine three approaches to environmental ethics andillustrate them with examples from California. An egocentric ethic is grounded in the self and basedon the assumption that what is good for the individual is good for society. Historically associatedwith laissez faire capitalism and a religious ethic of human dominion over nature, this approachis exemplified by the extraction of natural resources from the commons by private interests. Ahomocentric ethic is grounded in society and is based on the assumption that policies should reflectthe greatest good for the greatest number of people and that, as stewards of the natural world,humans should conserve and protect nature for human benefit. Historically associated withgovernment regulation of the private sector, a homocentric approach can be illustrated by federal,state, and local environmental agencies charged with protecting the welfare of the general public. An ecocentric ethic is grounded in the cosmos, or whole environment, and is based on theassignment of intrinsic value to nonhuman nature. Exemplified by ecologically based sciences andprocess-oriented philosophies, an ecocentric approach often underlies the political positions ofenvironmentalists. This threefold taxonomy may be useful in identifying underlying ethicalassumptions in cases where ethical dilemmas and conflicts of interest develop amongentrepreneurs, government agencies, and environmentalists. Merchant is at the Department ofConservation and Resource Studies and Division of Biological Control, University of California,Berkeley. (EE)

Merchant, Carolyn. Earthcare: Women and the Environment. Review by Patsy Hallen, Ethics andthe Environment 3(1998):197-200.

Merchant, Carolyn. Earthcare: Women and the Environment. London and New York: Routledge,1996. (v7, #3)

Merenlender, AM; Huntsinger, L; Guthey, G; Fairfax, SK; "Land Trusts and ConservationEasements: Who Is Conserving What for Whom?", Conservation Biology 18 (no.1, 2004): 65-76.

Merkel, Angela, "The Role of Science in Sustainable Development," Science 282(1998):336-337. "If we are to move toward sustainable development, the industrialized communities will have toaccept special responsibilities--not only because of their past ecological sins, but also becauseof their present technological know-how and financial resources." "Sustainability, as a strategicaim, involves optimizing the interactions between nature, society, and the economy, in accordancewith ecological criteria." "In the long term, `progress' works against us if it continues to bedetrimental to nature. .. Environmental protection will play a central role in the 21st century and willbe a major challenge for politicians and scientists alike." Nerkel is a member of the GermanParliament and Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety. (v.9,#3)

Merrell, David J. The Adaptive Seascape: The Mechanism of Evolution. Minneapolis: University ofMinnesota Press, 1994. 280 pages. $34.95. Hidden and often poorly founded assumptions of thesynthetic theory of evolution are unraveled from the perspective of ecological genetics. Based onlaboratory and field research. The metaphor of an "adaptive seascape" is proposed to replaceSewall Wright's well-known "adaptive landscape."

Merritt, J. Quentin, Review of Tim Lang and Colin Hines, The New Protectionism: Protecting theFuture against Free Trade. Environmental Values 7(1998):120.

Merritt, J. Quentin, Review of Andrew Rowell, Green Backlash. Environmental Values7:(1998):370.

Merz-Perez, Linda, and Heide, Kathleen M., Animal Cruelty: Pathway to Violence Against People. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004. Merz-Perez is with the Humane Society, ShelbyCounty, Alabama. Heide is in criminology, University of South Florida.

Messina, Anthony M. "The Not So Silent Revolution: Postwar Migration to Western Europe," WorldPolitics v.49(no.1, 1996):130.

Metzner, Ralph, Green Psychology: Cultivating a Spiritual Connection with the Natural World. InnerTraditions International Ltd., 1999. Our ecocatastrophe results from the religions of Westerncivilization ceasing to be based on living harmoniously with the earth, and seeking dominion overnature instead of partnership. This created a pathology; we are disrespecting and destroyingwhat sustains the human spirit. Deep ecology and ecofeminism are evidence of the human abilityto return to the earth and bond spirit to nature. Metzner is a psychotherapist at the CaliforniaInstitute of Integral Studies, San Francisco. (v.10,#3)

Meyer-Abich, Klaus M. "Toward a Practical Philosophy of Nature." Environmental Ethics1(1979):293-308. The application of the polluter-pays principle in environmental policy dependson answers to the philosophical questions about what is good or detrimental with respect tonature. Science and the economy constitute a functional circle of "observing" nature's unity aswell as its utility. Based on a concept of nature as a system of causally related objectsor--complementary to this--as a bunch of "resources," however, the human interest and

responsibility in nature do not seem to be properly observed. Subjecting nature to humansubjectivity may have been an adaptation in the wrong direction, since, if humanity is taken as themeasure, there is no measure for humanity. A practical philosophy of nature should start from theassumption that science's missing unity and the economy's missing goodness are equivalentshortcomings in a complementary way. On the one hand, philosophy should engage in theproblem-oriented reintegration of the sciences by establishing nuclei of interdisciplinarycooperation. We are relating ourselves to nature in a responsible way only when approachingnature as our own nature. On the other hand, while our technological faculties have reached avery high level of reliability and differentiation, we are definitely much less successful inrecognizing goodness in economic "goods." This calls for demand education with respect to howhuman needs are to be brought to bear as demands on nature, a human relation to nature as wellas natural relations between human beings, again depending on answers to philosophicalquestions. In the history of ideas, nature has declined from "the nature of things and beings" to"the things and beings of nature," or from being to beings. We will, however, never be able tojudge what is good or bad with respect to nature if we do not from the outset start--prag-matically--with a normative concept of nature. Meyer-Abich is in the philosophy department,Universitat Essen, Essen, Germany. (EE)

Meyer, Art and Jocele Meyer, Earthkeepers: Environmental Perspectives on Hunger, Poverty, andInjustice. Scottsdale, PA: Herald Press, 1991. 264 pages. $ 12.95. A biblical theology of creationbrought to bear on the duties of Christians in major areas of ecological concern: global warming,ozone depletion, wasted natural resources, pollution, toxic wastes. (v3,#4)

Meyer, Carrie A. "Public-Nonprofit Partnerships and North-South Green Finance," The Journal ofEnvironment and Development 6(no.2, 1997):123. (v8,#2)

Meyer, Christian. Animal Welfare Legislation in Canada and Germany: A Comparison. A reviewby Hugh Lehman, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1999):150-151. (JAEE)

Meyer, John M., "Interpreting Nature and Politics in the History of Western Thought: TheEnvironmentalist Challenge," Environmental Politics 8(no.No2, Summer 1999): 1- . (v.11,#1)

Meyer, John M. Review of Peter Hay, A Companion to Environmental Thought, Organization andEnvironment, 16, (No. 1, 2003): 121-22. Meyer is assistant professor in government and politicsat Humboldt State University, Arcata, California. (v 14, #3)

Meyer, Judith L. The Spirit of Yellowstone: The Cultural Evolution of a National Park. Lanham, MD:Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1996. 176 pp. $26.95 cloth. Meyer demonstrates howimportant the park's past was in shaping our contemporary perceptions of Yellowstone andidentifies six major themes important to the Yellowstone experience. She argues that it isYellowstone's persistent spirit of place that park managers should seek to preserve and to keepin mind alongside politics, economics, and science. (v8,#2)

Meyer, Stephen M. "The Economic Impact of Environmental Regulation." Journal of EnvironmentalLaw and Practice 3, no.2 (1995): 4. (v7, #3)

Meyer, William B. Human Impact on the Earth. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 248pages. $69.95 cloth, $24.95 paper. At a level accessible to the educated lay reader, Meyerdescribes the changes human activities have produced in the global environment from 300 yearsago to the present day. A comprehensive inventory of human impact in its varied forms on theoceans, atmosphere, and climate. (v7, #3)

Meyer-Abich, Klaus M. Revolution for Nature. Reviewed by Laura Westra, Environmental Values3(1994):184-185. (EV)

Meyer-Abich, Klaus Michael. Revolution for Nature: From the Environment to the Connatural World. Cambridge: The White Horse Press, 1993. 145 pages. Translation by Matthew Armstrong ofAufstand für die Natur, Von der Umwelt zur Mitwelt, 1990. "What I recommend is a peacefulconsumers' revolution." "We require ecological disobedience, if we are to accomplish more thanthe government thinks fit" (p. 21). Mayer-Abich combines anthropocentric and nonanthropocentrictheories; it is neither the natural world nor the human world but the connatural world. We movefrom egocentricity to nepotism to anthropocentrism to mammalism to biocentrism to physiocentrism. Meyer-Abich is in the philosophy department, Universitat Essen, Essen, Germany. (v6,#3)

Meyers, Gary D., "Old-Growth Forests, the Owl, and Yew: Environmental Ethics Versus TraditionalDispute Resolution Under the Endangered Species Act and Other Public Lands and ResourceLaws," Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 18 (1991) 623-668. The owl/old-growthcontroversy is not really about owls versus people, jobs versus old-growth, environmentalistsversus the timber industry, or science versus politics. The issue is about values, what we value,what evidence we need to make decisions, and what methods we use to implement choices. Theissue cannot be considered only in terms of human wants and human needs. ... Until we valueecosystems for all the services they perform and express that value in our resource managementlaws, the owl/old-growth controversy will continue to haunt us. ... If greater recognition of ourplace in nature is one of the outcomes of revising our values, and if we can achieve greaterunderstanding of our need for others in the natural community, then possibly we can avoid the ...tragedy of the commons. ... We can, with time, move beyond fellowship to communion with ourfellow creatures. Meyers is in law, Lewis and Clark College. (v5,#4)

Meyerson, L.A., and Reaser, J. K., "Biosecurity: Moving toward a Comprehensive Approach,"Bioscience 52(no.7, 2002): 593-600. (v.13,#4)

Mezey, Matthew K. N., Deep Ecology and Transpersonal Psychology: an EnlighteningConfrontation?, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September 199?.

Mezey, Matthew K. N., Deep Ecology and Transpersonal Psychology: an EnlighteningConfrontation?, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September 199?. (v7,#1)

MGonigle (M'Gonigle), Michael, "A New Naturalism: Is There a (Radical) `Truth' Beyond the(Postmodern) Abyss?, Ecotheology No 8 (Jan 2000):8-39.

Miceli, Thomas J., Pancak, Katherine A., Sirmans, C.F., "Protecting Children from Lead-Based PaintPoisoning: Should Landlords Bear the Burden", Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review,23(No.1, 1995):1- . (v7,#1)

Michael, Mark A., "What's In a Name? Pragmatism, Essentialism, and Environmental Ethics,"Environmental Values 12(2003): 361-379. Essentialists like J. Baird Callicott have argued that onecannot have an environmental ethic unless one adopts the nonanthropocentric principle, whichholds that things other than humans can be morally considerable in their own right, typicallybecause they are thought to be intrinsically valuable. Pragmatists like Bryan Norton reject this; theyclaim that environmental ethics has no core or essence, and hence that the nonanthropocentricprinciple is not essential to an environmental ethic. Norton advances as an alternative theConvergence Hypothesis, which says that there are many different ways of justifyingenvironmental principles and policies. In this paper I show that pragmatists and essentialists arearguing past one another because they fail to note two crucial points. First, they often propose

different accounts of which principles constitute an environmental ethic and so they disagreeabout which principles must be justified. The nonanthropocentric principle may be required to justifythe principles that Callicott believe to be constitutive of an environmental ethic, but it may beunnecessary to justify those principles that pragmatists think are constitutive. Second, essentialistsand pragmatists often overlook the distinction to be made between the adequacy of a justificationand its epistemic or rhetorical preferability. The nonanthropocentric principle may not be neededto provide an adequate justification of the constitutive principles and judgements, but a justificationthat contains the nonanthropocentric principle might nevertheless be epistemically preferable. (EV)

Michael, Mark A., ed. Preserving Wildlife: An International Perspective. Amherst, NY: HumanityBooks, 1999. 275 pages. $21.95. (v.11,#1)

Michael, Mark A. "Environmental Egalitarianism and `Who Do You Save?' Dilemmas," EnvironmentalValues 6(1997):307-326. ABSTRACT: Some critics have understood environmental egalitarianismto imply that human and animal lives are generally equal in value, so that killing a human is no moreobjectionable than killing a dog. This charge should be troubling for anyone with egalitariansympathies. I argue that one can distinguish two distinct versions of equality, one based on theidea of equal treatment, the other on the idea of equally valuable lives. I look at a lifeboat casewhere one must choose between saving a human and saving a dog, and using the work of PeterSinger and Tom Regan, I show why equality understood as equal treatment does not entail thatlifeboat cases are moral toss-ups. But the view that all lives are equally valuable does entail this,and so egalitarians should reject this alternative account of equality. The upshot is that egalitariansneed to be more careful about distinguishing between these two versions of equality. The failureto insist on this distinction has led many to believe that egalitarianism generally has counter-intuitiveimplications when in fact only one version of egalitarianism has this problem. Department ofPhilosophy Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN 37044, USA. (EV)

Michael, Mark A. "International Justice and Wilderness Preservation." Social Theory and Practice21 (no. 2, Summer 1995):149-176. (v6,#4)

Michael, Mark A., "To Swat or Not to Swat: Pesky Flies, Environmental Ethics, and theSupererogatory," Environmental Ethics 18(1996):165-180. A central thesis of biocentrism is thatall living things have intrinsic value. But when conflicts arise between the interests of humans andother organisms, this claim often has counterintuitive consequences. It would be wrong, forexample, to swat pesky flies. Some biocentrists have responded by positing a taxonomy ofinterests in which human interests justifiably supersede those of other living things. I expressdoubts about whether this maneuver can succeed, and suggest that even if it does, it then commitsbiocentrists to the claim that it is wrong not to harm living things, when doing so is necessary toadvance nonbasic human interests, a position which runs counter to the biocentric attitude ofrespect for nature. As a result, biocentrists must adopt either a highly counterintuitive position orone that is contrary to their general outlook. I show that the introduction of the supererogatory mayresolve not only this biocentric dilemma but other quandaries in environmental ethics. Michaelteaches philosophy at Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN. (EE)

Michael, Mark A., ed. Preserving Wildlife: An International Perspective. Amherst, NY: HumanityBooks, 1999. 275 pages. $21.95. (v10,#4)

Michael, Mark, "An Alternative to the Common Heritage Principle," Environmental Ethics 9(1987):351-371. An argument in favor of a modified Lockean principle of acquisition regarding unownedresources. Nations should be permitted to acquire resources they develop, as long as there issome international mechanism to prevent overexploitation. This "limited Lockean" principlepreserves fairness, freedom, and the maximization of the common good. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Michael, Mark. "An Alternative to the Common Heritage Principle." Environmental Ethics9(1987):351-71. Many valuable natural resources are found outside current territorial limits, forexample, on the Moon and in the deep sea. As technology advances, these resources becomemore accessible. I argue that the claim that all humanity owns these resources is insupportableif taken literally. Because they are truly unowned, we need to develop a principle of justice inacquisition which describes the procedure that must be followed to obtain property rights to theseunowned objects. I conclude with a tentative development of such a principle based on the moralideals of fairness, freedom, and the maximization of the common good. Michael is in the philosophydepartment, State University of New York, Albany, NY. (EE)

Michael, Mike, and Robin Grove-White. "Talking about Talking about Nature: Nurturing EcologicalConsciousness." Environmental Ethics 15(1993):33-47. The increasing effort, both lay andacademic, to encourage a transition from an "I-It" to an "I-Thou" relation to nature is located withina typology of ways of "knowing nature." This typology provides the context for a particularunderstanding of human conversation which sees the relation as a cyclical process of "immersion"and "realization" from which a model of the dialectic between "I-It" and "I-Thou" relations to naturecan be developed. This model can be used to identify practical measures that can be taken as firststeps toward a balance between these relations, both in general and in the context of science-oriented nature conservation organizations such as English Nature in Britain (formerly, the NatureConservancy Council). Michael is at the School for Independent Studies, Lancaster University,Lancaster, U.K. Grove-White is at the Centre for the Study of Environmental Change, LancasterUniversity, Lancaster, U.K. (EE)

Michael Zimmerman, J. Baird Callicott, Karen J. Warren, and John Clarke, eds. EnvironmentalPhilosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice-Hall, 1998. This second edition of a popular anthology expands edition one (1993) withtwo new essays on environmental ethics, a section on political ecology, social ecology, includingessays on free market environmentalism, sustainable development, liberal environmentalism,socialist environmentalism, bioregionalism, ecotage. (v9,#1)

Michaelowa, A., "Review of: Urs Luterbacher and Detlev Sprinz (Eds.), International Relations andGlobal Climate Change," Environmental Politics 12(no. 1, 2003): 259. (v 14, #3)

Michaels, S., "Review of Czech, Brian, and Paul R. Krausman, The Endangered Species Act:History, Conservation Biology, and Public Policy," Society and Natural Resources 15(no.9, 2002):860-61. (v.13,#4)

Michaels, Sarah, Mason, Robert J. and Solecki, William D., "The importance of place in partnershipsfor regional environmental management," Environmental Conservation 26(no. 3, Sept 01 1999):159- . (v.11,#1)

Michener, W. K., Baerwald, T. J., Firth, P., Palmer, M. A., Rosenberger, J. L., Sandlin, E. A. andZimmerman, H., "Defining and Unraveling Biocomplexity," Bioscience 51(no.12, 2001):1018-23. (v.13,#2)

Michnowski, L., Jak y? Ekorozwój albo..., (How to Live? Ecodevelopment or...), WydawnictwoEkonomia i rodowisko (Economy & Environment Publishers), Bialystok, 1995. (v.13,#1)

Michnowski, L., Jak y? Ekorozwój albo..., (How to Live? Ecodevelopment or...), WydawnictwoEkonomia i rodowisko (Economy & Environment Publishers), Bialystok, 1995.

Mickelsson, R; Oksanen, M, "Greens in the 2003 Finnish Election," Environmental Politics 12(no.3,2003):133-138. (v.14, #4)

Mickey, Adrian, Moral Responsibility: A Case Study in Investment Banking, Master's Thesis,Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September 1991.

Mickey, Adrian, Moral Responsibility: A Case Study in Investment Banking, Master's Thesis,Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September 1991. (v7,#1)

Micklin, M, "Review of: Mol, Arthur P. J., Globalization and Environmental Reform: The EcologicalModernization of the Global Economy", Society and Natural Resources 16(no.3, 2003):270-274.

Middleton, Harry, "A Sense of Place," Southern Living, March 1990, pages 106-113. The South'spast depended on its land. Now, in a very different sense, so does its future. A plea forenvironmental conservation and sensitivity to the landscape in the rapidly growing U. S. South,faced with frequent environmental degradation. (v2,#1)

Middleton, Neil, Phil O'Keefe, and Sam Mayo, Tears of the Crocodile: From Rio to Reality in theDeveloping World. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers, 1993. ISBN 9966 46 584 4. 228pages. This is a critique of those in the developed North who have failed to identify the linksbetween poverty and environmental destruction. The real agenda at Rio was preserving theinterests of the developed North both at the expense of the developing South and of the naturalworld. Middleton is a publisher in Dublin; O'Keefe is in environmental management at the Universityof Northumbria; Moyo is with the Zimbabwe Institute of Development Studies. (v6,#3)

Middleton, Susan, and David Littschwager, Witness: Endangered Species of North America. SanFrancisco: Chronicle Books, 1994. Largely a photographic album, with some text. Excellentportraits of endangered species. (v6,#4)

Midgley, David, Review of Badiner, Allan Hunt, ed., Dharma Gaia: A Harvest of Essays in Buddhismand Ecology. Environmental Values Vol.2 No.2(1993):183.

Midgley, Mary, Review of Leahy, Michael P.T., Against Liberation. Environmental Values Vol.1No.1(1992):81.

Midgley, Mary, "Visions, Secular and Sacred," The Hastings Center Report (no. 5, September,1995): 20- . An imaginative vision of life as a whole is a central part of our mental equipment forany serious study; we must be careful what vision we espouse. If science is not furnished witha sensible one, it cannot fail to gather a wild one. (v6,#4)

Midgley, Mary, "Beasts Versus the Biosphere?" Environmental Values Vol.1 No.2(1992):113-122. ABSTRACT: Apparent clashes of interest between `deep ecologists' and `animal liberationists' canbe understood as differences in emphasis rather than conflicts of principle, although it is only tooeasy for campaigners to regard as rivals good causes other than their own. Moral principles arepart of a larger whole, within which they can be related, rather than absolute all-purpose rules ofright conduct. This is illustrated using the practical dilemma which often occurs in conservationmanagement, of whether or not to cull animals that are damaging their habitat by overgrazing. Here, and in general, when we are faced with a choice between two evils, the need forscrupulous discrimination and honesty cannot be overstated; but it is not a worthy option to retreatbehind moral principles of limited application. KEYWORDS: Culling, habitat-management, moraldilemmas, moral judgement. 1A Collingwood Terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne NE2 2JP, UK.

Midgley, Mary, The Ethical Primate. New York: Routledge, 1994, paper 1996. 193 pages. Scientists and philosophers find it difficult to understand how each human being can be both aliving part of the natural world and at the same time a genuinely free agent. Various responsesto this paradox analyzed. Our evolutionary origin, properly understood, explains why humanfreedom and morality have come about. Midgley was formerly Senior Lecturer in philosophy at theUniversity of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

Midgley, Mary, Animals and Why They Matter. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1983.

Midgley, Mary, "Sustainability and Moral Pluralism," Ethics and the Environment 1(no.1, 1996):41-54. Discussions of environmental ethics, and of applied ethics generally, easily produce a sense ofunreality. But they are not a luxury. Faced with a new and monstrous predicament, we do neednew thinking. Enlightenment morality, on which we still largely rely, has had enormous merits, butit strongly tends towards egoism and social atomism. This makes it hard for us to think, as we nowmust, about larger wholes. Midgley taught philosophy at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne,U.K. (E&E)

Midgley, Mary. Animals and Why They Matter. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 7(1985):171-75.

Mies, Maria, Shiva, Vadana, Ecofeminism and Val Plumwood: Feminism and the Mastery of Nature.Reviewed by Greta Gaard. Environmental Ethics 18(1996):93-98. (EE)

Mies, Maria and Vandana Shiva. Ecofeminism. London: Zed Books, 1993. 328 pages, $19.95. Mies, a German social scientist, and Shiva, an Indian physicist, provide a critique of prevailingeconomic theories, conventional concepts of women's emancipation, and the myth that "the goodlife" can only be reached by catching up to Europe, North America, and Japan on an identical pathof industrialiation, technological progress, and capital accumulation. (v6,#1)

Mies, Maria and Vandana Shiva, Ecofeminism. London: Zed Books, 1993. 288 pages. Examinesthe relation between patriarchal oppression and the destruction of nature in the name of profit andprogress. Reviewed in Environmental Values 4(1995):271-274 by Ariel Salleh. (v4,#1)

Mies, Maria, and Shiva, Vandana. Ecofeminism: (London: Zed Books, 1993). Reviewed by ArielSalleh in Environmental Values 4(1995):271-274. (EV)

Mighetto, Lisa, Wild Animals and American Environmental Ethics (Tuscon: University of ArizonaPress, 1991). $35.00 cloth, $ 17.95 paper. A historical study of the roots of present attitudes. Americans now stand at a critical point in wildlife protection with inherited attitudes that are onlypartially adequate to meet the crisis. Mighetto teaches environmental and western history at theUniversity of Puget Sound. (v2,#2)

Mikosz, Jerzy. "Water Management Reform in Poland: A Step Toward Ecodevelopment." TheJournal of Environment and Development 5, no.2 (1996): 233. (v7, #3)

Milazzo, P, "Review of: Shannon Petersen, Acting for Endangered Species: The Statutory Ark",Environmental History 8(no.2, 2003):337.

Milbrath, Lester W., "Redefining the Good Life in a Sustainable Society." Environmental ValuesVol.2 No.3(1993):261-270. ABSTRACT: The good life, as practiced in modern society, not only isunsustainable but also is frequently not really good. Quality in living is necessarily subjective, itcannot be defined in physical terms, and can be found in many manifestations. The search forquality is conducted within ourselves and not in a shopping mall. Several suggestions for modes

of living that provide quality but do not burden or injure ecosystems are presented. The conditionof life systems on our planet demand that we cultivate simple lifestyles that are inwardly rich. KEYWORDS: Quality of life, sustainable society, voluntary simplicity, the good life. Department ofSociology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14620, USA.

Milbrath, Lester W., Envisioning a Sustainable Society: Learning our Way Out (Albany: StateUniversity of New York Press, 1989. $ 18.95 paper; $ 57.50 hardcover. 400 pages. Samplechapters: ecosystem viability, sustaining our food supply, work that is fulfilling in a sustainablesociety, enjoying life without material indulgence, science and technology in a sustainable society,a governance structure designed to help a society learn how to become sustainable, onebiosphere but a fragmented world. Milbrath teaches political science and sociology at the StateUniversity of New York at Buffalo. (v3,#1)

Milbrath, Lester, Yvonne Downes, and Kathleen Miller. "Sustainable Living: Framework of anEcosystemically Grounded Political Theory." Environmental Politics 3 (no. 3, 1994): 421- . (v6,#1)

Milbrath, Lester, W., Learning to Think Environmentally, While There Is Still Time. Albany, NY: StateUniversity of New York Press, 1996. The survival of planet Earth's nourishing life systemsultimately depends on how we humans think about them. Unfortunately, our culture's assumptionsabout the way the world works ignore recent scientific understanding of life systems. A new wayof thinking in public discourse is needed that understands the interdependency and delicatebalance of biological, geological, and chemical systems as environmental scientists nowunderstand them. Milbrath directs the Research Program in Environment and Society, StateUniversity of New York, Buffalo. (v7,#2)

Milburn, Micheal P., "Sun Provides Renewable Energy Alternatives for Developing World,"Alternatives 22(no.1, Jan. 1996):4- . (v6,#4)

Miles, J. C., "Review of: Stephen C. Trombulak, ed., So Great a Vision: The Conservation Writingsof George Perkins Marsh," Environmental History 7(no.3, 2002): 526-27. (v.13,#4)

Milich, Lenard, "Resource Mismanagement Versus Sustainable Livelihoods: The Collapse of theNewfoundland Cod Fishery," Society & Natural Resources 12(no. 7, Oct 01 1999):625- . (v.11,#1)

Milius, Susan, "Art with a Conscience," National Wildlife, June-July 1991, vol. 29, no. 4. Animalsartists are looking for ways to help their beleaguered subjects. Artist Chuck Ripper has painted458 paintings for a National Wildlife Federation conservation stamp program. Roger Tory Petersonoversees the stamp effort and has painted 192 himself. Similar efforts by other artists. (v2,#4)

Millard, Frances. "Environmental Policy in Poland." Environmental Politics 7(no.1, Spring 1998):145- . (v10,#4)

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Framework forAssessment. Washington: Island Press, 2003. Co-editors Harold Mooney, Angela Cropper. Afour-year international work program designed to meet the needs of decision-makers for scientificinformation on the links between ecosystem change and human-well being. One of thecontributors is J. Baird Callicott. A program launched by the U.N. Secretary-General. (v.14, #4)

Miller, Alan S., Gaia Connections: An Introduction to Ecology, Ecoethics, and Economics (Savage,MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1991). 288 pages, $17.95 paper; $52.25 hardcover. Whether or notthe Gaia hypothesis holds up within the formal boundaries of the earth sciences, it ismetaphysically correct. Until we come to think of the Earth as a complex, fecund, self-sustainingorganism, we will have difficulty moving beyond the shallowest levels of ecology. Chapters on

environmental ethics, the moral demand of the steady state, bioethics, economics as if naturemattered, the social sources of environmental values, ecoethics and modern war, and much more. Miller is at the University of California, Berkeley. (v2,#1)

Miller, Alan, Gaia Connections: An Introduction to Ecology, Ecoethics, and Economics. Lanham, MD:Roman and Littlefield, 2003.

Miller, AP, "Rural Development Considerations for Growth Management", Natural Resources Journal43 (no.3, 2003): 781-802.

Miller, B; Conway, W; Reading, RP; Wemmer, C; Wildt, D; Kleiman, D; Monfort, S; Rabinowitz, A;Armstrong, B; Hutchins, M, "Evaluating the Conservation Mission of Zoos, Aquariums, BotanicalGardens, and Natural History Museums", Conservation Biology 18 (no.1, 2004): 86-93.

Miller, Brian, Richard Reading, and Steve Forrest, Prairie Night: Black-Footed Ferrets and theRecovery of Endangered Species. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997. $ 34.95. (v8,#1)

Miller, Brian, Reading, Richard, Forrest, Steve. Prairie Night. Washington, D.C.: SmithsonianInstitution Press, 1996. 320pp. $34.95 cloth. The biology and natural history of the black-footedferret with an account of the decisions on how to save it. A valuable case study for biologists andwildlife managers who must grapple with ecosystem survival and the future of endangeredspecies policy. (v.7,#4)

Miller, C, "Thinking Like a Conservationist," Journal of Forestry 100(no.8, 2002): 42-45.

Miller C., "Book Review: Jack Ward Thomas: The Journals of a Forest Service Chief," Journal ofForestry 102(no.5, July/August 2004):56-58(3). (v. 15, # 3)

Miller, Char, ed., American Forests: Politics, Nature, and Culture. Lawrence, KS: University ofKansas Press, 1997.

Miller, Char and Staebler, Rebecca, The Greatest Good: 100 Years of Forestry in America. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters, 1999. A photographic history, with commentary.

Miller, Char. "A Cautionary Tale: Reflections on Reinventing the Forest Service." Journal of Forestry94(no.1, Jan.1996):6. (v7,#1)

Miller, Charles A., Jefferson and Nature: An Interpretation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UniversityPress, 1988. 300 pages. The first comprehensive study to take Thomas Jefferson at his word--his favorite word. Nature--the term and the many ideas associated with it--pervades Jefferson'slife and writings. It sets him apart from his colleagues in the American Enlightenment and providesthe distinctive gateway to this thought and action. By no means consistent and at times apparentlyopportunistic in his use of the term, Jefferson nevertheless draws nearly every realm of life backto this essential word and idea. Miller teaches politics at Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois. (v8,#3)

Miller, Chris, "Attributing Priority to Habitats," Environmental Values 6(1997):341-353. ABSTRACT:A close scrutiny of a European Community directive on habitats and of the statutory instrument bywhich it is implemented in Britain reveals small but nevertheless significant concessions towardsan ecocentric approach. Planning law now allows interference in the habitats of protectedspecies only when human interests are demonstrably overriding. Recent decisions of the

European Court of Justice have given a very restrictive interpretation of the circumstances inwhich such interference may be permitted. The implications for further ecocentric influence inenvironmental law are discussed. European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford,Salford, M5 4WT, UK. (EV)

Miller, Clark A. and Edwards, Paul N., ed., Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge andEnvironmental Governance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001. The contributors argue that in thecurrent debate about global warming the distinction between science and policy is almost absent. Environmental "science's place in global policymaking is increasingly formalized, boosting itsauthority in policymaking processes but also subjecting it to new forms of political and legaloversight and review. International expert institutions such as the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change) increasingly determine which knowledge counts and which does not, helpingto shape crucial policy outcomes" (Miller and Edwards, introduction). Meanwhile, climate modelshave more uncertainty by far than weather models and we do not know enough about historicalclimate changes over the millennia to make good predictions. Contains:-Jamieson, Dale, "Climate Change and Global Environmental Justice," pp. 287-307. Scientificknowledge and conceptions of justice. Two views of global environmental justice, and a proposalfor the distribution of emissions permissions embodying concerns about justice. But its adoptionis unlikely, and the likely outcomes are more unjust. (v.13,#1)

Miller, Clark A. "The Dynamics of Framing Environmental Values and Policy: Four Models of SocietalProcesses." Environmental Values 9(2000):211-233. Abstract: While the subject of framing hasachieved considerable recognition recently among social scientists and policy analysts, lessattention has been given to how societies arrive at stable, collective frames of meaning forenvironmental values and policy. This paper proposes four models of societal processes by whichframing occurs: narration, modelling, canonisation and normalisation. These four models aredeveloped, compared, and explored in detail through a case study of the framing of the impactsof climate change on human societies in US science policy from the 1960s through the 1990s. Iconclude by offering a number of potentially fruitful avenues for further research into the dynamicsof framing. Keywords: Framing, climate change, environmental values, environmental policy. ClarkA. Miller is in the Department of Political Science, Iowa State University, 515 Ross Hall, Ames, IA50011, USA. (EV)

Miller, Gordon L., ed. Nature's Fading Chorus. Covelo, CA: Island Press, 2000. Declining amphibianlife, figured into the worldviews of the many writers, scientists, and naturalists who consideredamphibians across Western natural history tradition. Begins with Aristotle and continues throughrecent scientific accounts of declines and deformities in amphibian species. (v.11,#4)

Miller, Harlan B., and William H. Williams, eds., Ethics and Animals. Clifton, New Jersey: Humana,1983. Pp. xii, 400. This is not an important book for those interested in environmental ethics. Eventhe few articles that deal with environmental issues seem dated--perhaps because the conferencein which these papers were presented was held in 1979. The only article of real interest is PeterS. Wenz, "Ecology, Morality, and Hunting" (pp.183-197). Wenz argues that we have obligationsto ecosystems, not just to humans or other sentient beings. He then claims that we can use thisobligation to limit the practice of hunting. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Miller, Harlan B. and William H. Williams, eds. Ethics and Animals. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics6(1984):373-76.

Miller, J. K., Scott, J. M., Miller, C. R. and Waits, L. P., "The Endangered Species Act: Dollars andSense?," Bioscience 52(no.2, 2002): 163-68. (v.13,#2)

Miller, J. N., Brooks, R. P., Croonquist, M. J. "Effects of Landscape Patterns on Biotic Communities,"Landscape Ecology 12(no.3, 1997):137. (v8,#3)

Miller, Jonathan, "Australian Approaches to Wilderness," International Journal of Wilderness 1(no.2, December):38-39. Six of the eight Australian states, plus the Australian CommonwealthTerritory, have wilderness legislation. Some wilderness initiatives are also undertaken at thenational level, especially the National Wilderness Inventory. Miller is with the Australian HeritageCommission, Canberra. (v7,#1)

Miller, Joseph A., Sarah M. Friedman, David C. Grigsby, and Annette Huddle, compilers, The IslandPress Bibliography of Environmental Literature. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993. 396 pages. Hardbound, $ 48. 3,084 entries, includes a section on "Ethics, Philosophy, and Religion." Theauthors are with the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. (v4,#2)

Miller, JR; Hobbs, RJ, "Conservation Where People Live and Work," Conservation Biology 16(no.2,2002):330-337. (v.13, #3)

Miller, JR; Turner, MG; Smithwick, EAH; Dent, CL; Stanley, EH, "Spatial Extrapolation: The Scienceof Predicting Ecological Patterns and Processes", BioScience 54 (no.4, 2004): 310-320(11). Ecologists are often asked to contribute to solutions for broadscale problems. The extent of mostecological research is relatively limited, however, necessitating extrapolation to broader scales orto new locations. Spatial extrapolation in ecology tends to follow a general framework in which (a)the objectives are defined and a conceptual model is derived; (b) a statistical or simulation modelis developed to generate predictions, possibly entailing scaling functions when extrapolating tobroad scales; and (c) the results are evaluated against new data. In this article, we examine theapplication of this framework in a variety of contexts, using examples from the scientific literature.We conclude by discussing the challenges, limitations, and future prospects for extrapolation.

Miller, Lantz, "Filling the Gaps in the Risks vs. Benefits of Mammalian Adult-Cell Cloning: TakingBernard Rollin's Philosophy Its Next Step," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics11(1998):1-16. ABSTRACT. A critique is made of Bernard Rollin's examination of the ethics ofcloning adult mammalian cells. The primary concern is less to propound an anticloning or procloningposition than to call for full exploration of the ethical complexities before a rush to judgment is made.Indeed, the ethical examination in question rushes toward an ethical position in such a way thatdoes not appear consistent with Rollin's usual methodology. By extending this methodology - whichentails full weighing of benefits and costs - it becomes apparent that there are real potential risksto this type of cloning in both animals and humans, besides the possible benefits, and that thescientific, political, philosophical, and broader academic communities should explore these risks andbenefits extensively. Rollin's usual methodological call for hesitation before risks would translateinto hesitation before the ethical risks of adult mammalian cell cloning instead of his paper'scuriously laissez-faire stance. KEY WORDS: animal adult-cell cloning, human adult-cell cloning,genetic ecology, genetic monoculture, synchronic genetic diversity, diachronic genetic diversity,rights of future generations. (JAEE)

Miller, M. L., and J. Kirk, "Marine Environmental Ethics," Ocean and Coastal Management17(1992):237-251. (v5,#4)

Miller, Mara, The Garden as an Art. Albany: SUNY Press, 1993. 273 pages. Paper, $ 18.95. Theoretical issues in aesthetics that gardens raise, with examples. Miller challenges contemporaryaesthetic theory to include gardens in an expanded definition of art. Gardens mix art and naturein varying proportions. She challenges the idea that art should be studied within the context of asingle culture and period, the idea that art should be conceived as a discrete object unrelated toour survival as persons, as cultural communities, and as a species. She challenges the idea that

all signifying systems are like language use. The element of nature in gardens is part of thischallenge. Miller is director of the Asian Studies Program and teaches philosophy at DrewUniversity. (v5,#2)

Miller, Pamela A., The Implications of John Dewey's Ideas for Environmental Ethics (Pragmatism),1998, Indiana University, Ph.D. thesis. 515 pages. Dewey's pragmatism identifies and addressesconflicts between human and nonhuman interests that can help bridge the gap between practiceand theory in environmental ethics. Traditional arguments in environmental ethics often give littleor no guidance in conflicts faced in practice. Dewey's philosophy offers an alternative that givesdirection to practitioners for resolving conflicts so that all parties to a conflict 'grow' as a result ofthe conflict. This requires focus on the notions of inquiry, experience, growth, the idea ofcharacter in moral judgment, and Dewey's concept of the "good". A Deweyan approach toenvironmental ethics lends support to major claims of the ecofeminists. The advisor was KarenHanson. (v.10,#1)

Miller, Peter, "The Place of Recycling in Sustainable Development," A Manitoba New DemocraticParty Environmental Task Force Report. The fifty page study examines the feasibility of recyclingin the province of Manitoba, with attention to combining theory and practice. Copies available onrequest. Department of Philosophy, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg,Manitoba R3B 2E0, Canada. (v1,#1)

Miller, Peter, "Descartes' Legacy and Deep Ecology." Dialogue 28 (1989): 183-202. An argumentfor an axiology of "extended naturalism." This view is contrasted with a pure Cartesian separationof value from the material world and with a modified Cartesian "projectionist" axiology that insistsvalue must be based in the mind of a conscious evaluator. Projectionism is in "the firm grip of theCartesian legacy" because "not only the appreciation but also the very existence of those values`within' the non-human natural order [are] contingent upon human altruistic sentiments, valueexperiences, or evaluations" (p. 194). The mistake is the confusion of "epistemic primacy withontological primacy" (p. 199). (Katz, Bibl # 2) (v1,#1)

Miller, Peter and Westra, Laura, eds., Just Integrity. Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002. (v.13,#4)

Miller, Peter. "Value as Richness: Toward a Value Theory for the Expanded Naturalism inEnvironmental Ethics." Environmental Ethics 4(1982):101-14. There is a widespread convictionamongst nature lovers, environmental activists, and many writers on environmental ethics that thevalue of the natural world is not restricted to its utility to humankind, but contains an independentintrinsic worth as well. Most contemporary value theories, however, are psychologically basedand thus ill-suited to characterize such natural intrinsic value. The theory of "value as richness"attempts to articulate a plausible nonpsychological theory of value that accommodatesenvironmentalist convictions as well as more traditional value concerns. It has implications not onlyfor our care for and preservation of nature, but also for the enrichment of human lives. Miller isin the philosophy department, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada. (EE)

Miller, Peter. Review of The Nature of the Beast. By Stephen R. L. Clark. Environmental Ethics9(1987):277-79.

Miller, Peter. "Do Animals Have Interests Worthy of Our Moral Interest?" Environmental Ethics5(1983):319-33. The conclusion of animal liberationists that the underlying assumptions of modernegalitarian humanism can be construed to imply an equal moral desert for the higher nonhumananimals has recently been challenged by R. G. Frey on the grounds that linguistic incompetenceand lack of self-consciousness on the part of animals preclude them from having desires, beliefs,interests, and rights. Although Frey's arguments fail, they challenge us to provide alternative

accounts of these descriptive and normative categories of human and animal psychology. Phenomenological and behavioral analyses demonstrate both the meaningfulness and thetruthfulness of attributing desires, beliefs, and interests to many nonhuman animals. Principles ofaxiology and ethics prescribe that animal interests ought to be objects of our moral concern, butdo not vindicate an egalitarian interpretation of animal liberation. A fundamental challenge of theanimal liberation debate is how to frame a nonegalitarian ethic that can nevertheless preserve themoral gains of various liberation movements inspired by principles of equality. Miller is in thephilosophy department, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada. (EE)

Miller, Ronald I., ed., Mapping the Diversity of Nature. London: Chapman and Hall, 1994. 218 pages. $ 60. Mapping the elements of diversity, with an example of the rare species of Madagascar. Remote-sensing of tropical habitat availability for a nearctic migrant, the wood thrush. Using mapsfor the conservation of large mammals around the globe. Mapping the global distribution of species. A continental conservation mapping program. (v8,#2)

Millette, Thomas L., Sullivan, James D., Henderson, James K. "Evaluating Forestland Uses: A GIS-Based Model," Journal of Forestry 95(no.9, 1997). (v8,#3)

Milliken Jr., Roger. "Eleven Generations of Forest Benefits: Where Do We Go From Here?" Journalof Forestry 94(no.2, Feb.1996):6. (v7,#1)

Mills, Claudia, Values and Public Policy. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992. Chapter 2is on "Nature, the Environment, and Animal Rights." Short articles, drawn from the Institute forPhilosophy and Public Policy's quarterly, QQ, by Claudia Mills on endangered species; Mark Sagoffon biotechnology, property rights and environmental law, and animal liberation and environmentalethics; C. A. J. Coady defending human chauvinism; and Robert Wachbroit on patenting animals. Chapter 1 is on "Technology, Risk, and the Environment."

Mills, M. G. L., "Conservation Management of Large Carnivores in Africa," Koedoe: ResearchJournal for National Parks in the Republic of South Africa 34 (no. 1, 1991): 81-90. Problems andopportunities in keeping people in reasonable harmony with big predators on a landscape. (v2,#4)

Mills, Stephanie, ed., In Praise of Nature, Covelo, CA: Island Press, 1990. 258 pages. $ 14.95paper, $ 22.95 cloth. A smorgasbord of nature writing: John Muir, Aldo Leopold, Barry Lopez,Wendell Berry, John McPhee, Edward Abbey, Rachel Carson, and others. There is an annotatedbibliography of more than 100 books comparable to Davis's Ecophilosophy (Newsletter, Spring,1990, p. 7) with these major differences: it is more broadly conceived both topically and temporallyand the notations and reviews are written by many authors, among them Baird Callicott. (v1,#4)

Mills, Stephanie. "The Leopolds' Shack." Wild Earth 6, no.1 (1996): 56. (v7, #3)

Milne, Courtney, The Sacred Earth. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1993. $ 49.50. A coffee tablebook, marvelous photographs, largely of natural scenes and formations, perhaps of religiousshrines, with selected texts, grouped around the following themes: legacies from antiquity; watersof cleansing, havens of renewal, the high places, places of transformation.

Milton, Kay, Environmentalism and Cultural Theory: Exploring the Role of Anthropology inEnvironmental Discourse. New York: Routledge, 1996. Environmentalists often claim that non-industrial societies, usually described as "indigenous" or "traditional," have a better relationshipwith their environment than industrial societies do. A growing body of anthropological literaturehas thrown doubt on this belief, and suggests that it should be seen as a "myth," both in thepopular sense of something that is untrue and in the sense often used by anthropologists as

something that is asserted as dogma. Our contemporary understanding of these cultures isshaped by our pre-conceptions and by the arguments we wish to pursue. Both the reality ofhuman-environment relations, and our interpretations of them, are considerably more complex thanthe environmentalist myth suggests. Milton teaches social anthropology at the Queen's University,Belfast. (v8,#3)

Milton, Kay, ed. Environmentalism: The View from Anthropology. London: Routledge, 1993. 240pages. , 14.99 paper. Stressing the cultural dimensions of green issues, the contributors maintainthat anthropology has a distinctive contribution to make to the ecological debate. Milton is in socialanthropology at the Queen's University, Belfact. (v6,#1)

Milton, Kay, ed. Environmentalism: The View from Anthropology: (London: Routledge, 1993).Reviewed by Laura Rival in Environmental Values 4(1995):83-84. (EV)

Milton, Kay, Environmentalism and Cultural Theory: Exploring the Role of Anthropology inEnvironmental Discourse. London: Routledge, 1996. "The position that human beings are uniquein possessing culture has always seemed an absurd denial both of experience and of logic" (pp.63-64). "The myth of primitive ecological wisdom is not well founded" (p. 133). (v10,#4)

Milton, Kay, Environmentalism and Cultural Theory: Exploring the Role of Anthropology inEnvironmental Discourse. London: Routledge, 1996. "The position that human beings are uniquein possessing culture has always seemed an absurd denial both of experience and of logic" (pp.63-64). "The myth of primitive ecological wisdom is not well founded" (p. 133). (v.11,#1)

Milton, Kay. "Nature is Already Sacred." Environmental Values 8(1999):437-449. ABSTRACT:Environmentalists often argue that, in order to address fundamentally the harmful impact of theiractivities on the environment, western industrial societies need to change their attitude to nature.Specifically, they need to see nature as sacred, and to acknowledge that humanity is a part ofnature rather than separate from it. In this paper, I seek to show that these two ideas areincompatible in the context of western culture. Drawing particularly on ideas expressed bywestern conservationists, I argue that nature is already seen as sacred, and that its sacrednessdepends on it being seen as separate from humanity, an idea which effectively contradicts thescientific knowledge on which many conservationists base their actions. Goodin's green theoryof value is used as a source of ideas about why non-human nature is experienced as sacred, andcan be extended to suggest that other values, such as "development" and "progress", are alsoseen as sacred. KEYWORDS: Nature, sacredness, conservation, non-human nature, westernculture. Kay Milton, School of Anthropological Studies The Queen's University of Belfast BelfastBT7 1NN, Northern Ireland Email: kmilton@clio.arts.qub.ac.uk. (EV)

Milton, Kay. Review of: Satterfield, Terre, Anatomy of a Conflict: Identity, Knowledge and Emotionin Old-Growth Forests. Environmental Values 13(2004):118-119. (EV)

Minai, Asghar Talaye, Aesthetics, Mind, and Nature: A Communication Approach to the Unity ofMatter and Consciousness. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993. "The totality of cosmic order bearsmessages of meaning and is `beautiful'. The properties of this system may fall in either rational orrandom order, the former promoting well-ordered, rule-generated, sociobiological conditions, butthe latter providing the necessary complexity and variety that transforms the mundane into thebeautiful. ... This book aims to satisfy the urge for better understanding of the underlying principleof beauty and the nature of what is beautiful (p. xvi). (v7,#2)

Minckley, W. L. and James E. Deacon, eds., Battle against Extinction: Native Fish Management inthe American West. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 1992. Includes, "Fishes in the Desert:

Paradox and Responsibility" by Holmes Rolston; articles by Phil Pister, James Deacon, and otherson fish conservation in the American West. $ 40.00. (v2,#4)

Minckley, Wendell L. and James E. Deacon, eds., Battle Against Extinction: Native Fish Managementin the American West (Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 1991), $ 40.00 cloth. Nearly a thirdof the native fishes of North America live in the arid West; nearly all are threatened or of concern. Holmes Rolston contributes an article on duties to endangered fishes. Minckley is professor ofzoology at Arizona State University. Deacon is professor of biology at the University of Nevada,Las Vegas. (v2,#2)

Minckly, WL; Marsh, PC; Deacon, JE; Dowling, TE; Hedrick, PW; Matthews, WJ; Mueller, G, "AConservation Plan for Native Fishes of the Lower Colorado River" Bioscience 53(no.3, 2003):219-234.

Mineau, Pierre, McLaughlin, Alison. "Conservation of Biodiversity Within Canadian AgriculturalLandscapes: Integrating Habitat for Wildlife," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics9(1996):93-113. This review of current literature considers the potential for non-crop areas withinagricultural landscapes to be reservoirs of agronomically beneficial organisms including plants,invertebrates, and vertebrate species. Non-crop habitats adjacent to crop land have been identifiedas significant for the maintenance of plant species diversity, for the conservation of beneficialpollinating and predatory insect and as essential habitat for birds. A key component forenhancement of biodiversity is the reintroduction of landscape heterogeneity by (1) protection andenhancement of key non-crop areas, (2) smaller fields and farms, and (3) a greater mixture ofcrops, through rotation, intercropping and regional diversification. The benefits of increasedbiodiversity within arable lands are reviewed for various species groups. The problems of cropdepredation by vertebrate species, weed and insect competition are also discussed. Keywords:biodiversity, wildlife habitat, agriculture, hedgerows, field margins. Mineau and McLaughlin are withthe Canadian Wildlife Service, Hull, Quebec. (JAEE)

Minehart, D. and Neeman, Z., "Effective Siting of Waste Treatment Facilities," Journal ofEnvironmental Economics and Management 43(no.2, 2002): 303-24. (v.13,#2)

Mingozzi, T., Esteve, R. "Analysis of a Historical Extirpation of the Bearded Vulture GypaetusBarbatus (L.) in the Western Alps (France-Italy): Former Distribution and Causes of Extirpation,"Biological Conservation 79(no.2/3 1997):155.

Minion, Chris, "Publicly Funded Scientific Entrepreneurs Are Entitled to Profit From TheirDiscoveries", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 4(1991):186-191. In a debate: Arepublicly funded scientific entrepreneurs entitled to profit from their discoveries?

Mink, Frank L,, Coleman II, James C. "Superfund Site Contamination: Apportionment of Liability,"Natural Resources & Environment 12(no.1,1997):68. (v8,#3)

Minteer, Ben A., and Manning, Robert E., eds., Reconstructing Conservation: Finding CommonGround. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001. Includes:-Norton, Bryan, "Conservation: Moral Crusade or Environmental Public Policy?" pages 187-205.-Callicott, J. Baird, "The Implications of the `Shifting Paradigm' in Ecology for Paradigm Shifts in thePhilosophy of Conservation," pages 239-261. (v.14, #4)Minteer, Ben A. Review of Virginia A. Sharpe, Bryan Norton, and Strachan Donnelley, eds. Wolvesand Human Communities: Biology, Politics, and Ethics. Environmental Ethics 25(2003):207-210. (EE)

Minteer, Ben A., "No Experience Necessary? Foundationalism and the Retreat from Culture inEnvironmental Ethics," Environmental Values 7(1998): 333-348. Many of the leading contributorsto the field of environmental ethics demonstrate a preference for foundationalist approaches intheir theoretical justifications of environmentalism. I criticise this tendency as it figures in the workof Holmes Rolston III, J. Baird Callicott, and Eric Katz. I illustrate how these writers' desire forphilosophical absolutes leads them to reject the moral resources present within human culture; amove that carries with it a number of troubling philosophical and political problems. I conclude thatenvironmental theorists would be better served by taking a more contextual, social, and pragmaticapproach to justifying their moral projects regarding nature, and that this mode of inquiry willultimately lead toward a more philosophically sound and democratically authentic environmentalethics. KEYWORDS: environmental ethics, foundationalism, pragmatism, contextualism. Ben A.Minteer is at the University of Vermont. (EV)

Minteer, Ben A., and Robert E. Manning. "Pragmatism in Environmental Ethics: Democracy,Pluralism, and the Management of Nature." Environmental Ethics 21(1999):191-207. A growingnumber of contributors to environmental philosophy are beginning to rethink the field's mission andpractice. Noting that the emphasis of protracted conceptual battles over axiology may not get usvery far in solving environmental problems, many environmental ethicists have begun to advocatea more pragmatic, pluralistic, and policy-based approach in philosophical discussions abouthuman-nature relationships. In this paper, we argue for the legitimacy of this approach, stressingthat public deliberation and debate over alternative environmental ethics is necessary for a cultureof democracy to be upheld in decision making and policy formulation. Then we argue for ademocratically tempered environmental ethics that is grounded in a practical understanding of thecharacter of moral claims regarding the natural world. We offer the results of an empirical studyof environmental ethics held by the public to illustrate the diversity in their moral commitments tonature. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the implications of this ethical pluralism for policydiscussions about the management of American public lands. (EE)

Minteer, Ben A., Elizabeth A. Corley, and Robert E. Manning, "Environmental Ethics BeyondPrinciple? The Case for a Pragmatic Contextualism," Journal of Agricultural and EnvironmentalEthics 17(2004):131-156. Many nonanthropocentric environmental ethicists subscribe to a"principle-ist" approach to moral argument, whereby specific natural resource and environmentalpolicy judgments are deduced from the prior articulation of a general moral principle.More often than not, this principle is one requiring the promotion of the intrinsic value of nonhumannature. Yet there are several problems with this method of moral reasoning, including theshort-circuiting of reflective inquiry and the disregard of the complex nature of specificenvironmental problems and policy arguments. In the present paper, we advance an alternative,pragmatic contextualist approach to environmental ethics, one grounded in the moral theory of JohnDewey. We present the results of an empirical study of public environmental ethics and naturalresource management attitudes to support our position, and we conclude with a fewrecommendations for future inquiry in the field of environmental ethics. Keywords: contextualism,empirical study, environmental ethics, pragmatism, public attitudes. The authors are in HumanDimensions of Biology, Faculty School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ. (JAEE)

Mintz, J. A., "The Uncertain Future Path of Environmental Enforcement and Compliance: A BookReview Essay Regarding Clifford Rechtschaffen and David L. Markell, Reinventing EnvironmentalEnforcement and the State-Federal Relationship," Environmental Law 33(2003): 1093-1104.

Mintzer, Irving M., and Leonard, J.A., eds., Negotiating Climate Change: The Inside Story of the RioConvention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 392 pages. The fate of theFramework Convention on Climate Change in the light of political and industrial pressures to avoiddoing much about real change. Science, values, and politics in a complex treaty. Nevertheless,

there has been some achievement. There is a formal, binding requirement, sound reporting ofemissions and target-hitting, or missing, verification by an independent authority, and there arecontinued negotiations. Much of this achievement was spearheaded by contributors to thisvolume. (v9,#2)

Mintzer, Irving M., Leonard, J.A.. Negotiating Climate Change: The Inside Story of the RioConvention. Reviewed by Tim O'Riordan, Environmental Values 7(1998):115.

Mirkarimi, Ross. "Dangerous Liaisons. War and the Environment." The Christian Science Monitor,vol. 89, 24 Jan 1997, p. 19.

Miroiu, Adrian, Etica Aplicata (Applied Ethics). Bucharest, Romania: Editura Alternative, 1995. ISBN: 973-96996-6-9. Translations into Romanian of selected articles from the West on appliedethics. In addition to sections on abortion, the right to die, and euthanasia, it contains a section onnature, with translations from Peter Singer on "Animal Liberation," Tom Regan on "The Rights ofAnimals," and Elliot Sober's "Philosophical Problems for Environmentalism." Miroiu teachesphilosophy at the University of Bucharest and is in the ministry of higher education for Romania. (v7,#2)

Miroiu, Adrian, "Global Warming and Moral Theorizing," Theoria: Revista de Teoria, Historia yFundamentos de la Ciencia (San Sebastian, Spain) 11(no. 27, 1996):61-81. ISSN 0495-4548. InEnglish. "The aim of my paper is to explore in some detail some epistemological issues concerningmoral theorizing on global warming. First, I consider the issue of the structure of the theoreticalapproach in a field of inquiry requiring normative assessments. How do theoretical principles workhere? What is to be regarded as a normative evidence for such a theory? Second, the criteria todetermine which part, if any, of the theory gets normatively constrained, and which does not, arediscussed. Third, I focus on the procedures to reach an equilibrium between such a theory andits evidence and to reach it, changes might be required on the normative side of the theory ratherthan on its non-normative side." Miroiu is in the faculty of philosophy, University of Bucharest,Romania. (v.9,#3)

Mirovitskaya, Natalia, and Marvin S. Soroos. "Socialism and the Tragedy of the Commons:Reflections on Environmental Practice in the Soviet Union and Russia." The Journal of Environmentand Development 4 (no. 1, 1995): 77- . (v6,#1)

Mishalani (Mish'alani), James K., "The Limits of Moral Community and the Limits of Moral Thought,"Journal of Value Inquiry 16(1982):131-141. "We may expect moral community to be structuredconcentrically, so that we will find at the center those who are both authors and beneficiaries ofmoral consideration, and in a wider circle around them those whose well-being is in the care ofthe former, namely, pure beneficiaries. Such wards of a moral community may in turn be arrangedin ever-expanding circles, so that the custodial responsibilities of the central community become... increasingly attenuated as we move outward toward the periphery" (p. 132). "If moralcommunity is conceived of as a series of ever-widening concentric circles encompassing thewhole realm of living beings, then to say that we ought to minimize harm is to say that wheneverwe, in seeking our own interests, are forced to jeopardize the interests of other beings, we ought,other things being equal, always to prefer the destruction of peripheral interests to central ones,and of fewer to more interests of the same degree of remoteness from the center" (p. 140). Mish'alani is at the University of Washington.

Mistretta, P. A., "Managing for Forest Health," Journal of Forestry 100(no.7, 2002): 24-27. (v.13,#4)

Mitcham, Carl, ed., Banchetti-Robino, Marina Paola, Marrietta, Jr., Don E., and Embree, Lester, guesteds., Research in Philosophy and Technology: Volume 18, Philosophies of the Environment and

Technology. Stamford, Connecticut: JAI Press, 1999. 376pp. $ 78, hardbound only. Expensive,but there is a lot in it. Only Parts I and II are relevant here.Part I. Philosophies of the Environment and Technology--Callicott, J. Baird, "After the Industrial Paradigm, What?", pp. 13-25. "A human economy shiftingfrom industrial production and consumption of material objects to postindustrial production andconsumption of information will be better adapted to the natural environment" (p. 25).--Ihde, Don, "Phil-Tech Meets Eco-Phil: The Environment," pp. 27-38. The relationships betweenphilosophy of technology and environmental philosophy, with the aim of redirecting concerns thatshould unite these two disciplines.--Hickman, Larry, "Green Pragmatism: Reals Without Realism, Ideals Without Idealism," pp. 39-56. John Dewey's critique of technology sheds much light on some of the issues now debated withinenvironmental philosophy. Dewey advanced a broad critique of technological culture, and wasalso an evolutionary naturalist who rejected the extremes of scientific realism on the one hand andromantic idealizations of nature on the other.--Marietta, Don E., Jr., "Decisions Regarding Technology: The Human Factor," pp. 57-72. "We havegood reasons for not using certain technologies, either because they are harmful to the naturalenvironment for us to tolerate their use, or because they are harmful to humans, either individualhumans or human groups" (p. 58).--Casey, Timothy, "Architecture As Environmental Philosophy." "It is the built environment thatestablishes the cultural context within which utensils and tools are employed and nature is firstuncovered." Using "architecture" in this broad sense, any kind of building by which humans openup places and situate themselves in their world, a people's architecture is "an ethos thatestablishes their place in the world. It is in such places that we first discover the environment andhence the `place' of nature in our lives" (p. 74).--Robino, (Banchetti-Robino), Marina Paola, "Hermeneutic Technics: The Case of NuclearReactors," pp. 85-94. "The purpose of this paper ... is ... to examine phenomenologically the natureof the relation between the operator of a nuclear reactor and the instruments through which thisoperator gains information about the nuclear pile by focusing specifically on what went wrong"(pp. 85-86).--Frodeman, Robert, "The Rebirth of Gaia and the Closure of Homo Technologicus," pp. 95-113. "A geological reading of the close of modernity and the advent of a postmodern era, ... by tracingthe changing relationship between technology and nature. Since the industrial revolution, geologyhas been predominantly an economic discipline, supplying the raw materials for a technologicalway of life. In the future, the central role of the earth sciences will be political, helping to definethe limits that individuals and communities must life within in order to flourish. ... On this reading theearth sciences become narrative sciences." (p. 95). --Embree, Lester, "Personal Environmental Phenomenology, or the Examination of Electric VehicleTechnology," pp. 115-130. The environmental case for electric vehicles, and the phenomenologicaljustification for driving an electric vehicle.--Ferré, Frederick, "On Matter and Machines: An Environmental Speculation," pp. 131-142. "`Materialism,' though avidly pursued, is yet widely subjected to scorn." Wherein lies the conflict? "The alienation between matter and spirit, matter and mind, matter and purpose, though a deephistorical reality in our modern worldview, is not a theoretical necessity" (p. 113). "The matter withmatter, as depicted in the dominant modern worldview and as incorporated in our culture'scharacteristic technologies, is that it leaves out too much that is important and true. It leaves outquality. It leaves out adventure. It leaves out society. It leaves out mind and purpose and value. But this need not be the case, and should not long continue" (p. 141).--Rolston, Holmes III, "A Managed Earth and the End of Nature?", pp. 143-164. Humans increasinglysee themselves as the planetary mangers, regionally if not globally. Perhaps nature is at an end? All culturally intended activity modifies spontaneous wild nature. Nature widely bears the marksof human transforming, although there remains also much relatively undisturbed nature. Somerespond that evolutionary and ecosystemic natural history has been overtaken by humanengineering. Others seek a revised account by which human activity is, or should be, natural. The

idea(l) of nature, absent humans, ought to be replaced with an idea(l) in which the humanpresence is also natural. A postmodern claim is that humans have never known, and cannotknow, nature as it is itself. Wild nature is ended, because we now know that nature alwayswears for us a human face. But nature neither is, or ought to be, ended. Although humans belongon Earth; we do not have and do not want an entirely managed, humanized nature. Nature oughtalso be an end in itself.Part II. A Symposium on Michael Zimmerman's Contesting Earth's Future.--Davion, Victoria, "Zimmerman on Feminism, Truth and Objectivity."--Maskit, Jonathan, "`All in Post': On Michael Zimmermann's Contesting Earth's Future."--Vogel, Steven, "On Michael Zimmerman's Contesting Earth's Future."--Zimmerman, Michael E., "Recognizing the Limits of Contesting Earth's Future."

Mitcham, Carl, Thinking Through Technology. Reviewed by Robert Frodeman, Environmental Ethics18(1996):111-112. (EE)

Mitcham, Carl. Review of Abram, David, The Spell of the Sensuous. Science 275(1997):174. "Atruly original work by a philosophical anthropologist and practitioner of participatory ethnology." (v8,#1)

Mitchell, Bruce, Getting It Green: Case Studies in Canadian Environmental Regulation, Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 5(1992)235.

Mitchell, Bruce. "Water and Waterscapes: Some Conflicting Interests", Environments 24(no. 1,1996):97.

Mitchell, C., "Review of: John M. Meyer, Political Nature: Environmentalism and the Interpretation ofWestern Thought," Environmental History 7(no.3, 2002): 529. (v.13,#4)

Mitchell, D, "Cultural landscapes: the dialectical landscape - recent landscape research in humangeography," Progress in Human Geography 26(no.3, 2002):381-390. (v.13, #3)

Mitchell, George J., World on Fire: Saving an Endangered Earth. New York: Scribner's, 1991. $22.50. (v3,#1)Mitchell, George J., World on Fire: Saving an Endangered Earth (New York: Scribners, 1990). $22.50. 247 pages. George Mitchell is Senate Majority Leader, Democrat from Maine, and a keyperson in most of the current environmental legislation. (v2,#1)

Mitchell, John G., The Man Who Would Dam the Amazon and Other Accounts from Afield (Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press, 1990). $24.95. 368 pages. Twelve essays from Audubon andWilderness demonstrating the systematic defilement of the environment and the bureaucraticneglect of natural resources. Stories from Kentucky, Utah, Alaska, Interstate highways, andelsewhere. (v2,#1)

Mitchell, John Hanson, Trespassing: An Inquiry into the Private Ownership of Land. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley, 1998. By what right do humans own land at all? Mitchell, a frequenttrespasser, is especially interested in 500 acres in eastern Massachusetts, tracing its history ofowners from the native Americans to the present, with tales of their attachments to the land, thediffering ways they have owned it, and how this affects the boundary between what humans holdin common and what they hold privately. Common needs weighed against the private right. (v9,#2)

Mitchell, Jon. "Jewels of the Sea Fight for Survival in Fragile Ecosystems." The Christian ScienceMonitor, vol. 88, 27 Sept. 1996, pp. 10-11.

Mitchell, Jon. "Panama Indians Battle Modern 'Invader' Over Mining Rights." The Christian ScienceMonitor, vol. 89, 15 January 1997, p. 6.

Mitchell, Lawrence E., Corporate Irresponsibility: America's Newest Export. New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, 2001. U.S. law has frozen the business organization at a very early stage ofmoral development. Law encourages corporations to maximize stockholder profit and confines themajor players--stockholders, managers and board members--to morally stunted roles in pursuit ofthis profit. Social good all too often fails before the desire for shareholder value. Whatcorporations really need are knowledgeable investors who will tolerate and encourage the pursuitof long-term strategies that have no short-term profit payoff (which happens more often inEurope). But board members fester in a system that encourages them to stifle these largerfiduciary duties and long-term social interests. Alas, it is tough to fix this situation by givingexecutives more freedom and responsibility. Stockholders cannot ensure that the board memberswill not "self-deal"; corporate managers cannot protect themselves from the short-term greed ofstockholders. And, with global capitalism, American is exporting this flawed system around theworld. Needless to say, environmental protection and conservation is near the bottom of thisagenda. Mitchell is a research professor at George Washington Law School. (v.13,#2)

Mitchell, Ross E. "Thorstein Veblen: Pioneer in Environmental Sociology", Organization andEnvironment 14 (No. 4, December 2001) pp.389-408. This article investigates the writings ofAmerican institutional economist Thorstein Bunde Veblen (1857-1929) on capitalism andenvironment. The two main queries concern (a) Veblen's stand on natural resource utilization asa consequence of capitalism and (b) its current relevance to environmental sociology. Veblen'stheories of conspicuous consumption, absentee ownership, and natural resource exploitation areexamined from several of his seminal contributions. The article concludes that Veblen's pioneeringanalysis of wasteful use of natural resources and emulative consumerism is essential toenvironmental sociology and timely because of current environmental crises. Future research issuggested in two areas: (a) applying Veblen's theoretical approaches to the ecological aspectsof capitalism and (b) comparing Veblen with other classical theorists such as Marx and Weberwithin the subfield of environmental sociology. Mitchell is a PhD candidate in the Department ofRural Economy at the University of Alberta. (v.13,#2)

Mitchell, Timothy. "The Use of an Image: America's Egypt and the Development Industry." TheEcologist 26, no.1 (1996): 19. USAID and other development agencies typically portray Egypt asthe narrow valley of the River Nile hemmed in by the desert and crowded with rapidly-multiplyingmillions of inhabitants, a picture which enables Egypt's poverty to be ascribed to demography andgeography. Such an image obscures the political and social inequalities that underlie Egypt'sinability to feed itself. It also hides the role that USAID plays in the promotion of policies framed tosupport US domestic issues. (v7, #3)

Mitman, Gregg, The State of Nature: Ecology, Community, and American Social Thought, 1900-1950. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 290 pages. $ 23.50 paper. A study of theconnection between liberal social thought and the concept of harmony in nature in the first half ofthe century. Social attitudes and commitments shaped ecological thinking, which in turn sought toinfluence social and political thinking. There were steady interactions between ecology andecologists and ideas of social community and social forces. The cooperative view of natureeroded in the 1940's and 1950's due both to the modern Darwinian synthesis of evolution bynatural selection, as well as through the association of organicism with totalitarian ideologies. Mitman is in the history of science at the University of Oklahoma. (v4,#2)

Mittelstrass, J., "Umwelt und Gesundheit: Von der Schwierigkeit, sich mit Umwelt- undGesundheitsstandards in einer Kulture-Natur zurechtzufinden [Ethics of Environment and Health:

On the Difficulty of Determining Environmental and Health Standards in a Cultural Nature]," in WienerKlinische Wochenschrift 101 (no 17, 1989): 563-571. Scientific cultures, i.e. modern industrialsocieties, create their own environment. The expression denoting such a creation is a Kultur-Nature (cultural nature) determined by environmental and health standards. These standards areneither natural laws nor can they be derived from nature. They are instead a part of humanrationality. They also have an ethical dimension. The argument focuses on the following aspects:scientific and technological rationality as problem solver and problem producer, exploration of theconcept of the Kultur-Natur, the status of environmental and health standards, presenting the casefor the concept of rational ethics (Vernuftethik) against the concept of ecological ethics and thesupplementation of a research imperative by an ethical imperative. Mittelstrass is at the ZentrumPhilosophie und Wissenschaft Theorie, University of Constance, Germany. (v2,#2)

Mizzoni, John. "St. Francis, Paul Taylor, and Franciscan Biocentrism." Environmental Ethics26(2004):41-56.The biocentric outlook on nature affirms our fellowship with other living creaturesand portrays human beings as members of the Earth's community who have equal moral standingwith other living members of the community. A comparison of Paul Taylor's biocentric theory ofenvironmental ethics and the life and writings of St. Francis of Assisi reveals that Francismaintained a biocentric environmental ethic. This individualistc environmental ethic is grounded inbiology and is unaffected by the paradigm shift in ecology in which nature is regarded as in fluxrather than tending toward equilibrium. A holistic environmental ethic that accords moral standingto holistic entities (species, ecosytems, biotic communities) is more vulnerable to these changesin ecology than an environmental ethic that accords moral standing to individuals. Another strengthof biocentrism is its potential to provide a unified front across religious and scientific lines. (EE)

Moberg, Gary P., "Using Risk Assessment to Define Domestic Animal Welfare", Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 6(1993), Supplement. It is doubtful that there will ever be auniversally acceptable definition of animal welfare, but I believe that it is possible to arrive at aworking definition of what are acceptable practices for managing domestic animals by the use ofrisk assessment. Risk to an animal's welfare occurs when an animal experiences stress of suchmagnitude that there is a significant diversion of the animal's biological resources from normalfunction. This is the biological cost of stress. If the biological cost becomes great enough, theanimal enters a prepathological state where it is vulnerable to disease, where it may no longer beable to reproduce, or where it may be unable to grow. These types of biological responses canbe measured and, as a result, can in turn be used as measures of well-being. These measuresof well-being can then be used to establish a scale of biological cost, providing us with a basis forusing risk assessment to determine what management practices place a domestic animal'swell-being at risk. Risk assessment makes it possible to evaluate domestic animal welfare undervarious management conditions, providing definitions of welfare that can be used to set legalguidelines for the care and use of domestic animals.Moberg is with the Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis.

Moehlman, Patricia D.; Amato, George; and Runyoro, Victor. "Genetic and Demographic Threatsto the Black Rhinoceros Population in the Ngorongoro Crater." Conservation Biology 10, no.4(1996): 1107. (v7, #3)

Moffat, Anne Simon, "Resurgent Forests Can Be Greenhouse Gas Sponges," Science 277 (18 July,1997):325-316. Recent evidence indicates that forests store much more carbon than had beenthought. Some previous studies calculated that forests take up about as much carbon dioxidewhile photosynthesizing as they give off when respiring, resulting in little net carbon flow into orout of forests. But new results, some from re-analysis of the old data, indicates that forests andthe carbon they sequester have been undervalued, especially the carbon in forest soils, much inpeat, also much more than thought in tropical forests. Reforestation can be significant in offsettingindustrial carbon. (v8,#3)

Moffat, Anne Simon, "Global Nitrogen Overload Problem Becomes Critical," Science 279(1998):988-989. Synthetic nitrogen, from fertilizers, is overloading many regional ecosystems. Though fixednitrogen is essential for life, the added nitrogen is too much of a good thing. Human activities,mostly synthetic fertilizers, but also fossil fuel burning, especially in automobiles, produce 60% ofall the fixed nitrogen deposited on land each year. The situation is changing quite rapidly. (v9,#1)

Moffett, George, "UN Population Conference Meets Religious Resistance," The Christian ScienceMonitor 86 (6 September 1994): 1, 4. (v5,#3)

Moffett, George, "Reining in the World's Galloping Population," The Christian Science Monitor 86 (17August 1994): 7-14. (v5,#3)

Moffett, George. "Promise of Rice Aplenty for World is Limited by Shrinking Resources." TheChristian Science Monitor, June 21, 1995, pp. 1, 18. (v6,#2)

Moffett, Mark W., "Tree Giants of North America," National Geographic 191(no. 1, January1997):44-61. New discoveries in the difficult-to-reach forest canopies of the Pacific Northwest. With brief remarks about the ethics of climbing, which damages the trees and the community oflife in the canopies, whether done by scientists or for increasingly popular sport tree climbing. (v8,#1)

Mohai, P., "Dispelling Old Myths: African American Concern for the Environment," Environment45(no. 5, 2003): 10-27. (v 14, #3)

Mohai, P. "Black environmentalism." Social Science Quarterly 4(1990):744-765.

Mohai, Paul and Ben W. Twight, "Age and Environmentalism," Social Science Quarterly68(1989):798-815. (v8,#3)

Mohai, Paul, Jakes, Pamela. "The Forest Service in the 1990s: Is It Headed in the Right Direction?"Journal of Forestry 94(no.1, Jan.1996):31. (v7,#1)

Mojtabai, Cyndi. "Arsenic and Old Lace: The EPA Should Not Have Approved a Water QualityStandard for Arsenic That Is Below Natural Background Levels in City of Albuquerque v. Browner." Natural Resources Journal 35, no.4 (1995): 997. (v7, #3)

Mol, APJ, "Joint Environmental Policymaking in Europe: Between Deregulation and PoliticalModernization", Society and Natural Resources 16(no.4, 2003):335-348.

Mol APJ; Spaargaren, G, "Ecological Modernization and Consumption: A Reply", Society and NaturalResources 17 (no.3, 2004): 261-265(5).

Mol, Arthur P.J. "Ecological Modernisation and Institutional Reflexity: Environmental Reform in theLate Modern Age", Environmental Politics 5(no.2, 1996):302.

Molddan, Bedrich, and Billharz, Suzanne, eds. Sustainability Indicators: Report of the Project onIndicators of Sustainable Development. SCOPE Series No. 58. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons,1997. 400 pp. UK , 65.00. This book is the only guide of its kind to indicators and assessmentmethodologies for sustainable development. Written by experts from a complementary variety ofmethodologies, it gives a comprehensive survey of the approaches influencing current policy anddecision-making. The context is the multi-thematic program of the UN Commission of Sustainable

Development (CSD), scheduled to conclude in 1997. The major divisions of the book are: Indicators and Their Use--Information for Decision-Making; The Big Picture--ComprehensiveApproaches; Pieces of the Greater Picture; National Level Indicators; Research Needs. (v8,#3)

Molina, Edna. "Informal Non-Kin Networks among Homeless Latino and African American Men:Form and Functions," American Behavioral Scientist 43(No.4, 2000). Includes relations toenvironmental justice. (v.11,#1)

Moline, Jon N. "Aldo Leopold and the Moral Community." Environmental Ethics 8(1986):99-120. Aldo Leopold's land ethic calls for an extension of ethical consideration to nonhuman componentsof the complex system he called "the land." Although the basis for this extension was holistic,interpretations of Leopold's holism leave one baffled at how he could see his land ethic as anextension of a system which recognizes individual human rights. Leopold's critics and exponentsalike have focused on the holism expressed in his definition of right and wrong. Both regard it asa working criterion of morality to be applied directly to conduct, act by act. Both are mistaken. Leopold was an indirect holist, not a direct one. That is, he applied his holistic definition of right andwrong not as a rule for judging conduct directly, case by case, but as a principle for judgingconduct only indirectly by judging the rules, tastes, predilections, practices, and attitudes whichinfluence it. Moline is in the philosophy department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. (EE)

Moline, Jon N., "Aldo Leopold and the Moral Community," Environmental Ethics 8(1986):99-120. Animportant and original analysis of the central elements of Leopold's land ethic. Moline is interestedin balancing ecosystemic holism with a concern for individual human rights. He argues thatLeopold is an "indirect holist" who used ecological function as the value criterion for judgingprinciples and rules, not individual acts in the environment. This interpretation of Leopold avoidsthe problems of extreme holism (loss of individual value autonomy) and extreme individualism (novalue for species or systems). (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Moll, Gary, and Sara Ebenreck, eds., Shading Our Cities: A Resource Guide for Urban andCommunity Forests. Washington, D.C: Island Press, 1989. Pp. xvii, 329. Published by the AmericanForestry Association, this a wide-ranging look at the role of trees in the urban landscape---i.e., inhuman life. Topics include a discussion of value (Sara Ebenreck, "The Values of Trees,"), thesense of "place," practical advice on citizen advocacy, and computer software. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Moller, H. "Lessons for Invasion Theory from Social Insects", Biological Conservation 78(no.1/2,1996):125.

Moltmann, Jürgen, Wolterstorff, Nicholas, and Charry, Ellen T., A Passion for God's Reign:Theology, Christian Learning and the Christian Self. Edited by Miroslav Volf. Grand Rapids, MI:Erdmans, 1998. 112 pages. Of interest here because Moltmann, the celebrated Germantheologian, calls for "a new theological/ecological architecture wherein we will realize "it is not thehuman being that is the measure of all things, but rather God, who created all life" (p. 20). Moltmann foresees "an ecological culture" in the next century (p. 28). Only so can humankind andthe Earth survive. (v.10,#1)

Moltmann, Jürgen, God in Creation: A New Theology of Creation and the Spirit of God. SanFrancisco: Harper and Row, 1985. Published in the U.K. as God in Creation: An Ecological Doctrineof Creation. London: SCM Press, 1985. A Biblical theology of creation, in marked contrast to keythemes in Moltmann's previous work. A trinitarian, messianic, eschatological theology of creationoriented by the concept of the Sabbath as the goal of creation. In contrast to monotheistictheology, trinitarian theology supports relatedness, participation, and interpenetration, andemphasizes God's immanence in creation. An ecological theology will turn away from

anthropocentrism for a cosmological theocentrism in which the Sabbath, not humanity, is the crownof creation. Humans are the crown of creation only in and as a community that is part of nature.

Moltmann, Jurgen. God in Creation: A New Theology of Creation and the Spirit of God, trans.Margaret Kohl. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1985.

Molvar, Erik, The Trail Guide to Bob Marshall Country. Helena, MT: Falcon Press, 1994. Paper, 294pages. $ 19.95. The first complete trail guide to the crown jewel of the American wildernesssystem, the vast two-million-acre Bob Marshall, Great Bear, and Scapegoat Wilderness Complex. Over 100 trails described in detail. Molvar, who studied wildlife biology at the University ofMontana, has hiked more than a thousand miles in the Bob Marshalls, including all the trails in thebook. (v5,#3)

Monamy, Vaughan, Animal Experimentation: A Guide to the Issues. New York: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2000. The principal ethical issues and arguments in the debate overexperimenting with animals. Monamy is at Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, Australia. (v.13,#4)

Monday Morning, a periodical for Presbyterian pastors, has been running a series of short articles,"Restoring Creation: What the Churches Are Doing," that features specific local churches, forexample the New Providence Presbyterian Church of Maryville, TN in the May 6, 1991 issue, andthe Outdoor Ministries Unit of the Presbytery of Detroit at the Howell Conference and NatureCenter, in the June 1991 issue. (v2,#2)

Mondt, Rod. "Real Work and Wild Vision," Wild Earth 5, no. 4 (Winter 1995): 68- . (v6,#4)

Monist, The, April 1992, vol. 72, no. 2, is on "The Intrinsic Value of Nature." The issue wasreleased September 1992. J. Baird Callicott is the issue editor. Articles: John O'Neill, "The Varietiesof Intrinsic Value," Robert Elliot, "Intrinsic Value, Environmental Obligation and Naturalness," TomRegan,"Does Environmental Ethics Rest on a Mistake?" Eugene C. Hargrove, "WeakAnthropocentric Intrinsic Value," Bryan G. Norton, "Epistemology and Environmental Values" JimCheney, "Intrinsic Value in Environmental Ethics: Beyond Subjectivism and Objectivism," AnthonyWeston, "Between Means and Ends," Holmes Rolston, III, "Disvalues in Nature." A copy of thissingle issue may be obtained for $ 7.00 from The Monist, P. O. Box 600, La Salle, IL 61301. (v3,#3)

Monroe, MC; Long, AJ; Marynowski, S, "Wildland Fire in the Southeast: Negotiating Guidelines forDefensible Space", Journal of Forestry 101(no.3, 2003):14-19.

Monserud, Bruce, "Religion and Ecology: Visions for an Emerging Academic Field: ConsultationReport," Worldviews 6(2002):81-93. Report of a consultation on a Ph.D. program with aspecialization in religion and ecology at the University of Florida. Presentations of four speakersare summarized, with ensuing discussion, and an assessment of possibilities in the field. (v.13,#2)

Monsma, Stephen, ed. Responsible Technology: A Christian Perspective. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,1986. A Christian response to the technological innovations which have brought on much of ourecological crisis.

Montaigne, Fen, "Gorbachev: From Red to Green," Audubon 96 (no. 6, November-December,1994):56-57, 98. Gorbachev, who is president of the newly formed Green Cross International,says the environment is the crucial issue of the post-Communist world. (v5,#4)

Montero, Maria, Lena, Lopez. "Scientific Productivity in Environmental Psychology in Mexico: ABibliometric Analysis," Environment and Behavior 29(1997):169.

Montesinos, Miriam. "It May Be Silly, But It's An Answer: The Need To Accept Contingent ValuationMethodology In Natural Resource Damage Assessments." Ecology Law Quarterly 26(No. 1,1999):48- . (v10,#4)

Montgomery, Claire A. Pollack, Robert A. "Economics and Biodiversity: Weighing the Benefits andCosts of Conservation." Journal of Forestry 94(no.2, Feb.1996):34. (v7,#1)

Montgomery, Claire A., Robert A. Pollak, and White, Denis. "Pricing Biodiversity." Journal ofEnvironmental Economics and Management 38(No. 1, July 1999):1- . (v10,#4)

Montgomery, John D., "The Next Thousand Years," World Policy Journal 15(no.2, 1998), 77. (v.9,#4)

Montgomery, Mark A. "Reassessing the Waste Trade Crisis: What Do We Really Know?" TheJournal of Environment and Development 4 (no. 1, 1995): 1- . (v6,#1)

Monti, Michael J., Origin and Ordering: Aristotle, Heidegger, and the Production of Nature, 1997,State University of New York at Binghamton, Ph.D. thesis. 332 pages. Aristotle's concept ofnature in the light of Martin Heidegger's critique of technological thinking and the influence hisworks have in environmental ethics. The "positive terminus" of Heidegger's critique of nature liesin the forgotten Greek understanding of nature as phusis, or self-emergence. Heidegger's lectureson Aristotle's Physics focus on nature's self-emergence. Aristotle conceives nature withoutimposing anthropocentric models of artistic production. Moving beyond Heidegger, Monti arguesthat Aristotle's teleological understanding of natural production reveals nature as a source ofintrinsic good. But Aristotle also has important and uncomfortable limits, seen in his concept ofspecies; and ecology attempts to expand our understanding of nature's intrinsic good. One canmake provisional links between Aristotle's understanding of self-emergence and Heidegger'sattempts at providing a post-technological way of relating to the natural world, which he calls"dwelling." The advisor was Stephen David Ross. (v.10,#1)

Montrie, C, "Review of: Barbara Freese. Coal: A Human History", Environmental History 9 (no.1,2004): 146.

Moody, Roger. "Mining the World: The Global Reach of Rio Tinto Zinc." The Ecologist 26(Mar.1996):46. Over the past few years, a spate of mergers and takeovers among mining multinationalshas enabled them to take maximum advantage of national mining assets being privatizedworldwide. British company Rio Tinto Zinc is foremost among these global giants, its positionresulting in large part from its self-serving, global political infrastructure. (v7,#2)

Moon, Bruce E.. Dilemmas of International Trade. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996. 192 pages. $49.95 hb, $14.95 pb. In the post-Cold War world, trade is the new arena for competition--between nations, between groups, between ethical and theoretical ideas. Political economistBruce Moon puts contemporary trade events--NAFTA, United States-Japan controversies, theUruguay Round of GATT, China's Most Favored Nation status, the founding of the World TradeOrganization--into historical and theoretical perspective with the British Corn Laws, the GreatDepression, the Bretton Woods system, and the origins of the European Union. Economic theory,terms, and concepts are explained and contextualized with those from international relations. Three central dilemmas are examined: the unequal distribution of income and wealth created byinternational trade, the tradeoff among competing values that trade requires, and the difficult

interrelationship between economic and foreign policy goals within and among trading nations. Though internationally framed, each dilemma has ramifications at a variety of levels all the waydown to the individual's role in the global economy--as a consumer, as a citizen, and ultimately asa moral agent. Bruce E. Moon is professor of International Relations at Lehigh University. (v7,#1)Mooney, Edward F., ed. Wilderness and the Heart: Henry Bugbee's Philosophy of Place, Presence,and Memory. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1999. 296 pp. $45 cloth, $19.95 paper. Sixteen essayists trace Bugbee's explorations of thought, emotion, and the need for a sense ofplace attuned to wilderness. Existential philosophy, religion, and environmental studies. (v.10,#1)

Mooney, Harold A., Hobbs, Richard J., eds. Invasive Species in a Changing World. Covelo, CA:Island Press, 2000. 352 pages. Cloth $55. Paper $30. Global change will exacerbate the invasivespecies problem; invasives are themselves a global change element that need to be consideredin global change scenarios. (v.11,#4)

Moore, A, "Review of: Brendan Gleeson and Nicholas Low (eds.), Governing for the Environment:Global Problems, Ethics and Democracy," Environmental Politics 11(no.4, 2002): 135.

Moore, Bryan, "National Mining Association v. United States Army Corps of Engineers: The Districtof Columbia Circuit Drains Wetlands Protection from the Clean Water Act." Tulane EnvironmentalLaw Journal 12(No. 1, Winter 1998):235- . (v10,#4)

Moore, Bud, The Lochsa Story: Land Ethics in the Bitterroot Mountains. Missoula, MT: MountainPress Publishing Co., 1996. The Lochsa country is a region of the Bitterroot Mountains, Idaho. Moore is a forester with the U.S. Forest Service. (v8,#3)

Moore, David, Evans, Shelley, Nauta, Marijke M., and Rotheroe, Maurice, eds., Fungal Conservation:Issues and Solutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Threats to fungi and fungaldiversity throughout the world and how fungal diversity can be conserved, for the managementof nature in ways beneficial to not only humans but to the fungi. The volume results from asymposium of the British Mycological Society. Moore is at the University of Manchester, UK. (v.13,#3)

Moore, Deborah. "Think Small to Solve the World Water Crisis." The Christian Science Monitor, 12May 1994, p. 19. Moore is a scientist with the Environmental Defense Fund's International Program,focusing on reform of the World Bank, UN agencies, and development. The World Bank tends tofund big costly projects like dams and hydro-electric projects, which often displace populations andcause long-term agricultural disasters. Alternatively, Moore argues that the World Bank shouldfund basic services, such as, water conservation and reuse programs, waste-water treatment,and pollution prevention. (Thanks especially to Jack Weir for monitoring the Monitor, an excellentsource of serious journalism about the environment.)

Moore, Dorothy P., and Moore, Jamie W. "Posthurricane Burnout: An Island Township'sExperience," Environment and Behavior 28, no. 1 (Jan. 1996): 134- . (v6,#4)

Moore, Eric. "The Case for Unequal Animal Rights." I argue that the equal rights views of TomRegan and Evelyn B. Pluhar must be rejected because they have unacceptable consequences. Myobjection is similar to one made in the literature by Mary Anne Warren, but I develop it in more detailand defend it from several plausible responses that an equal rights theorist might make. I formulatea theory, a moderate form of perfectionism, that makes a value distinction between moral agentsand moral patients according to which although both have rights, these rights are not equal. Thistheory avoids the unacceptable consequences of the equal rights view and is immune to themarginal cases arguments that typical full-personhood theories succumb to. This moderate

perfectionism generates an obligation for people to be vegetarians (in most cases) and to severelycurtail animal experimentation. Environmmental Ethics 24(2002):295-312. (EE)Brown, Donald A.Review of Privileged Goods: Commoditization and Its Impact on Environment and Society. By JackManno. Environmmental Ethics 24(2002):313-316. (EE)

Moore, Jason W. Review of Walter L. Goldfrank, David Goodman, & Andrew Szasz, (Eds.)"Ecology and the World-System", Organization and Environment 14 (No. 1, March 2001) pp.117-20.Moore is a graduate student in sociology at Johns Hopkins University. (v.13,#2)

Moore, Jason W. Review of John Bellamy Foster, "Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature",Organization and Environment 14 (No. 2, June 2001) pp. 240-45. Moore is a world historian and agraduate student in the department of geography at the University of California at Berkeley. (v.13,#2)

Moore, Jason W., "The Crisis of Feudalism: An Environmental History", Organization andEnvironment, 15, (No. 3, 2002): 301-22. Environmental history may help explain feudalism's demiseand capitalism's ascent in the 16th century. Medieval Europe was riven by profound socio-ecological contradictions. Feudalism's environmental degradation pivoted on the lord-peasantrelationship, which limited the possibilities for reinvestment in the land. Consequently, feudalismexhausted the soil and the labour power from which it derived revenues, rendering the populationvulnerable to disease. The Black Death decisively altered labour-land ratios in favour of WesternEurope's peasantry. This new balance of class forces eliminated the possibility of feudalrestoration and led the states, landlords and merchants to favour geographical expansion B anexternal rather than internal spatial fix to feudal crisis. This external fix, beginning in the Atlanticworld, had capitalist commodity production and exchange inscribed within it. Capitalism differedradically from feudalism in that where earlier ecological crises had been local, capitalism globalizedthem. From this standpoint, the origins of capitalism may shed light on today's ecological crises.Moore is a world historian and graduate student at the Department of Geography, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley. (v.13, #3)

Moore, Kathleen Dean, Riverwalking. New York: Lyons and Burford Publishing, 1995. 164 pages. Building around the metaphors of rivers, symbolizing the flow of life, Moore finds that lives "cometogether on rivers, where biology and philosophy, body and mind, experience and idea, flow sideby side until they cannot be distinguished in a landscape that is whole and beautiful andambiguous." Reflections on her experiences over the years in and around rivers. With excellentnotice in the New York Times Magazine and the Chronicle of Higher Education. Moore is inphilosophy at Oregon State University. (v6,#4)

Moore, Kathleen Dean, Holdfast: At Home in the Natural World. New York: The Lyons Press, 1999. "We professors, who should be studying connection, study distinctions instead. In whitelaboratories, biologists find it easy to forget that they are natural philosophers. Philosophers, fortheir part, pluck ideas out of contexts like worms out of holes, and hold them dangling and dryingin bright light. When people lock themselves in their houses at night and seal the windows shutto keep out storms, it is possible to forget, sometimes for years and years, that human beings arepart of the natural world. We are only reminded, if we are reminded at all, by a sadness we can'texplain and a longing for a place that feels like home. Sitting on a boulder whitewashed bywestern gulls, watching the sliding surf, I resolve to study holdfasts" (rootlike structures of algaefor attachment to the substrate). Moore is in philosophy at Oregon State University. (v.11,#3)

Moore, Mary Elizabeth, Ministering with the Earth. St. Louis, MO: Chalice Press, 1998. 226 pages. Moore is fond of the metaphor, suitably pastoral and feminist of ministering as "quilting a life inrelation to God and God's creation." A collection of insightful stories, episodes, thoughts,sermonettes, pastoral ideas and opportunities. Examples: Stephen R. L. Clark's complaints about

ecological theology, planting trees at Claremont, aboriginal peoples, St. Francis. A plea for caringwhether human interactions complement or disrupt earth's processes. Moore is professor oftheology and Christian education at Claremont School of Theology. (v10,#4)

Moore, Michael R., Mulville, Aimee, Weinberg, Marcia. "Water Allocation in the American West:Endangered Fish Versus Irrigated Agriculture", Natural Resources Journal 36(no.2, 1996):319. (v7,#4)

Moore, Peter D., "The Exploitation of Forests," Science and Christian Belief (Exeter: PaternosterPress) 2(1990):131-140. The disharmony between humans and the natural world is nowherebetter illustrated than in the study of forest ecosystems. Since prehistoric times the removal offorest cover in temperate areas has led to retrogressive practices in vegetation and this form ofdestruction is now accelerating in the tropics, possibly creating global problems. The stewardshipdemanded of Christians in Genesis requires that Christians seek alternative ways of derivingsustenance from the forests, using sustainable harvesting. Peter Moore is an ecologist in theDivision of Biosphere Sciences, King's College, London. (v2,#3)

Moore, W. Henson. "Endangered Species Act Must Be Enforced for the Benefit of All." TheChristian Science Monitor 89.101 (21 April 1997): 19.

More, Thomas A. "Forestry's Fuzzy Concepts: An Examination of Ecosystem Management." Journal of Forestry 94, no.8 (1996): 19. (v7, #3)

Morenosaiz, J., F. Lozano and H. Ollero, "Recent Progress in Conservation of Threatened SpanishVascular Flora: A Critical Review," Biological Conservation 113(no. 3, 2003): 419-431. (v 14, #3)

Moretti, Laura A. "Reflections on the Normal Majority," The Animals' Agenda 17(no.4, 1997):19. Moretti tells of being exasperated by members of the movement's confrontational, intolerant "lunaticfringe"--and why she loves them. (v8,#3)

Moretti, Laura A. "Mission Possible: Ending Four Abusive Animal Attractions," The Animals' Agenda17(no.3,1997):22. How to use existing momentum to rescue a chimpanzee, an orca, and severalbears from abysmal lives at tourist attractions. (v8,#3)

Morey, Edward R., Waldman, Donald M., "Measurement Error in Recreation Demand Models: TheJoint Estimation of Participation, Site Choice, and Site Characteristics," Journal of EnvironmentalEconomics and Management 35(no.3, 1998), 262. (v.9,#4)

Morgan, J. Mark, "Resources, Recreationists, and Revenues: A Policy Dilemma for Today's StatePark Systems," Environmental Ethics 18(1996):279-290. Many state park systems across the U.S.are facing a controversial policy issue over the three R's: resources, recreationists, and revenues.It is becoming increasingly difficult for state parks to protect the resources and allow for publicenjoyment, mainly because of political demands for increased revenue. As a result, many statepark systems have built elaborate facilities for visitors. Are these park improvement projectsmotivated by a sincere desire to satisfy diverse user groups or simply another way of generatingrevenue for state governments? What are the `hidden' costs of park development? I discuss thepolicy implications for state park management, along with some philosophical issues concerningthe utilization of publicly owned natural resources. Morgan is in Horticulture, Forestry andRecreation Resources, Kansas State University. (EE)

Morgan, Marlo, Mutant Message Down Under. Lees Summit, MO: MM CO, 1991. 191 pages. NewYork: HarperCollins, 1994. 187 pages. Marlo Morgan, from Kansas, goes on a three-monthbarefoot walk with an Australian aboriginal tribe across the continent, learning their wisdom. A

New York Times best-seller, seemingly appreciating the native wisdom of a tribe who sustainthemselves in the desert by magical powers and mystical community, though more fiction than factabout actual aboriginal wisdom. But see a review by Val Plumwood in Environmental Ethics18(1996):431-435.

Morgan, Marlo, Mutant Message Down Under and Jackson, Michael, At Home in the World.Reviewed by Val Plumwood. Environmental Ethics 18(1996):431-435. (EE)

Morgan, Richard G., Miller, Thomas. "The `Bad Guys' Program: EPA Enforcement Enters theComputer Age." Journal of Environmental Law and Practice 3(no.4, Jan. 1996):30. The EPA hasdeveloped a new weapon against the submission of false data by regulated companies. (v7,#1)

Morgenstern, RD; Pizer, WA; Shih, JS, "Jobs Versus the Environment: An Industry-LevelPerspective," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 43(no.3, 2002):412-436. (v.13,#3)

Morgenstern, Richard D. "Environmental Taxes: Is There a Double Dividend?" Environment 38, no.3(1996): 110. Even though environmental taxes do not always offer the dual benefits of lesspollution and more government revenues, they may still be the best policy choice. (v7, #3)

Morgenstern, Richard D., ed. Economic Analyses at EPA: Assessing Regulatory Impact.Washington, D. C.: Resources for the Future, 1997. 500 pp. $49.95. What works and what doesnot and why in using economic analysis to improve environmental decision making. (v8,#3)

Moriarty, Paul Veatch and Mark Woods. "Hunting [does not equal] Predation." Environmental Ethics19(1997):391-404. Holmes Rolston has defended certain forms of hunting and meat eating whenthese activities are seen as natural participation in the food chains in which we evolved. NedHettinger has suggested that some of Rolston's principles that govern our interactions with plantsand animals might appear to be inconsistent with Rolston's defense of these activities. Hettingerattempts to show that they are not. We argue that Rolston's principles are not consistent withhunting, given Hettinger's modifications. In his defense of Rolston, Hettinger has challenged animalwelfare ethicists to show that they can value animal predation while consistently condemninghuman hunting. We answer that hunting and meat eating by humans are "cultural" rather than"natural" activities. Moriarty teaches philosophy at Longwood College, Farmville, VA. Wood is inphilosophy at the University of San Diego, CA. (EE)

Moriarty, Paul Veatch, Animal Cognition and Self-Awareness (Cognitive Ethology), 1997, Universityof Colorado, Boulder, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Philosophy. Most cognitive psychologists seeno reason to suppose that animals are aware of their own thoughts; many philosophers view self-awareness as being fundamental to our humanity, making self-awareness a dividing line betweenhumans and (other) animals. But there is empirical evidence that some animals are self-aware, andthis has profound implications for moral duties toward animals. Self-awareness comes in degrees,and varies along three independent axes: complexity of self-concept, properties attributed to theself, and degree of awareness. Mirror-self-recognition experiments provide only a limited evidencethat does not bear moral weight. Animal communication provides evidence that some animals areaware of their own mental states. One result of the study is to see how the human mind fits intothe natural world. The thesis advisor was Dale Jamieson. Moriarty is now teaching philosophyat Longwood College, Farmville, Virginia. (v.10,#1)

Morishima, Gary S., "Indian Forestry: From Paternalism to Self-Determination," Journal of Forestry95(Nov. 1997):15-. (v.8,#4)

Morito, Bruce, Thinking Ecologically: Environmental Thought, Values and Policy. Halifax, N.S.,Canada: Fernwood Publishing, 2002. C$27.95. Foundations in metaphysics, epistemology, andaxiology for developing an "ethic of attunement." A sustained argument for a shift to an ecologicalparadigm and how this can be carried out in a rational and systematic manner by using majorhistorical shifts in world view as models. How dominant Western traditions have valued theenvironment and understood values. With a focus on axiology and the ethics of attunement, Moritobuilds on ideas that remain inchoate in Holmes Rolston III's work, especially his ideas aboutfollowing nature. A policy section applies these concepts to sustainability and conservation. Morito is in philosophy, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, CA.

Morito, Bruce, "Aboriginal Right: A Conciliatory Concept," Journal of Applied Philosophy 13(No.2,1996):123-. (v.10,#2)

Morito, Bruce, "Intrinsic Value: A Modern Albatross for the Ecological Approach," EnvironmentalValues 12(2003): 317-336. The idea and use of the concept of intrinsic value in environmentalethics has spawned much debate in environmental ethics/axiology. Although for many, it seemsfundamental and necessary for formulating an ethic for environmental protection, it seems toconfuse and even undermine such efforts. `Intrinsic value' is, I argue, a concept born in theWestern intellectual tradition for purposes of insulating and isolating those to whom intrinsic valuecan be attributed from one another and their environmental context. This is especially true from theModern period onward. When used as a basis for determining moral considerability, these Modernfoundations engender contradictory and self-defeating ways of thinking about theindividual/ecosystem relationship. As a result, formulations of moral sensibilities and principlesbecome self-defeating and, vis-a-vis the ecological context, incoherent. On the critique of thisModern residue, an alternative axiological framework is built, using Anthony Weston's idea ofinterdepending values as a preparation for a more ecologically coherent approach to environmentalprotection. This approach is dialectical and attempts to formulate an ecological foundation for moralconsiderability. (EV)

Morito, Bruce. "Value, Metaphysics, and Anthropocentrism," Environmental Values 4(1995):31-47.The lack of metaphysical grounding of environmental values, and impatience towards theenterprise of seeking such grounding, result in a superficial and wrongheaded view ofanthropocentrism. Anthropocentrism is best understood as a limiting condition, a point from whichwe can begin to reformulate an understanding of ourselves, our values, and our relation to theenvironment. It is not principally a starting point for the existence of values, as is assumed undertraditional theories of anthropocentrism. To demonstrate and elaborate on this position, the paperfocuses on environmental values and how we traditionally assume them to be formed andlegitimated. A critique of the analyses of two prominent figures in the field of environmental ethics,Bryan Norton and Eugene Hargrove, serves as the backdrop against which an alternative viewis formed. This alternative is metaphysically grounded in an ecologically informed analysis ofvaluational activity. Against the tradition, the argument establishes two main points: 1) that attemptsto ground environmental values on human preferences, agreements, traditions, or culturally drivencommitments are liable to legitimate contrary values; and 2) that an ecologically driven analysis ofvalues shows that valuations of the environment are not fundamentally conferred onto it by humanbeings. Positively, the paper attempts to show that our inclusion as members of the ecologicalcommunity makes our valuational activity an integral and transformational element within morecomprehensive ecological processes. As such, our moral commitment to the environment must beradically reshaped in order adequately to incorporate this renewed understanding. KEYWORDS:Ecology, legitimation, moral failure, preference, preservation, triangular value relation, valueconferring. Morito is in the philosophy department, University of Guelph. (EV)

Morito, Bruce. "Language, Sustainable Development, and Indigenous Peoples: An EthicalPerspective." Ethics and the Environment 5(2000):47--60.

ABSTRACT: Holistic language has been employed as little more than an honorific in environmentalpolicy formulations guided by the principle of sustainable development. In preambles of sustainabledevelopment documents, holistic language has been used to underscore the imperative ofpreserving ecosystem integrity and acknowledging our dependency on these systems. It has alsobeen used to call attention to the need for a new framework of policy making, a change in directionthat has been recognized as necessary for formulating environmentally sound policy. Part of thisnew framework involves questioning traditional concepts of the human agent and valueassumptions. Yet holistic principles play virtually no substantive role in the formulation of policy.The outcome of this omission is that holism has been co-opted, rather than incorporated intosustainable development initiatives. A practical consequence of this move is that some subscribersto sustainable development principles have their values and perspectives co-opted, rather thanincorporated, since the analytical system through which problems are identified and solutionsdeveloped is determined by a dominant sector of society, not by a holistic understanding of society.Aboriginal peoples have been among those whose values and perspectives have been co-opted.In 1990, I argued this discrepancy allowed holistic language to be used as a motivating device forsoliciting subscribers, but had nothing to do with actual policy. Today, the problem has deepenedas sustainable development has become more ubiquitous and influential. I will try to show howsustainable development deeply entrenches a tolerance for contradiction, which in turn engendersa co-opting of Aboriginal perspectives and values by those subscribing to the dominant economic (E&E)

Morito, Bruce. "Examining Ecosystem Integrity as a Primary Mode of Recognizing the Autonomy ofNature." Environmental Ethics 21(1999):59-73. Attempts to come to grip with what appears to bethe autonomy of nature have developed into several schools of thought. Among the most influentialof these schools is the ecosystem integrity approach to environmental ethics, management andpolicy. The philosophical arm of the approach has been spearheaded by Laura Westra and herwork in An Environmental Proposal for Ethics. The emphasis that this school places on pristinewilderness to model ecosystem integrity and the arguments Westra devises to justify theapplication of what she calls the "principle of integrity," although clear in its goal and object ofinquiry, could very well retrench dualistic thinking of the sort that environmental thinkers have beentrying to undermine. More importantly, I argue that Westra misses an important implication for theway in which ecosystem integrity could be used to help develop an ethic not so confined byproblems of justification in attaching values to facts and descriptions to prescriptions. (EE)Moritz, Craig, and Jiro Kirrawa, eds., Conservation Biology in Australia and Oceania. ChippingNorton, N.S.W.: Surrey Beatty and Sons, 1994.

Moritz, Craig, Jiro Kikkawa, and David Dooley, eds., Conservation Biology in Australia and Oceania.500 pages, hardbound, $ 74.95. 1993. In Australia: Surrey Beatty and Sons. In the U.S.distributed by: University of Minnesota Press. (v4,#2)

Morowitz, Harold J., "Balancing Species Preservation and Economic Considerations," Science,August 16, 1991, "Once the term `value' is introduced, the question moves to economics andethics, both of which use that construct, but in very different senses. From a narrow economicpoint of view, we need a monetary metric of a species value to balance benefits against costs ofpreservation. View from environmental ethics no such direct measure is possible." (v2,#3)

Morrill, R., "Inequalities of Power, Costs and Benefits across Geographic Scales: The Hanford(Washington) Reservation," Political Geography 18(1999):1-23. How federal mandates dominatea land-use decision; Morrill thinks that regional and federal governments and metropolitanintellectual and political elites push their agenda over the needs and desires of rural, small-townresidents and their local governments. One such imposed agenda is making Hanford (long anuclear site) into a wildlife reservation. But commentators think otherwise, especially:

-Martin, Deborah G., "Transcending the Fixity of Jurisdictional Scale," Political Geography18(1999):33-38. Governments are fixed by scale but the other actors have interests fluid acrossmany scales. Environmentalists with interests at stake in Hanford as a wildlife reservation are bothlocal and regional, federal and state. Analysis of land-use conflicts must examine the powerstruggles and cross-scale alliances of multiple interests and social identities.

Morris, Bruce Allen. "The Oregon Misstep and the Texas Two Step: Two Appellate Cases ExpandCWA Citizen Suits", Natural Resources & Environment 11(no.2, 1996):50.

Morris, C. and Winter, Michael, "Integrated farming systems: the third way for Europeanagriculture?," Land Use Policy. 16(no. 4, Oct 01 1999):193- . (v.11,#1)

Morris, Carol, and Wragg, Amanda, "Talking about the Birds and the Bees: Biodiversity ClaimsMaking at the Local Level," Environmental Values 12(2003): 71-90. This paper adopts a socialconstructionist perspective to examine how the biodiversity `claim' is constructed and contestedat local level. A framework is deployed which is based on Hannigan's (1995) ideas that certainfactors need to be present for an environmental claim to be legitimised within the international arena(i.e. scientific authority; popularisers; media coverage; symbolic and visual dramatisation; economicincentives and institutional sponsorship). Empirical research into the production and implementationof Oxfordshire's Biodiversity Action Plan and Farm Biodiversity Action Plans in England andScotland is used as a vehicle to explore the legitimisation of the biodiversity claim at the local scale. The two strands of research highlight the current importance of biodiversity as a focus forenvironmental planning partnerships (although the extent of public `buy-in' to the claim is unclear)and the way in which biodiversity as a `buzzword' has been adopted by farmers with somereluctance and mainly for financial reasons. There is strong evidence that the scientific basis ofthe claim is crucial in terms of engendering support, and that the rhetoric employed at the local levelis positive rather than a `rhetoric of loss'. However, the need for further popularisation of thebiodiversity issue is identified. Potential future lines of research enquiry are also outlined. (EV)

Morris, Douglas W., Heidinga, Lawrence. "Balancing the Books on Biodiversity," ConservationBiology 11(no.1, 1997):287. (v8,#2)

Morris, Douglas D. "Alabama-Tombigbee Rivers Coalition v. Department of Interior: Giving Sabersto a 'Toothless Tiger,' the Federal Advisory Committee Act." Environmental Law 26, no.1 (1996):393. Morris critiques the Eleventh Circuit's decision in Alabama-Tombigbee Rivers Coalition v.Department of Interior. With a review of the Federal Advisory Committee Act and the law ofinjunctions, Morris concludes that the court erred in enjoining agency consideration of informationsubmitted by a committee that had acted in violation of FACA. (v7, #3)

Morris, M. C., and Weaver, S. A., "Minimizing harm in agricultural animal experiments in New Zealand," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 16(2003):421-437. Intrusive agricultural experiments published in New Zealand in the last five years are reviewedin terms of the degree of animal suffering involved, and the necessity for this suffering in relationto research findings. When measured against animal welfare criteria of the Ministry of Agriculture,thirty-six studies inflicted "severe" or "very severe" suffering. Many of these experiments hadquestionable short-term applications, had an application restricted to agricultural production oreconomic growth, or could have been modified to prevent or reduce suffering. KEY WORDS:animal ethics committees, animal welfare, New Zealand. (JAEE)

Morris, Michael C., and Weaver, Sean A., "Minimizing harm in possum control operations andexperiments in New Zealand," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 16(2003):367-385. Pest control operations and experimentation on sentient animals such as the brushtail possum cancause unnecessary and avoidable suffering in the animal subjects. Minimizing animal suffering is

an animal welfare goal and can be used as a guide in the design and execution of animalexperimentation and pest control operations.The public has little sympathy for the possum, which can cause widespread environmentaldamage, but does believe that control should be as painless as possible. KEY WORDS: bovinetuberculosis, immunocontraception, New Zealand, pest control, possum, Trichosurus vulpecula.(JAEE)

Morris, Michael C., "Issues associated with research on sheep parasite control in New Zealand - A descriptive ethic," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics16(2003):187-207. New Zealanders generally oppose the use of animal experimentation wherethere is no demonstrable and immediate benefit for human, animal, or environmental health. Intrusive experiments on sheep internal and external parasites published between 1996 and 2000are reviewed, and discussed in relation to these public sensibilities. All the experiments reviewedwould be unacceptable according to the orthodox morality of the general public. Breedingprograms, rotation of grazing, "low-tech" vaccination, and in vitro models of sheep can provideinsights into preventing parasite infestation without intrusive experiments. Possible changes inNew Zealand animal welfare legislation and its interpretation by Animal Ethics Committees arediscussed. KEY WORDS: Animal Ethics Committees, flystrike, nematodes, parasites, sheep. (JAEE)

Morris, Simon Conway, "Evolution: Bringing Molecules into the Fold," Cell 100(2000):1-11. Earth hasevolved startling diversity of life, but this biodiversity is, in molecular terms, little more than skindeep. Most, perhaps all, of the basic building blocks necessary for organismal complexity wereavailable long before the emergence of multicellularity. How and when the gene networks andregulatory mechanisms that led to complex organs and functioning organisms were assembled islargely obscure. Co-option of previous genes and products to novel and more complex functionsis common, but unpredictable. Just as the phenotypic diversity of life excites the inspiration of anaturalist, so the range of molecules and the sophistication of their biochemistries impress themolecular biologist. We little understand the underlying constraints on form and whether and howfar convergences are inevitable.

Biologists shy away from such studies for two reasons. (1) If evolution is in some sensechanneled, then this reopens the controversial prospect of a teleology. The constrained andinevitable process is underpinned by a purpose, a sort of biological Anthropic Principle, whichbroadly sets boundary conditions for evolutionary history. (2) The study of evolution is stronglyhistorical, and the prospect of a seemingly unique trajectory of circumstances for the history oflife may be discouraging to those who are seeking general principles. Here convergences maybe more common and more determinative than suspected; different genetic origins produce asimilar complex result. The central conundrum of evolution is: how do we balance the process ofchange against the emergence of form. Conway Morris is a well-known paleontologist atCambridge University, and this is an invited "millennium review" of the field. (v.13,#4)

Morrisette, PM, "Conservation Easements and the Public Good: Preserving the Environment onPrivate Lands," Natural Resources Journal 41 (no. 2, 2001):373-426. (v.13,#1)

Morrison, Clark. "The Endangered Species Act in an Era of Regulatory Reform," Journal ofEnvironmental Law & Practice 3(no.3, Nov. 1995):13- . The Endangered Species Act may be trying to do too much; federal resources must be directed in a more cost-effective manner. (v6,#4)

Morrison, Keith, "Wilderness as the Kingdom of God," Ecotheology Vol 6 (Jul 01/Jan 02):23-41.morrison@lincoln.ac.nz The Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition has a spirituality the gives riseto ecotheological reflections. The reflections are couched in existential terminology describingmystical experience as well as historical and ecological praxis. The reflections have a realisttheology of the Body of Christ considered to comprise the heavenly or uncreated, and the earthlyor created.

The ecotheology developed in this paper interprets a realist theology of the Body of Christ throughphenomenology and systems theory in an attempt to face the contemporary concrete issues ofinstitutionalized materialism and severe environmental and social crises. Cross-traditional insightswith Mahayana Buddhist traditions are commented upon in exploration of the challenges andopportunities of interculturalism and religious pluralism. The central thread in the paper is thecontemporary symbol wilderness, exploring how it is very effective in providing an image ofcommunity that to some speaks louder than kingdom. Further, the inherent relationships betweenthe derivatives 'wild', 'wildness' and 'wilderness' are shown to reflect the paradoxical dynamicsof the realist ecotheology developed. Paradoxical links are teased out between the material andspiritual, and also between the individual body and the cosmic body.

Morrison, Micah, Fire in Paradise: The Yellowstone Fires and the Politics of Environmentalism. NewYork: HarperCollins, 1993. The ecosystem paradigm has become a quasi-mystical idea, shiftingout of the realm of rigorous scientific inquiry and into our culture without serious challenge,promoted by environmentalists as a religion. In 1988, Yellowstone paid the price for ecosystemmanagement as fires played out their "naturally regulating" role in the ecosystem. The blazeseventually covered 1.2 million acres, cost the taxpayer $ 120 million, and led to three deaths. Wemust begin redefining the ecosystem paradigm, arguing for mankind's [sic] proper role as a wisesteward of the land, not as an enemy of its "natural functions." And part of wise stewardshipmeans sometimes protecting the forest from its natural enemy, fire. Wise use also means rulingin favor of jobs over spotted owls in the Pacific Northwest, and in favor of middle-classdevelopment over gnatcatching birds in Southern California. Morrison finds Alston Chase a rolemodel. Morrison is senior editor of Insight magazine. (v4,#2)

Morrison, Peter, Snetsinger, Susan, and Frost, Evan. "Preliminary Results of a Biodiversity Analysisin the Greater North Cascades Ecosystem," Wild Earth 5, no. 4 (Winter 1995): 43- . (v6,#4)

Morrison, Ronald P. Review of No Man's Garden: Thoreau and a New Vision for Civilization andNature. By Daniel B. Botkin: Environmmental Ethics 24(2002):433-436. (EE)

Morrison, Roy, Ecological Democracy. Boston: South End Press, 1995. 250 pages. $ 15, paper. A broadly based critique of industrialism, exploring currently emerging ecological democracies,such as the Mondragon Cooperative system in Spain, the Seikatsu Cooperative Clubs in Japan andCoop Atlantic in Canada. A dramatically revitalized participatory democracy, which includescommunity control of finances, a social wage, cooperative economies, demilitarization and a solartransition. Morrison is a longtime peace and anti-nuclear activist, living in Warner, New Hampshire. (v6,#4)

Mortensen, Viggo, ed., Concern for Creation: Voices on the Theology of Creation. Special issueof Tro & Tanke: Svenska Kyrkans Forskningsrad, 1995, no. 5. Fifteen articles, all in English, fromauthors in various nations, under the sponsorship of the Lutheran World Federation. Samples: PerLonning (Norway), "Creation--How It Became an Ecumenical Challenge"; Bernard Przewpzny(Italy), "The Catholic Church and Ecological Concern"; Grace N. Ndyabahika (Uganda), "The EarthBelongs to God: Women's Place in Creation." Tro & Tanke, Svenska krykan, 751 70 Uppsala. Phone: 018/16 96 67 Mortensen is with the Lutheran World Federation, Geneva, Switzerland. (v7,#2)

Mortimer, MJ, "Legal and Ethical Components of Forester Licensing: An Insider's View," Journal ofForestry 100(no.8, 2002): 29-33.

Mortimer, MJ; Scardina, AV; Jenkins DH, "Policy Analysis and National Forest Appeal Reform",Journal of Forestry 102 (no.2, 2004): 26-32(7).

Mortimer-Sandilands, Catriona. Review of "Earthwork: Women and Environments." Special Issueof Women's Studies Quarterly. Environmental Ethics 26(2004):437-440. (EE)

Mortlock, Annette, At the Roots of Deep Ecology, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy,Lancaster University, September 1991. (v7,#1)

Mortlock, Annette, At the Roots of Deep Ecology, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy,Lancaster University, September 1991.

Morton, Adam, "A Note on Comparing Death and Pain", Bioethics, 2 (1988): 129-35. The purposeof this note is to describe a way in which pain and death can be used to explore the evils befallingindividuals of different species. It follows that the death of an animal of one species can becompared to that of another, in terms of their different relations to comparable amounts of pain. Thus, pain is used as the common currency in comparing rather different evils in different species.

Morton, Andrew, Tree Heritage of Britain and Ireland: A Guide to the Famous Trees of Britain andIreland. Shrewsbury, UK: Swan Hill Press, 1998. ISBN 1 85310 559 7. Some magnificent trees,with excellent photographs. Fear of the forest. Tree worship. Trees in art. Conservation oftrees. (v.11,#3)

Morton, Brian. "Protecting Hong Kong's Marine Biodiversity: Present Proposals, Future Challenges." Environmental Conservation 23, no.1 (1996): 55. (v7, #3)

Morton, Oliver, "Is the Earth Alive?" Discover, October 1999, pp. 96-101. Profile of James Lovelock,and an update on the Gaia hypothesis. Lovelock, speaking at a recent Oxford conference: "Gaiais a theory of science and is therefore always provisional and evolving. It is never dogmatic orcertain and could even be wrong. Provisional it may be but, being of the palpable Earth, it issomething tangible to love and fear and think we understand. We can put our trust, even faith, inGaia, and this is different from the cold certainty of purposeless atheism or an unwavering beliefin God's purpose. ... I have put before you the proposition that Gaia, in addition to being a theoryin science, offers a world view for agnostics. This would require an interactive trust in Gaia, notblind faith. A trust that accepts that, like us, Gaia has a finite life span and is provisional" (p. 102). (v.11,#1)

Morton, R., "Review of: What Works: A Guide to Environmental Education and CommunicationProjects for Practitioners and Donors, edited by Martha C. Monroe," Environment and Behavior33(no.6, 2001): 853-55. (v.13,#2)

Moseley, Albert G., ed., African Philosophy: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1995. (v6,#3)

Moses, Marion. Designer Poisons: How to Protect Your Health and Home from Toxic Pesticides.San Francisco: Pesticide Education Center, 1995.

Moss, M.R., "Interdisciplinarity, Landscape Ecology And The `Transformation Of AgriculturalLandscapes'," Landscape Ecology 15 (No. 3, Apr 01 2000): 303- . (v.11,#2)

Moulden, Julia and Patrick Carson, Green Is Gold (Harper Business Publications, 1991). $ 19.95. Billed as the first practical guide for companies going green. How to develop a green corporatestrategy. Carson is the vice-president for environmental affairs for Loblaws (a food supermarket),the company that launched G.R.E.E.N., said to be one of the most successful environmentally

friendly product lines in North America. The authors claim that jumping on the green bandwagonis "the biggest opportunity for business for the coming decade and the next century." (v2,#3)

Moulton, Michael P., Wildlife Issues in a Changing World. Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie Press, 1997. 352 pages. Includes discussion of accidentally or deliberately introduced exotic wildlife,increasingly a problem on contemporary landscapes. Moulton is at the University of Florida. (v8,#2)

Mount, John R. "Southern California Edison: Incorporating Social Values into Forest Management."Journal of Forestry 94(no.2, Feb.1996):21. (v7,#1)

Mountain, Alan, Paradise under Pressure (St. Lucia, Kosi Bay, Sodwana, Lake Sibaya, Maputoland) Johannesburg: Southern Book Publishing, 1990. ISBN 1 86812 277 8. 133 pages. The St. Luciaarea includes a nature reserve, including a wilderness area (the Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park),on the shoreline of northern Natal and the Indian Ocean, threatened to be mined for the rutile in thesand dunes, now forested with a rather dense coastal forest. Mining has been in progress someyears in a coastal area to the south. In a celebrated conservation victory, a 1994 governmentboard decided not to proceed with the mining, not at least at present. (v6,#3)

Mountjoy, Daniel C. "Ethnic Diversity and the Patterned Adoption of Soil Conservation in theStrawberry Hills of Monterey, California." Society and Natural Resources 9, no.4 (1996): 339. (v7,#3)

Moxnes, E, "Uncertain measurements of renewable resources: approximations, harvesting policiesand value of accuracy", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 45(no.1, 2003):85-108.

Moy, Russell. "Advanced Batteries for Electric Vehicles", Journal of Environmental Law & Practice4(no.3, 1996):22. Battery technology is behind two of the major limitations of electric vehicles: theirmodest driving range and immodest cost.

Moyle, Peter B. and Moyle, Petrea R., "Endangered Fishes and Economics: IntergenerationalObligations," Environmental Biology of Fishes 43(no. 1, 1995):29-37. The diversity of fishes isdeclining worldwide, and may be lost to future generations. "The best arguments for protectionof biodiversity, from our perspective, are the ethical and moral arguments ... e.g. Norton, 1987,Rolston 1994). Ultimately, if these arguments do not prevail, much of the world's biodiversity islikely to be lost. In the short run, however, the most effective arguments are probably economicarguments, ranging from those that point out the limits of the Earth's ability to sustain humanity tothose that deal with local issues such as the value of protecting fisheries in a particular stream." (1) The humility principle: humans must accept that technological advances will not compensatefor poor technological management. (2) The precautionary principle. (3) The reversibilityprinciple. Irreversible changes to the environment should not be made. (4) The safe minimumstandard. Err on the safe side. Peter Moyle is in the Department of Wildlife, Fish, and ConservationBiology, University of California, Davis. Petrea Moyle is with the Natural Heritage Institute, SanFrancisco. (v.10,#1)

Muchett, F.D. ed. Principles of Sustainable Development. 1996. 200pp. $49.95 cloth. Written forprofessionals involved in industries faced with environmental issues, this book brings together thecollective thinking and experience of several individuals from different disciples. It includes ahistory and overview. (v8,#1)

Mueller, Frank G. "Does the Convention on Biodiversity Safeguard Biological Diversity?" Environmental Values 9(2000):55-80. Abstract:

This paper attempts to assess and evaluate some of the economic implications of the Conventionon Biological Diversity. After outlining the main principles and the scope of this Convention, thefollowing issues are addressed: the determination of the 'optimal' level of biodiversity loss, themeaning of incremental costs, and monetary evaluation problems of ecological resources and theproblems it poses for the funding mechanism (GEF). The paper concludes with a discussion of theissues of commercialisation and access to genetic resources.Keywords: Ecological economics, biological diversity, monetary evaluation, commercialisation. Mueller is in the Department of EconomicsConcordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1MB. (EV)Mueller, Robert. "Central Appalachian Plant Distributions and Forest Types." Wild Earth 6, no.1(1996): 37. (v7, #3)

Mugerauer, Robert. Review of Deep Design: Pathways to a Livable Future. By David Wann.Environmental Ethics 22(2000):109-110.

Mugerauer Robert. Interpretations on Behalf of Place: Environmental Displacements and AlternativeResponses. Review by Timothy Casey, Environmental Ethics 20(1998):429-32.

Muir, John, Nature Writings. Edited by Cronon, William. New York: The Library of America, 1997. $ 35. Over 800 pages of Muir's best. (v9,#2)

Muir, Star A., and Veenendall, Thomas L., eds., Earthtalk. London: Praeger Publishers, 1996. Ananthology of environmental rhetoric. Language as both asset and downfall to environmentalcommunication, alternative rhetorics. (v.8,#4)

Mukasa, Edward E. S. "Environmental Activities and Prospects in Uganda." EnvironmentalConservation 22, no.4 (1995): 368. (v7, #3)

Mukerjee, Madhusree, "Trends in Animal Research," Scientific American 276 (no. 2, 1997):86-93. (v.8,#4)

Mulgan, T, "Neutrality, Rebirth and Intergenerational Justice," Journal of Applied Philosophy 19(no.1,2002):3-16. (v.13, #3)

Muller, Frank, "Mitigating Climate Change: The Case for Energy Taxes", Environment, 38(No.2,1996):12- . Carbon and energy taxes are one powerful tool in the struggle to curb carbon dioxideemissions, but climate change policymakers need to reassess how to respond to their critics. (v7,#1)

Muller Rommel, F., "The Lifespan and the Political Performance of Green Parties in Western Europe,"Environmental Politics 2002(no.11, 2002): 1. (v.13,#2)

Muller Rommel, F. and Meyer, H., "Social Sciences and Environmental Sciences: A State of the ArtReview," Environmental Politics 10(no.4, 2001): 49-62. (v.13,#2)

Müller, JC 1991. Lof aan die Skepper (Ps 8). In: Vos, C & Müller, J (eds): Mens en omgewing.Halfway House: Orion, 92-104. (Africa)

Mulligan, Shane P., "For Whose Benefit? Limits to Sharing in the Bioprospecting `Regime',"Environmental Politics 8 (No. 4, 1999 Wint): 35- . (v.11,#4)

Mullins, G., Wahome, L., Maarse, L. "Impacts of Intensive Dairy Production of Smallholder FarmWomen in Coastal Kenya." Human Ecology 24(Jun. 1996):231. (v7,#2)

Mulvaney, D. J., ed., The Humanities and the Australian Environment. Available from The Secretary,Australian Academy of the Humanities, GPO Box 93, Canberra, ACT, AUSTRALIA. Australiandollars $ 14.95, posted $ 17.95. From a symposium at the University of Melbourne, November1990. Includes W. S. Ramson, "Wasteland to Wilderness: Changing Perceptions of theEnvironment"; R. M. Jones, "Landscapes of the Mind: Aboriginal Perceptions of the Environment";M. M. Manion, "The Humanities and the Australian Environment"; R. E. Goodin, "A Green Theory ofValue"; T. R. Griffiths, "History and Natural History: Conservation Movements in Conflict?"; D. J.Mulvaney, "Visions of Environment." (v2,#3)

Mulvaney, Tony, An Explanation, and Analysis, of Heidegger's Concepts of 'Being' and 'Clearing'and Their Application to Environmental Philosophy, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy,Lancaster University, September 1992. (v7,#1)

Mulvaney, Tony, An Explanation, and Analysis, of Heidegger's Concepts of `Being' and `Clearing'and Their Application to Environmental Philosophy, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy,Lancaster University, September 1992.

Mulvihill, P. R., Baker, D. C. and Morrison, W. R., "A Conceptual Framework for EnvironmentalHistory in Canada's North," Environmental History 6(no.4, 2001): 611-26. (v.13,#2)

Mumme, Stephen P., and Duncan, Pamela. "The Commission on Environmental Cooperation and theU.S.-Mexico Border Environment." The Journal of Environment and Development 5, no.2 (1996):197. (v7, #3)

Munda, Giuseppe, "Environmental Economics, Ecological Economics, and the Concept ofSustainable Development," Environmental Values 6(1997):213-233. ABSTRACT: This paperpresents a systematic discussion, mainly for non-economists, on economic approaches to theconcept of sustainable development. As a first step, the concept of sustainability is extensivelydiscussed. As a second step, the argument that it is not possible to consider sustainability onlyfrom an economic or ecological point of view is defended. Issues such as economic-ecologicalintegration, inter-generational and intra-generational equity are considered of fundamentalimportance. Two different economic approaches to environmental issues, i.e. neo-classicalenvironmental economics and ecological economics, are compared. Some key differences suchas weak versus strong sustainability, commensurability versus incommensurability and ethicalneutrality versus different values acceptance are pointed out. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,Dept of Economics and Economic History, 08193 Bellaterra, (Barcelona), Spain, Email:iehe7@cc.uab.es

Mungall, Constance and Digby J. McLaren, eds., Planet under Stress: The Challenge of GlobalChange. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1990. Sponsored by the Royal Society of Canada.(v1,#2)

Munnichs, Geert, "Whom to Trust? Public Concerns, Late Modern Risks, and ExpertTrustworthiness," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 17(2004):113-130. This articlediscusses the conditions under which the use of expert knowledge may provide an adequateresponse to public concerns about high-tech, late modern risks. Scientific risk estimation has morethan once led to expert controversies. When these controversies occur, the public at large--asa media audience--faces a paradoxical situation: on the one hand it must rely on the expertise ofscientists as represented in the mass media, but on the other it is confused by competing expertclaims in the absence of any clear-cut standard to judge these claims. The question then arises,

what expertise can the public trust? I argue that expert controversies cannot be settled byappealing to neutral, impartial expertise, because each use of expert knowledge in applied contextsis inextricably bound up with normative and evaluative assumptions. This value-laden nature ofexpert contributions, however, does not necessarily force us to adopt a relativist conception ofexpert knowledge. Nor does it imply active involvement of ordinary citizens in scientific riskestimation--as some authors seem to suggest. The value-laden, or partisan, nature of expertstatements rather requires an unbiased process of expert dispute in which experts andcounter-experts can participate. Moreover, instead of being a reason for discrediting expertcontributions, experts' commitment may enhance public trustworthiness because it enlarges thescope of perspectives taken into account, to include public concerns. Experts who share thesame worries as (some of) the public could be expected to voice these worries at the level ofexpert dispute. Thus, a broadly shaped expert dispute, that is accessible to both proponents andopponents, is a prerequisite for public trust. Keywords: expert controversies, late modern risks,public trust. Munnichs is from Wageningen, The Netherlands. (JAEE)

Munson-Boyers, Laurel, "Wilderness Progress in Namibia," International Journal of Wilderness 2(no. 3, December, 1996):42. Wilderness in a developing country, one with 35 to 40%unemployment, 30 to 40% illiteracy, and also with spectacular and silent expanses of wildlands. A symposium was held there with 100 participants on wilderness designation in Africa. (v8,#1)

Munthali, SM; Mkanda, FX, "The plight of Malawi's wildlife: Is trans-location of animals the solution?,"Biodiversity and Conservation 11(no.5, 2002):751-768.(v.13, #3)

Munton, R, "Land and limits: interpreting sustainability in the planning process," Land Use Policy19(no.4, 2002): 333-334.

Munton, Richard. "Engaging Sustainable Development: Some Observations on Progress in the UK,"Progress in Human Geography 21(no.2, 1997):147. (v8,#3)

Muradian, R; MartinezAlier, J; Correa, H, "International Capital Versus Local Population: TheEnvironmental Conflict of the Tambogrande Mining Project, Peru," Society and Natural Resources16(no.9, 2003):775-792. (v.14, #4)

Murchison, Kenneth M., "Environmental Law in Australia and the United States: A ComparativeOverview," Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 22 no. 3 (Spring 1995): 503- .(v6,#2)

Murphey, Nancy, and George F. R. Ellis, On the Moral Nature of the Universe. Minneapolis, MN:Fortress Press, 1996. How theology, ethics, and the sciences relate to each other. A search foran integrated view in a time of unprecedented complexity and uncertainty. The methods of inquiryand the contributions of each discipline in understanding nature. (v7,#4)

Murphy, Andrew R. "Environmentalism, Antimodernism, and the Recurrent Rhetoric of Decline."Environmental Ethics 25(2003):79-98. I explore the main features and historical pedigree ofantimodern environmental declinism, a prominent family of contemporary critiques that ascribesresponsibility for environmental ills to the legacy of the Scientific revolution or "modernity" moregenerally. I argue that each of its three central oppositions (to the human/nature dichotomy, thedominance of scientific method, and industrialism and technology) are part of a long-standingrhetorical tradition, and are neither unique nor unprecedented. I stress the communicative,narrative, persuasive, and political nature of the environmental project, rather than its claims tohave arrived at an objective description of unprecedented ecological damage in late modernity. Thisview is perhaps less convincing to an audience looking for certainty in an age of science, but it is

more faithful to the attenuated, mediated ways in which we experience and make sense of theworld around us. (EE)

Murphy, Charles M. At Home on Earth: Foundations for a Catholic Ethic of the Environment (NewYork: Crossroad, 1989). (v1,#1)

Murphy, Dean E., "Study Finds Climate Shift Threatens California," New York Times, August 17,2004, A 19. Temperatures rising could lead to a seven-fold increase in heat-related deaths in LosAngeles and imperil the state's wine and dairy industries. (v. 15, # 3)

Murphy-Lawless, Jo, "The Impact of BSE and FMD on Ethics and Democratic Process," Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 17(2004):385-403. The recent crises of BSE and FMD in theUnited Kingdom have revealed widespread concerns on the part of farmers and consumers aboutgovernment regulations and handling of animal movements, animal welfare, and food safety. Bothcrises raised issues of government accountability and the lack of openness in public debate. Theissues of democratic process and decision-making were especially strong in relation to the massslaughter policy of the government to control FMD. This article explores public disquiet about thesematters, as expressed through the reports of two public inquiries, and the perceived links betweengovernment decision-making and the needs of global agribusiness, to the detriment of family farmsand animal welfare. In light of the growing evidence about the environmental and economic costsof agribusiness, the argument is made that strong programs of citizen action, such as the DevonFoot and Mouth Inquiry, that are grounded in an ethical stance on animal welfare can challenge theperspectives of central governments about concepts of cost, efficiency, and safety in agriculture. Keywords: citizen action, democratic process, epidemic animal illnesses, global agribusiness. Theauthor is on the School of Nursing and Midwifery Studies, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. (JAEE)

Murphy, Liam, and Nagel, Thomas, The Myth of Ownership: Taxes and Justice. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2002. Taxes can be evaluated only in the context of the overall system ofproperty rights that they help to create; we need to reconsider how our tax policy shapes oursystem of property rights. The authors are at New York University.

Murphy, Patrick D., Understanding Gary Snyder. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press,1992. Cloth. 186 pages. Murphy examines Snyder's poetry and prose, including the Pulitzer Prize-winning Turtle Island. An introduction summarizes Snyder's career and provides an overview ofthe three factors Murphy finds crucial to understanding Snyder's works: Buddhism, ecology, and"field-composition" poetics of contemporary free verse. Previous critics have not recognized theextent to which these interpenetrate. With an extensive bibliography on Snyder. Murphy is in theEnglish Department at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and specializes in environmental writingand writers. (v3,#3)

Murphy, Patrick D., ed., Literature of Nature: An International Sourcebook. Chicago: FitzroyDearborn Publishers, 1998. ISBN 1-57958-010-6. Essays, selections, analysis from U.S. andCanada, England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, France, Germany, Malta, Romania, Russia, Australia,New Zealand, Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, Africa, the Arab world, Brazil, the Caribbean, LatinAmerica, the Arctic, Antarctica. (v.10,#2)

Murphy, Patrick D. "Sex-Typing the Planet: Gaia Imagery and the Problem of Subverting Patriarchy." Environmental Ethics 10(1988):155-168. The ecology movement has recently attempted toreinvigorate the image of Earth in terms of Lovelock's and Epton's "Gaia hypothesis." I analyze theshortcomings of using Gaia imagery in the works of Lovelock, deep ecologists, feminists, andecological poets, and conclude that while the hypothesis serves to alter consciousness, namingit Gaia reinforces the oppressive hierarchical patterns of patriarchal gender stereotypes that itopposes. We are moving toward a new paradigm of nonpatriarchal pluralistic co-evolution, but if

deep ecology is going to promote fully its development, it needs to recast or cast aside Gaiaimagery. Murphy is at the English department, University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA. (EE)

A discussion of the dangers of using the mythic idea of Gaia--the Earth Goddess--as aguiding metaphor of deep ecology and a new environmental consciousness. The idea of afeminine Gaia reinforces oppressive hierarchical and patriarchal thinking and prevents thedevelopment of a new pluralistic non-gender paradigm of the human relation to nature. (Katz, Bibl# 2)

Murphy, Patrick D. Literature, Nature, and Other: Ecofeminist Critiques. Reviewed in EnvironmentalEthics 21(1999):217-219.

Murphy, Patrick D., Literature, Nature, and Other Ecofeminist Critiques. Albany: State University ofNew York Press, 1994. 226 pages. $ 18.95 paper. $ 57.50 hardcover. A theoretical frameworkfor environmental analysis, developing a conception of environmental literature with an emphasison works by women. We need to reconceptualize woman/nature and nature/culture associationsand to critique problems of the male poetic sex-typing of the planet. There is analysis of the worksof Hampl, Harjo, Snyder, and Le Guin, Native Americans, Chicanas, and others. Is agency possiblein a postmodern era? Murphy directs the graduate program in literature and criticism at IndianaUniversity of Pennsylvania. (v5,#4)

Murphy, Patrick D., "Rethinking the Relations of Nature, Culture, and Agency." Environmental ValuesVol.1 No.4(1992):311-320. ABSTRACT: Beginning with a critique of the Enlightenmenthuman/nature dualism, this essay argues for a new conception of human agency based onculturopoeia and an application of an ecofeminist dialogic method for analyzing human-naturerelationships, with the idea of volitional interdependence replacing ideas of free will anddeterminism. Further, it posits that we need to replace the alienational model of otherness basedon a psychoanalytic model with a relational model of anotherness based on an ecological model,and concludes by encouraging attention to developing bioregional natured cultures in place ofnation states and multinational corporations. KEYWORDS: Bioregionalism, culturopoeia, dialogics,ecology, human agency. English Department, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 110 Leonard Hall,Indiana, Pennsylvania 15705-1094, USA.

Murphy, Raymond, Rationality and Nature: A Sociological Inquiry. Boulder, CO: Westview Press,1994. 295 pages. In contemporary society, the belief that reason, a distinctive characteristic ofhumans, enables them to reshape and master nature is contested by an alternative belief thatnature is not so plastic, hence humans must adapt to nature and render development sustainable,or even limit growth. Social ecology claims that environmental problems result from institutionalhierarchies and suggests decentralized institutions and egalitarian ethics. Deep ecologists stressthe intrinsic value of nature and feminists postulate that women are inherently closer to nature thanmen. Murphy assesses these theories and goes on to propose a theory of environmental debt asa source of capital accumulation. He develops a model of "environmental classes" to understandthe political and economic bases of conflict over the environment. Murphy teaches sociology atthe University of Ottawa. (v7,#2)

Murpphree, Marshall W. "Articulating Voices from the Commons, Interpretation, Translation, andFacilitation: Roles and Modes for Common Property Scholarship." Society & Natural Resources10(no.4, 1997):415. (v8,#3)

Murr, Andrew, "A River Runs Through It," Newsweek, July 12, 1999, p. 46. Dams are sometimescoming down, several dozens of the 75,000 dams built on U.S. rivers. Example: Main's EdwardsDam on the Kennebec River, which produced .1 percent of Maine's power, but blocked salmon,striped bass, shad, and six other species from reaching spawning grounds. (v.11,#1)

Murray, John A., ed., Out Among the Wolves: Contemporary Writings on the Wolf. Anchorage, AL:Alaska Northwest Books, 1993. $ 14.95, paper. 247 pages. Twenty selections: Adolph Murie,Aldo Leopold, Sigurd Olson, Richard Nelson, Rick McIntyre, Paul Schullery, and others, scientists,naturalists, literary authors. Murray teaches English at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks. (v7,#1)

Murray, Robert, "The Cosmic Covenant," The Ecologist 30 (No. 1, Jan 01 2000): 25-. Robert Murrayreveals the ecological or cosmic origins of the Judeo-Christian tradition. (v.11,#2)

Murray, Robert. The Cosmic Covenant: Biblical Themes on Justice, Peace and the Integrity ofCreation. Heythrop Monographs 7. London: Sheed & Ward, 1992.

Murray, Scott Fitzgerald, Civic Virtue and Public Policy: Discerning the Particulars of Reforming theGeneral Mining Law of 1872, 1997, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, M. A. thesis. 220 pages. Analysis of the General Mining Law of 1872 advocating reforms to this public lands lawanachronism. Drawing from Aristotle and David Hume, individuals of good character, acting ascitizens in pursuit of the public good through historically informed self-government deliberate bestabout public policy. Through the exercise of civic virtue, incremental and acceptable solutions aremost likely to be found. In this way strong ethical arguments can be made for reforming theGeneral Mining Law. (v.10,#1)

Musacchio, L. R., "Bryn Green and Willem Vos, Threatened Landscapes: Conserving CulturalEnvironments," Landscape Ecology 17(no.2, 2002): 190-91. (v.13,#4)

Musschenga, Albert W., "Naturalness: Beyond Animal Welfare," Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 15(no. 2, 2002):171-186. (JAEE)

Musschenga, AW, "Identity-Neutral and Identity-Constitutive Reasons for Preserving Nature",Journal of Applied Philosophy 21 (no.1, 2004): 77-88(12).

Musu, I. and D. Siniscalco, eds. National Accounts and the Environment. Reviewed by WalterRadermacher. Environmental Values 8(1999):524. (EV)

Muszynski, A, "Two Classical Concepts of Nature Revisited", Environments 30(no.3, 2002):75-78.

Muttit, E; Marriott, J, "Cynics or saviours? the facts behind oil companies' claims of research intoalternative and renewable energies," Ecologist 31(no. 6, 2001):50-51. (v.13,#1)

Muttit, Greg. "Degrees of Involvement." The Ecologist 29(No. 5, August 1999):326- . UKuniversities, rather than using their expertise to find solutions to climate change, are instead actingto prop up the oil industry. (v10,#4)

Myers, H, "Changing Environment, Changing Times: Environmental Issues and Polictical Action inthe Canadian North," Environment 43(no. 6, 2001):32-44. (v.13,#1)

Myers, N, "Biodiversity Hotspots Revisited," Bioscience 53(no.10, 2003):916-917. (v.14, #4)

Myers, N; Mittermeier, RA, "Impact and Acceptance of the Hotspots Strategy: Response to Ovadiaand to Brummitt and Lughadha," Conservation Biology 17(no.5, 2003):1449-1450. (v.14, #4)

Myers, Nancy, "The Precautionary Principle Puts Values First," Bulletin of Science, Technology andSociety 22(no. 3, June 2002):210-219. The precautionary principle is an emerging principle ofinternational law but has only recently been proposed in North America as a new basis for

environmental policy. On the surface it is a simple, common-sense proposition: in the face ofpossible harm, exercise precaution. But the enthusiasm the principle has stirred among publicadvocates suggests it has a deeper appeal. It is, in fact, based on values related to "forecaringfor life" and the natural world. The principle cannot effectively be invoked without stating thesevalues up front. The principle makes it clear that decisions and developments in science andtechnology are based first of all on values and only secondarily on scientific and technological factand process. Moreover, a precautionary approach is best carried out in the context of goals thatembody the values of communities and societies. Myers is with the Science and EnvironmentalHealth Network. She a former managing editor and executive director of the Bulletin of the AtomicScientists. (v. 15, # 3)

Myers, Norman, "Environmental scientists: advocates as well?" Environmental Conservation 26(no.3, Sept 01 1999):163- . (v.11,#1)

Myers, Norman, on the challenge side, and Vincent, Jeffrey R. and Panayotou, Theodore on thedistraction side, "Consumption: Challenge to Sustainable Development ... or Distraction," Science276 (4 April, 1997):53-57. Myers maintains that the problem triad of population, environment, anddevelopment is now being joined by consumption, and that first world standards of escalatingconsumption cannot be extended to the rest of the world, nor even maintained in the first world. Vincent and Panayotou reply that there are no inherent limits to consumption, so long as there issubstitutability and recycling. Countries with high consumption also have better environmentalquality, lower pollution levels, and so on. Eastern Europe, the most polluted environment in theworld, was a low-consumption society. Third World nations, with dramatic environmentaldegradation can also be low-consumption societies. Myers replies that the Vincent and Panayotouscenario depends on markets, overlooks market externalities, and the gross inequities in whobenefits from marketed consumption, and cannot be extrapolated to a global range. Myers is anenvironmental consultant, at Oxford University. Vincent and Panayotou are at the Harvard Institutefor International Development. (v8,#2)

Myers, Norman, "The World's Forests: Need for a Policy Appraisal," Science 268 (May 12, 1995):823-24. The World Commission on Forests and Sustainable Development is soon to be establishedand gives promise of a better appraisal of how forests can confer their manifold benefits onsociety. Forests once covered more than 40% of Earth's land surface, but their expanse has beenreduced by one-third, mostly since 1950. Tropical forests have been reduced by half, the fastestvegetational change of this magnitude in human history. Forestry has so far been dominated byprivate interests, commercial for the most part. Certain of these interests could well have anexplanded role in the future, but public interests deserve to be better represented in the policyarena, especially the fast-growing interests at a global level. Myers is an environmental consultantbased in Oxford, UK. (v6,#2)

Myers, Norman, The Gaia Atlas of Future Worlds: Challenge and Opportunity in an Age of Change(New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1990). $15.95. 191 pages. The present forces for change,likely outcomes with their multiple interplays, and the routes to a sustainable and viable future. Myers is an international consultant on environment, conservation, and development. (v2,#1)

Myers, Norman, and Kent, Jennifer. Environmental Exodus: An Emergent Crisis in the Global Arena. Washington, DC: The Climate Institute, 1995. 214 pages. $ 15.00 ISBN 0-9623610-2-X. (ClimateInstitute, 324 Fourth St., NE, Washington, DC 20002. Phone 202/547-0104. Fax 202/547-0111. Astartling study made by the Climate Institute, and funded by numerous authorities: The U.S.Department of State, the Environmental Protection Agency, the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme, the United Kingdom Overseas Development Administration, the Rockefeller Foundation,and others. About 25 million people have been uprooted for environmental causes, a number thatexceeds the official total of 22 million refugees who have fled civil wars and persecution.

Environmental refugees are those who are forced to leave traditional habitat that has beenrendered temporarily or permanently unsuitable to support human life, usually through the depletionof water, soil, and forests. The primary exodus has been from portions of Africa's Sahel, India,China, Central America, and the Horn of Africa. Environmental breakdown rarely is the solecatalyst, but combines with poverty, repressive politics, and inequitable land tenure, in a strugglefor the control of available resources. With a bibliography of over 1,000 references documentingthe conclusions of the study. Myers is an environmental consultant and visiting fellow, GreenCollege, Oxford University. Kent is a research assistant on this project. Commentary in: Douglas,David, "Environmental Eviction," Christian Century 113 (11-18 Sept. 1996): 839-41. (v7, #3)

Myers, Norman. "Environmental Unknowns." Science 269(1995):358-360. The most importantenvironmental problems will probably include many unknown to us now. It is important not only tohave answers to recognized questions but to ask new questions. (v6,#3)

Myers, Norman. Ultimate Security: The Environmental Basis of Political Stability. New York: W. W.Norton, 1996. 319pp. $14.95 paper. Environmental factors such as deforestation and globalwarming may result in conflicts and loss of stability in the decades ahead. Seven regional and fiveglobal case studies. (v8,#1)

Myers, Norman. Ultimate Security: (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1993). Reviewed by UdoSimonis in Environmental Values 4(1995):185-186. (EV)

Myers, O. Gene, Review of Kellert, Stephen R., Wilson, Edward O., eds. The Biophilia Hypothesis.Environmental Ethics 18(1996):327-330. (EE)

Myers, Robert, Ruark, Greg, and Backiel, Adela, "Developing an Enduring American Agriculture,"Natural Resources and Environment 12 (Fall 1997):110-. (v.8,#4)

Myerson, Allen, "U.S. Splurging on Energy After Falling Off its Diet," New York Times (10/22/98):A1. America's splurging energy use. In the 1970s and early 80s, the U.S. reduced its energyconsumption even while population grew and the economy expanded. People installed thickerinsulation and tighter windows, appliances and engines were made more efficient, business cutits energy use, and people wore sweaters instead of turning up their thermostats. After fallingdramatically in the 1970s and early 80s, average American energy use is back up to nearly recordlevels (despite some gains in energy efficiency). Here are some of the reasons why. Energyprices today are lower than they were 25 years ago. Adjusting for inflation, gas is $1 a gallontoday compared to $1.10 in 1973. A gallon of gasoline is now cheaper than a gallon of bottledwater! U.S. gas prices are half what they are in Europe and Japan and U.S. consumers use twiceas much energy per person as do the Europeans or the Japanese. Although houses are moreenergy efficient per square foot, they are getting bigger Since 1970, average household sizeshrunk by one sixth and average new home sizes has grown by a one third (from 1600 to 2100square feet). Standard ceiling height has gone from eight to nine feet. Like the trend in sportsutility vehicles (SUVs), we can't seem to make houses big enough. Furthermore, homes are nowstuffed with energy-hungry features air conditioners are now in 80% of homes (up from 40%),57% of homes now have dishwashers (up from 17%), plus many homes now have Jacuzzis,security systems, computers, an on and on. Many of these gadgets suck electricity full time; theyare never really off (though dormant, they are ready at the push of a button). Today in the U.S.,energy consumption per person in the home is the same as in 1973. Electric utilities are nowcutting the reimbursements they used to give for installing more efficient heating, cooling, andlighting.

On the roads, next year Americans will burn more fuel per person than in 1973, before thegovernment set automobile fuel efficiency standards. Today people are driving more. Suburbscontinue to sprawl--the average commute has grown one third in the last dozen years (to eleven

and a half miles). Nearly one in five households has three or more cars (up from one in twenty-five in 1970). More people are driving light trucks (minivans, SUV and pickups) which now accountfor 50% of auto purchases and are exempt from fuel efficiency and some pollution standards. Inthe 1990s, average fuel efficiency of autos has not increased (after rising for a decade and ahalf). Cars are becoming more powerful: Average auto horsepower is up from one hundred toone hundred-fifty in the last dozen years. Only 5% of Americans ride mass transit and that numberis declining. Business use of energy has also jumped up 37% in last dozen years, despite theeconomy's shift from smokestack industries to software and entertainment (business use ofenergy had dropped 18% from 1973 to 1983).With greater energy use comes greater dependence on foreign oil (now 50%, up from 35% in1973) and increasing military expense of defending access to it. The more energy we use, themore difficult it will be to try to stem possible global warming. The U.S. is committed to reducing ourgreenhouse gas output by 7% (from 1990) levels by the year 2010; this is a 33% cut in projectedgrowth of our greenhouse emissions. Our energy use also is responsible for oil pipe lines anddrilling platforms in environmentally sensitive areas, and thus this use contributes to oil spills andrelated environmental degradation. Finally, almost all of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels,which are not a renewable source of energy and hence such a lifestyle is not a sustainable one. (v.9,#4)

Myerson, George, and Rydin, Yvonne, The Language of Environment: A New Rhetoric. London:UCL Press, 1996. An extensive overview of styles of rhetoric concerning the environment. Theenvironmental ethos, metaphorical argumentation, environmental irony, and the dialectic ofcatastrophe. (v.8,#4)

Myhr, Anne Ingeborg, and Traavik, Terje, "Genetically modified (GM) crops: Precautionary scienceand conflicts of interests," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 16(2003):227-247. Riskgovernance of GM plants and GM food products is presently subject to heated scientific and publiccontroversies. Scientists and representatives of the biotechnology industry have dominateddebates concerning safety issues. The public is suspicious with regard to the motives ofscientists, companies, and political institutions involved. The dilemmas posed are nested,embracing value questions, scientific uncertainty, and contextual issues. The obvious lack of dataand insufficient information concerning ecological effects call for application of the PrecautionaryPrinciple (PP). One of our major conclusions is that precautionary GMP usage requires riskassessment criteria yet undeveloped, as well as broader and more long-term conceptions of risk,uncertainty, and ignorance. KEY WORDS: conflicts of interests, genetically modified (GM) plants,GM food, the Precautionary Principle, public trust, scientific uncertainty, substantial equivalence.(JAEE)

Myhr, Anne Ingeborg, and Traavik, Terje, "The Precautionary Principle: Scientific Uncertainty andOmitted Research in the Context of GMO Use and Release," Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 15(no. 1, 2002):73-86. Commercialization of genetically modified organisms(GMOs) have sparked profound controversies concerning adequate approaches to risk regulation.Scientific uncertainty and ambiguity, omitted research areas, and lack of basic knowledge crucialto risk assessments have become apparent. The objective of this article is to discuss the policyand practical implementation of the Precautionary Principle. A major conclusion is that the void inscientific understanding concerning risks posed by secondary effects and the complexity ofcause-effect relations warrant further research. Initiatives to approach the acceptance or rejectionof a number of risk-associated hypotheses is badly needed. Further, since scientific advice playsa key role in GMO regulations, scientists have a responsibility to address and communicateuncertainty to policy makers and the public. Hence, the acceptance of uncertainty is not only ascientific issue, but is related to public policy and involves an ethical dimension. KEY WORDS:

extended consent, GMO, Precautionary Principle, omitted research, scientific uncertainty,secondary effects. Myhr and Traavik are with the Department of Microbiology and Virology,University of Tromso and Norwegian Institute of Gene Ecology, Tromso, Norway. (JAEE)

Myhr, Anne Ingeborg and Traavik, Terje, "Sustainable development and Norwegian geneticengineering regulations: Applications, impacts, and challenges," Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 16(2003):317-335. The main purpose of The Norwegian Gene TechnologyAct (1993) is to enforce containment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and control of GMOreleases. Furthermore, the Act intends to ensure that "production and use of GMOs should takeplace in an ethically and socially justifiable way, in accordance with the principle of sustainabledevelopment and without detrimental effects to health and the environment." We have investigatedthe extent to which the sustainability criteria were decisive for the destiny of one approved andone declined application of genetically modified plant release. KEY WORDS: consensusconferences, GMO regulation, the Norwegian Gene Technology Act, the notion of equaldistribution, the Precautionary Principle, public perception, scientific uncertainty, sustainabledevelopment. (JAEE)

Naar, Jon. Design for a Livable Planet: How You Can Help Clean Up the Environment, New York:Harper and Row, 1990. $ 12.95. (v1,#2)

Nabhan, Gary Paul, ed., Counting Sheep: Twenty Ways of Seeing Desert Bighorn. Tucson:University of Arizona Press, 1993. 260 pages. $ 16.95 paper. $ 29.95 cloth. Twenty personsfrom different disciplines and cultures focus their attention on just one animal, the desert bighorn.(v4,#3)

Nabhan, Gary Paul, Cultures of Habitat. Washington, DC: Counterpoint, 1997. "The term habitat isetymologically related to habit, inhabit, and habitable, it suggest a place worth dwelling in one thathas abinding qualities. ... culture implies that we learn from our elders and neighbors a way ofliving that is more refined or better adapted than our genes alone can offer" (p. 3). (v.11,#1)

Nabhan, Gary Paul, "The Parable of the Poppy Bee: Why Should We Save Those SpinelessCritters?" Nature Conservancy 46 (no. 2, March/April 1996):10-15. "Spineless or not, nativepollinators have consistently provided our croplands and wildlands with the kind of support thathas kept our country fruitful. Let us remember them every time we smell a poppy, or take a biteinto a delicious, red apple or munch on almonds. Let us now praise the not-so-famous pollinators,and honor our collective debt to them" (p. 15). A theme developed at more length in Nabhan andBuchmann, The Forgotten Pollinators. Nabhan is director of science at the Arizona-Sonora DesertMuseum. (v7,#1)

Nabhan, Gary Paul, "The Killing Fields: Monarchs and Transgenic Corn," Wild Earth 9 (No. 4, Wint1999): 49- . (v.11,#2)

Nabhan, Gary Paul and Holdsworth, Andrew. "State of the Sonoran Desert Biome." Wild Earth9(No. 2, Summer 1999):71- . (v10,#4)

Nabhan, Gary Paul. "The Pollinator and the Predator", Wild Earth 6(no.3, 1996):24. (v7,#4)

Nabhan, Gary Paul and Stephen Trimble, The Geography of Childhood: Why Children Need WildPlaces. Boston: Beacon Press, 1994. $ 22.00 hardcover. Eight essays about the importance forchildren of the connection to the natural world. The authors recall rural and urban children, theirown childhood, their experiences as fathers with their children, fieldwork with Mexican and Indianchildren, and ask about the merits and demerits of nature for children on television. "A Child's

Sense of Wildness," "The Scripture of Maps, the Names of Trees: A Child's Landscape," "GoingTruant: The Initiation of Young Naturalists," "A Land of One's Own: Gender and Landscape,""Children in Touch, Creatures in Story," "A Wilderness with Cows: Working with Landscape,""Learning Herps," and "Sing Me Down the Mountain: A Father's Landscape." (v5,#3)

Naburrs, GJ; Paivinen, R; Schelhaas, MJ; Pussinen, A; Verkaik, E; Lioubimow, A; Mohren, F,"Nature-Oriented Forest Management in Europe: Modeling the Long-Term Effects," Journal ofForestry 99(no. 7, 2001):28-34. (v.13,#1)

Nadkarni, M.V. and V. Govindaru. "Nobody's Child: The Economic and Institutional Aspects of SoilConservation in India." The Journal of Environment and Development 4 (no. 1, 1995):171- . (v6,#1)

Nadkarni, Nalini M., "Not Preaching to the Choir: Communicating the Importance of ForestConservation to Nontraditional Audiences," Conservation Biology 18(no.3, 2004):602-606. (v. 15,# 3)Nadkarni, Nolini M, ed. Monteverde: Ecology and Conservation of a Tropical Cloud Forest. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1999. 560 pp. $52, paper; $104, cloth A guide to one of the mostbeloved ecotourist destinations in the world. Prominent researchers present a broad introductionto the biology of Monteverde. (v.10,#3)

Nadler, Steven. Review of Animal Consciousness. By Daisie Radner and Michael Radner. Environmental Ethics 13(1991):187-91.

Naess, Arne, "A Defence of the Deep Ecology Movement," Environmental Ethics 6(1984):265-270. An answer to the charges made by Watson (see 1983). Naess rests his case on the non-academical character of Deep Ecology philosophy--it is not a precise university exercise, andWatson is wrong to treat it as such. But that is just the problem with Deep Ecology: if it is to beaccepted by the intellectual community, it needs to be more precise. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Naess, Arne, "The Deep Ecological Movement: Some Philosophical Aspects" Philosophical Inquiry8, nos. 1-2 (Winter-Spring 1986):10-31. A good summary of the major philosophical assumptions,arguments, and intuitions of Deep Ecology. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Naess, Arne, "Should We Try To Relieve Clear Cases of Extreme Suffering in Nature? Pan Ecology,vol. 6, no. 1, Winter 1991. Naess examines "the darker side of free nature." "Perseverance in theservice of protecting nature, support of the deep ecology movement, does not imply any definiteopinion on questions of unconditional goodness of nature as a set of ecosystems." "If adequateecological knowledge were available, some of us would not hesitate to interfere on a large scaleagainst intense and persistent pain." Naess would not interfere with most predation or parasitism,but thinks there are exceptions. He would, if he could, eliminate a reindeer parasite, Cephenomyiatrompe, an insect whose larvae grow in the noses of reindeer and slowly suffocate them. "Whatdo humans do when witnessing animals in what they think is unnecessary and prolonged pain? Those who intensively identify with the victims try to rescue them--provided it is not too late anda practical way is seen. Generalized, and made into a policy, rescue attempts would not amountto an attempt to interfere and reform nature." "Respect for the dignity of free nature and properhumility do not rule out planned interference on a greater scale, as long as the aim is a moderationof conditions of extreme and prolonged pain, human or nonhuman. Such pain eliminates theexperience of a joyful reality. The higher levels of self-realization of a mature being requireassistance to other living beings to realize their potentialities, and this inevitably actualizes concernfor the sufferers." Naess is professor emeritus of philosophy at the University of Oslo and thefounder of deep ecology. (v2,#1)

Naess, Arne, "Beautiful Action: Its Function in the Ecological Crisis." Environmental Values Vol.2No.1(1993):67-72. ABSTRACT: The distinction made by Kant between `moral' and `beautiful'actions is relevant to efforts to counteract the current ecological crisis. Actions proceeding frominclination may be politically more effective than those depending on a sense of duty. Educationcould help by fostering love and respect for life. KEYWORDS: Beautiful actions, deep ecology,environmental education, Kant. Council for Environmental Studies, University of Oslo, PO Box 1116,Blindern 0317, Oslo 3, Norway.

Naess, Arne, "Living a Life that Reflects Evolutionary Insights," Conservation Biology10(1996):1557-1559. A brief tribute to Michael Soulé. "The postulation of the inherent value ofliving beings and their diversity is contested by people who say that all value assertions aresubjective. ... At our latest meeting it was refreshing to listen to Michael Soulé claim thatconservation biology evidently is both a science and an assertion that biodiversity--a centralconcern of the science--is not an instrumental value but has value in itself. ... Why can'tconservation biology announce the noninstrumental inherent value of biodiversity?" Naessoriginated the deep ecology movement and is professor emeritus, University of Oslo. (v7,#4)

Naess, Arne, "Deep Ecology" (Environmental Ethics), Encyclopedia of Bioethics, revised ed. (NewYork: Macmillan Library Reference, Simon and Schuster ,1995), 687-88. (v6,#2)

Naess, Arne, "Helhetssyn, gronne kulturer og den okologiske krisen" ("Holism, Green Cultures andthe Ecological Crisis). Tidsskrift for Alternativ Framtid (The Norwegian) Journal for an AlternativeFuture), no. 4, 1994.

Naess, Arne, Ecology, Community and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy. Translated and editedby David Rothenberg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Pp. xiii, 223. This is anupdated and revised version of Naess' 1976 Norwegian work of the same title; many sectionshave been re-written by Naess and Rothenberg, and it includes a new introduction by Rothenberg. This is the most complete expression of the philosophy of "deep ecology" by the leading thinkerin the field; its availability in English is the most important development in recent years. Unlike thefragmentary articles by Naess that have been published previously, this book develops the fullargument for Ecosophy T, the world-view that supports the practical platform of deep ecology. It is made clear that deep ecology is much less a system of ethics than a theory of ontology andepistemology: it is the use of ecological thinking in the construction and apprehension of the world. The central ecological insight is a relational ontology, combined with an epistemology of gestaltexperience. Gestalt thinking permits the integration of fact, emotion, and value into our basicunderstanding of the world, and it sets the foundation for a wider identification with all of reality.

This, in turn, leads to the derivation of the key norm and ultimate goal of the system,Self-realization, where Self is conceived as "an unfolding of reality as a totality" (p. 84), with a goalof perfection. In three "less philosophical" chapters, Naess shows how this world-view can leadto practical programs in the fields of technology, economics, and politics. He concludes the bookwith a systematic sketch of the norms and basic principles of his personal variant of deep ecology,Ecosophy T: intrinsic value; unity, diversity, and complexity; identification with nature; andself-realization. This text greatly increases the philosophical rigor of the system of deep ecology,but the chief problem remains the starting point of immediate experience and intuition. Naess andRothenberg each see this is an advantage, for it permits the development of personal ecosophiesleading to the common practical platform of deep ecological action. Intuition is also the fundamentalsource of value in the total-view descriptions of the world. But it is unclear how the starting pointsof personal experiences/intuitions can avoid a relativity of value and world-view. Thus,fundamental differences in the practical platform should develop. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Naess, Arne, "Comment: `Man Apart' and Deep Ecology: A Reply to Reed," Environmental Ethics12(1990):185-192. Naess comments on Peter Reed, "Man Apart: An Alternative to the

Self-Realization Approach," Environmental Ethics 11 (1989):53-69. There is a lucid explanation of"identifcation" as the opposite of "alienation"---identification does not mean "resemblance."

Naess, Arne, "The Third World, Wilderness, and Deep Ecology," in George Sessions, ed., DeepEcology for the 21st Century (Boston: Shambahala Publications, 1994). Answers RamachandraGuha's critique of wilderness as a first world luxury. (v7,#2)

Naess, Arne, Ecology, Community, and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy. New York: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1989. Translated and revised by David Rothenberg from Ekologi, Samfunn ogLivsstil. Oslo: Universitetforlaget, 1974. (Norway)

Naess, Arne. "`Man Apart' and Deep Ecology: A Reply to Reed." Environmental Ethics12(1990):185-92.

Naess, Arne. Ecology, Community and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy. Reviewed inEnvironmental Ethics 13(1991):263-73.

Naess, Arne. "A Defence of the Deep Ecology Movement." Environmental Ethics 6(1984):265-70. There is an international deep ecology social movement with key terms, slogans, and rhetoricaluse of language comparable to what we find in other activist "alternative" movements today. Somesupporters of the movement partake in academic philosophy and have developed or at leastsuggested philosophies, "ecosophies," inspired by the movement. R. A. Watson does notdistinguish sufficiently between the movement and the philosophical expressions with academicpretensions. As a result, he falsely concludes that deep ecology implies setting man apart fromnature--a kind of "anthropocentrism" in his terminology: humans and only humans have no right tointerfere with natural processes. What the deep ecology movement insists on is rather that life onEarth has intrinsic value and that human behavior should and must change drastically--and soon. Naess is retired from the philosophy department, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. (EE)

Naess, Arne. "Avalanches as Social Constructions." Environmental Ethics 22(2000):335-336.

Nagel, C, "Review of: Moss, P., editor Feminist Geography in Practice," Progress in HumanGeography 27(no.5, 2003):671. (v.14, #4)

Nagel, C, "Review Article: "Have we become posthuman?", N. Katherine Hayles, How We BecamePosthuman," Research in Philosophy and Technology 21(no., 2001): 405-410.

Nagiecki, Janusz. "Bread and Freedom: Agriculture in Poland." The Ecologist 26, no.1 (1996): 13. During the Communist era, Poland's farmers successfully resisted efforts to collectivizeagriculture. As a result, small, family farms are still the norm in Poland and chemical use is rare.But market liberalization now threatens to succeed where Communism failed. In the name ofincreased "efficiency", the government--following the advice of the World Bank, IMF and otherdevelopment agencies--aims to displace the peasantry with large, specialized farms gearedtowards export. (v7, #3)

Nagle, JC, "Biodiversity and Mom", Ecology Law Quarterly 30 (no.4, 2003): 991-1002.

Nagle, John Copland, and Ruhl, J. B., The Law of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management. NewYork: Foundation Press, 2002. Four parts: Understanding Biodiversity. 2. The EndangeredSpecies Act. 3. Protecting Ecosystem Diversity. 4. Protecting Global Biodiversity. Nagle is in law,University of Notre Dame. Ruhl is in law, Florida State University. (v.13,#4)

Nagpal, Tanvi. "Voices from Developing World: Progress Toward Sustainable Development,"Environment 37(no.8, Oct. 1995):10- . In most of the developing world, sustainable developmentmeans first satisfying basic human needs. (v6,#4)Naiman, Robert J., Rogers, Kevin H. "Large Animals and System-Level Characteristics in RiverCorridors," Bioscience 47(no.8, 1997):519. (v8,#3)

Naiman, Robert J., "Riparian Ecology and Management in the Pacific Coastal Rain Forest,"Bioscience 50(no. 11, Nov. 1, 2000):996- . (v.12,#2)

Najam, A. et al, "From Rio to Johannesburg: Progress and Prospects," Environment 44(no.7, 2002):26-37. (v.13,#4)

Najam, Adil, "Trade and Environment After Seattle: A Negotiation Agenda for the South," TheJournal of Environment and Development 9(no.4, DEC 01 2000):405- . (EE v.12,#1)

Nakagoshi, N; Kondo, T, "Ecological land evaluation for nature redevelopment in river areas,"Landscape Ecology 17(no.1SUPP, 2002):83-93. (v.13, #3)

Nakamura, Masahisa. "Preserving the Health of the World's Lakes," Environment 39(no.5, 1997):16.Although the current state of the world's lakes is fairly alarming, a concerted international effortcould reverse the trend toward degradation. (v8,#2)

Nally, Rm; Fleishman, E, "A Successful Predictive Model of Species Richness Based on IndicatorSpecies," Conservation Biology 18(no.3, 2004):646-654. (v. 15, # 3)

Namkoong, Gene. "The Management of Genetic Resources: A Neglected Problem in EnvironmentalEthics." Environmental Ethics 4(1982):377-78.

Nanasi (Nánási), I. 1998. 1998. "Anthropological and ethical aspects of a sustainable society." Pages 57-74 in Susanne, Charles & Gallé, Lásló eds. Ecotechnie and Sustainable Development. Szeged, Hungary: Officina, 1998. ISBN: 963-482-283-5 (v.12,#4)

Nantel, P., Bouchard, A., Hay, S. "Selection of Areas for Protecting Rare Plants with Integration ofLand-Use Conflicts: A Case Study for the West Coast of Newfoundland, Canada. BiologicalConservation 84(no.3, 1998):233- . (v9,#2)

Nantsou, Theodota, The Social Role of Modern Science and its Relation to the Natural World: aCritique, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September 1992. (v7,#1)

Nantsou, Theodota, The Social Role of Modern Science and its Relation to the Natural World: aCritique, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September 1992.

Narayanan Vasuda, "`One Tree is Equal to Ten Sons': Hindu Responses to the Problems ofEcology, Population, and Consumption," Journal of the American Academy of Religion65(1997):291-332. Narayanan is in religion at the University of Florida, Gainesville. (v8,#3)

Narayanan, Vasudha, "`One Tree is Equal to Ten Sons': Hindu Responses to the Problems ofEclogy, Population and Consumption," Journal of the American Academy of Religion 65(1997):291-332. A reality check on India with overpopulation and dwindling reserves. Hindus of every stripehave participated in polluting the environment. An account of the resources and limitations within

the many Hindu traditions to see how the interconnected problems of overpopulation, ecology, andconsumption/consumerism can and have, to some extent, been addressed. The many Hindutheological texts and philosophical systems do contain engaging accounts of reality which, ifunderstood and acted upon directly, could serve as fantastic resources for several social andmoral problems. But, regretably, in the Hindu contexts, these have limited power over ethicalbehavior. Narayanan is in religion at the University of Florida, Gainesville. (v.12,#2)

Narveson, Jan, Review of Tal Scriven, Wrongness, Wisdom and Wilderness. Albany: SUNY Press,1997. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1998):58-61.

Narveson, Jan, Moral Matters: An Introduction. Lewiston, NY: Broadview Press, 1993. With asection on animal rights. A brief introduction for undergraduates. (v4,#1)

Narveson, Jan. "The Case for Free Market Environmentalism." Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 8(1995):145-156. Environmental Ethics is the ethics of how we humans areto relate to each other about the environment we live in. The best way to adjust inevitabledifferences among us in this respect is by private property. Each person takes the best care ofwhat he owns, and ownership entails the free market, which enables people to make mutuallyadvantageous trades with those who might use it even better. Public regulation, by contrast,becomes management in the interests of the regulators, or of special interests, such as lovers ofrare species -not the people they're supposed to be serving. (JAEE)

Narveson, Jan. Response to Tony Smith. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics8(1995):159-160. (JAEE)

Nasar, Jack L., ed. Environmental Aesthetics: Theory, Research, and Application. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1988, 1992. 529 pages. Thirty two articles, sections include theoryand method, architectural interiors, exteriors, urban scenes, natural and rural scenes, applications. Sample articles: D. Mark Fenton, "Dimensions of meaning in the perception of natural settings andtheir relationship to aesthetic response"; Thomas R. Herzog, "A cognitive analysis of preferencefor field-and-forest environments"; Kenneth T. Pearlman, "Aesthetic regulation and the courts";Arnold Berleant, "Aesthetic perception in environmental design." Nasar is in city and regionalplanning, Ohio State University. (v6,#3)

Nash, J. R. and Revesz, R. L., "Markets and Geography: Designing Marketable Permit Schemes toControl Local and Regional Pollutants," Ecology Law Quarterly 28(no.3, 2001): 569-662. (v.13,#2)

Nash, James A., "Biotic Rights and Human Ecological Responsibilities," The Annual, Society ofChristian Ethics, 1993, pages 137-162. Boston: The Society of Christian Ethics, 1993; distributedby Georgetown University Press. The concept of biotic rights is the most interesting issue, andone of the most important, on the frontier of ethics. It points to the fundamental task of redefiningresponsible human relationships with the rest of the planet's biota, and grounding these humanresponsibilities not only, weakly, in human utility or even generosity, but also, strongly, in the justdues and demands imposed on us by the vital interests of other kinds. Biotic rights highlight thecentrality of ecological justice, rather than solely benevolence. Nash is Director of the Churches'Center for Theology and Public Policy, Washington. (v4,#4)

Nash, James A. "Ecological Integrity and Christian Political Responsibility," Theology and PublicPolicy 1(no.1, 1989).

Nash, James A. "Human Rights and the Environment: New Challenge for Ethics," 4(no. 2, 1992).

Nash, James A. "Ethics and the Economics-Ecology Dilemma: Toward a Just, Sustainable, andFrugal Future," Theology and Public Policy 6(no. 1, 1994).

Nash, James A. "Rio as a Political Event," (editorial), Theology and Public Policy 4(no. 1, 1992).

Nash, James A., "Toward the Ecological Reformation of Christianity," Interpretation: A Journal ofBible and Theology 50 (no. 1, January 1996): 5-15. Christian theology and ethics are largelyinadequate to confront the ecological crisis of today. They are in need of reformation. At thecenter of Christian faith, we shall not find a mandate to pollute, plunder, and prey on the rest ofnature. Instead, we shall discover that the core affirmations endow all life with a moral significancethat entails human responsibility toward the whole of nature.

Nash, James A., Loving Nature: Ecological Integrity and Christian Responsibility. Nashville,Abingdon Cokesbury, 1991, 256 pages. Paper $ 16.95. Outlines the major dimensions of today'secological crisis and the accompanying ethical issues. Claims that the precepts of Christianity offera strong foundation for a responsible environmental ethic. (v2,#4)Nash, James A. Loving Nature: Ecological Integrity and Christian Responsibility. Reviewed inEnvironmental Ethics 15(1993):93-96.

Nash, James A., "The Politician's Moral Dilemma: The Moral Possibilities and Limits of PoliticalLeadership in Confronting the Ecological Crisis," CTNS (Center for Theology and the NaturalSciences, Berkeley) Bulletin 16 (no. 1, Winter 1996):7-15. Albert Gore's Earth in the Balancereveals the moral dilemma of the politician, a prime example of both exemplary political courage andprudent political caution. Nash is director of the Churches' Center for Theology and Public Policy,Washington, DC. (v7,#2)

Nash, L, "Finishing Nature: Harmonizing Bodies and Environments in Late-Ninteenth-CenturyCalifornia", Environmental History 8(no.1, 2003):25-52.

Nash, Madeline J., "The Fish Crisis," Time, August 11, 1997, pp. 65-67. The oceans that onceseemed a bottomless source of high-protein, low-fat food are rapidly being depleted. (v8,#3)

Nash, Roderick, ed., American Environmentalism: Readings in Conservation History. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1990. The third, revised edition of an earlier work, the first edition was under the title:The American Environment: Readings in the History of Conservation, 1968; the second edition wasin 1976. (v1,#4)

Nash, Roderick, "Soul of the Wilderness: A Wilderness Ethic for the Age of Cyberspace,"International Journal of Wilderness 2 (no. 3, December, 1996):4-5. (v8,#1)

Nash, Roderick Frazier, "Nature and Civilization: A Biocentric Solution," afterword in Jackson,William Henry and Fiedler, John, photographers, and Marston, Ed, text, Colorado 1870-2000. Englewood, CO: Westcliffe Publishers, 2000. A coffee table book with old and new photographs. Nash outlines "seven possible pillars that may help define a new wilderness philosophy." "Oursmay be the last generation with the chance to make major course corrections in a mood ofdeliberation rather than desperation. Perhaps by tempering power with moral responsibility we canstill be the capstone--not the cancer--of life on Earth" (p. 223). (v.11,#1)

Nash, Roderick Frazier. The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics. Reviewed inEnvironmental Ethics 12(1990):83-85. Also available in an Australian edition. (v1,#3)

Nash, Roderick Frazier, De ziran de quanli (The Rights of Nature: A History of EnvironmentalEthics), in Chinese translation. Yang Tonjin, translator. Qingdao: Qingdao Publishing House, 1999. (v.11,#1)

Nash, Roderick Frazier, "Nature and Civilization: A Biocentric Solution," afterword in Jackson,William Henry and Fiedler, John, photographers, and Marston, Ed, text, Colorado 1870-2000. Englewood, CO: Westcliffe Publishers, 2000. A coffee table book with old and new photographs. Nash outlines "seven possible pillars that may help define a new wilderness philosophy." "Oursmay be the last generation with the chance to make major course corrections in a mood ofdeliberation rather than desperation. Perhaps by tempering power with moral responsibility we canstill be the capstone--not the cancer--of life on Earth" (p. 223). (v10,#4)

Nash, Roderick Frazier, The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics. Madison:University of Wisconsin Press, 1989. Pp. xiii, 290. This is a work of intellectual history, notphilosophy. It catalogues the growth of the idea that non-human nature deserves moralconsideration, with a primary focus on American environmentalism and its antecedents in GreatBritain. The book is a rich source of bibliographic and historical material, and it provides excellentsummaries of the positions and arguments of philosophers, environmentalists, and other socialreformers. The book has one major flaw: Nash commits himself to a model of "moral extensionism"based on the expansion of classical liberalism and "natural rights" theory. He attempts to explainall the moral positions concerning non-human nature as variations of the growth of individualhuman rights. But much of environmental ethics cannot be contained in such a restrictive,individualistic model, and Nash's text demonstrates this. He repeatedly cites positions that do notcall for the rights of nature: "While Thoreau avoided the word `rights'...(p. 37); "McGee wasreferring to the right of people to use nature, not the rights of nature..." (p. 50); Women "shy awayfrom that staple of the liberal credo, individual rights" (p. 146). Because of this restrictiveperspective, Nash mis-reads much of the current eco-philosophical literature (in Chapter 5, "TheGreening of Philosophy," pp. 121-160). He conflates the ideas of individual rights, intrinsic worth,and communal holism, thus seemingly equating philosophers as diverse as Arne Naess, PaulTaylor, and Baird Callicott. Contains excellent notes and bibliographic essay. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Nash, Roderick F., Wilderness and the American Mind, 3rd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Nash, Roderick. Review of Sustaining the Earth. By John Young. Environmental Ethics13(1991):281.

Nash, Roderick. Review of American Environmentalism: Values, Tactics, Priorities. By Joseph M.Petulla. Environmental Ethics 3(1981):375-76.

Nash, Roger, "Adam's Place in Nature: Respect or Domination?", Journal of Agricultural Ethics3(1990):102-113. The creation story in Genesis speaks of humankind being given dominion overnature. Does this support the view that nature has solely instrumental value, and is of worth onlyinsofar as it serves the necessities and conveniences of the human species? It is argued thatthese images, in their qualification and enrichment of each other develop the idea that animals areof worth independently of their usefulness to us. Other key parts of the Bible, that at first mayseem to promote unfettered domination, are shown to be more properly read as supporting ananimal-benign religious ethics. Nash is in philosophy at Laurentian University, Ontario.

Nash, S., "The Phantom Forest: Research On Gene-Altered Trees Leaps Ahead, Into a RegulatoryLimbo," Bioscience 53(no. 5, 2003): 462-467. (v 14, #3)

Nash S., "Desperately Seeking Charisma: Improving the Status of Invertebrates," BioScience54(no.6, 1 June 2004):487-494(8). (v. 15, # 3)

Nasmyth, G, "Amazon Crime: Deep in the Amazon rainforest, a corrupt mayor and a band of pirateloggers are stealing impoverished settlers' land and stripping it of the trees on which they depend,"Ecologist 34(no.4, 2004):24-29. (v. 15, # 3)

Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, Religion and the Order of Nature. New York: Oxford University Press,1996. 320 pp. $18.95 paper. The historical process through which Western civilization movedaway from the idea of nature as sacred and embraced a world view that sees humans asalienated from nature and nature itself as a machine to be dominated and manipulated by humans. Nasr's goal is to negate the totalitarian claims of modern science and its reductionist view ofnature and to re-open the way to the religious view of the order of nature, developed overcenturies in the cosmologies and sacred sciences of the great religious traditions. Each traditionhas a wealth of knowledge and experience concerning the order of nature. They have in commonthe conviction that nature is sacred. The recovery of this knowledge would allow religions all overthe globe to enrich each other and cooperate to heal the wounds inflicted upon the Earth in thecurrent environmental crisis. Nasr is in Islamic studies at George Washington University. (v7,#4)

Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, "The Spiritual and Religious Background of the Environmental Crisis," TheEcologist 30 (No. 1, Jan 01 2000): 18- . The present environmental crisis is above all a conceptualand spiritual crisis. By adopting a worldview that separates humanity from Nature we have cometo see what was previously a sacred Earth as a resource to be exploited for economic ends. (v.11,#2)

Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Religion and the Order of Nature. New York: Oxford University Press,1996. 320pp. $18.95 paper, $65 cloth. Nasr argues that the devastation of our world has beenexacerbated, if not actually caused, by the reductionist view of nature that has been advancedby modern secular science. He advocates the recovery of the truth that nature is sacred. (v8,#1)

Nassauer, Joan Iverson. Placing Nature: Culture and Landscape Ecology. Reviewed by AllenCarlson. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):211-214.

Nassauer, Joan Iverson, ed. Placing Nature and Landscape Ecology. Washington, D.C.: IslandPress, 1997. 179pp. Nassauer is in landscape architecture at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-St. Paul. Contains the following articles:--Gorham, Eville. "Human Impacts on Ecosystems and Landscapes," pp. 15-32.--Smiley, Jane. "Farming and the Landscape," pp. 33-43.--Meine, Curt. "Inherit the Grid" (the environmental consequences of the U.S. mapping grid oftownships and sections across the continent), pp.45-62.--Nassauer, Joan Iverson. "Cultural Sustainability: Aligning Aesthetics and Ecology," pp. 65-83.--Eaton, Marcia Muelder. "The Beauty That Requires Health," pp. 85-106. Eaton is in philosophy atthe University of Minnesota.--Martin, Judith A., Warner, Sam Bass, Jr. "Urban Conservation: Sociable, Green, and Affordable,"pp.109-122.--Karasov, Deborah. "Politics at the Scale of Nature," pp. 123-137.--Romme, William H. "Creating Pseudo-Rural Landscapes in the Mountain West," pp. 139-161.--Nassauer, Joan Iverson. "Action Across Boundaries," pp. 163-169. (v8,#3)

Nassauer, Joan Iverson. "Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames." Landscape Journal 14, no. 2(1995): 161-70. Many native ecosystems and wildlife habitats violate cultural norms for the neatappearance of landscapes in that they look "messy" and unkempt. Good landscape architecturecan place these messy ecosystems in orderly cultural frames, that give "cues to care," like a neatwhite fence around a wildlife area. This makes them more culturally acceptable. Nassauer is inlandscape architecture at the University of Minnesota. (v7, #3)

National Academy of Sciences, Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming. Washington, DC:National Academy Press, 1992.

National Commission on the Environment, Choosing a Sustainable Future. Washington: IslandPress, 1993. 200 pages. $ 15.00 paper. $ 25.00 hardcover. (v4,#3)

National Estuary Program: Bringing Our Estuaries New Life. A brochure describing one of the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency's foremost efforts in ecosystem management. NationalClearinghouse for Environmental Publications and Information, 11029 Kenwood Road, Building 5,Cincinnati, OH 45242. (v6,#1)

National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. 1977 Directory of Birding Festivals. 30 pages. Some 80premier events throughout North America celebrating birds, usually with field trips, such as seeing20,000 sandhill cranes, or 300 bald eagles, or thousands of migrating hawks. Published byNational Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 1120 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC20036. 202/857-0166. Fax 202/857-0162. Also available at http://www.nfwf.org (v8,#1)

National Forum, Vol. 70, No. 1 (Winter 1990) is a special issue on "Preserving the Global Commons." This is the national magazine of the Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, Box 16000, Louisiana StateUniversity, Baton Rouge, LA 70893. Among other authors, Lester Brown lists the six mostpressing environmental problems, while Julian L. Simon argues that population growth is not badfor humanity. (v1,#1)

National Geographic, September 2004, vol. 206, no. 3, is a theme issue on Global Warming. 74pages by various authors, often featuring the effects of global warming on wildlands, wildlife,wilderness, biodiversity, ecosystem processes, in addition to the effects on people. (v.14, #4)

National Institute for the Environment (NIE) Newsletter. The Committee for the National Institute forthe Environment puts out a newsletter on its activities and progress toward establishing a NationalInstitute for the Environment, somewhat analogously to the National Institutes for Health. Address:730 11th St., N. W., Washington, DC 20001-4521. Phone 202/628-4303. Fax: 202/628-4311. Congress is currently considering their proposal for establishing a National Institute for theEnvironment to guide and fund long-term scientific research on the environment. Story New YorkTimes, March 8, 1994, Science Section.

National Parks and Protected Landscape Areas of Slovakia. Ekologia Bratislava, Ekologia PublishingHouse, 1992. ISBN 80-85559-08-0. 71 pages. Description of conservation areas, brief history,what is conserved, landscapes, endangered species. Color pictures and text. (v7,#2)

National Research Council, Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacyof Regulation. Washington: National Academy Press, 2002. A Report of the Committee onEnvironmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants. One of the leadingauthors/committee members is Paul B. Thompson, Department of Philosophy, Purdue University. Modern agricultural practices have substantial negative aspects, but the current standards usedby the federal government to assure the safety of transgenic plants is higher than the standardsused in assuring safety of other agricultural practices and technologies. Still, this does not meanthe standard for transgenics is too high. In general older practices and technologies were notscrutinized well enough. The measurement of both hazard and exposure involves a complex blendof ecological and social factors. There is a need for both rigorous scientific analysis andcommunication of these results to the public. The report is neither simple black nor white, butoffers various ways in which a functioning system can be improved. (v.13,#2)

National Wildlife Federation, 2001 Conservation Directory. $ 70.00. National Wildlife Federation, TheLyons Press, 123 West 18th St., New York, NY 10011. 800/836-0510. Fax: 212/920-1836. Over3,000 entries, U. S. federal and state agencies, conservation groups, university programs,federally protected areas, state environmental education coordinators, sources of environmentally-focused audio materials, periodicals. And more. (EE v.12,#1)

Native Plants Journal is a new journal, concerned with native plant conservation, restoration,reforesting, landscaping, highway corridors, and, generally, with the appreciation andunderstanding of native plants on landscapes. The first issue apprears Spring 2000. Contact:http://www.its.uidaho.edu/nativeplants/ (v10,#4)

Native Plants Journal is a new journal, concerned with native plant conservation, restoration,reforesting, landscaping, highway corridors, and, generally, with the appreciation andunderstanding of native plants on landscapes. The first issue apprears Spring 2000. Contact:http://www.its.uidaho.edu/nativeplants/

Nattrass, Brian, and Altomare, Mary, The Natural Step for Business: Wealth, Ecology, and theEvolutionary Corporation. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 1999 (P. O. Box 189,Gabriola Island, B.C V0R 1X0; phone 250/247-9737). 240 pages. $ 16.95. (v.9,#4)

Nature-Sciences-Sociétés is a new journal produced by the French Centre National de RechercheScientifique. The Centre with the journal hopes to being about greater interdisciplinary researchand action between the natural and social sciences, with application to environmental issues. Papers will be in French and occasionally in English. Contact: Agnes Pivot, NSS Association,GRS/CNRS, Universite Paris X - Bat G, 92001 Nanterre Cadex, France. (v3,#4)

Natureza & Conservaçao, Revista Brasileira de Conservaçao da Natureza, The Brazilian Journalof Nature Conservation. Biennial, bilingual (Portuguese and English) scientific journal. E-mail:natureza&conservaco@fundacaoboticario.org.brISSN 1679-0073 (v. 15, # 3)Nau, R., E. Gronn, M. Machina, and O. Bergland, eds. Economic and Environmental Risk andUncertainty: New Models and Methods. Review by Amitrajeet A. Batabyal, Journal of Agriculturaland Environmental Ethics 14(2001):96-102. (JAEE)

Nau, Robert, Erik Gronn, Mark Machina and Olvar Bergland, eds. Economic and Environmental Riskand Uncertainty: New Models and Methods. Reviewed by Clive Spash. Environmental Values8(1999):283. (EV)

NaughtonTreves (Naughton-Treves), Lisa, and Sanderson, Steven, "Property, Politics and WildlifeConservation," World Development 23 (no. 8, 1995):1265-1275. Wildlife conservation and propertyrights. A summary of the historical development of wildlife property rights. The politicaldetermination of property regimes is critical to conservation, especially in regard to wild fauna. Property rights concerning wild fauna differ from other property rights claims, including landedproperty, intellectual property, and rights governing the use of wild flora. No single property formis adequate for wildlife conservation. Property as an institution is incomplete; the exceptionalcharacter of wild fauna and the property rights that govern it are organic. The authors are at theUniversity of Florida, Gainesville. (v.10,#2)

Naveh, Zev, "The Total Human Ecosystem: Integrating Ecology and Economics," Bioscience 50 (No.4, 2000 Apr 01): 357- . (v.11,#4)

Naves, J; Wiegand, T; Revilla, E; Delibes, M, "Endangered Species Constrained by Natural andHuman Factors: the Case of Brown Bears in Northern Spain," Conservation Biology 17(no.5,2003):1276-1289. (v.14, #4)

Nawa, Richard, "The Value of Wild Steelhead," Fly Rod and Reel, April 1991, pages 29-31, 76-77. "Government agencies have a price for everything but know the value of nothing." "The complexand dynamic nature of stream habitat is ignored in favor of management by numbers." (v2,#1)

Naylor, Raymond L., Williams, Susan L., and Strong, Donald R., "Aquaculture--A Gateway forExotic Species," Science 294(23 November 2001):1655-1656. The farming of fish, shellfish, andaquatic plants is among the fastest growing segments of the food economy, taking placeinternationally and in all fifty U.S. states. Accidental escapes and purposeful releases createbiological poison with irreversible and unpredictable biological impacts--seaweed in Hawaii, Asiancarp established in rivers in the Mississippi basin, introduced salmon, alien mollusks, all these withparasites and alien species hitchhiking with them--are creating ecological havoc. Regulation is aquagmire, and a clear and enforced policy on exotic introduction sis needed as aquacultureexpands. Naylor is at the Center for Environmental Science and Policy, Stanford University;Williams and Strong at Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis. (v.13,#1)

Naylor, RL; Eagle, J; Smith, WL, "Salmon Aquaculture in the Pacific Northwest: A Global Industrywith Local Impacts," Environment 45(no.8, 2003):18-39. (v.14, #4)

Needham, E.A. & Lehman, Hugh, "Farming Salmon Ethically", Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 4(1991):78-81. Salmon farming is a rapidly expanding industry. In order forit to develop in an ethical manner, many ethical issues must be confronted. Among these arequestions regarding the quality of life of salmon on farms. To develop reasonable answers tothese questions considerable thought must be devoted to developing appropriate standards of carefor salmon. If these questions are not addressed the results could be bad both for salmon and forsalmon farmers.

Needleman, Herbert L., Landrigan, Philip J. Raising Children Toxic Free: How To Keep Your ChildSafe from Lead, Asbestos, Pesticides and Other Environmental Hazards. New York: Farrar,Straus, Giroux, 1994.

Neely, Peter M. "On Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity." Environmental Ethics 2(1980):95-96.

Nees, Dan, Valerie E. Green, Kim Treadway, John Lafferty, Michelle Vanyo, Paul Date, and RobertHunt Sprinkle. "Activism, Objectivism, and Environmental Politics." Environmental Ethics25(2003):295-312. Environmental activism, like all great activisms, is fundamentally normative, itsprincipal beliefs contestable, its most powerful arguments rebuttable on the grounds that they aresubjective. Environmental activists, as political tacticians with complex goals, have become skilledat presenting objectified versions of their own motivations when trying to broaden support forspecific policies or take advantage of regulatory or legal opportunities. While instrumentally temptingand often expedient, this practice of objectifying moral arguments is in some respectsdisingenuous, and its successes as well as its failures bring with them characteristic risks,short-term and long-term. (EE)

Neill, Warren, "An Interest-Satisfaction Theory of Value," Ethics and the Environment 3(1998):55-80. In this paper I argue that all value is rooted in the interests of valuing beings. If somethingsatisfies an interest of a valuing entity by contributing to its well-being in some way, then it hasvalue. Anything that fails to satisfy any interests is entirely lacking in value. I defend thisconception of value by showing that the usual arguments directed against this kind of view arelacking in force, and by considering various other theories of value and showing that they suffer

from serious problems. Finally, I clarify some important distinctions between intrinsic, extrinsic,inherent, and instrumental value. Warren is in philosophy, State University of West Georgia,Carrollton, GA. (E&E)

Neill, Warren, Review of Alex Wellington, Allan Greenbaum, and Wesley Cragg, eds., CanadianIssues in Environmental Ethics, Ethics and the Environment 6(no. 1, 2001):116-121. (E&E)

Neill, Warren. "An Emotocentric Theory of Interests." Environmental Ethics 20(1998):163-82. Environmental Ethics 20(1998):163-82. It is plausible to hold that ethical obligations are concernedwith bringing about the existence of things that have value, where something is of value if and onlyif it is in the interest of some entity. Here the notion of an interest may be defined as whatevercontributes to the well-being of a morally significant entity. I argue that interests are limited toindividuals with the capacity for affective response. After briefly distinguishing between variousdifferent types of value, I defend this emotocentric theory of interests against objections raised byPaul Taylor and Gary Varner, both of whom grant interests to a larger class of entities. I argue thatthere are serious problems with attempts to associate interests with mere goal-directedness orwith the mere possession of biological functions. Neill is in philosophy, State University of WestGeorgia, Carrollton, GA. (EE)

Nelkin, Dorothy, Sands, Philippe and Stewart, Richard B., "The International Challenge of GeneticallyModified Organism Regulation," New York University Environmental Law Journal 8(no.3, 2000):523- . (EE v.12,#1)

Nelson, Arthur C., "Comparing States with and without Growth Management. Analysis Based onIndicators with Policy Implications." Land Use Policy 16(No. 2, April 1999):121- . (v.11,#1)

Nelson, G. and Dempster, B., "Urban Living and Environmental Change: Fostering UrbanEnvironmental Management through Civic Process," Environments 2001(no.29, 2001): 1-16. (v.13,#2)

Nelson, Gordon, Marsh, John. "The Heritage Estate in Canada and Ontario", Environments 24(no.1, 1996):1.

Nelson, J. Gordon, Skibicki, Andrew, Lawrence, Patrick. "Land Use Change in the Southern OntarioCountryside: Significance, Response and Implications," Environments 24(no.3, 1997):22. (v8,#3)

Nelson, James Lindemann, "Moral Sensibilities and Moral Standing: Caplan on Xenograft `Donors'",Bioethics, 7 (1993): 315-22. Interspecies transplantation - or xenograft - must answer thechallenge that many nonhumans are on a moral par with mentally handicapped humans, and henceare equally immune from being unwilling sources of vital organs (the so-called "marginal cases"argument). Arthur Caplan has offered perhaps the most interesting counter to this argument,which appeals in part to differences in patterns of sensibility - in brief, humans would tend tosuffer more if their children, handicapped or not, were used as organ sources than wouldnonhuman parents. It is argued that his defence cannot fully meet the weight of the strongestmoral challenges to xenograft, in part because it does not address the distinction between whatwe "do" care about, and what we "should" care about.

Nelson, James Lindemann. "Health and Disease as `Thick' Concepts in Ecosystemic Contexts."Environmental Values 4(1995):311-322. I consider what kind of normative work might be done byspeaking of ecosystems utilising `medical' vocabulary - drawing, that is, on such notions as`health', `disease', and `illness'. Some writers attracted to this mode of expression have beenrather modest about what they think it might purchase. I wish to be bolder. Drawing on the ideaof `thick' evaluative concepts as discussed by McDowell, Williams and Taylor, and resorting to a

phenomenological argument for a kind of moral realism, I argue that the project of developing arobust understanding of the moral significance of recognising the health or illness of ecosystemsis definitely a starter. KEYWORDS: Ecosystem health, intrinsic value, `thick' evaluative concepts. Nelson is in the department of philosophy, University of Tennessee. (EV)

Nelson, Jon P., Anderson, William D., Passmore, David L. "Economic Development and Air PollutionAbatement: A State-Level Policy Simulation of the 1990 Clean Air Act," The Journal of Environmentand Development 6(1997):61.

Nelson, Lance E., ed., Purifying the Earthly Body of God: Religion and Ecology in India. Albany:State University of New York Press, 1998. Religion and ecological concern in India from textual,theological, anthropological, feminist, and eco-activist approaches. The ecological implications ofpilgrimage and sacred geography, earth and river goddesses, the beliefs and ritual practice ofvillagers, caste consciousness, and Vedanta, Tantara, and Goddess theologies. 12 articles. Samples: Harold Coward, "The Ecological Implications of Karma"; Christopher Key Chapple,"Toward an Indigenous Indian Environmentalism"; Ann Grodzins Gold, "Sin and Rain: Moral Ecologyin Rural North India." Nelson is in theological and religious studies at the University of San Diego. Reviewed by Anne E. Monius in Journal of the American Academy of Religion 69(2001):716-719. Nelson, Lance, ed., Purifying the Earthly Body of God: Religion and Ecology in Hindu India. Albany,NY: State University of New York Press, 1998. Includes:--Nelson, Lance, "The Dualism of Nondualism: Advaita Vedanta and the Irrelevance of Nature" (pp.61-88). "First, I will show the falsity of the suggestion that Advaita Vedanta finds spiritual valueinherent in nature. I will then proceed to explain precisely how Shankara nd his tradition devaluethe natural world and how ... the world is not revered but rather tolerated until it passes completelyaway. My conclusion will be that this is not the kind of nondualism that those searching forecologically supportive modes of thought might wish it to be" (p. 68). Nelson is in religious studiesat the University of San Diego.

Nelson, Michael P. "A Defense of Environmental Ethics: A Reply to Janna Thompson." Environmental Ethics 15(1993):245-57. Janna Thompson dismisses environmental ethics primarilybecause it does not meet her criteria for ethics: consistency, non-vacuity, and decidability. In placeof a more expansive environmental ethic, she proposes to limit moral considerability to beings witha "point of view." I contend, first, that a point-of-view centered ethic is unacceptable not onlybecause it fails to meet the tests of her own and other criteria, but also because it is precisely thetype of ethic that has contributed to our current environmental dilemmas. Second, I argue that theholistic, ecocentric land ethic of Aldo Leopold, as developed by J. Baird Callicott, an environmentalethic that Thompson never considers, nicely meets Thompson's criteria for acceptable ethics, andmay indeed be the cure for our environmental woes. Nelson is at the department of Philosophy,University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. (EE)

Nelson, Michael P., "Holists and Fascists and Paper Tigers...Oh My!," Ethics and the Environment1(no.2, 1996):103-117. Over and over, philosophers have claimed that environmental holism ingeneral, and Leopold's Land Ethic in particular, ought to be rejected on the basis that it has fascisticimplications. I argue that the Land Ethic is not tantamount to environmental fascism becauseLeopold's moral theory accounts for the moral standing of the individual as well as "the land," aholistic ethic better protects and defend the individual in the long-run, and the term "fascism" ismisapplied in this case. Nelson teaches philosophy at the University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point. (E&E)

Nelson, Michael P., "Aldo Leopold, Environmental Ethics, and the Land Ethic," Wildlife SocietyBulletin 26(no. 4, 1998):741-744. Leopold, though with no formal training in philosophy, madenumerous contributions not only to environmental ethics but also to the concept of nature and thehuman relation to nature more broadly, the connection between a worldview and an ethics.

Leopold is Darwinian, seeing humans as social animals in relation to their landscapes, bioticcommunities entwined with social communities. "Ecology represents nature as a biotic community;it reveals that humans are members of a nonanthropocentric, biotic community. For Leopold, theLand Ethic was the appropriate response to the recognition of biotic communities." Nelson is inphilosophy at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. (EE v.12,#1)

Nelson, Michael P. Book Review of The World and the Wild: Expanding Wilderness ConservationBeyond its American Roots. Edited by David Rothenberg and Marta Ulvaeus. Environmental Ethics26(2004):107-110. (EE)

Nelson, Michael. "An Annotated Table of Contents of the Great New Wilderness Debate," Wild Earth6(1996):81. (v8,#1)

Nelson, R. K., Make Prayers to the Raven: A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1983.

Nelson, R. J. "Ethics and Environmental Decision Making." Environmental Ethics 1(1979):263-78. Environmental ethics tends to be dominated by the idea that the right environmental actions requirea change in the value systems of many people. I argue that the "rebirth" approach is perverse inthat moral attitudes are not easily changed by moral suasion. A properly ethical approach mustbegin where we are, as moderately moral people desiring the best for all. The real ethical problemis to develop procedures for collectively defining environmental ends that will be fair to the partiesparticipating in the decision process. This idea is essentially utilitarian, and depends on themaximization of expected social utility. This type of environmental ethics is contrasted with currenttheories of social choice in welfare economics and with Rawls' theory of justice as fairness. Nelson is in the philosophy department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. (EE)

Nelson, Richard K., Heart and Blood: Living with Deer in America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1997. 432 pages. $ 27.50. Deer, deer hunting, and the dilemmas of booming deer populations. Nelson claims, from his Eskimo mentors, that what the true hunter sees is not entirely visible to thenon-hunter. (v8,#3)

Nelson, Robert H., Public Lands and Private Rights: The Failure of Scientific Management. Lanham,MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1995. $ 27.95. Nelson proposes a new system of natural resourceand land management based on a much greater decentralization of authority. (v7,#2)

Nelson, Robert H., "Unoriginal Sin: The Judeo-Christian Roots of Ecotheology," Policy Review,Summer 1990, no. 53. Environmental issues are becoming more important in the churches, but thenew trends in environmental theology veer toward secularism, paganism, and Asian religions ina "pantheistic veneration of nature" "in which humanity must be understood as part of and notdistinct from nature." But nature is red in tooth and claw, and at the same time, in "virtual self-contradiction" to the urged immersion of humans in nature, "the actual goal of environmentalism isthe opposite: to inculcate a new morality with respect to the natural world that is found nowhereelse in nature."

"The real source of the appeal of environmentalism may be that it offers traditional religiousmessages of the West in a new secular form--a form that, in an age of rampant secularism, lendsthese traditional messages great authority." Deep ecology is a kind of secular faith, with a versionof the fall of humans from primitive innocence into technological greed and sin, alienated from anEden Earth. For environmentalists, "save" means both "preserve" and "curb the influence of evil." "Reunion with nature for many in the current age has assumed the traditional meaning of reunionwith God." The religious ascetic tradition also returns in environmental "preaching that materialpossessions and the good life are unnatural and to this extent evil." "Current environmentaltheology suggests that the poor should be content with their condition and are perhaps even better

off for it." In fact, the Biblical stewardship theme, in which humans are distinct from and withdominion over nature, commissioned to tend and build a worldly residence, though disliked by deepenvironmentalists and ecotheologians, is the only adequate theological model for the protection andconservation of nature. Policy Review is published by the conservative think-tank, The HeritageFoundation, Washington. (v1,#4)

Nelson, Robert H., "The Religion of Forestry: Scientific Management," Journal of Forestry 97(no.11, Nov 01 1999):4- . The USDA Forest Service was established by progressive interests whoseguiding philosophy was scientific management. This management strategy is no longer appropriate,requiring a basic rethinking of the place of the agency in American government. Commentary:Thomas, Jack Ward and Burchfield, James, "Comments on "The Religion of Forestry: ScientificManagement," Journal of Forestry 97(no. 11, Nov 01 1999):10- . (v.11,#1)

Nemarundwe, N, "Social Charters and Organisation for Access to Woodlands: InstitutionalImplications for Devolving Responsibilities for Resource Management to the Local Level in ChiviDistrict, Zimbabwe", Society and Natural Resources 17 (no.4, 2004): 279-291(13)

Nennen, Hans-Ullrich, Ökologie im Diskurs, Zu Grundfragen der Anthropologie und Ökologie undzur Ethik der Wissenschaften [in German: Ecology in discours; on the fundamental issues ofantropology and ecology and ethics of science], Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1991. (v.11,#1)

Nepstad, D., Shwartzman, S., eds. Non-Timber Products from Tropical Forests: Evaluation of aConservation and Development Strategy. Bronx, NY: The New York Botanical Garden, 1992. 176pp. $18.95 paper. An interdisciplinary array of studies on extractive products and extractiveeconomies. Discussions of the biological, cultural, political, and economic contexts of non-timberforest product extraction and trade. Case studies from Amazonia, Africa, and Southeast Asia.

Nepstad, D., Shwartzman, S., eds. Non-Timber Products from Tropical Forests: Evaluation of aConservation and Development Strategy. Bronx, NY: The New York Botanical Garden, 1992. 176pp. $18.95 paper. An interdisciplinary array of studies on extractive products and extractiveeconomies. Discussions of the biological, cultural, political, and economic contexts of non-timberforest product extraction and trade. Case studies from Amazonia, Africa, and Southeast Asia. (v.7,#4)

Nepstad, D., et al., "Frontier Governance in Amazonia," Science (25 January 2002):629-631. Economic development in Amazonia, especially with the development of paved roads, seemsinevitable, even desirable in the light of the needs of the 17 million people in the region. RecentBrazilian legislation and land use policy could at the same time conserve 70-80% of the rainforest. Whether this happens depends on developing better frontier governance. The fragile gains inconservation and sustainable development are threatened by institutional weaknesses and ruralviolence. But there are some positive signs. All of the authors are with the Instituto de PesquisaAmbiental da Amazônia, Belém, Para, Brazil. (v.13,#1)

Nepstad, D; Azevedoramos, C; Lima, E; McGrath, D; Pereira, C; Merry, F, "Managing the AmazonTimber Industry", Conservation Biology 18 (no.2, 2004): 575-577.

Nepstad, Daniel C., et al. (11 other authors), "Large-scale Impoverishment of Amazonian Forestsby Logging and Fire," Nature 398(8 April 1999):505-508. Field surveys that map wood mills andforest burning areas in the Brazilian Amazon show that logging crews severely damage 10,000to 15,000 square kilometers per year of forest that are normally not documented. In dry years thisleaves up to 270,000 square kilometers vulnerable to future burning, and potentially doubles net

carbon emissions during severe El Nino episodes. Nepstad is at the Woods Hole Research Center,Woods Hole, MA. (v.10,#1)

Nesse, Randolph M., and George C. Williams, Why We Get Sick? : The New Science of DarwinianMedicine. New York: Times Books, Random House, 1994. Also New York: Vintage Books, 1996. Published in the U.K. as Evolution and Healing: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine. London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1995. Human food habits and other behavioral propensities wereshaped in the Pleistocene Period and this gets us in trouble in today's environment. For example,a predisposition to consume fat and sugar when available contributed to survival then, but toobesity, diabetes, and heart disease today. Various diseases result from a mismatch between ouroriginal environment and that in which we live today. In general, we have an evolved tendencyto consume nature as we have opportunity, which spells ecological disaster today. Nesse is aphysician in psychiatry at the University of Michigan Medical School. Williams is a well-knownevolutionary biologist.

Nestle, Marion, Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health. Berkeley:University of California Press, 2002. How the food industry turns wholesome natural ingredientsinto sweet, fatty and salty products. The American food supply is so abundant that we can feedeveryone in this country twice over, even after subtracting food exports. The result forces foodcompanies into fierce competition for consumer dollars. The foods most profitable to the industryare those that cater to our desires. The irony and tragedy is that this pattern, repeated in otherdeveloping countries, has resulted in the number of overweight people in the world, 1.1 billion, nowequalling the number of undernouished people. Nestle is chair of nutrition studies at New YorkUniversity and was an editor of the Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health, 1988. (v.13,#3)

Nettle, Daniel and Romaine, Suzanne, Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World's Languages. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. The last 500 years have seen the extinction of half theworld's languages, and one of the remaining 6,000 disappears every week. How languagebecomes endangered and why the loss of linguistic diversity matters. (v.12,#2)

Neuhaus, Richard [J.]. In Defense of People: Ecology and the Seduction of Radicalism. New York:Macmillan, 1971.

Neumann, Christopher J. "Successor Liability and CERCLA: The Runaway Doctrine of Continuityof Enterprise," Environmental Law 27(no.4, 1997):1373- . The doctrine of successor liability andthe corresponding continuity of enterprise exception in the context of CERCLA liability. Neumanncriticizes the extensive use of the continuity of enterprise exception and argues that only thetraditional successor liability doctrine should apply in CERCLA cases. (v9,#2)

Neumann, Roderick P., Imposing Wilderness: Struggles over Livelihood and Nature Preservation inAfrica. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 271 pages. $ 35 cloth. Arusha NationalPark in northern Tanzania illustrates all the political-ecological struggles in Africa. The roots of theongoing struggle between the park on Mount Meru and the neighboring Meru peasant communitiesgo much deeper than the issues of poverty, population growth, and ignorance usually cited. Byimposing a European idea of pristine wilderness, establishing such national parks and protectedareas displaced Africa meanings as well as material access to the land. An analysis of thesymbolic importance of natural landscapes among various social groups and how it relates toconflicts between peasant communities and the state. Neumann is in international relations atFlorida Atlantic University. (Africa). (v.9,#3)

Neumayer, Eric, "Trade and the Environment: A Critical Assessment and Some Suggestions forReconciliation," The Journal of Environment and Development 9 (No. 2, 2000 June 01): 138- . (v.11,#4)

Neumayer, Eric, Weak versus Strong Sustainability, Chinese translation, translator: Wang Yingtong.Publisher: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 2002.

Nevers, Patricia, Gebhard, Ulrich, and Billmann-Mahecha, Elfreide, "Patterns of Reasoning Exhibitedby Children and Adolescents in Response to Moral Dilemmas Involving Plants, Animals andEcosystems," Journal of Moral Education 26(no. 2, 1997):169-186. The values and attitudes thatchildren and adolescents have toward nature has been insufficiently researched, despite the factthat there is a growing body of philosophical theory in environmental ethics that might provide aframework for such analysis. The authors outline basic positions in environmental ethics (largelyfrom the English literature) and formulate survey questions addressed to German children andadolescents. One finding is widespread anthropomorphism (not anthropocentrism) in children upto 10-11 years of age, regarding plants as well as animals. Children's fascination with animals isstriking. Children have difficulty weighing personal interests against those of certain animals, suchas dogs and rabbits. Children and adolescents can defend the interests of other animals andplants (biocentric reasoning), but there is no unequivocal evidence that they can be ecocentric. Nevers and Gebhard are at the University of Hamburg, and Billmann-Mahecha at the University ofHanover, Germany. (v.13,#2)

New Ground: A Journal of Development and the Environment has just been launched in SouthAfrica as a journal with a black perspective on environmental conservation. The first issue wasSeptember 1990. Address: P. O. Box 62054, Marshalltown 2017, South Africa. (v1,#4)

New Ground: A Journal of Development and the Environment is a journal with a black perspectiveon environmental conservation and sustainable development. Published by an independent trust,the Environmental and Development Agency Trust. Address: P. O. Box 322, Newtown 2113, SouthAfrica. ISSN 1016-8075. Editor: Dick Cloete. (v6,#3)

New Road, The is the bulletin of the World Wildlife Fund's Network on Conservation and Religion. Six issues each year. Internationally oriented. Short articles and news, names of contactpersons, in attractive newspaper format. Contact: The New Road, 10 rue des Fosses, CH-110Morges, Switzerland. (v1,#2) Now discontinued.

New York Times: "A New Way of Living With Nature." December 19, 1999. Editorial on "what canloosely be called the environmental ethic": "A century that will be remembered for material andscientific progress may also be remembered for something more modest--as a moment whenmankind, realizing that the earth's resources were not finite and perhaps seeking expiation foryears of predatory behavior, struck a truce with nature. For the first time since the dawn of theindustrial age there was, at least in the West and certainly in America, a rough armistice betweenthe forces of economic growth and the forces of preservation. ... Having discovered that we canactually change the way nature operates, we have also discovered that with this power comesa sacred obligation to restore what we once nearly ruined." (v10,#4)

New York Times, "Nature Besieged," August 2, 2004, A20. Editorial. A Bush Administrationproposal to require each national forest to confine motorized off-road vehicles to designated trails,instead of allowing them to roam free, is commended. There are now 10 million such vehicles. (v.15, # 3)

New York Times, "Roadblock at Yucca Mountain," editorial, August 23, 2004, p. A22. How safeshould nuclear waste storage be? A federal appeals court has overthrown the Environmental

Protection Agency standard of 10,000 years (twice recorded human history) in favor of a standardof hundreds of thousands of years. In 1992 the U.S. Congress told EPA to set the standard basedupon and consistent with the recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences, an unusualdelegation of authority to a non-governmental agency. The NAS recommends hundreds ofthousands of years for Yucca Mountain, a proposed underground storage site in Nevada. (v. 15,# 3)

New York Times, "Cover-Up on Clean Air," October 6, 2004, editorial. The Bush administration haspushed the Environmental Protection Agency to reduce protection from industrial plants, hereinvolving requirements to upgrade emissions protection when plants are upgraded. Congressasked for a review and an EPA inspector general, Nikki Tinsley, has issued a report quite criticalof the administration. (v.14, #4)

New York Times, "Lost in the Haze," July 26, 2004, A 18. Editorial. Increasing pollution spilloverdestroys the visibility in national parks. (v. 15, # 3)

New York Times, "Surrender in the Forests," July 18, 2004, p. 12. Lead Editorial. "The BushAdministration has taken apart so many environmental regulations that one more rollback shouldnot surprise us. Even so, it boggles the mind that the White House should choose an election yearto dismantle one of the most important and popular land preservations of the last 30 years--aClinton administration rule that placed 58.5 million acres of the national forests off limits to new roadbuilding and development.

There are no compelling reasons to repudiate that rule and no obvious beneficiariesbesides a few disgruntled Western governors and the timber, oil and gas interests that have longregarded the national forests as profit centers. It's not even a case of election-year pandering toWestern voters; indeed, early returns suggest that most Westerners below the rank of governordo not like the Bush proposal at all." (v. 15, # 3)

New York Times, "Ocean Rescue," New York Times, August 6, 2004, p. A22. Editorial. Twolandmark reports, one underwritten by the Pew Foundation and the other by Congress, identifythree main threats to the oceans. (1) Deterioration of coastal wetlands and estuaries caused byagricultural runoff and relentless residential development. (2) Industrial overfishing. (3) Bureaucratic chaos. Several ocean rescue bills are in Congress. (v. 15, # 3)

Newberry, Beatrice, "Running with gorillas," The Ecologist 30 (No. 4, 2000): 44-45. A uniqueconservation project in West Africa (Gabon) is turning the received wisdom about gorilla survivalon its head, and may provide new hope for the survival of the great apes. (v.12,#3)

Newell, Josh and Emma Wilson, The Russian Far East: Forests, Biodiversity Hotspots, and IndustrialDevelopment. Tokoyo: Friends of the Earth-Japan, 1996. 200 pages. $ 28.50. Overview ofdevelopment and conservation issues in all regions of the Russian Far East. Friends of the Earth-Japan, 4-8-15 Naka Meguro, Meguro-ku-Takoyo, Japan 153. Phone 81-3-3760-3644. Fax 81-3-3760-6959. In the U.S.: PERC. Pacific Environmental Resources Center, 1055 Fort Cronkhite,Sausalito, CA 94065. 415/332-8200. Fax 415/332-8167. (v7,#1)

Newell, Josh, Wilson, Emma. "The Russian Far East: Foreign Direct Investment and EnvironmentalDestruction." The Ecologist 26(Mar.1996):68. Powerful multinational and national interests areturning Russia's Far East into a "resource colony" for the Pacific Rim economies. In a mad dash forcash, the region's timber, gold, coal, oil and gas are being exploited, causing widespreadenvironmental destruction and a few local benefits. (v7,#2)

Newell, P., "Review of: David Korten, When Corporations Rule the World," Environmental Politics12(no. 1, 2003): 253. (v 14, #3)

Newell, P., "Review of: Geoff Evans, James Goodman and Nina Lansbury (Eds.), MovingMountains: Communities Confront Mining and Globalisation," Environmental Politics 12(no. 2, 2003):162-163.

Newell, Patricia Brierley. "A Cross-Cultural Examination of Favorite Places," Environment andBehavior 29(no.4 1997):495. (v8,#3)

Newell, Peter. "Politics in a Warming World." Environmental Politics 4(Winter 1995):276. (v7,#2)

Newell, R., and W. Pizer, "Discounting the Distant Future: How Much Do Uncertain Rates IncreaseValuations?," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 46(no. 1, 2003): 52-71. (v 14,#3)

Newhart, Dave, "China's Crane Experiment," International Wildlife 31 (no. 1, Jan./Feb. 2001):20-27. When wealth trickles up, people's lives improve, and so do prospects for a revered bird. Controversies that were intense a few years ago between rural farmers in China and managersof reserves to protect the black-necked crane have moderated, and farmers and conservationistsare now partners rather than enemies. A big part of the solution has been grants to increaseeducation, food production, health care, tourism, and appreciation for one of China's most widelyhonored birds. (EE v.12,#1)

Newkirk, Ingrid, Save the Animals! 101 Easy Things You Can Do. New York: Warner Books, $ 4.95paper. Animals "are not inferior to human beings but rather just different from us, and they reallydon't exist for us nor do they belong to us." (v1,#4)

Newkirk, Ingrid, Save the Animals: 101 Easy Things You Can Do (New York: Warner Books, 1990). 192 pages. (v2,#1)

Newman, D., "Book Review: Blouet, B.W., Geopolitics and Globalization in the Twentieth Century,"Progress in Human Geography 26(no.5, 2002): 683. (v.13,#4)

Newman, Peter. "Greening the City: The Ecological and Human Dimensions of the City Can Be Partof Town Planning." Alternatives 22, no.2 (1996): 10. Making our cities more liveable entails makingthem both greener and more convivial--an opportunity to revitalize a rich tradition from the pre-modern era. (v7, #3)

Newmark, William D., "Insularization of Tanzanian Parks and the Local Extinction of LargeMammals," Conservation Biology 10(1996):1549-1556. The pattern of local extinction of largemammals in Tanzanian Parks strongly suggests that the increasing insularization of the parks asa result of habitat alteration, human settlement, agricultural development, and the active eliminationof wildlife on adjacent lands has been an important contributing factor. Newmark is at the UtahMuseum of Natural History, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. (v7,#4)

Newmark, William D. and Hough, John L., "Conserving Wildlife In Africa: Integrated Conservationand Development Projects and Beyond," Bioscience 50 (No. 7, 2000 July 01): 585- . (v.11,#4)

Newsweek, "Just for Kids: You and Your Environment." Special section in Newsweek, March 29,1993. "The biggest challenge for our world and what kids can do about it." (v4,#2)

Newsweek, "Loved to Death: How the Fight to Save Endangered Species Can Backfire," April 12,1993. Ways in which the attention give to endangered species can make them more desirable for

poachers, hunters, or more liable to provoke retaliation and other takings that jeopardize thespecies further. (v4,#1)

Newton, BJ, "Environmental Education and Outreach: Experiences of a Federal Agency,"Bioscience 51(no.4, 2001):297-300. (v.12,#4)

Newton, Lisa H. and Catherine K. Dillingham, Watersheds: Classic Cases in Environmental Ethics. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993. 249 pages. Paper. Nine pivotal events that have much to tell usabout our relationship with Earth: Love Canal, the ozone layer and its depletion, UNCED at Rio, theExxon Valdez, the Northwest forests and the spotted owl, Chernobyl, Chico Mendez and thetropical rainforests, the global greenhouse and our changing climate, Bhopal. Environmentalcomplexity, the biological, economic, and legal issues, damage done irrevocably to real people andthe land they depend on. How such disasters could be prevented and what they teach usphilosophically about how we do and ought to live on Earth. Impressive detail and documentationof the cases combined with insightful ethical analysis. Both authors are at Fairfield University.(v4,#3)

Newton, Lisa H., and Dillingham, Catherine K., eds. Watersheds: Classic Cases in EnvironmentalEthics. 2nd edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1997. 272 pages. New to thisedition: case on toxic wastes from nuclear weapons facilities; case on worldwide populationgrowth and its consequences; case on pesticide use and the green movement; case on over-exploitation of fisheries; case on property rights. Newton and Dillingham are both at FairfieldUniversity. (v7, #3)

Newton, Lisa H., Ethics and Sustainability: Sustainable Development and the Moral Life. UpperSaddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003. Chapter 1. Environmental Ethics as Virtue. Chapter 2. Technology: Living Lightly upon the Earth. Chapter 3. Stewardship: The Responsible Person. Arefreshingly slim volume, 123 pages. A personal ethic of virtue must include a commitment toenvironmental preservation. Developments in technology make it truly possible to live and developour communities sustainably on the earth. The traditional virtue of simplicity unifies environmentalsensitivity with a focused and gracious life. Newton teaches ethics at Fairfield University, Fairfield,CT. (v.13, #3)

Ng, Yew-Kwang. "Towards Welfare Biology: Evolutionary Economics of Animal Consciousnessand Suffering", Biology and Philosophy 10(1995):255-285. Welfare biology is the study of livingthings and their environment and respect to their welfare, defined as net happiness minussuffering. Despite difficulties of ascertaining and measuring welfare and relevancy to normativeissues, welfare biology is a positive science. Evolutionary economics and population dynamicsare used to help answer basic questions in welfare biology. Ng is in economics at MonashUniversity, Melbourne, Australia. (v7,#4)

Niazi, T, "Land Tenure, Land Use, and Land Degradation: A Case for Sustainable Development inPakistan," Journal of Environment and Development 12(no.3, 2003):275-294. (v.14, #4)

Nicholas, JC, Juergensmeyer, JC, "Market Based Approaches to Environmental Preservation: ToEnvironmental Mitigation Fees and Beyond", Natural Resources Journal 43 (no.3, 2003): 837-864.

Nichols, John, The Sky's the Limit: A Defense of the Earth, New York: W. W. Norton, 1990. $ 14.95. Essays with photographs of Northern New Mexico by the author of The Milagro Beanfield Warwho is a passionate defender of the environment. "Today all landscape photography is an act ofconscience and commitment." (v1,#4)

Nicholsen, Shierry Weber, The Love of Nature and the End of the World: The Unspoken Dimensionsof Environmental Concern. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2001. Meditations and collages thatportray emotional experience of the environment through the world's religious traditions andenvironmental philosophy and psychology. (v.12,#4)

Nicholson, Charles F., Robert W. Blake, and John Schelhas, "Environmental Impacts of Livestockin the Developing World," Environment 43(no.2, March, 2001): 7-. The combination of populationgrowth and rising demands for meat and dairy products is increasing stress on the environmentaland natural resources. How can the world produce enough food while minimizing deforestation,loss of biological diversity, and greenhouse gas emissions. (v.12,#3)

Nickel, James W. and Viola, Eduardo, "Integrating Environmentalism and Human Rights."Environmental Ethics 16(1994):265-273. The environmental and human rights movements havevaluable contributions to make to each other. Environmentalists can contribute to the greening ofhuman rights by getting the human rights movement to recognize a right to a safe environment, tosee humans as part of nature, and to begin considering the idea that nature may have claims ofits own. The human rights movement can contribute to environmentalism by gettingenvironmentalists to recognize that they have strong reasons to support rights to politicalparticipation, freedom from violence, due process of law, education, and adequate nutrition. Nickelis with the Dept. of Philosophy, University of Colorado, Boulder. Viola is with the Dept. of PoliticalScience and International Relations, University of Brasilia. Brazil. (EE)

Nickel, James W., "Ethnocide and Indigenous Peoples," Journal of Social Philosophy, 25th SpecialAnniversary Issue, 1994, pp. 84-98. There is a qualified right against ethnocide (cultural genocide). A prohibition of ethnocide protects minorities and indigenous peoples against the inclination ofmainstreamers to force them to abandon their distinctive ways of life and assimilate rapidly into themainstream culture. Ethnocide is like genocide in being a means of getting rid of a group. Genocideinvolves the physical elimination of the group, whereas ethnocide could, in principle, leave all ofthe members of the group alive. Nickel is in philosophy at the University of Colorado. (v5,#4)

Nickler, Patrick A., "A Tragedy of the Commons in Coastal Fisheries: Contending Prescriptions forConservation, and the Case of the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna." Boston College Environmental AffairsLaw Review 26(No. 3, Spring 1999):549- . The Atlantic Ocean's population of bluefin tuna isunder severe stress, and an international commission recommends no fishing for juvenile fish ofthis species for the indefinite future. But implementing this under the current management systemis particularly ineffective. (v10,#4)

Nicklin, Christopher G. J., Moral Possibility After Nihilism: a Deconstruction of Ethics andEpistemology, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September 1995.

Nicklin, Christopher G. J., Moral Possibility After Nihilism: a Deconstruction of Ethics andEpistemology, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September 1995. (v7,#1)

Nida-Rümelin, Julian, and Dietmar v. d. Pfordten, eds., Ökologische Ethik und Rechtstheorie(Ecological Ethics and Rights Theory). Baden-Baden: Nomos. 1995. 399 pages. ISBN3-7890-4114-9. (v8,#2)

Nida-Rummelin, Julian, ed. Angewandte Ethik: Die Bereichsethiken und ihre theoretischeFundierung. Stuttgart: Kroner-Verlag, 1996. 883 pp. A collection on the applied ethics debate inGermany. Two important articles on environmental ethics, one by Angelika Krebs and the otherby Anthony Leist. (v8,#3)

Niebuhr, Richard H., "Cosmic Patriotism," Religion and Values in Public Life: A Forum from HarvardDivinity School, vol. 2, no. 1, Fall 1992 (and mailed as a supplement to the Harvard Divinity Bulletinvol. 23, no. 1, 1993. "We seem to stand now at a fork in the path that we of the West havefollowed up to this point. One branch of the fork leads us toward continuing to treat theenvironment (and ourselves) as instrumental values. This is the path of prudence or prudentialmorality and religion. Evidently, it is the path on which both of our political parties wish to lead us. The other branch of the fork leads us into a future that we cannot forecast. All that we can dimlydiscern is that it leads to a way of conducting ourselves, a way of valuing our environment, ourglobe, not as instrumental to our desires but as beautiful and good: not a beauty and goodbelonging to us but a system of beauty and good to which we belong. Following this path wouldlead to a religious revolution, to a new attitude that William James called `cosmic patriotism'." Witha long quotation from Aldo Leopold's "Thinking Like a Mountain." Niebuhr is professor of divinityat Harvard Divinity School. (v4,#4)

Nielson, Kirk. "Tribe Battled Park Service to Build in Everglades." The Christian Science Monitor,vol. 89, 9 Jan. 1997, p. 3.

Nielson, Kirk. "Florida's Froggy Fracas: Hunters Hopping Mad." The Christian Science Monitor, vol.88, Oct. 1996, p. 3.

Niemeijer, D. and Mazzucato, V., "Soil Degradation in the West African Sahel: How Serious Is It?,"Environment 44(no.2, 2002): 20-31. (v.13,#2)

Niemela, Jari. "Invertebrates and Boreal Forest Management," Conservation Biology 11(no.3,1997):601. (v8,#2)

Niemela, Pekka, Mattson, William J. "Invasion of North American Forests by EuropeanPhytophagous Insects," Bioscience. v.46(no.10, 1996):741.

Niemeyer, Simon. Review of Costanza, Perrings, and Cleveland, The Development Of EcologicalEconomics. Environmental Values 9(2000):113.

Nierenberg, William A., ed. Encyclopedia of Earth System Science. New York: Academic Press,1991. Four volumes, 2,500 pages. $ 165.00. (v2,#3)

Nieves, Evelyn, "A Roundup of Wild Horses Stirs Up a Fight in the West," New York Times(2/25/02): A1. Wild horses in America: pest or symbol of the west? 46,000 wild horses andburros roam the American West. They are descendants of horses used by cowboys and Indians,pioneers and miners, ranchers and explorers. While some see these horses as a living legacy ofthe Wild West others view them as exotic pests who destroy the western range and steal grassfrom cattle and sheep. A decades old debate rages between these two viewpoints. The Bureauof Land Management manages these horses and is trying to resolve the issue by capturing halfthe herd and putting them up for adoption. This is necessary, they say, so that the habitat can bepreserved for all animals who graze on it, including cattle and sheep owned by private rancherswho pay for grazing rights on public lands.

Animal welfare advocates and the dozen or so wild horse protection organizations opposethis herd reduction program and have filed a lawsuit to prevent it. They object that the agency firstfactors in all the other users of the habitat before it comes up with its view of an "appropriatemanagement level" for horses. They also view the adoption program as woefully inadequate,claiming that there are not enough takers for the horses, that public awareness of the program isinsufficient, and that despite the BLM's regulations, adopted horses too often end up in slaughterhouses. The Fund for Animals says its investigations show that most of the adopted horses end

up in Canadian slaughterhouses for which there are no records. A 1997 investigation by theAssociated Press found that BLM officials allowed the slaughter of hundreds of adopted wildhorses and falsified records to thwart investigators.

Radical animal rights groups firebombed a BLM corral and tore down fences to protest theroundups. Wild horse opponents are fierce in their opposition as well. A spokesperson for theNational Cattlemen's Beef Association says: "The problem with wild horses running around is theyscrew up improvements such as water tanks and water developments. They run down fences. With their broad feet, they destroy water springs and other things consistent with historicalgrazing use." One might also argue that because the horses were brought over by Europeans andhave not co-evolved with the land for a sufficient period, they are exotics that do not belong onthe range. (v.13,#2)

Nieves, Evelyn, with Wald, Matthew L., "Park Service Plan Would Restore Wilderness toYosemite," New York Times (3/28/00).Yosemite Plans to Take Out Human Structures. In an attemptto restore a wilder feeling to the Park, Yosemite National Park in California is proposing a majorreduction in parking spaces, roads, bridges and buildings and planning to remove a dam obstructingthe flow of the Merced River The plan is a scaled back version of an earlier attempt to ban mostprivate cars in Yosemite Valley, an attempt that led to major public opposition. With 4 million visitorslast year, Yosemite suffers from overcrowding, traffic jams, and air pollution that almost violatesU.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards. In the past, rangers have lowered the gates tothe park to prevent more cars from entering. New parking lots outside the Park would be built fromwhich visitors could take shuttle buses into the valley. U.S. Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt claimsthe plan aims to "adapt visitors to the needs and forces of nature in the valley, rather than the otherway around." The plan's goals are to reduce traffic congestion, reclaim natural beauty, allownatural processes to prevail, promote visitor understanding and enjoyment, and reduceovercrowding. Some conservation groups are critical of the plan, opposing the new parkingspaces, additional restaurant space, and the diesel bus system. Says renown conservationistDavid Brower, "This plan has smoke, mirrors and hesitation in it, and as we all know he whohesitates is lost, and is ready to make a down payment on the liquidation of the earth." (v.11,#1)

Nifong, Christina. "Traffic in the South Tests `Car Is King' Mentality." The Christian Science Monitor89 (8 July 1997): 4. Plans to build trains and light-rail systems in cities from Atlanta to Houston toLos Angeles. (v8,#2)

Nightingale, Paul C. "Negotiating Contracts for the Purchase and Sale of Contaminated Property." Natural Resources and Environment 10, no.4 (1996): 11. (v7, #3)

Niiniluoto, Ilkka, "Nature, Man, and Technology--Remarks on Sustainable Development," ArcticCentre Publications 6(1994):73-87, in a theme issue on The Changing Circumpolar North:Opportunities for Academic Development, Lassi Heininen, ed. Rovaniemi, Finland. The humanresponsibility for nature as related to sustainable development. The Brundtland Commission reportdoes not make sufficiently explicit how its recommendations are based upon factual and valuepremises. Environmental research can give facts but the choice of environmental policy has to bederived from theories of justice and of environmental ethics. To save our planet for futuregenerations, ethical concerns have to be extended beyond human-centered instrumental valuestoward communal and ecocentered intrinsic values. Niiniluoto is a faculty dean and philosopherat the University of Helsinki. (v5,#2) (Finland)

Nilssen, Esben A. "Should We Risk Any Catastrophes?" Pages 71-77 in Peder Anker, ed.,Environmental Risk and Ethics. Oslo, Norway: Centre for Development and Environment, Universityof Oslo, 1995. (v6,#4)

Nilsson, A. Ultraviolet Reflections: Life Under a Thinning Ozone Layer. Chichester, U.K.: John Wileyand Sons, 1996. 152 pp. , 14.99. The effects of increasing UV radiation on people, plants, andanimals. Nilsson takes the reader on a journey from the Antarctic ozone hole to the Arctic birchforest to see how plants and microbes will fare against increasing UV radiation. He raisesquestions about the evolution of our immune system and uncovers scientific controversy over thecauses of eye diseases.

Nilsson, Annika and Rose, Joanna, "Environmental Researchers Wait Anxiously for Salvation,"Science 283(1999):924. Environment and environmental research in Sweden. Environmentalresearch has long been eminent in Sweden, but a fierce debate is raging over who should controlenvironmental science. Researchers are waiting to see if their previously generous funding willbe restored. (v.10,#1)

Nine, Cara. Review of Peter Hay. Main Currents in Western Environmental Thought. EnvironmentalEthics 25(2003):421-422. (EE)

Nisbet, Lee, ed., The Gun Control Debate: You Decide. Buffalo, N. Y. Prometheus Books, 1990.(v1,#4)

Nissani, M. "Brass-tacks Ecology." The Trumpeter 14, no. 3 (1997): 143-48. The author arguesthat environmentalists should focus their energies and resources on, and join other humanitariansin, an all-out campaign to eradicate private money from American politics. (v8,#3)

Nissani, Moti, "Brass-Tacks Ecology," The Trumpeter 14(no 3, 1997):1543-148. Environmentalreform has failed, for two important reasons. First, the great majority of environmental thinkersignore concrete political realities. Instead they are caught up in debates about the significance ofone or another proximate cause of the environmental crisis (human domination of nature,overpopulation). The environmental movement is bereft of a core practical philosophy guiding itsactions. Second, environmentalists misconstrue political realities, concentrating on this or thatspecific issue (the Endangered Species Act, water pollution), when the real problem is aneconomic and political system in which money counts as the bottom line. With some soberingillustrations from both business and politics. Nissani is in the Interdisciplinary studies Program,Wayne State University, Detroit. (v.8,#4)

Nissani, Moti "The Greenhouse Effect: An Interdisciplinary Perspective," Population andEnvironment: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 17 (1996): 459-489. For a shorter, updatedversion, see "The Greenhouse Effect Revisited," in Theodore Goldfarb, ed., Taking Sides: ClashingViews on Controversial Environmental Issues. Guilford, CT: Dushkin, 1997, 7th edition. Atypical current argument is that even if the greenhouse threat is real, even if temperatures rise andlow-lying lands must be protected forever by an enormous system of dikes, such unlikelyoccurrences do not justify imposing vast costs on the present generation. We rather have, so theargument runs, a stronger obligation to help developing countries overcome the environmentalproblems that they are facing today. The author argues that anyone willing to cross disciplinaryboundaries can easily ascertain that this surprisingly popular viewpoint is mistaken.

A case study in environmental history: the CFC ozone link is instructive. The nature of,evidence for, and the largely uncertain consequences of, the enhanced greenhouse effect onEarth are considered. For argument's sake, a conservative and arbitrary estimate is adopted,assuming that the chances of adverse greenhouse consequences within the next century are10%; those of a cataclysm, 1%. Such chances should not be taken, because there is noconceivable reason for taking them. The steps that will eliminate the greenhouse threat will alsosave money and cut pollution, accrue many other beneficial consequences, and only entailnegligible negative consequences. Humanity is risking its future for less than nothing. Claims thatthe greenhouse threat involves hard choices, that it is value-laden, or that it cannot be resolved

by disinterested analysis, are tragically mistaken. Given the stakes of the greenhouse debate--thefuture of humanity--concerned scholars and citizens ought to understand this issue. (v7,#4)

Nitecki, Matthew H. and Doris V. Nitecki, eds., Evolutionary Ethics. Albany: State University of NewYork Press, 1993. 368 pages. $ 16.95 paper. $ 49.50 hardcover. Four sections: Historical. Sociobiological. Rejection of the Sociobiological. Further perspectives. (v4,#3)

Nixon, Will, "The Species Only a Mother Could Love," The Amicus Journal 21 (no. 2, Summer1999):28-32. "Freshwater mussels are the most endangered order of animals in the country. Does anybody give a damn?" 10% of species are already extinct. 70% of the remaining 300species are at risk. 69 species are formally protected under the Endangered Species Act. Oneproblem: "It's hard to feel sorry for a mussel. It is simply not that easy to get worked up about acold-blooded, gluey morsel of mollusk flesh lodged in a drab brown shell at the bottom of a creek." Other problems: Dams and degraded rivers and streams. (v.12,#3)

Njoroge, Raphael Gerard, and G. A. Bennaars, Philosophy and Education in Africa: An IntroductoryText for Students of Education. Nairobi: Transafrica Press, 1986, 1994. 259 pages. Includes asection on education and ethics. Both authors teach philosophy of education at KenyattaUniversity, Nairobi. (v6,#3)

Nkwanga, David. "The Uganda Biosphere Club." Environmental Conservation 22, no.4 (1995): 369.(v7, #3)

Noal, Fernando Oliveira, Reigota, Marcos, and Barcelos Valdo Hermes de Lima, compilers,Tendências da Educaçao Ambiental Brasileira (Trends in Brazilian Environmental Education). SantaCruz do Sul (Brazil): EDUNISC, published by the University of Santa Cruz do Sul Press, 1998. InPortugese. Website contacts: info@unisc.br; www@unisc.br. Publisher's address: AvenidaIndepêndencia, 2293, 96815-900 Santa Cruz do Sol - RS, Brazil. Fax: (051) 717-1855. 14 articlesby different contributors, including articles on Amazonia. (v10,#4)

Nobis, N, "Carl Cohens `Kind' Arguments For Animal Rights and Against Human Rights", Journal ofApplied Philosophy 21 (no1, 2004): 43-59(17).

Noble, Ian R. and Rodolfo Dirzo, "Forests as Human-Dominated Ecosystems," Science277(1997):522-525. See under theme issue, Science, 25 July 1997, on "Human-DominatedEcosystems," for this and related articles.

Noble, J. M., "Friends of the Earth V. Laidlaw and the Increasingly Broad Standard for CitizenStanding to Sue in Environmental Litigation," Natural Resources Journal 42(no.2, 2002): 415-32. (v.13,#4)

Nockles, Joan M. "Katie John v. United States: Redefining Federal Public Lands in Alaska." Environmental Law 26, no.2 (1996): 693. Nockles analyzes the Ninth Circuit's majority anddissenting opinions in Alaska v. Babbitt, the official name for what is referred to in Alaska as theKatie John dispute. She argues that the majority opinion should have held that waters in which theUnited States holds a navigational servitude are "federal public lands" to which the Alaska NationalInterest Lands Conservation Act's rural subsistence priority must attach. Absent that finding, sheconcludes that an administrative solution will rectify the court's errors. (v7, #3)

Noel, Erin, "Foreword: Symposium: Power, Politics, and Place: Who Holds the Reins ofEnvironmental Regulation," Ecology Law Quarterly 25(No.4, 1999):559-. (v.10,#2)

Nogales, M; Martin, A; Tershy, BR; Donlan, CJ; Veitch, D; Puerta, N; Wood, B; Alonso, J, "A Reviewof Feral Cat Eradication on Islands", Conservation Biology 18 (no.2, 2004): 310-319.

Nolan, A 1992. Cosmic Spirituality. Searching for the spiritual roots of Africa and Asia. Challenge1992:8, 2-4. (Africa)

Nolen, Kelly. "Residents at Risk: Wildlife and the Bureau of Land Management's Planning Process",Environmental Law 26(no. 3):771. Nolen evaluates the Bureau of Land Management's planningprocess under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA). After concluding thatwildlife does not receive adequate consideration, she offers several solutions. (v7,#4)

Nollman, Jim. Spiritual Ecology (New York: Bantam Books, 1990). Paper, $ 9.95. (v1,#1)

Noorman, K.J. and T.S. Uiterkamp, eds. Green Households? Domestic Consumers, Environment andSustainability. Reviewed by Joerg Koehn. Environmental Values 8(1999):404.

Norberg-Hodge, Helena. "Bringing the Economy back Home: Towards a Culture of Place." TheEcologist 29(no. 3, May 1999):215- . (v.11,#1)

Norberg-Hodge, Helena. "Reclaiming Our Food: Reclaiming Our Future." The Ecologist 29(no. 3,May 1999):209- . (v.11,#1)

Norberg-Hodge, H, "Why ecovillages? The world needs people to set up sustainable communities,"Ecologist 32(no.1, 2002):38- . (v.13, #3)

Norchi, D., and D. Bolze, Saving the Tiger: A Conservation Stragegy. WCS Policy Report Paper No.3. New York: Wildlife Conservation Society (at the Bronx Zoo), 1995. Trade in tiger parts andcontinuing human pressures on tiger habitats are the primary factors responsible for declining tigernumbers. Key recommendations are improved law enforcement, relocating humans out of tigerhabitat, building walls and other deterrents to keep local people and their cattle out of tigerreserves, policing against poachers, and conservation education of consumers of tiger productsand local communities living near tiger habitat. There is insufficient political commitment to tigerconservation. (v8,#2)

Nordgren, A., ed. Science, Ethics, Sustainability: The Responsibility of Science in AttainingSustainable Development. Uppsala: ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studies in Bioethics andResearch 2, 1997, 282pp. Reviewed by Nick Clifford. Environmental Values 9(2000):392.

Nordgren, Anders, ed. Science, Ethics, Sustainability: The Responsibility of Science in AttainingSustainable Development. Uppsala: Uppsala University, Centre for Research Ethics, 1997. 281 pp. Sustainable development, research ethics, bioethics, environmental ethics, environmentally history,sociology of science, environmental economics, environmental policy, science and responsibility. Contains:--Sörlin, Sverker, "Problem Continents and Island Experiences: Environment and Science in the Pastand in the Present," pp. 19-29.--Jernelöv, Arne, "The Environmental Protection in Recent History," pp. 31-37.--Lindén, Anna-Lisa, "Sociological Aspects on Man, Value Orientation, Behaviour and SustainableDevelopment," pp. 41-50.--Sundqvist, Göran, "Keeping Science and Politics Apart? The Role of Science in EnvironmentalPolicy," pp. 51-61.--Lidskog, Rolf, "The Reinvention of Politics? Science and Politics in the Development towardsSustainability," pp. 63-67.

--Corell, Elisabeth, "The Expert--Decision-maker Relationship: Science and Politics in InternationalEnvironmental Negotiations," pp. 79-90.--Randall, Alan, "Sustainability: Economics Does Not Have the Answers, But It Helps Clarify theQuestions," pp. 93-104.--Zylicz, Tomasz, "Economic Values and Policy Implications," pp. 105-114.--Söderbaum, Peter, "Science, Ethics and Democracy: Ecological Economics as a Response," pp.115-133.--Rolston, Holmes III, "Environmental Science and Environmental Advocacy: From `Is' in Science to`Ought' in Ethics," pp. 137-153.--Nordgren, Anders, "Science and Sustainability: Some Reflections on the Moral Responsibility ofScientists," pp. 155-177.--Brom, Frans W. A., Vorstenbosch, Jan, Schroten, Egbert, "Public Policy and the MoralResponsibility of Science," pp. 179-188.--Nitsch, Ulrich, "The Reluctant Scientist: Some Reflections on Scientists' Commitment toSustainability Research," pp. 189-203.--Buhlmortensen (Buhl-Mortensen), Lene, "TYPE-II Statistical Errors and the Precautionary Principle:A Case Study in Marine Biology," pp. 205-210.--Rydén, Lars, "Faces of Sustainability," pp. 211-220.--Low, Nicholas, and Gleeson, Brendan, "Finding Justice in the Environment," pp. 221-233.--Molnár, László, "`People or Penguins": Some Remarks on Criteria of Moral Considerability," pp.235-241.--Heeger, Robert, "Respect for Animal Integrity?" pp. 243-252.--Gustafsson, Bengt, "The Value of Looking in Other Directions," pp. 255-263. The viewpoint ofa concerned scientist.--Thurdin, Gorel, "Ethics, Spiritual Values and a Political Will: Any Concern of Scientists?, pp. 267-273. The viewpoint of a concerned politician. (v9,#1)

Nordgren, Anders. Review of T. Wilkinson, Science under Siege: The Politicians' War on Nature andTruth, Boulder, Co, USA: Johnson Books, 1998, Environmental Values 10(2001):423. (EV)

Nordhaus, William D. Managing the Global Commons. Reviewed by Christian Azar. EnvironmentalValues 6(1997):106-108.

Nordhaus, William D. The Swedish Nuclear Dilemma: Energy and the Environment. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1997. 184 pp. $39. An analysis of an issue that has played asignificant role in Swedish economic and energy policy for over fifteen years. (v8,#3)

Nordlund, AM; Garvill, J, "Value Structures Behind Pro-environmental Behavior," Environment andBehavior 34(no.6, 2002): 740-756.

Nordquist, Joan, Radical Ecological Theory: A Bibliography. Santa Cruz, CA: Reference andResearch Services (511 Lincoln St., Santa Cruz, CA 95060), 1993. 71 pages. $ 15. ISBN 0-937855-59-6

Nordquist, Joan, Animal Rights: A Bibliography. Santa Cruz, CA: Reference and ResearchServices (511 Lincoln St., Santa Cruz, CA 95060), 1993. 71 pages. $ 15. ISBN 0-937855-40-5 (v.9,#3)

Nordstrom, Karl F., "Intrinsic Value and Landscape Evaluation," The Geographical Review 83 (no.4, October 1993):473-476. The concept of intrinsic value in nature, as developed by philosophers,can provide geographers with a framework for examining both natural and human-alteredlandscape features in ways that do not appeal solely to human preference or utility. The conceptcan carry more weight in pragmatic decisions if it is defined and refined so that it retains its original

meaning but is approximated by arguments in human terms. Three components of this meaning are:(1) essential or inherent, and not merely apparent, (2) originating or due to causes or factors withina body, (3) being good in itself or desired for its own sake, without regard to anything else.Accounts of intrinsic value, though they make objective reference, will also be of a subjectivenature but this does not diminish the usefulness of the concept to geographers as a referencepoint in assessing changes in a landscape. Nordstrom is in geography and marine coastal science,Rutgers University. (v5,#4)

Nordstrom, Karl F., "The Concept of Intrinsic Value and Depositional Coastal Landforms,"Geographical Review 80 (no. 1, 1990):68-81. Many recent studies in geography, ecology, andenvironmental ethics argue the need to manage natural resources in ways that do not appeal solelyto human preference or utility. Nordstrom applies the concept of intrinsic value in nature toinanimate objects such as depositional landforms, comparing undeveloped coastal areas withthose subjected to human modification. Such features as beaches and shoreline depositionalforms can be dynamic landforms that are distinct from their surroundings and have symmetry andharmony, beginnings, endings, cycles with an integrity of place. Humans typically destroy thesefeatures with their alterations, but there can be enlightened management practices that respectsuch intrinsic values. An interesting blending of geography, marine science, and environmentalethics. Nordstrom is in geography and marine coastal science, Rutgers University. Philosopherswho think that geographers don't do their philosophical homework should read the two precedingarticles, or the next two. (v5,#4)

Norgaard, Kari Marie. "Moon Phases, Menstrual Cycles, and Mother Earth: The Construction of aSpecial Relationship between Women and Nature," Ethics and the Environment 4(1999):197-210. Norgaard is in sociology at the University of Oregon.

Preston, Christopher J. "Environment and Belief: The Importance of Place in the Construction ofKnowledge," Ethics and the Environment 4(1999):211-218.In his popular first book, The Spell of the Sensuous, David Abram (1996) calls on us to recognizethe encompassing earth "in all its power and its depth, as the very ground and horizon of all ourknowing." By reemphasizing the connection between knowing and the earth, Abram hopes toencourage a more engaged existence with the flora, fauna, and landscapes among which wereside. Given that the earth is literally the ground and horizon of all our knowing, it makes sense--infact, it is good for the senses--to consider for a while how the places in which we know cometo exert their influence upon the constructions that we call knowledge. This paper is a sketch ofa larger project to illustrate the epistemic significance of geography. Preston is in philosophy at theUniversity of South Carolina, Columbia.

Sandilands, Catriona. "Raising Your Hand in the Council of All Beings: Ecofeminism andCitizenship," Ethics and the Environment 4(1999):219-234. Sandilands is in the faculty ofenvironmental studies, York University, Toronto. (E&E)

Norgaard, Kari Marie. "Gender in the Cultural Lens: Ecological Feminism and the Enrichment ofHuman Ecology." Advances in Human Ecology, Vol. 5. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1996. (v7, #3)

Norgaard, R. B., "Can Science and Religion Better Save Nature Together?," Bioscience 52(no.9,2002): 842-46. (v.13,#4)

Norgaard, RB, "Posthuman Enough?", BioScience 54 (no.3,2004): 255-259(5).

Norgaard, Richard B., Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and a CoevolutionaryRevisioning of the Future. New York: Routledge, 1994. 280 p. Economic development.

Environmental problems. Sustainable development. An epistemological critique of modernity, withan explanation of the environmental crisis, and an alternative vision of the future.

Norgaard, Richard, "Sustainable Development: A Co-evolutionary View," Futures, December 1988. 606-619. (v5,#1)

Norgaard, Richard B., Review of Common, Michael, Sustainability and Policy. Environmental Values6(1997):105-106. (EV)

Norgaard, Richard, B., Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and a CoevolutionaryRevisioning of the Future. New York: Routledge, 1994. $ 18.95 paper. $ 59.95, cloth. 280 pp. Acritique of modernity's vision of progress. Modernity's naive construction of integrated planningis wrapped-up in an unrealistic, monistic model of progress that dooms it to failure. The betrayalof progress is in our choice of an unsound process of development, not in the goals themselves. Like King Midas, in our pursuit of real and significant fruits, we failed adequately to consider thenegative side effects: significant environmental degradation, increasing difficulty satisfying evenbasic human needs, and failing strategies for addressing cultural diversity. Chapter 6 is "ThePhilosophical Roots of Betrayal": atomism, mechanism, monism, objectivism, and universalism. Inthe second half of the book, Norgaard proposes a coevolutionary cosmology, replacing atomismwith holism, mechanism with the systems concept, universalism with contextualism, objectivismwith subjectivism, and monism with conceptual pluralism. Reviewed by Harold Glasser inEnvironmental Values 5(1996):267-270. Norgaard is president-elect of the International Societyof Ecological Economics.

Norgaard, Richard B., "Environmentalism as the Salvation of Materialism," CTNS (Center forTheology and the Natural Sciences) Bulletin 16 (No. 3, Summer 1996):10-17. Environmentalproblems are typically framed as problems of spoiling or running out of the stuff needed forpeople's material sustenance in the future. Al Gore's Earth in the Balance offers a provocativeillustration of how insidious materialism is, even for the best intentioned reflections on theenvironment. How will we move beyond materialism if we navigate from a map provided by amaterialist science? By addressing the moral issues related to our material realities, the churchescan heal important wounds. Additionally, the churches can help us recreate a sense ofcommunity, and thereby facilitate a collective revisioning of the future. Norgaard teaches in theEnergy and Resources Program at the University of California, Berkeley, and is president of theInternational Society for Ecological Economics, of which he is a founder. (v7,#4)

Norgaard, Richard B., Review of Pearche, David, Edward Barbier, Anil Markyanda, Scott Barrett,R. Kerry Turner and Timothy Swanson, Blueprint 2: Greening the World Economy. EnvironmentalValues Vol.1 No.2(1992):173.

Norgaard, Richard B., Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and A CoevolutionaryRevisioning of the Future. Reviewed by Harold Glasser. Environmental Values 5(1996):267-270. (EV)

Norgbey, Segbedzi W. "Control of Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) in West Africa: Ecology, Riskand Resettlement," The Journal of Environment and Development 6(1997):6.

Norlock, Kathryn, "The Atrocity Paradigm Applied to Environmental Evils," Ethics and theEnvironment 9(no. 1, 2004):85-93. "While I am persuaded both by the theory of evil advanced byClaudia Card in "The Atrocity Paradigm" and by the idea that there are evils done to theenvironment, I argue that the theory of evil she describes has difficulty living up to her claim that

it `can make sense of ecological evils in the victims of which include trees and even ecosystems.'" Norlock is in philosophy St. Mary's College of Maryland. (E&E)

Norman Myers and Julian L. Simon, Scarcity or Abundance: A Debate on the Environment. NewYork: W. W. Norton, 1994. 254 pages. Julian Simon continues his famous offer to bet that "justabout any trend pertaining to material human welfare will improve rather than get worse," andchallenges betters to "pick the index." Myers replies that there are twice as many people on theplanet as there were forty years ago, with many more now living in poverty and suffering, and 1.5billion in absolute poverty. The betting is inappropriate, for the wealthy North, one-fifth of the worldconsuming four-fifths of its goods; human deprivation is quite evident for the four-fifths of theworld that consumes one-fifth of its goods. Maybe environmentalists should bet this situation willworsen, and hope that they lose their bets. (v6,#4)

Norman, Myers, Jennifer Kent. Perverse Subsidies: How Misused Tax Dollars Harm theEnvironment and the Economy. Covelo, CA: Island Press, 2000. 240 pages. Cloth $40. Paper $20. Subsidies worldwide with a particular focus on the extent, causes, and consequences ofperverse subsidies. Dramatic illustrations of the scale and dimensions of the problem. (v.11,#4)

Norman, Richard, "Interfering with Nature," Journal of Applied Philosophy 13(No.2, 1996):1-. (v.10,#2)

Norris, Kathleen, Dakota: A Spiritual Geography. Ticknor and Fields, 224 pages. $ 19.95. Norrisis from Lemmon, South Dakota, 1,600 people, the largest town in an area twice the size ofMassachusetts. Though reared first in New York, she has lived there twenty years, and knowsboth worlds. She finds the great plains a world where things are timeless and deep, offering giftsof grace and revelation, despite the usual perception that the Dakotas are stuck in an earlier, lessrelevant age. The plains are a sanctuary. Norris is a lay preacher in the Presbyterian Church, alsoan associate in a community of Benedictine monks, as well as an environmentalist and citizen. Avery sensitive book, with a marvelous sense of place. (v4,#2)

Norris, Ken, and Pain, Deborah, J., eds., Conserving Bird Biodiversity: General Principles and theirApplication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Norris is at the University of Reading,UK. Pain is with the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Bedfordshire, UK. (v.13, #3)

Norris, S, "Neutral Theory: A New, Unified Model for Ecology", Bioscience 53(no.2, 2003):124-129.

Norris, S, "Only 30: A Portrait of the Endangered Species Act as a Young Law", BioScience 54(no.4, 2004): 288-294(7).

Norris, S., "Creatures of Culture? Making the Case for Cultural Systems in Whales and Dolphins,"Bioscience 52(no.1, 2002): 9-14. (v.13,#2)

Norris, Scott, "A Year for Biodiversity," Bioscience 50 (No. 2, Feb 01 2000): 103- . (v.11,#2)

Norris-York, Dover A. "The Federal Advisory Committee Act: Barrier or Boon to Effective NaturalResource Management." Environmental Law 26, no.1 (1996): 419. Norris-York analyzes the roleof the Federal Advisory Committee Act in the management of natural resources by reviewingpertinent case law and examining its application to the Department of the Interior's RangelandManagement Plan. Finding the status quo inadequate, Norris-York concludes with suggestions forachieving more meaningful public participation in natural resource management issues. (v7, #3)

Norse, Elliott A., Global Marine Biological Diversity: A Strategy for Building Conservation intoDecision Making. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993. 350 pages. $ 27.95. Builds on the workof more than 100 expert contributors. What is marine biological diversity and how is it important?How is it similar and different to terrestrial diversity? Life in the sea and ways to save, study, anduse that life sustainably. Norse is chief scientist at the Center for Marine Conservation, alsoattached to the University of Washington. (v4,#2)Norse, Elliott A., Ancient Forests of the Pacific Northwest Corvela CA: Island Press, 1990. $ 19.95paper. $ 34.05 hardbound. (v1,#3)

Norstrom, Karl F., "The Concept of Intrinsic Value and Depositional Coastal Landforms,"Geographical Review 80(1990):68-81. Norstrom is a research professor at the Center for Coastaland Environmental Studies at Rutgers University. (v2,#1)

North American Conference on Christianity and Ecology, The. publishes Firmament: A Quarterlyof Christian Ecology and holds conferences and publishes proceedings and videotapes. It willsponsor some sixty events in 1988 and 1990. The most recent conference proceedings is a book,Christian Ecology: Building an Environmental Ethic for the Twenty-First Century, available for $ 12plus $ 3 postage and handling. For information contact Eleanor Rae, President, North AmericanConference on Christianity and Ecology, P. O. Box 14305, San Francisco, CA 94114-0305. (v1,#1)

Northcott, Michael S., "Do Dolphins Carry the Cross? Biological Moral Realism and TheologicalEthics," New Blackfriars (monthly review edited by the English Dominicans) vol. 84, no. 994,December 2003. "Christians who own that dolphins reveal aspects of the cruciform shape ofbiological and social reality will also wish to shun foods gotten at the expense of the casualdestruction of this wondrously rich exemplar of God's created order. ... Dolphins and porpoises,which are so close to humans in many aspects of their flourishing, ... are the victims of this lackof virtue amongst modern fisherfolk." (p. 552). Northcott is in theological ethics, New College,University of Edinburgh.

Northcott, Michael S. The Environment and Christian Ethics. New York: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1996. 280 pages. $59.95 cloth, $21.95 paper. The extent, origins and causes of theenvironmental crisis. The author claims to provide an important corrective to secular approachesto environmental ethics, including utilitarian individualism, animal rights theories and deep ecology. Northcott is at the University of Edinburgh. (v7, #3)

Northcott, Michael S., The Environment and Christian Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1996. 379 pp. $59.95 (hb); $21.95 (pb). Of the books on environmental ethics written froma perspective of Christian ethics, Northcott's survey best knows the philosophical literature, inaddition to having a thorough familiarity with the theological literature. Northcott sums up hisargument: "The resolution of the environmental crisis requires the rediscovery of the existence ofvalue and moral significance in the objective world prior to human acts of valuing, an independencewhich Western theists have traditionally located in the original act of divine beneficence in thecreation of the world. . . . Without a recovery of this traditional recognition of the moral orderand purposiveness of the world, prior to its processing by human perception, I do not believe it willbe possible for modern societies ultimately to reduce their impacts on the ecological integrity of thenonhuman world" (pp. 92-93). In this search, Northcott is especially interested in philosophicalarguments for intrinsic value in nature, which are congenial with this divine creation of value.

Northcott recognizes amply that Christians have sometimes been the cause ofenvironmental degradation; but he also believes that the primal Hebrew vision was "earth friendly"(p. 198), and that early Christianity with its understandings of the redemption of creation was also. The Christ is the Lord of nature, as well as of persons. Northcott argues for what he call a"repristination" of such worldviews (p. xiii, p. 239, p. 255). He has a soft spot for indigenouspeoples, of whom he paints a rather rosy picture, and thinks that they were closer to the Hebrew

mind than often realized. A central emphasis is on natural law, which Northcott hopes to recover. Northcott teaches Christian ethics at the University of Edinburgh. (v8,#3)

Northcott, Michael S., "From Environmental U-topianism to Parochial Ecology: Communities of Placeand the Politics of Sustainability," Ecotheology No 8 (Jan 2000):71-85.

Northcott, Michael S., "Ecology and Christian Ethics," in Robin Gill, ed., Cambridge Companion toChristian Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. (EE v.12,#1)

Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service. A Guide to Logging Aesthetics: Practical Tipsfor Loggers, Foresters and Landowners. 1993. 27pp. $6 paper. This describes the cost-effectiveand proven practices that minimize negative impacts during and immediately after harvest, whileenhancing other values.

Northest Forestry University, Social Ecology and Ecological Philosophy Research EditorialCommittee, Social Ecology and Ecological Philosophy Research. In Chinese. Harbin, China:Northeast Forestry University Press, 1992. 264 pages. ISBN 7-81008-318-X/B.9 An anthologyof about three dozen papers, grouped in six parts: Part I: Theoretical Research Regarding Humansand Nature. Part II. The Methological Problem of Ecological Research. Part III. Rational Use ofNatural Resources and the Problem of Environmental Protection. Part IV. The Problem ofDevelopment and the Use of Recycled Resources. Part V. Cooperative and DevelopmentalPrinciples and Strategies of Ecology, Economics, and Society. Part VI. On Recognized Opinionsof Ecology, Ecological Culture, and Problems in Ecological Ethics. A contact here, and contributorto the volume, is Professor Ye Ping, Social Science Department, Northeast Forestry University,150040 Harbin, P. R. CHINA. (v4,#3) (China)

Norton, Bryan G., "Conservation and Preservation: A Conceptual Rehabilitation," EnvironmentalEthics 8(1986):195-220. A deep analysis of conservation and preservation as theoretical modelsof environmental policy. Norton is critical of the traditional way (following John Passmore) thatconservation is viewed as anthropocentric while preservation is considered non-anthropocentric. The definitions of the policies need not include anthropocentric or nonanthropocentric motivations. Given a long time scale, these two motivations converge; what is good for a whole range ofhuman values is also good for nature itself. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Norton, Bryan G., Why Preserve Natural Variety? Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987. Pp.xiii, 281. Norton focuses on the problem of justifying policies of species preservation as aparadigm for all environmental issues. The book has four basic parts. First, Norton shows thefailure of economic "demand" values as a basis of preservationist policy. Second, he examinesthe problems in attributing intrinsic value to natural entities and systems. The third section, whichis the heart of the book, is a presentation of Norton's theory of "weak anthropocentrism" or"transformative value." Nature preservation is justified because it leads to the fostering of specificvalues in human life and culture worth preserving. These higher order values are not reducibleto any array of demand or preference values, but they are crucial in the development of anecological world view. In the final section, Norton shows how a concern for transformative valuecan be translated into specific policy proposals. Norton's argument is a kind of "fall-back" position,a pragmatic recognition that arguments over the intrinsic non-anthropocentric value of nature onlydelay and obstruct policies of preservation. As such, it is the best expression of a compromisebetween an economically based resource environmentalism and the more radical biocentricversions of environmental ethics. But advocates of a deeper environmental ethic will beconcerned that Norton's "transformative value" is just a higher order contingent instrumental valuedesigned for the satisfaction of human interests. (Katz, Bibl # 2) Reviewed in Environmental Ethics10(1988):275-78.

Norton, Bryan G. Review of In Defense of the Land Ethic. By J. Baird Callicott. EnvironmentalEthics 13(1991):181-86.

Norton, Bryan G., Michael Hutchins, Elizabeth F. Stevens, and Terry Maple, eds., Ethics on the Ark:Zoos, Animal Welfare, and Wildlife Conservation. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press,1995. 432 pages. $ 32.50 cloth. Values underlying the conservation of nature in captivity. Zoosare not, or should not be, institutions for gawking at caged animals. They have been undergoinga metamorphosis from a menagerie symbolizing human mastery over the beasts to vital sites of exsitu species conservation. But does this self-redefinition morally justify their continued existence? The zoo question pits individualistic animal welfare ethics against holistic environmental ethics, aconcern for specimens against a concern for species. Part I. The Future of Zoos. Part II. TheTargets of Protection: Genes or Individuals or Populations or Species or Ecosystems. Part III. Captive Breeding and Wild Populations. Part IV. Good Stewardship. (v6,#4)

Norton, Bryan G. "Why I am Not a Nonanthropocentrist: Callicott and the Failure of MonisticInherentism." Environmental Ethics 17(1995):341-358. I contrast two roles for environmentalphilosophers--"applied philosophy" and "practical philosophy"--and show that the strategy ofapplied philosophy en-courages an axiological and monistic approach to theory building. I argue thatthe mission of applied philosophy, and the monistic theory defended by J. Baird Callicott, inparticular, tends to separate philosophers and their problems from real management issuesbecause applied philosophers and moral monists insist that theoretical exploration occursindependent of, and prior to, applications in particular situations. This separation of theory andpractice suggests that philosophers are likely to be effective in policy discussions only to thedegree that they can offer unquestioned theories that adjudicate real problems. Callicott offers hismonistic, ontological approach as universal guidance to environmental activists and decisionmakers, arguing that ecosystems and communities are moral subjects that can "own" their owninherent value. Callicott's theory, however, faces a crucial, unanswered theoretical dilemma whichillustrates the impossibility of the dual task Callicott has set for his theory "to provide a single,ontological unification of ethics under nonanthropocentric holism and to capture the fine nuancesof ethical obligations as experienced in varied communities." I also show that monistic assumptionshave led to an unfortunate interpretation of Aldo Leopold's land ethic and that a pluralist andpragmatist direction is likely to provide a more efficacious and theoretically defensible direction forfurther study of environmental philosophy in a more practical mode. Norton is at the School ofPublic Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology. (EE)

Norton, Bryan G. "Conservation and Preservation: A Conceptual Rehabilitation." EnvironmentalEthics 8(1986):195-220. Philosophers have paid little attention to the distinction betweenconservation and preservation, apparently because they have accepted John Passmore'ssuggestion that conservationism is an expression of anthropocentric motives and that "true"preservationism is an expression of nonanthropocentric motives. Philosophers have thereforeconcentrated their efforts on this distinction in motives. This reduction, however, is insensitive toimportant nuances of environmentalist objectives: there are a wide variety of human reasons forpreserving natural ecosystems and wild species. Preservationist policies represent a concern toprotect biological diversity from the simplifying effects of human management and are motivatedby the full range of values (consumptive, aesthetic, scientific, and moral) attached to a diversebiota. Conservationists and preservationists differ mainly in their emphasis on resilience measuresversus predictability measures of stability, respectively. The distinction between anthropocentricand nonanthropocentric motives loses importance as emphasis is placed on the longest termvalues humans place on the protection of biological diversity. Norton is at the Division ofHumanities, New College of the University of South Florida, Sarasota, FL. (EE)

Norton, Bryan, "Sustainability, Human Welfare, and Ecosystem Health." Environmental Values Vol.1No.2(1992):97-112. ABSTRACT: Two types of sustainability definitions are contrasted. `Social

scientific' definitions, such as that of the Brundtland Commission, treat sustainability as arelationship between present and future welfare of persons. These definitions differ from`ecological' ones which explicitly require protection of ecological processes as a condition onsustainability. `Scientific contextualism' does not follow mainstream economists in their efforts toexpress all effects as interchangeable units of individual welfare; it rather strives to expresssensitivity to different types and scales of impacts that present activities can exert on the future. We can therefore express the moral obligation to act sustainably as an obligation to protect thenatural processes that form the context of human life and culture, emphasizing those large bioticand abiotic systems essential to human life, health, and flourishing culture. Ecosystems, which areunderstood as dynamic, self-organizing systems humans have evolved within, must remain`healthy' if humans are to thrive. The ecological approach to sustainability therefore sets theprotection of dynamic, creative systems in nature as its primary goal. KEYWORDS: Sustainability,ecological management, obligations to future, welfare, intergenerational equity, irreversibility. School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 33032, USA.

Norton, Bryan G. and Bruce Hannon. "Environmental Values: A Place-Based Theory."Environmental Ethics 19(1997):227-245. Several recent authors have recommended that "senseof place" should become an important concept in our evaluation of environmental policies. In thispaper, we explore aspects of this concept, arguing that it may provide the basis for a new,"place-based" approach to environmental values. This approach is based on an empiricalhypothesis that place orientation is a feature of all people's experience of their environment. Weargue that place orientation requires, in addition to a home perspective, a sense of the spacearound the home place and that this dual aspect can be modeled using a "hierarchical"methodology. We propose a "triscalar," place-oriented system for the analysis of environmentalvalues, explore the characteristics of place-orientation through several examples, and employthese characteristics to distinguish acceptable and unacceptable aspects of the NIMBY(not-in-my-backyard) idea. Norton is in the School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology,Altanta. Hannon is in geography at the University of Illinois, Urbana. (EE)

Norton, Bryan G. "Thoreau's Insect Analogies: Or, Why Environmentalists Hate MainstreamEconomists." Environmental Ethics 13(1991):235-51. Thoreau believed that we can learn how tolive by observing nature, a view that appeals to modern environmentalists. This doctrine isexemplified in Thoreau's use of insect analogies to illustrate how humans, like butterflies, can betransformed from the "larval" stage, which relates to the physical world through consumption, toa "perfect" state in which consumption is less important, and in which freedom and contemplationare the ends of life. This transformational idea rests upon a theory, of dynamic dualism in whichthe animal and the spiritual self remain in tension, but in which the "maturity" of theindividual--transcendence of economic demands as imposed by society--emerges throughpersonal growth based on observation of nature. Thoreau's dynamic theory of value, and itsattractiveness to environmentalists, explains why environmentalists reject the mainstream,neoclassical economic paradigm. This paradigm accepts consumer preferences as "givens" andtreats these preferences as the source of all value in their model. Because Thoreau insists thatthere is value in transformations from one preference set to another, the neoclassical paradigmcannot capture this central value, and cannot account for the environmentalists' emphasis on public"education" to reduce consumptive demands of humans on their environment. Norton is at theSchool of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA. (EE)

Norton, Bryan, "From Environmental Ethics to Environmental Public Policy: Ethicists and Economics." Pages 374-407 in Tietenberg, T., and Folmer, H., eds., The International Yearbook of Environmentaland Resource Economics. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2002. (v.14, #4)

Norton, Bryan G. and Robert E. Ulanowicz, "Scale and Biodiversity Policy: A HierarchicalApproach," Ambio 21 (no. 3, May 1992): 244-249. A hierarchical approach to natural systems,

which assumes that small subsystems change according to a faster dynamic than do largersystems of which they are a part, is a useful means to conceptualize problems of scale indetermining biodiversity policy. Conservation biology is a normative science that, like medicine, isshaped by a goal of protecting and healing ecosystems. The goal of sustaining biological diversityover multiple human generations implies that biodiversity policy must be set at the landscape levelof the ecosystem. Since ecosystems can be described at many levels of organization,conservation biologists must model ecosystems on a scale appropriate to the crucial dynamic thatsupports the sustainability goal. This dynamic, the autopoietic feature of ecosystems, supportsand sustains species across generations. The value of these ecosystem processes is measuredas the avoided costs of sustaining species in zoos or highly managed habitats. The protection ofthe health of these landscape-level processes should therefore be the central goal of biodiversitypolicy. Norton is in the school of public policy, Georgia Institute of Technology. Ulanowicz is at theChesapeake Biological Laboratory in estuarine science. (v5,#4)

Norton, Bryan and Minteer, Ben A., "From environmental ethics to environmental public policy:Ethicists and economists, 1973-future." Pages 373-407 in Tom Tietenberg and Henk Folmer,eds.,The International Yearbook of Environmental and Resource Economics 2002/2003: A Survey ofCurrent Issues (Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar, 2002). Environmental ethics has developed witha puzzling ambiguity about the nature of the independence that is asserted for natural intrinsicvalue and about what types of being can have intrinsic value. "Environmental ethicists have madefew contributions to actual discussions about what to do to improve the environment" (p. 374) Amore community-based, pluralist approach is needed, centering in "communal values", and workedout with democratic processes and deliberative institutions within which environmental values ascommunal goods may be advanced. Rich opportunities may open up for collaborations betweeneconomists and philosophers, as well as collaborations among these, together with cognitivepsychologists, to engage in interdisciplinary research on the development and formation of socialvalues in deliberative situations.

"We ... consider a more radical conceptual innovation, the rejection of moral individualismand the recognition that important environmental values may unfold on the communal scale, a scalethat cannot be reduced to individual goods. This more radical innovation encourages a shift in theway we think about environmental values and valuation, shifting attention from ontologicalquestions regarding the nature and measurement of values toward a more politically orientedprocess approach"(p. 375), specifically C. S. Holling's "adaptive management" (p. 395).

Norton is in philosophy and public policy, Georgia Institute of Technology. Minteer is inpublic policy there.

Norton, Bryan G. "Population and Consumption: Environmental Problems as Problems of Scale." Ethics and the Environment 5(2000):23-46. ABSTRACT: Almost every time I teach environmentaltopics to undergraduate students, at least one student confidently states the opinion thatenvironmental problems are most basically caused by human population growth, and that if wecould control population growth, that would be the end of the problems. Although I try never toshow how appalled I am by ignorance among students-especially when they are volunteeringopinions in a process of thinking through problems-I admit that in these cases I must consciouslyrestrain myself from rebuking the student aloud. What is more appalling is that I fear that this beliefis shared by many adults in the United States and perhaps throughout the developed world. Thiswoefully oversimplified formula for understanding environmental problems is not just oversimplified,it is also morally dangerous. When used in conjunction with the apparent fact that industriallydeveloped nations are bringing their population growth under control, the reduction ofenvironmental problems to population problems brings about a not-so-subtle shift of responsibilityfor existing and emerging environmental problems to the less-developed world. In class, I try toshake the students' complacency about their own role, pointing out to them that, if the blame forenvironmental damage can be located in the act of parenting, they should realize that eachAmerican child born (given current consumption patterns) has 40 to 50 times the environmental

impact of a child born in poorer nations. Huge proportions of that consumption are made possibleby material flows from less-developed nations of the South into the industrialized North. Even whenthese material flows bring rapid economic growth, as in Indonesia, for example, the environmentaland cultural costs are enormous, and it is often the case that only elites benefit from this growth. (E&E)

Norton, Bryan G. "Environmental Ethics and Nonhuman Rights." Environmental Ethics4(1982):17-36. If environmentalists are to combat effectively the continuing environmental decay resulting from more and more intense human exploitation of nature, they need a plausible andcoherent rationale for preserving sensitive areas and other species. This need is illustrated byreference to two examples of controversies concerning large public projects in wilderness areas. Analyses of costs and benefits to presently existing human beings and the utilitarian theory whichsupports such theories are inadequate to provide such a rationale, as other writers have shown. A number of environmentalists have suggested that ascriptions of rights to nonhuman animals,plants, and other natural objects may provide the necessary rationale. I argue that suchascriptions can only be effective if they are supported by a general theory of rights. Although nosuch general theory is developed, I state four minimal conditions which must be fulfilled by all rightsholders as entailments of the concept of a right and, hence, as necessary conditions on rightsholding, regardless of the general theory of rights espoused. I then argue that no appeals to rightsof nonhumans can simultaneously fulfill these four minimal conditions and, on the other hand,satisfy the need for a coherent rationale for environmental preservation. In the central argumentof the essay I exploit the distinction between the concern of vegetarians and antivivisectionistswho rest their case for animal rights on the analogy of animal suffering to human suffering and theconcern of environmentalists to protect the integrity of holistic ecosystems. I then conclude thateven if the case for nonhuman rights can be made convincingly, the rights defended areinsufficient for the development of a complete and coherent rationale for environmentalpreservation. Norton is at the Division of Humanities, New College of the University of SouthFlorida, Sarasota, FL. (EE) Norton, Bryan G. "Environmental Ethics and the Rights of Future Generations." EnvironmentalEthics 4(1982):319-37. Do appeals to rights and/or interests of the members of future generationsprovide an adequate basis for an environmental ethic? Assuming that rights and interests are,semantically, individualistic concepts, I present an argument following Derek Parfit which showsthat a policy of depletion may harm no existing individuals, present or future. Although thisargument has, initially, an air of paradox, I show that the argument has two intuitive analogues--theproblem of generating a morally justified and environmentally sound population policy and theproblem of temporal distance. These problems are shown both to resist solutions in individualisticterms and to embody difficulties similar to those raised by Parfit. Since utilitarianism and moderndeontology are individualistic in nature, they cannot provide the basis for an adequateenvironmental ethic and they do not rule out policies such as that of depletion, which is clearlyunacceptable environmentally. I close with an exploratory but generally pessimistic assessmentof the possibility that rights and interests can be reconstrued as nonindividualistic. Norton is atthe Division of Humanities, New College of the University of South Florida, Sarasota, FL. (EE)

Norton, Bryan, Review of Tobin, Richard, The Expendable Future. Environmental Values Vol.1No.4(1992):366.

Norton, Bryan G., "Should Environmentalists Be Organicists?" Topoi (Netherlands) 12(1993):21-30. "Should environmentalists be minimal holists or should they follow their `spiritual' leader, Muir, inadopting strong, teleological and spiritualistic organicism? First, note that one might consistentlysay, `both,' provided the differing interpretations are reconciled as fulfilling different functions. Environmentalists might, in discussing whether to accept a new, less mechanistic worldview lettheir rhetoric soar with Muir, for example; but they might also, with Leopold, the practitioner who

must forge a new management philosophy that will have broad appeal, recognize that suchrhetorical flourishes raise issues that lie beyond easy resolution and content themselves with lessdifficult intellectual entanglements. My concern here is not with rhetoric, but with forging avocabulary and set of principles of management that are scientifically respectable and adequateto recognize the dynamic and creative processes that maintain and shape natural systems. Giventhis goal, a minimal holism points a more promising direction for the future of environmental ethicsand environmental policy" (pp. 27-28). A minimal holism will recognize nature as a self-organizingsystem. Norton teaches philosophy and policy at Georgia Tech. (v6,#4)

Norton, Bryan G., "Economists' Preferences and the Preferences of Economists." EnvironmentalValues 3(1994):311-332. Economists, who adopt the principle of consumer sovereignty treatpreferences as unquestioned for the purposes of their analysis. They also represent preferencesfor future outcomes as having value in the present. It is shown that these two characteristics ofneoclassical modelling rest on similar reasoning and are essential to achieve high aggregatabilityof preferences and values. But the meaning and broader implications of these characteristics varyaccording to the arguments given to support these methodological choices. The resultingambiguities raise questions regarding economists' attitudes towards the study of preferenceformation and reformation. Under a strong, positivist interpretation (which is philosophicallyproblematic), consumer sovereignty represents a rejection of any meaningful study of thesesubjects; under a weaker, methodological understanding, consumer sovereignty merely draws aboundary between economics and other disciplines. The weaker version is argued to be moredefensible, and economists are urged to engage in interdisciplinary work that will clarify howpreferences are formed, criticized and reformed. KEYWORDS: Consumer sovereignty, economicexplanation, preference formation, preferences, value neutrality. Norton is at the School of PublicPolicy, Georgia Institute of Technology. (EV)

Norton, Bryan G., ed., The Preservation of Species: The Value of Biological Diversity. Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1986. Pp. xi, 305. A collection of essays written under the auspicesof the Center for Philosophy and Public Policy, University of Maryland. An importantinterdisciplinary collection focused on one of the central problems in environmental ethics: whypreserve endangered species? Part I contains articles by Thomas E. Lovejoy, Geerat J. Vermeij,and Stephen R. Kellert which investigate the scientific and social nature of the extinction problem. Part III contains articles by Lawrence B. Slobodkin, Terry L. Leitzell, and Robert L. Carlton thatexamine concrete management decisions regarding species preservation. The essays in Part IIare of the most philosophical interest, for they deal with the ethical justification of speciespreservation. An economist, Alan Randall, "Human Preferences, Economics, and the Preservationof Species," (pp. 79-109), analyzes species preservation as a problem in resource allocation. Unlike many economic approaches, Randall is sensitive to many different kinds of humanpreferences and values that might lead to preservation decisions. Bryan Norton, "On the InherentDanger of Undervaluing Species," (pp. 110-137), argues that the instrumental reasons for valuinga particular species transcend its inherent properties: there are instrumental reasons forpreserving any species in an ecosystem. The diversity of the biosphere is a good that ought tobe preserved; thus questions of the extinction of a particular species are not really isolateddecisions. J. Baird Callicott, "On the Intrinsic Value of Nonhuman Species," (pp. 138-172), surveysseveral axiologies that could lend support to the value of nonhuman entities, and decides that theonly legitimate basis for an environmental ethic is a kind of Humean/ Darwinian theory based on"bio-empathy." Eliot Sober, "Philosophical Problems for Environmentalism," (pp. 173-194), criticizesa number of rationales for the intrinsic value of natural entities and species, and then offers anargument based on aesthetic properties: nature, like art, should not be destroyed because of ourinterest in the beautiful--"But it is unclear, then, why we preserve ugly species or ecosystems." Donald Regan, "Duties of Preservation," (pp. 195-220), presents an argument that owes much toG. E. Moore. Regan wants to base the preservation of natural entities on a notion of intrinsicvalue, but he wants to deny that intrinsic value exists outside of consciousness. His solution is

to claim that what has intrinsic value are certain "complexes": a natural entity, a conscious valuer'sknowledge of the entity, plus a conscious evaluator's pleasure in that knowledge. Being obligatedto preserve such complexes would lead derivatively to preserving natural entities.--"A provocativeidea, but clearly based on a major ontological commitment." Bibliography. (Katz, Bibl # 1) Reviewedin Environmental Ethics 10(1988):91-94.

Norton, Bryan G., "On What We Should Save: The Role of Culture in Determining ConservationTargets," pages 23-29 in P. L. Forey, C. J. Humphries, and R. I. Vane-Wright, eds., Systematicsand Conservation Evaluation, The Systematics Association, Special Volume No. 50 (Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1994). No one questions that we have a moral obligation to conserve biodiversityfor future generations, but there is no consensus how to make this operational. There is noobjective scientific definition of diversity, since all knowledge is theory-bound, and since naturalsystems are irreducibly complex. We need a post-modern, post-positivist account. "Diversitymeasures are constructs by human individuals who undertake their studies for many differentmotives." Given certain purposes, hierarchy theory is useful to minimize human alteration of naturalsystems, focussing on ecosystem health and structures and processes that perpetuate naturalsystems. Ecological economics is a bridging discipline to link ecology and culture. Norton is in theschool of public policy, Georgia Institute of Technology. (v5,#4)

Norton, Bryan, Review of Rolston, Holmes, III, Conserving Natural Value. Environmental Ethics18(1996):209-214. (EE)

Norton, Bryan G., "Environmental Ethics and Weak Anthropocentrism,"' Environmental Ethics6(1984):131-148. The third in a series by Norton, all appearing in this journal. Norton contrasts"strong" anthropocentrism--where all value is translated into felt human preferences--with "weakanthropocentrism"--where all value is derived either from felt human preferences or an ideal worldview that is the source of preferences (see p. 134). Environmentalism is then justified on thebasis of weak anthropocentrism: environmental protection is not based on the dubious ontologicalcommitment to intrinsic value in natural entities, but rather on the continuation of a resource basefor ongoing human consciousness. But Norton has to explain why the continuation of humanconsciousness is a good. He does not even attempt to justify this claim (p. 143). (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Norton, Bryan G. "Convergence and Contextualism: Some Clarifications and a Reply to Steverson."Environmental Ethics 19(1997):87-100. The convergence hypothesis asserts that, if one takes thefull range of human values--present and future--into account, one will choose a set of policies thatcan also be accepted by an advocate of a consistent and reasonable nonanthropocentrism. BrianSteverson has attacked this hypothesis from a surprising direction. He attributes to deep ecologiststhe position that nonhuman nature has intrinsic value, interprets this position to mean that nospecies could ever be allowed to go extinct, and proceeds to show that my commitment tocontextualism prohibits me from advocating the protection of species universally. In response, Ishow, by reference to recent scientific findings, how difficult it is to defend species preservationin all situations. In particular, I argue that Steverson's appeal to a possible world in which we havenearly complete biological knowledge misses the point of the convergence hypothesis. It is anempirical hypothesis, with significant indirect, and some direct, evidence to support it. Although itis a falsifiable hypothesis about real-world policies, it cannot be falsified by a contrary-to-factcase. Norton is in the Schol of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. (EE)

Norton, Bryan G. Review of Ecological Ethics and Politics. By H. J. McCloskey. EnvironmentalEthics 7(1985):71-74.

Norton, Bryan G. "Biodiversity and Environmental Values: In Search of a Universal Earth Ethic,"Biodiversity and Conservation 9(no. 8, 2000):1029-1044. Abstract. While biodiversity protectionhas become a widely accepted goal of environmental protectionists, no such agreement exists

regarding why it is important. Two, competing theories of natural value here called "Economism"and "Intrinsic Value Theory" - are often cited to support the goal. Environmentalists, who haverecently proposed the articulation of a universal "Earth Charter" to express the shared valueshumans derive from nature, have cited both of these theories as support for biodiversity protection. Unfortunately, these theories, which are expressed as polar opposites. do not work well togetherand the question arises: is there a shared value that humans place on nature? It is argued thatthese two value theories share four questionable assumptions: (1) a sharp distinction between"intrinsic" and "instrumental" value; (2) an entity orientation; (3) moral monism; and (4) placelessevaluation. If these four assumptions are denied, an alternative value system emerges whichrecognizes a continuum of ways humans value nature, values processes rather than only entities,is pluralistic, and values biodiversity in place. An alternative theory of value, which emphasizesprotecting processes rather than protecting objects, and which values nature for the creativity ofits processes, is proposed as a more attractive theory for expressing the universal values ofnature that should motivate an Earth Charter and the goal of biodiversity protection. Key words:biodiversity, creativity, social values, value theories.

Norton, Bryan G. "Environmental Ethics and Weak Anthropocentrism." Environmental Ethics6(1984):131-48. The assumption that environmental ethics must be nonanthropocentric in orderto be adequate is mistaken. There are two forms of anthropocentrism, weak and strong, and weakanthropocentrism is adequate to support an environmental ethic. Environmental ethics is, however,distinctive vis-a-vis standard British and American ethical systems because, in order to beadequate, it must be nonindividualistic. Environmental ethics involves decisions on two levels, onekind of which differs from usual decisions affecting individual fairness while the other does not. The latter, called allocational decisions, are not reducible to the former and govern the use ofresources across extended time. Weak anthropocentrism provides a basis for criticizing individual,consumptive needs and can provide the basis for adjudicating between these levels, therebyproviding an adequate basis for environmental ethics without the questionable ontologicalcommitments made by nonanthropocentrists in attributing intrinsic value to nature. Norton is at theDivision of Humanities, New College of the University of South Florida, Sarasota, FL. (EE)

Norton, Bryan G. Review of Respect for Nature. By Paul W. Taylor. Environmental Ethics9(1987):261-67.

Norton, Bryan G. and Anne C. Steinemann. "Environmental Values and Adaptive Management,"Environmental Values 10(2001):473-506. The trend in environmental management toward moreadaptive, community-based, and holistic approaches will require new approaches to environmentalvaluation. In this paper, we offer a new valuation approach, one that embodies the core principlesof adaptive management, which is experimental, multi-scalar, and place-based. In addition, we usehierarchy theory to incorporate spatial and temporal variability of natural systems into a multi-scalarmanagement model. Our approach results in the consideration of multiple values withincommunity-based ecosystem management, rather than an attempt to maximise a single variablesuch as economic efficiency. We then offer two heuristics - one procedural and one evaluative- to guide a community toward shared goals, and to develop indicators to measure progresstoward these goals. We illustrate our approach by application to environmental and developmentaldecisions in the Southern Appalachians. Keywords: Adaptive management, environmentalevaluation, management, multi-criteria analyses, sense of place values. Bryan G. Norton is at theSchool of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA. Anne C. Steinemann is in theCity Planning Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA. 30332-0155 (EV)

Norton, Bryan, et al, "The Moral Case for Saving Species," Defenders: The Conservation Magazineof Defenders of Wildlife 73 (no. 3, Summer 1998):6-15. Thirteen philosophers, theologians, andethicists explain why society should give high priority to the Endangered Species Act. Contributorsare Joseph Bruchac, J. Baird Callicott, Calvin B. DeWitt, Dale Jamieson, Holmes Rolston, Lenn J.

Goodman, Ernest Partridge, Lily-Marlene Russow, Max Oelschlaeger, Bernadine Grant McRipley,David Saperstein, Mark Sagoff, Don Swearer. (v9,#2)

Norton Bryan, Costanza, Robert, and Bishop, R., "The Evolution of Preferences: Why `Sovereign'Preferences May Not Lead to Sustainable Policies and What To Do about It," Ecological Economics24(1998):193-211. (v.10,#2)

Norton, Bryan G. "Pragmatism, Adaptive Management, and Sustainability." Environmental Values8(1999):451-466. ABSTRACT: The pragmatic conception of truth, anticipated by Henry DavidThoreau and developed by C.S. Peirce and subsequent pragmatists, is proposed as a usefulanalogy for characterising "sustainability". Peirce's definition of "truth" provides an attractiveapproach to sustainability because (a) it re-focuses discussions of truth and objectivity from asearch for "correspondence" to an "external world" (the "conform" approach) to a moreforward-looking ("transform") approach; and (b) it emphasises the crucial role of an evolving,questioning community in the conduct of inquiry. Any successful definition of sustainability mustshare these characteristics with Peircean truth. While Peirce and John Dewey never reconciledtheir disagreements regarding the nature and task of "inquiry", a pragmatist resolution of theirdifferences is offered, arguing that we need both a logic of management sciences (logica utens)and a logic of pure science (logica docens), which (perhaps among other differences) respondvery differently to uncertainty. It is shown that adaptive management - an important approach toenvironmental management - can be understood as a first approximation of a logica utens for sociallearning in pursuit of solutions to environmental problems, and it is suggested that a pragmatist,transform approach to inquiry such as Dewey's may provide a way around the "fact-value" gulf. KEYWORDS: Defining sustainability, sustainable communities, pragmatism, adaptive management,truth. Bryan G. Norton, School of Public Policy Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332,USA (EV)

Norton, Bryan G., Toward Unity Among Environmentalists. New York: Oxford University Press,1991. Norton wants to unite environmentalists in the common cause of environmental protectionand appreciation, even though the many environmentalists and environmental groups may havemultiple and varied value systems. Despite diverging worldviews, there can be converging policies(the title of a concluding chapter). There are historical chapter studies of Muir, Pinchot, andLeopold, and issue chapters: growth, pollution, biodiversity, and land use, illustrating this thesis. Norton is professor of philosophy at the Georgia Institute of Technology. (v3,#1) Reviewed inEnvironmental Ethics 14(1992):283-87.

Norton Bryan G., "Biodiversity and environmental values: In search of a universal earth ethic,"Biology and Conservation 9(2000):1029-1044. Abstract. While biodiversity protection has becomea widely accepted goal of environmental protectionists, no such agreement exists regarding whyit is important. Two, competing theories of natural value - here called `Economism' and `IntrinsicValue Theory' - are often cited to support the goal. Environmentalists, who have recently proposedthe articulation of a universal `Earth Charter' to express the shared values humans derive fromnature, have cited both of these theories as support for biodivesity protection. Unfortunately thesetheories, which, are expressed as polar opposites, do not work well together and the questionarises: Is there a shared value that humans place on nature? It is argued that these two valuetheories share four questionable assumptions: (1) a sharp distinction between `intrinsic' and`instrumental' value; (2) an entity orientation; (3) moral monism; and (4) placeless evaluation. Ifthese four assumptions are denied, an alternative value system emerges which recognizes acontinuum of ways humans value nature, values processes rather than only entities, is pluralistic,and values biodiversity in place. An alternative theory of value, which emphasizes protectingprocesses rather than protecting objects, and which values nature for the creativity of itsprocesses, is proposed as a more attractive theory for expressing the universal values of naturethat should motivate an Earth Charter and the goal of biodiversity protection. Key words:

biodiversity, creativity, social values, value theories. Norton is in the School of Public Policy,Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA. (v.13,#1)

Norton, Bryan and Hannon, Bruce, "Democracy and Sense of Place Values in EnvironmentalPolicy," Philosophy and Geography 3 (1998):119-145. Norton is professor of public policy at theGeorgia Institute of Technology. (P&G)

Norton, Bryan G., "Change, Constancy, and Creativity: The New Ecology and Some Old Problems,"Duke Environmental Law and Policy Forum 7(1996):49-70. "How are we to conceptualize the richmix of change and constancy that we encounter in the world of experience?" "The New Ecologyemphasizes change and dynamism in ecological systems, claiming that ecology has under-emphasized these features of natural systems. ... (T)he readiness of ecologists to embraceequilibrium theories and to find constancy in ecology events may have deep--perhaps evennonrational--sources. Equilibrium theories may not be empirical theories at all, but rather mayrepresent pre-theoretical assumptions, which are perhaps rooted in a deep, psychological needfor stability in the face of threatening changes. ... The intellectual question then becomes one ofhow to characterize stability and how to reconcile it with the empirically obvious change weexperience everywhere. ...

Old Ecologists over-emphasized grand and speculative theory while New Ecologists payless attention to general principles of ecosystem organization and study particular, local ecologicalinteractions and their outcomes. ... (But) New Ecologists, actiing in reaction to the prior over-emphasis on the grand theory of stability in ecological systems, sometimes over-emphasize theimportance of change in ecological systems. ... It is not a good idea to pose the question of changeversus stability in nature as if there may be an all-or-nothing answer, as if it might turn out that theworld is either entirely changing or entirely stable. ... The truth surely is somewhere in between"(pp. 49-55, passim). Norton is in philosophy and public policy at the Georgia Institute ofTechnology. (v.10,#3)

Norton, Bryan. "Objectivity, Intrinsicality and Sustainability: Comment on Nelson's Health andDisease as `Thick' Concepts in Ecosystemic Contexts." Environmental Values 4(1995):323-332.Ecosystem health, as James Nelson argues, must be understood as having both descriptive andnormative content; it is in this sense a `morally thick' concept. The health analogy refers (a) at thesimilarities between conservation ecology and medicine or plant pathology as normative sciences,and (b) to the ability of ecosystems to `heal' themselves in the face of disturbances. Nelson,however, goes beyond these two aspects and argues that judgements of illness in ecosystemsonly support moral obligations to protect them if they are attributed a `good of their own'. But thislatter extension of the analogy flies in the face of ecological science, which has been forced toabandon organicism. If one separates the question of the warranted assertibility ofenvironmentalists' goals from the question of where values in nature are located, the search foran objective realm of value realism can be seen to be unnecessary. KEYWORDS: Ecosystemhealth, intrinsic value, objectivity, organicism. Norton is in the School of Public Policy, GeorgiaInstitute of Technology. (EV)

Norton, Bryan. Searching for Sustainability: Interdisciplinary Essays in the Philosophy ofConservation Biology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 27 of Norton's essays, somewith co-authors. Philosophical and environmental pragmatism. Environmental policy with an eyetoward sustainability. If we properly treat human values and concerns for future generations,including our desire for their opportunities, then we arrive at policies that are essentially identicalto those advocated by defenders of intrinsic value in nature (Norton's "convergence hypothesis"). Adaptive environmental management and hierarchy theory (smaller more dynamic ecosystems areembedded within larger, more stable systems). Conservation biologists should see themselves asengaged in a normative science. (v. 15, # 3)

Norton, Tony W., and Stephen R. Dovers, eds. Ecology and Sustainability of Southern TemperateEcosystems. Canberra, CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organization), 1994, 133pages. Australia's southern temperate forest ecosystems, the science and management of theirconservation. (v8,#2)

Norway. A bibliography of environmental ethics and conservation in Norway is in the ISEEnewsletter, vol. 4, no. 4, Winter 1993.

Norwood, Vera. Made from this Earth: American Women and Nature. Chapel Hill: University ofNorth Carolina Press, 1993. (v7,#1)Noske, B., Beyond Boundaries: Humans and Animals. Montreal/New York: Black Rose, 1997.

Noske, Barbara, Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology (London:Pluto Press, 1989). Available in the U. S. from Paul and Company Publishers Consortium, Inc., P.O. Box 442, Concord, MA 01742. Noske is a free lance writer in the Netherlands. (v2,#1)

Noske, Barbara, Beyond Boundaries: Humans and Animals. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1997. 253 pages. Chapters: The Road toward Domestication. Domestication under Capitalism. TheAnimal Industrial Complex. The Devaluation of Nature. The Question of Human-Animal Continuity. Human-Animal Discontinuities. Meeting the Other: Toward an Anthropology of Animals. Postscript:Andropocentrism or Androcentrism. Noske is a Ph.D. in philosophy from the University ofAmsterdam, currently at the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University. (v8,#3)

Noss, R. and Hunter, M, "From Assemblage to Community," Conservation Biology 15(no.5, 2001):1201-02.

Noss, R. F., Carroll, C., VanceBorland, K., and Wuerthner, G., "A Multicriteria Assessment of theIrreplaceability and Vulnerability of Sites in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem," ConservationBiology 16(no.4, 2002): 895-908. (v.13,#4)

Noss, Reed F., "Toward a Pro-Life Politics," Conservation Biology 15(no. 4, 2001):827-828. (v.13,#1)

Noss, Reed F., "Forest fragmentation in the Southern Rocky Mountains," Landscape Ecology 16(no. 4, 2001):371-372. (v.13,#1)

Noss, Reed F.; Quigley, Howard B.; and Paquet, Paul C. "Conservation Biology and CarnivoreConservation in the Rocky Mountains." Conservation Biology 10, no.4 (1996): 949. (v7, #3)

Noss, Reed F. "What Should Endangered Ecosystems Mean to The Wildlands Project?" Wild Earth5, no. 4 (Winter 1995): 20- . (v6,#4)

Noss, Reed F. "Conservation or Convenience?" Conservation Biology 10, no.4 (1996): 921. (v7,#3)

Noss, Reed F. and Allen Y. Cooperrider, Saving Nature's Legacy: Protecting and RestoringBiodiversity. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1994. 448 pages. Paper, $ 27.50. Land managementas this conserves biological diversity. A framework for inventorying biodiversity, selecting areasfor protection, designing regional and continental reserve networks, establishing a monitoringprogram, and setting priorities for getting the job done. Noss is the editor of Conservation Biology,Cooperrider was long with the Bureau of Land Management. (v5,#1)

Noss, Reed F., O'Connell, Michael A., Murphy, Dennis D. The Science of Conservation Planning.Covelo, CA: Island Press, 1997. 272 pp. $40 cloth, $25 paper. Three of the nation's leadingconservation biologists explore the role of the scientist in the planning process and present aframework and guidelines for applying science to regional habitat-based conservation planning. (v9,#2)

Noss, Reed F. "Conservation Biology, Values, and Advocacy." Conservation Biology 10, no.3(1996): 904. (v7, #3)

Noss, Reed, and Peters, Robert L., Endangered Ecosystems: A Status Report on America'sVanishing Habitat and Wildlife. Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife, 1995. (v8,#3)

Noss, Reed F. "In Defense of Earth First!" Environmental Ethics 5(1983):191-92.

Noss, Reed F. "Science Grounding Strategy," Wild Earth 5, no. 4 (Winter 1995): 17- . (v6,#4)

Noss, Reed. "Equal Rights for Parasites." Conservation Biology 9 (no. 1, 1995): 1-2. "Parasitesand their hosts evolved--better, co-evolved--together. They really do deserve each other. Parasites are part of our biosphere and, we, as biologists, must accord them the same respect weexhibit for their hosts. If we truly appreciate biological diversity, we must advocate that all speciesare precious, even parasites." Another good editorial for classroom discussion. Noss is editor ofConservation Biology. (v6,#1)

Noss, Reed. "Soul of the Wilderness: Biodiversity, Ecological Integrity, and Wilderness." International Journal of Wilderness 2, no. 2 (August 1996): 5-8. Wilderness, and natural areas ingeneral, should be evaluated primarily in terms of their contribution to the broad goals of protectingand restoring native biodiversity and ecological integrity. Noss is the editor of ConservationBiology. (v7, #3)

Noss, RF, "Beyond Kyoto: Forest Management in a Time of Rapid Climate Change," ConservationBiology 15(no.3, 2001):578-590. (v.12,#4)

Noss, RF, "A Checklist for Wildlands Network Designs," Conservation Biology 17(no.5, 2003):1270-1275. (v.14, #4)

Nottingham, S. Eat Your Genes: How Genetically Modified Food is Entering Our Diet. London andNew York: Zed Books, 1998, 212pp. Reviewed by Anders Biel. Environmental Values9(2000):249.

Nováková, Jana, "Retreat of Halophytes in the Czech Republic: Agricultural, Mining, andUrbanization Effects [The Case of Dentated Melilot--Melilotus dentata (Fabaceae)]," Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 10(1997):69-78. As a result of expanding human pressures,the heterogeneity of a formerly diverse landscape has been reduced and the richness of animaland plant species has deceased. Some particular stand types and their species are especiallyconnected with impoverishment caused by man's activates. Halophyte Dentated Melilot (Melilotusdentata) is one of such species, which is vanishing apparently as a result of intensive agriculture,surface mining, and urbanization. The data on its distribution were compiled from herbariumspecimens, literature, and the author's own field observations. (JAEE)

Novek, Joel. "Environmental Impact Assessment and Sustainable Development: Case Studies ofEnvironmental Conflict," Society & Natural Resources 8(no.2, Mar. 1995):145- . (v6,#4)

Nozick, Robert, The Examined Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989). "Something hasintrinsic value, I suggest, to the degree that it is organically unified. Its organic unity is its value. ... The common structure of value across different areas, and the major dimension that underliesalmost all value, is the degree of organic unity. Given this, we can understand why we hold otherparticular things to be valuable in themselves--for example, whole ecological systems with theircomplexly interrelated equilibria." (p. 164) Nozick also finds organic unity in works of art. Nozickis in philosophy, Harvard University. (v1,#2)

Nugent, Rachel A.; Wellman, Katharine F.; and Lebovitz, Allen. "Developing Sustainable SalmonManagement in Willapa Bay, Washington." Society and Natural Resources 9, no.3 (1996): 317. (v7,#3)

Nunez, Theodore W., "Catholic Social Ecology: A Reply to Bookchin," Providence: Studies inWestern Civilization 5: 3/4 (Fall/Winter 2000): 115-129. (v.12,#3)

Nunez, Theodore W. Review of Genes, Genesis and God: Values and Their Origins in Natural andHuman History. By Holmes Rolston, III. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):111-112.

Nunez, Theodore, W., "Can a Christian Environmental Ethic Go Wild? Evaluating EcotheologicalResponses to the Wilderness Debate." Pages 329-348 in Twiss, Sumner B., and Kelsay, John,eds., The Annual, Society of Christian Ethics 2000 (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press,2000). Postmodern ecophilosophers, such as J. Baird Callicott, argue that the wilderness idea,specifically the Euro-American conception of pristine nature derived from Muir and inscribed in the1964 Wilderness Act, is ethnocentric, elitist, androcentric, and unjust. The value of existingwilderness areas is not questioned, but rather the background assumptions and policy implicationsof the received wilderness concept. This essay first reviews several postmodern critiques of andalternatives to the wilderness idea, and then examines the responses of two leadingecotheologians, Larry Rasmussen and Sallie McFague, to postmodern themes in contemporaryecophilosophy. I conclude by outlining what it might mean for a Christian environmental ethic (inHolmes Rolston's phrase) to "go wild." Nunez is in ethics at Villanova University. (v.11,#4)

Nunez, Theodore W., "Rolston, Lonergan, and the Intrinsic Value of Nature," Journal of ReligiousEthics 27 (no. 1, Spring, 1999):105-128. In recent metaethical debate over ways to justify thenotion of intrinsic natural value, some neopragmatists have challenged realist conceptions ofscientific and moral truth. Holmes Rolston defends a critical-realist epistemology as the basis fora metaphysics of "projective nature" and a cosmological narrative--both of which set up a historicalontology of objective natural value. Pure ecological science informs the wilderness experienceof Rolston's ideal epistemic subject, the "sensitive naturalist." Nunez argues that Rolston's accountof the relation between knowing and valuing can be clarified and strengthened by appropriatingBernard Lonergan's transcendental method. Conversely, Lonergan's view of moral self-transcendence can be developed further in light of Rolston's virtue epistemology, which isembodied in the figure of the sensitive naturalist. Key words: critical realism, environmental ethics,epistemology, intrinsic value, value theory.

The commentaries are:--Frankenberry, Nancy, "On Empty Compliments and Deceptive Detours: A NeopragmatistResponse to Theodore W. Nunez," Journal of Religious Ethics 27 (no. 1, Spring, 1999):129-136. Neopragmatist reasons for repudiating metaphysical realism's notions of intrinsicality and subject-independent reality. Following the holism of Donald Davidson and Richard Rorty rather than theepistemological premises of Holmes Rolston and Bernard Lonergan, coping with the ecologicalcrisis does not require conjuring up an epistemic crisis. Environmental ethics in neopragmatisthands would seek procedures for bringing about agreement in improving our practices, not ourepistemology. Frankenberry is in religion at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH.

--Jackson, Timothy P., "Ambivalences about Nature and Naturalism," Journal of Religious Ethics 27(no. 1, Spring, 1999):137-144. A "die-hard supernaturalist," someone "at two with nature" whowould be "at one with God" has mixed feelings about Theodore Nunez's defense of naturalism. Unlike neopragmatists, Jackson is not troubled by Nunez general realism about value; he takesexception not to Nunez theoretical account of truth, but to his specific axiology. Jackson does notshare Nunez's confidence that Rolston's "projective nature" can provide reliable moral inspiration. Instead such inspiration can arise only from the holiness of God. Jackson teaches ethics atCandler School of Theology, Emory University, Atlanta.--Nunez, Theodore W., "The Author Replies," Journal of Religious Ethics 27 (no. 1, Spring,1999):145-148. (v.10,#2)

Nunez, Theodore W., "Land Use Policy and the Ecological Common Good: Responding to theProblem of Urban Sprawl." Pages 1-36 in Eigo, Francis A., ed. Ethical Dilemmas in the NewMillennium (II). Villanova, PA: Villanova Univ. Press, 2001. (v.12,#3)

Nunez, Theodore W., Holmes Rolston, Bernard Lonergan, and the Foundations of EnvironmentalEthics. Ph.D. Thesis, 1999, Catholic University of America, Washington. The ecophilosophy ofHolmes Rolston in dialogue with the thought of Canadian Jesuit philosopher Bernard Lonergan inan attempt to clarify and develop the foundations of a contemporary environmental ethic. Part I. An interpretive analysis of Rolston's major writings. His meta-ethical positions in theareas of epistemology, metaphysics, axiology, and philosophical anthropology. Rolston'sinterpretive natural history and its relation to his theology of nature. Rolston defends a critical-realist epistemology as the meta-ethical basis for a science-based, ecocentric ethic. His mostimportant epistemological claim is that human beings are capable of worldview-formation, moraloversight, and planetary altruism. Part II. Aspects of Lonergan's philosophy relevant to environmental ethics: cognitional theory,transcendental method, and critical-realist epistemology. Cognitive and moral objectivity is the fruitof authentic subjectivity. Lonergan's theory of emergent probability and the related notions ofdevelopment and finality. Lonergan's dialectic of progress, decline, and redemption in history andsociety. Lonergan's view of the humanity-nature relationship clarified and developed by drawingon Robert Doran's related notions of an ecological differentiation of consciousness, an integraldialectic of culture, and psychic conversion. Part III. In a mutually critical dialogue between Rolston and Lonergan on foundational issues inenvironmental ethics, each thinker complements and corrects the other in several ways. (1) Criticalrealism offers the most adequate epistemological grounding for environmental ethics. (2) Meetingthe eco-social crisis requires a new, nonanthropocentric ethic that is scientifically informed andreligiously based (a theocentric ethic). (3) It is both necessary and possible for a newenvironmental ethic to integrate a nonanthropocentric theory of values in nature with a humanisticvalue theory. (4) A new ethic must include, as a central component, a character ethic informedby an evolutionary epic and a normative vision of sensitive earth residence.

A summary argument, with commentaries, appears as "Rolston, Lonergan, and the IntrinsicValue of Nature," Journal of Religious Ethics 27 (no. 1, Spring, 1999):105-128. See that entry. (v.10,#2)

Nunez is now teaching ethics, including environmental ethics, at Villanova University.Available from UMI Disseration Services, 300 North Zeeb Road, P. O. Box 1346, Ann Arbor,

MI 48106-1346. Phones: 800-521-0600; 734-761-4700. http://www.bellhowell.infolearning.com Or: www.umi.com (v.10,#3)

Nunez, Theodore W., "Can a Christian Environmental Ethic Go Wild? Evaluating EcotheologicalResponses in the Wilderness Debate," pages 329-349 in Kelsay, John and Twiss, Sumner B., eds.,The Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics 2000, vol. 20. (Washington, DC: GeorgetownUniversity Press, 2000). Postmodern ecophilosophers argue that the wilderness idea, specificallythe Euro-American conception of pristine nature derived from Muir and inscribed in the 1964

Wilderness Act, is ethnocentric, elitist, androcentric, and unjust. Although the value of existingwilderness areas is not questioned, the background assumptions and policy implications of thereceived wilderness concept are. This essay first reviews several postmodern critiques of andalternatives to the wilderness idea, and then examines the responses of two leadingecotheologians, Larry Rasmussen and Sallie McFague, to postmodern themes in contemporaryecophilosophy. It concludes by outlining what it might mean for a Christian environmental ethic togo wild. Nunez teaches ethics at Villanova University. (EE v.12,#1)

Nurden, Robert, "Baka Beyond," The Ecologist 31(no.4, 2001 May 01): 54-. Robert Nurden showshow central Africa's Baka pygmies are suffering both from `development' and from well-meaningattempts to help them. (v.12,#3)

Nürnberger, K 1987. "Ecology and Christian ethics in a semi-industrialised and polarised society."In: Vorster, WS (ed) 1987. Are We Killing God's Earth? Pretoria: University of South Africa, 45-67. (Africa)

Nussbaum, Martha C., Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. New York:Cambridge University Press, 2000. How we should understand the quality of life in a nation, andthe basic minimum that all governments should provide for their citizens. Calls for a newinternational focus for feminism and claims that philosophical arguments about justice really doconnect with the practical concerns of public policy. Nussbaum is at the University of Chicago. (v.12,#4)

Nussbaum, Martha, Glover, Jonathan, eds., Women, Culture and Development: A Study of HumanCapabilities. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1995. Includes Crocker, David A., "Functioningand Capability: The Foundations of Sen's and Nussbaum's Development Ethic, Part 2." Reviewedby Daniel Little. Ethics and the Environment 2(1997):91-94. (E&E)

Nussbaum R.H.; Hoover P.P.; Grossman C.M.; Nussbaum F.D., "Community-Based ParticipatoryHealth Survey of Hanford, WA, Downwinders: A Model for Citizen Empowerment," Society andNatural Resources 17(no.6, July 2004):547-559(13). (v. 15, # 3)

Nutzinger, Hans, ed., Naturschutz-Ethik-Ökonomie (Nature Protection--Ethics--Economics) .Marburg: Metropolis. 1996. 205 pages. ISBN 3-89518-123-4. (v8,#2)

Nye, David E. Consuming Power: A Social History of American Energies. Cambridge, MA: MITPress. 1997, 300 pp. $25. Nye uses energy as a touchstone to examine the lives of ordinarypeople engaged in normal activities. He looks at how these activities changed as new energysystems were constructed, from colonial times to recent years. He shows how as Americansincorporated new machines and processes into their lives, they became ensnared in powersystems that were not easily changed and resulted in a consumer culture. (v.9,#4)

Nye, DE, "Technology, Nature, and American Origin Stories", Environmental History 8(no.1, 2003):8-24.

Nygren, A, "Contested Lands and Incompatible Images: The Political Ecology of Struggles OverResources in Nicaraguas Indio-Maiz Reserve", Society and Natural Resources 17 (no.3, 2004):189-205(17).

Nygren, Anja, "Environment as Discourse: Searching for Sustainable Development," EnvironmentalValues 7(1998): 201-222. This study analyses the social and political discourses related to

environment and sustainable development in Costa Rica. The central interest is on thosedevelopment institutions and ideologies that promote social interventions in the name of sustainabledevelopment, and on those social processes and economic relations on which the discursiveformation of environment and sustainability is articulated. Four different kinds of ideologies ofenvironmental sustainability are analysed: Environmentalism for Nature, Environmentalism for Profit,Environmentalism for the People, and Alternative Environmentalism. The study highlights thecomplexity of political discourses that construct the relationship between nature and society, andthe multiplicity of the means by which the control over natural resources, within the internallydifferentiated development apparatus, is defined. KEYWORDS: sustainable development,environmentalism, Costa Rica, access over resources. Anja Nygren is at the University of Helsinki,Finland. (EV)

Nyland, Ralph D., "Exploitation and Greed in Eastern Hardwood Forests: Will Foresters Get AnotherChance?" Journal of Forestry 90 (no. 1, January 1992):33-37. Nyland is professor, SUNY Collegeof Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY. (v3,#1)

Nylund, Are, Arne Selvik, Gunnar Skirbekk, Andreas Steigen, and Audfinn Tjonneland, TheCommercial Ark: A Book on Evolution, Ecology, and Ethics. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press,1992; distributed elsewhere by Oxford University Press). (In English) Hardcover. 150 pages.ISBN 82-00-21602-0. A project of the Norwegian Academy of Arts and Sciences. A modern fableabout the survival of life on earth, with the basic idea of the earth as our common ark. Sometimeslighthearted and amusing, always with a serious purpose. Dealing with such topics as ecology,economy, and ethics, the authors introduce the Commercial Ark, her crew, her passengers, andwhat happened to them. There can be no doubt, should the Great Flood threaten us today, thingswould be handled quite differently than in old Noah's time. "Our Commercial Ark is still afloat. Itremains our only home in a silent universe, as it is the only home, oikos, of all other species, ourcommon oiko-sphere. Should it end like a ship of fools? Or should it become an oiko-logical ark? To this question there is no answer in Holy Scripture. The answer lies in our hands" (p. 148). (Norway)

Oates, David, Earth Rising: Ecological Belief in An Age of Science. Corvallis: Oregon StateUniversity Press, 1989. Pp. 255. A well-written explanation and analysis of the fundamentalfeatures of ecological thinking and their philosophical implications. Oates explains the basicscientific foundations of the ecological world view and how these lead to the development of anenvironmental ethic. The end of the book contains a criticism of deep ecology, for its allegedrejection of scientific thinking, and for the theoretical quibbling that merely splinters the greenmovement. Oates is concerned that environmental philosophers exhibit "intellectualimperialism---the insistence that there is only one correct position" (p. 206). This attitude does notbother philosophers, who accept it as part of the business; but it is useful to see how seriousnon-philosophers view the process of philosophical argument and analysis which we perceiveas the search for truth and clarity. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Oates, J. F., and the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. Status Survey and Conservation ActionPlan, revised edition. Gland: Switzerland, IUCN, 1996. (v.10,#1)

Oates, JF, Book Review: Politicians and Poachers The Political Economy of Wildlife Policy in Africa.By Clark C. Gibson. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1999. Human Ecology 30(no.2,2002):272-273. (v.13, #3)

Obasi, GOP, "Embracing Sustainability Science: The Challenges for Africa," Environment 44(no.4,2002):8-19. (v.13, #3)

Oboler, Regina Smith. "Whose Cows Are They, Anyway?: Ideology and Behavior in Nandi Cattle`Ownership' and Control." Human Ecology 24(Jun. 1996):255. (v7,#2)

Obregon-Salido, Francisco J., Corral-Verdugo, Victor. "Systems of Beliefs and EnvironmentalConservation Behavior in a Mexican Community." Environment and Behavior 29(1997):213. (v8,#1)

OBriant (O'Briant), Walter H. "Leibniz's Contribution to Environmental Philosophy." EnvironmentalEthics 2(1980):215-20. In this essay I survey the philosophy of the seventeenth-century Germanthinker Gottfried Leibniz as a preliminary to eliciting some of the implications of his views forenvironmental philosophy. Reference is also made to the views of the ancient atomists, Bacon,Descartes, Hobbes, Locke, and Spinoza. O'Briant is at the department of philosophy and religion,University of Georgia, Athens, GA. (EE)

OBrien (O'Brien), Karen, Sacrificing the Forest: Environmental and Social Struggles in Chiapas. Boulder: Westview Press, 1998.

OBrien (O'Brien), Stephen J. and Ernst Mayr, "Bureaucratic Mischief: Recognizing EndangeredSpecies and Subspecies," Science, March 8, 1991. The Florida panther, the gray wolf, the redwolf, and the dusky seaside sparrow (now extinct) all involve hybrid populations and there isconfusion about species, subspecies, and hybrids. O'Brien and Mayr claim that the biologicalspecies concept, species as "groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that arereproductively isolated from other such groups" can be applied to subspecies to formulate a hybridpolicy. "Biological species do not form hybrids that disintegrate population genetic organization,but subspecies may. The Hybrid Policy of the Endangered Species Act should discouragehybridization between species, but should not be applied to subspecies because the latter retainthe potential to freely interbreed as part of ongoing natural processes. Upon the discovery ofcoyote DNA in Midwest wolves last year, State Farm Bureaus in Idaho, Montana, and Wyomingpetitioned the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to remove the grey wolf from the endangeredspecies list, since it was a hybrid species, not protected under the Endangered Species Act. Thepetition was turned down, and the Service is drafting a policy as to what is and what is not ahybrid. O'Brien is a geneticist with the National Cancer Institute and Mayr is professor of zoologyat Harvard University. See entry below in "Issues" on Florida panthers. (v2,#1)

OBrien (O'Brien), Mary, "How Rachel Carson Changed Lives," Reflections 9 (Number 2, Spring,2002):28-30. Carson "used sympathy to evoke ethics" and treated her readers with respect-thekeys to her success. (v.13,#2)

OBrien (O'Brien), James F. "Teilhard's View of Nature and Some Implications for EnvironmentalEthics." Environmental Ethics 10(1988):329-46. Teilhard's cosmological speculation is a valuablebasis for an environmental ethics that perceives individual natural objects as good in themselvesand the world as good in itself. Teilhard perceives man as fundamentally part of a cosmicenvironmental whole that is greater than mankind taken individually or collectively. His holisticviews on human biological and psychological and social evolution are, I argue, compatible with abiocentric environmental ethics. I discuss some similarities and differences with the views of thedeep ecology movement. I show that Teilhard's hierarchical system is not humanistically orientedin a way that need be interpreted by Teilhardians as contrary to environmental well-being. I arguethat Teilhard's sympathy toward transportation technology, including the automobile, can beinterpreted in his holistic manner. I conclude that Teilhard's theocentric views are also a basis forsupporting an environmental ethics which is both optimistic and not anthropocentric. O'Brien is inthe philosophy department, Villanova University, Villanova, PA. (EE)

OBrien, Mary, Making Better Environmental Decisions An Alternative to Risk Assessment.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000. Proposes to replace "risk assessment" with "alternatives

assessment." We should not ask: "How much of a hazardous activity is safe, of insignificant harm,or 'acceptable'?" But: "What are our options for least harm, and the greatest restoration?" Thisbook is not based on the academic risk assessment literature, but on the actual experiences ofcrucial public environmental decisions based on risk assessment, without looking at the pros andcons of a full range of reasonable alternatives. We should all take a "consumer reports" approachto decision-making. Just as the well-known consumer magazine examines a range of availableoptions before recommending a particular toaster or TV, all decision-makers (public and private)should examine a full range of options before committing to a new project or new technology. Theleast-damaging option should be chosen. But that is not how decisions are made in theindustrialized world. Instead of examining a full range of alternatives, decision-makers generallydecide what they want to do, then they hire a risk assessor to convince everyone that the damagethey are about to do is "acceptable." By the time damage becomes apparent, they are hauling lootto the bank. At that point, stopping them is almost impossible. The cumulative result of this "risk-based decision-making" is a severely degraded and stressed global ecosystem. O'Brien is aconsultant on alternatives to risk assessment and to the use of toxic chemicals. She has been astaff scientist for the Environmental Research Foundation and for the U.S. office of theEnvironmental Law Alliance. (v.11,#4)

OBrien, T, "Factory farming and human health. It is not small food production, but large-scalefactory farming, that presents a threat to our health," The Ecologist 31(no.5, 2001):30-34. (v.12,#4)

OBrien, WE, "The Nature of Shifting Cultivation Stories of Harmony, Degradation, and Redemption,"Human Ecology 30(no.4, 2002): 483-502.

OConnell (O'Connell), M. and Yallop, M., "Research Needs in Relation to the Conservation ofBiodiversity in the UK," Biological Conservation 103(no.ER2, 2002): 115-23. (v.13,#2)

OConnell-Rodwell, C.E., Rodwell, T., and Hart, L.A., "Living with the modern conservation paradigm:can agricultural communities co-exist with elephants? A five-year case study in East Caprivi,Namibia," Biological conservation 93 (No. 3, 2000): 381- . (v.11,#4)

OConner (O'Conner), Martin, ed. Is Capitalism Sustainable? Political Economy and the Politics ofEcology. Review by Andrew Dobson, Environmental Values 7:(1998):488.

OConner (O'Connor), Martin, "Valuing Fish in Aotearoa: The Treaty, the Market, and the IntrinsicValue of the Trout." Environmental Values 3(1994):245-265. New Zealand fisheries managementreforms are being conducted in terms of `balancing' of interests and reconciliation of conflictingclaims over ownership and use. Fisheries legislation seeks efficient levels of fishing effort, whileestablishing `environmental bottom lines' for stock conservation; resource management lawrequires, alongside efficiency of resource use, consideration for species diversity and `theintrinsic values of ecosystems' (notably the `protection of the habitat of trout and salmon'); and theTreaty of Waitangi safeguards customary practices and life-support requirements (includingfisheries) for the Maori people. This paper analyses these antinomies in terms of contrastingethical positions - utilitarian (self-interested, instrumental) rationality, versus an ethic of reciprocalhospitality - and shows how fisheries management policies can be formulated on this basis.KEYWORDS: Aotearoa, fisheries legislation, habitat protection, hospitality, Treaty of Waitangi.O'Connor is at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. (EV)

Oconnor (O'Connor), James. Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism. Reviewed by StevenVogel. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):315-318.

OConnor (O'Conner), Martin, ed. Is Capitalism Sustainable? Political Economy and the Politics ofEcology. New York: Guilford Publications, 1994. 283 pages. Paperback $17.95. (v7, #3)

OConnor (O'Connor), James, Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism, Chinese translation,translator: Tang Zhengdong and Dai Peihong, Publisher: Nanjing Uni. Press, 2003.

Oddie, Richard James, "The Living Tissue: Environmental Phenomenology and Acoustic Ecology,"Call to Earth, vol. 2, no. 1, 2001, pp. 8-12. A slower pace of life and the development of one'scapacity to listen sensitively rather than speak forcefully. Stop and listen to the world around usand respond to the imperative for change that can be heard beneath the surface noise of ourpresent existence. (v.12,#2)

Odenbaugh, Jay, Values, "Advocacy and Conservation Biology," Environmental Values 12(2003):55-69. I examine the controversy concerning the advocacy of ethical values in conservationbiology. First, I argue, as others have, that conservation biology is a science laden with valuesboth ethical an non-ethical. Second, after clarifying the notion of advocacy at work, I contend thatconservation biologists should advocate the preservation of biological diversity. Third, I explorewhat ethical grounds should be used for advocating the preservation of ecological systems byconservation biologists. I argue that conservation biologists should defend their preservationistpositions on instrumentalist grounds alone if the context of discussion and debate is a scientificone. (EV)

Odin, Steve. "The Japanese Concept of Nature in Relation to the Environmental Ethics andConservation Aesthetics of Aldo Leopold." Environmental Ethics 13(1991):345-60. I focus on thereligio-aesthetic concept of nature in Japanese Buddhism as a valuable complement toenvironmental philosophy in the West and develop an explicit comparison of the Japanese Buddhistconcept of nature and the ecological world view of Aldo Leopold. I discuss the profound currentof ecological thought running through the Kegon, Tendai, Shingon, Zen, Pure Land, and NichirenBuddhist traditions as well as modern Japanese philosophy as represented by Nishida Kitaro andWatsuji Tetsuro. In this context, I present the Japanese concept of nature as an aestheticcontinuum of interdependent events based on a field paradigm of reality. I show how theJapanese concept of nature entails an extension of ethics to include the relation between humansand the land. I argue that in both the Japanese Buddhist concept of nature and the thought of AldoLeopold there is a hierarchy of normative values which grounds the land ethic in a land aesthetic. I also clarify the soteric concept of nature in Japanese Buddhism by which the natural environmentbecomes the ultimate locus of salvation for all sentient beings. In this way, I argue that theJapanese Buddhist concept of nature represents a fundamental shift from the egocentric to anecocentric position--i.e., a de-anthropocentric standpoint which is nature-centered as opposed tohuman-centered. Odin is in the philosophy department, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu,HI. (EE)

Odum, Eugene P., Ecology and Our Endangered Life Support Systems. Second edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1993. 329 pages. $ 18.95 pages. The revision includesmore emphasis on a holistic, big-picture look at ecology, global scales. The epilogue includessections on "Environmental Ethics and Aesthetics," "Dominion vs. Stewardship," and "An EthicsSurvival Model." Odum is distinguished professor emeritus of ecology at the University of Georgia.(v4,#2)

Odum, Eugene, Ecological Vignettes: Ecological Approaches to Dealing with Human Predicaments. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1998. 1. What we learn fromecology about growth. 2. What we learn from ecology about energy. 3. What we learn fromecology about organization. 4. What we learn from ecology about change. (There are checks andbalances but no equilibria in nature). 5. What we learn from ecology about behavior. 6. What welearn from ecology about diversity. 7. Human ecology: What we don't learn from nature. (Moneyis a very incomplete measure of wealth.) 8. Bottom lines. An introductory section followed by

twenty-six essays, some co-authored, a few by other authors, mostly previous published. Sample: "How to prosper in a world of limited resources: Lessons from coral reefs and forestson poor soils." Odum is with the University of Georgia Institute of Ecology. This and Frank Golley'sA Primer for Ecological Literacy (Yale University Press), see previous newsletter, offer two of themost famous ecologists at the University of Georgia in a philosophical turn of mind. This worthgetting in your college or university library and it might not show up there through the usualpurchasing channels. (v.10,#1)

Odum, Eugene P. Ecology and Our Endangered Life-Support Systems. Reviewed in EnvironmentalEthics 12(1990):375-78.

Oechsli, Lauren, and Eric Katz. "Moving beyond Anthropocentrism: Environmental Ethics,Development, and the Amazon." Environmental Ethics 15(1993):49-59. We argue for the rejectionof an anthropocentric and instrumental system of normative ethics. Moral arguments for thepreservation of the environment cannot be based on the promotion of human interests or goods. The failure of anthropocentric arguments is exemplified by the dilemma of Third World developmentpolicy, e.g., the controversy over the preservation of the Amazon rain forest. Considerations ofboth utility and justice preclude a solution to the problems of Third World development from therestrictive framework of anthropocentric interests. A moral theory in which nature is consideredto be morally considerable in itself can justify environmental policies of preservation, even in theThird World. Thus, a nonanthropocentric framework for environmental ethics should be adoptedas the basis for policy decisions. Katz and Oechsli are at the Center of Technology Studies, NewJersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ. (EE)

Oelhaf, Robert C. "Environmental Ethics: Atomistic Abstraction or Holistic Affection?" EnvironmentalEthics 1(1979):329-39. For conventional economics things have value only to the degree that theygive pleasure to individual human beings. In response to continuing environmental deteriorationseveral alternatives have been offered for valuing resources and allocating them betweengenerations. Most of these approaches are highly abstract. The deterioration of the Earth and themistreatment of its inhabitants will not be stemmed by abstractions. Neither will abstract ideasdirect us to the best use of our resources. We need to foster personal relationships betweenhuman beings and particular portions of the Earth. Oelhaf is at the Kimberton Farms School,Kimberton, PA. (EE)

Oelschlaeger, Max, The Idea of Wilderness from Prehistory to the Present. New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, 1991. 500+ pages. An intellectual history drawing evidence from philosophy,anthropology, theology, literature, ecology, cultural geography and archaeology. Chapters: 1. TheIdea of Wilderness, from Paleolithic to Neolithic Culture. 2. Ancient Mediterranean. 3. Modernism: Transmutation of Wilderness into Nature. 4. Wild Nature: Critical Responses to Modernism. 5. Thoreau. 6. Muir. 7. Leopold. 8. Robinson Jeffers and Gary Snyder. 9. ContemporaryWilderness Philosophy, from Resourcism to Deep Ecology. 10. Cosmos and Wilderness, APostmodern Wilderness Philosophy. Oelschlaeger is in the Department of Philosophy, Universityof North Texas. A work continuing, enlarging, and sometimes correcting the tradition of RoderickNash, Wilderness and the American Mind, one of Yale's all time best sellers. (v1,#4)

Oelschlaeger, Max, ed., The Wilderness Condition: Essays on Environment and Civilization. SanFrancisco: Sierra Club Books, 1992. 345 pages. Paper. $16.00. Essays by Gary Snyder, PaulShepard, George Sessions, Curt Meine, Erazim Kohák, Michael P. Cohen, Delores LaChapelle,Michael Zimmerman, and Max Oelschlaeger. (v3,#3)

Oelschlaeger, Max, ed. The Wilderness Condition. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 15(1993)355-58.

Oelschlaeger, Max, ed., After Earthday: Continuing the Conservation Effort. Denton, TX: Universityof North Texas Press, 1992. Cloth $ 24.50. Paper $ 15.95. Essays by Robert Paehlke, GeorgeSessions, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Curt Meine, Cheryl Brooks, Kenneth Daugherty, Neil Evernden,Kenneth L. Dickson, Andrew Schoolmaster, Samuel Atkinson, Jenny Cheek, E. E. Spitler, MichaelNieswiadomy, Dolores LaChapelle, E. C. Hargrove, Michael Zimmerman, Elinor Gadon, SusanBratton. (v3,#3)

Oelschlaeger, Max, "The Politics of Wilderness Preservation and Ecological Restoration," NaturalResources Journal 42(no.2, 2002): 235-46. (v.13,#4)

Oelschlaeger, Max, ed., Postmodern Environmental Ethics. Albany: State University of New YorkPress, 1995. Reprinted from the journal Environmental Ethics, these fifteen essays show that apostmodern movement is well underway within the ecophilosophical community. (v5,#3)

Oelschlaeger, Max, ed., The Company of Others: Essays in Celebration of Paul Shepard. Durango,CO: Kivaki Press (Way of the Mountain Center), 1995. $ 30.00. 304 pages. The twenty sevencontributors include contributions by Gary Snyder, J. Baird Calicott, John B. Cobb, Jr., GeorgeSessions, Dolores LaChapelle, Jimmy Cheney, Laura Westra, and Elizabeth Lawrence. Oelschlaeger is in philosophy at the University of North Texas. (v6,#3)

Oelschlaeger, Max, "Soul of the Wilderness: The Wild, the Tame, and the Folly of SustainableDevelopment," International Journal of Wilderness 1(no. 2, December):5-7. (v7,#1)

Oelschlaeger, Max, Caring for Creation: An Ecumenical Approach to the Environmental Crisis. NewHaven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994. 296 pages. $ 30.00. Argues that only the churches, asthe repository of moral values that lie outside the economic paradigm, can provide the social andpolitical leadership and power to move our society to ecological sustainability. All faiths have anemphasis on caring for creation on which we can draw, and religion is necessary if we are tosolve the environmental crisis politically. Oelschlaeger is professor of philosophy and religiousstudies at the University of North Texas. (v5,#1)

Oelschlaeger, Max. "On the Conflation of Humans and Nature." Environmental Ethics21(1999):223-224.

Oelschlaeger, Max. Caring for Creation: An Ecumenical Approach to the Environmental Crisis: (NewHaven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994). Reviewed by Harold Glasser in Environmental Ethics17(1995):221-224. (EE)

Oelschlaeger, Max. Review of Gary Snyder: Dimensions of a Life. Edited by John Halper. Environmental Ethics 14(1992):185-90.

Oelschlaeger, Max. "Religion and the Conservation of Biodiversity", Wild Earth 6(no.3, 1996):12. (v7,#4)

Oelschlaeger, Max. Review of The Once and Future Goddess: A Symbol of Our Time. By ElinorW. Gadon. Environmental Ethics 13(1991):275-80.

Oelschlaeger, Max. Review of The Practice of the Wild. By Gary Snyder. Environmental Ethics14(1992):185-90.

Oesterle, Dale A. "Public Land: How Much Is Enough?" Ecology Law Quarterly 23, no.3 (1996):521. (v7, #3)

Officer, Charles B., and Page, Jake, Tales of the Earth: Paroxysms and Perturbations of the BluePlanet. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. 226 pages. The Earth-shattering events thathave changed the course of history. The Tambora volcanic eruption of 1815 in Indonesia, which,a year later, caused snow to fall brown, blue, and red halfway around the world. The Lisbonearthquake of 1755, which sparked the famous clash between Voltaire and Rousseau over themeaning of disaster. The Earth is still hot and mobile, and its surface moves around. Floodingevents. Visitors from outer space. On rare occasions there are big changes in Earth's communityof living things.

The closing section are on the human capacity for wreaking equally great changes on aglobal scale. "The most fundamental question facing mankind today is whether man can evolveto live in harmony with nature" (Chapter 9) "Human beings, and, in particular, in the last couple ofcenturies of their existence, have brought about a new type of environmental stress. The mostoutstanding characteristic of this stress is the rapidity with which it has grown. Virtually nothingin the geological record can compare with these rapid changes: we are changing the Earth'senvironment far faster than natural forces have done in the past" (p. 205). "The time has come torecognize that the most pressing need is to learn to live in harmony with the planet and itsresources, not simply to plunder and overrun it" (pp. 212). But too many still operate with an"ethics of ignorance" (p. 209). (v.9,#4)

Official World Wildlife Fund Guide to Endangered Species of North America, in two volumes totalling1200 pages. An expensive, authoritative set ($ 195) for library reference with a photograph ordrawing and descriptions of all 547 U. S. species listed at the time it was written. Plants, birds, andinsects are in Volume 1; mammals, herpetofauna, fish, mussels, snails, and crustaceans are inVolume 2. Another book is a softcover list of sources for the photographs of endangered species,$ 9.00. Contact Beacham Publishing, Inc. 2100 S Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20008. Phone202/234-0877. (v1,#2)

Ogden, John C., "Maintaining Diversity in the Oceans: Issues for the New U.S. Administration,"Environment 43(no.3, April, 2001): 28-. The notion of the ocean as an inexhaustible resource isbeing exploded by the realities of overfishing, habitat destruction, coastal population growth, andocean warming. Cooperation among nations, states, and organizations is essential to maintainmarine diversity. (v.12,#3)

OGrady (O'Grady), John P., Pilgrims to the Wild: Everett Ruess, Henry David Thoreau, John Muir,Clarence King, Mary Austin. Logan: University of Utah Press, 1993. Paper. $ 16.95. "A seriesof meditations focused upon literary excursions into `the wild' ... The fundamental assumption Iemploy--call it a perception--is that the wild is erotic space, and the pilgrimages I am concernedwith are journeys through that space." O'Grady is professor in a wilderness literature programat the University of California, Davis. (v4,#2)

Ogrin, Dusan, ed., Nature Conservation Outside Protected Areas/ Varstvo narave zunajzavarovanih obmocij: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Occasion of theEuropean Year of the Environment, 1995. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Ministry of Environment and PhysicalPlanning, Republic of Slovenia, and Institute for Landscape Architecture, Biotechnical Faculty,University of Ljubljana 1996. 247pp. ISBN 961-90033-9-X. All articles are in both Slovenian andEnglish. Contents: Pavle Gantar, "Introductory Speech"; Mario Pavan, on a political democracy ofthe environment for a better Europe (in French); Holmes Rolston, III, "Nature, Culture, andEnvironmental Ethics"; Ivan Marusic, "Towards a General Conservation Theory"; Peter Jacobs,"Environmental Parentheses and Design Metaphors"; Kazuhiko Takeuchi, "Planning for theRecovery of Nature in Rural and Urban Areas"; Harald Plachter, "A Central European Approach forthe Protection of Biodiversity"; Hans Kiemstedt, "Landscape Planning and Impact Regulation asInstruments of Integrated Nature Conservation in Germany"; Olav Skage, "Nature Conservation

Through Landscape Planning"; Carl Steinitz, "Landscape Planning and the Management ofBiodiversity"; Shumel Burmil, "Protection of Nature Outside Protected Areas in Israel"; MartinSchneider-Jacoby, "Nature Conservation Efforts for Rivers in Central Europe"; Mladen Berginc,"The Nature Conservation System in Slovenia"; Margita Jancic, "The Role of Physical PlanningInstruments in Guaranteeing Conservation Interests"; Jana Vidic, "Natural Values Outside ProtectedAreas"; Zivzn Veselic, Saso Golob, "Nature Conservation Represents an Integral Part of ForestManaging in Slovenia"; Dusan Ogrin, "Dilemmas in an Approach to Conservation Planning"; AnaKucan, "The Green System of Ljubljana in the Social, Ecological and Morphological Role"; DavorinGazvoda, "A Conservation of Urban Open Space in a Perspective of Persistent UrbanLandscapes." Ogrin teaches landscape architecture at the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Thisconference was held under the auspices of the Council of Europe. (v7,#4)

Ohara (O'Hara), Sabine U., "Sustainability: Social and Ecological Dimensions," Review of SocialEconomy 53(no. 4, 1995):529-551). Sustainability has generated many and often conflictingdefinitions. An overlooked dimension is the importance of the "informal" or household sector. Tomove toward sustainability it is imperative to regain a broader understanding of economics. Threeprinciples are needed for this expansion of understanding: concreteness rather than abstraction;connectedness rather than isolation; and diversity rather than homogeneity. All three are informedby feminist theory. O'Hara is at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY. (v.10,#2)

OHear, Anthony, "The Myth of Nature." Pages 69-80 in Barnett, Anthony and Scruton, Roger,eds., Town and Country (London: Jonathan Cape, 1998). The vexed and complex question of ourrelationship to the natural world is not helpfully addressed by reliance on a naive sense of thenatural as opposed to the human or the artificial. Nature is accorded a religious aura and theartificial is suspect. That some activity or thing is more natural than some other is no cause tovalue it more highly. "The invocation of the natural does evoke a powerful quasi-religious aura: weare dealing with a myth which for once really does need deconstruction" (p. 71)

"For Aristotle, man is by nature a political animal, meaning that only in a city or polis willcertain activities, fundamental to human flowering take place, and this, of course, requires artifice"(p. 72). But Aristotle lived in a cosmos with an overall end, and that is no part of current Darwinianunderstanding of nature. "The picture which biology paints of nature and the natural world is instark contrast to the idea which captivates the popular mind--namely that what is natural is in somesense pure and normal, and that we should aspire to this condition" (pp. 74-75). Present humanpopulation levels can be supported only with much technology and artifice.

"We are of course interested in the survival of our children and their children, and in thesurvival of the human race. Equally for aesthetic, utilitarian and moral reasons, biodiversity andconservation are important. But do not let us deceive ourselves or our children into thinking thatthere is anything `natural' about these latter concerns, or that promoting them though conservationdemands that we adopt a mystical or sentimental or unscientific attitude to `nature,' marked off insome Manichean way from science and human intervention. In fact, rather to the contrary, thetruth is that only an intelligent, informed and interventionist approach to nature will promote eitherconservation or the other goals we have" (pp. 78-79). O'Hear is in philosophy, University ofBradford, UK. (v.13, #3)

Ohio Humanities Council, The, has also produced a series of twelve posters under the general titleUpstream/Downstream in Ohio. Each poster focuses the viewer's attention on key environmentalissues and questions. 1. Upstream/Downstream in Ohio. The river major rivers in Ohio, and thename Ohio derived from a native American term for "beautiful river." 2. The Changing Face of Ohio. Natural history reshaped by agriculture and industry. 3. Earthly Visions. Anticipations of the earlysettlers. 4. The Cost of Coal. Degradation of land and air from mining. 5. A Sense of Nature'sLimits. Floods and waste in the waters. 6. Individual Choices on Common Ground. The exerciseof individual freedom and environmental responsibility. 7. After the Harvest. Wetlands and waterpollution from agriculture. 8. Shared Resources, Common Concerns. Lake Erie and the Great

Lakes. 9. Prospects for Renewal. Restoring the Cuyahoga River. 10. The Stress of Growth. Thequality of life in cities depends on intelligent use of land, water, air. 11. The Toll of Transportation. The benefits and costs of car and rail. 12. A Time for Choices. Past decisions have reshaped thelandscape. What of the future? In a sense we all live both upstream and downstream from othergenerations that pass before and after us on the river of time. The poster series is quite well doneand serves to stimulate thought, either by individual viewers or in discussion groups. There is adiscussion guide. An excellent example of imaginative use of posters for environmental education,which might well be imitated in other regions, especially in more developed areas. (v1,#2)

Ohio Humanities Council, The has published, "Environmental Crisis and Morality," a reading programwritten by Norman S. Care, professor of philosophy at Oberlin College. The pamphlet is addressedto literate nonphilosophical persons and is especially good for making the crossover from popularconcern for nature and environmental issues into a more philosophical approach to environmentalethics. Care introduces five books: Thoreau's Walden, Leopold's Sand County Almanac,Partridge's Responsibilities to Future Generations, Rolston's Philosophy Gone Wild, and Regan'sEarthbound. Designed for a discussion evening and useful as a take-home handout to get personsstarted in environmental ethics. The Council has also produced two other pamphlets: "AmericanEnvironmental History" by Clayton Koppes and "Readings in Environmental Literature" by LawrenceBuell. For single copies, contact the Ohio Humanities Council, P. O. Box 06354, Columbus, OH43206-0354. Phone 614/461-7802. (v1,#2)

Ohmagari, Kayo, Berkes, Fikret. "Transmission of Indigenous Knowledge and Bush Skills Amongthe Western James Bay Cree Women of Subarctic Canada," Human Ecology 25(no.2 1997):197. (v8,#3)

Okajima, Shigeyuki, Americano Kannkyo Hogo Unndou (The United States Environmental Movement. Tokyo: Iwanami Shinsho, 1990. 212 + 21 pages. paper. ISBN 4-00-430142-4 C0229 P580E. Chapters open with Earth Day and the spotted owl controversy, then survey the origins ofenvironmentalism in the U.S. Emerson, Thoreau, Muir. Muir and the Sierra Club. Hetch Hetchy. The growth of environmentalism as a citizen's movement. An increasing maturing andprofessionalism of environmental organizations. David Brower. Leopold and the growth of thewilderness movement. Robert Marshall, William Douglas. The Wilderness Act. The developmentof ecology. Rachel Carson. From nature conservation to environmental protection. Frazer Darling,Stephen Mather. Increasing global problems. Alaska issues. Is environmentalism an elitemovement? International issues. Debt for nature swaps. Lovejoy. Jessica Mathews. The growthof the environmental education movement. Shigeyuki Okajima is a journalist with The YomiuriShimbun, a Tokyo newspaper, who has recently been an Eisenhower Fellow in the United States. See notes above in the General Announcements Section. (v4,#2)

Okochi, Riogi, "Nietzsches Naturbegriff aus östlicher Sicht" [in German, Nietzsche's concept ofnature from a eastern point of view], Nietzsche Studien 17(1988):108-124.

Okoth-Ogendo, H. W. O., and J. B. Ojwang, eds., A Climate for Development: Climate Change PolicyOptions for Africa. Nairobi: African Centre for Technology Studies. ISBN 9966-41-090-2. Alsopublished by the Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm. Accurate predictions of the effectsof global climate change in Africa are not available, but are likely to be significant, and there aremany actions that can now be taken to mitigate these impacts. Climate change brings the urgencyof sustainable development into clearer focus. (v6,#3)

Oksanen, M, "Review of: Susan Board, Ecological Relations: Towards an Inclusive Politics of theEarth," Environmental Politics 11(no.4, 2002): 136.

Oksanen, Markku, "The Moral Value of Biodiversity," Ambio (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)26(no. 8, Dec. 1997):541-545. How the preservation of biodiversity is morally justified in some ofthe key texts on environmental ethics. Whether or not biodiversity can be justified as a moral endin itself. Views are classified according to the criteria which they hold to be the ultimate moralbeneficiaries; positions are named as anthropocentrism, biocentrism and ecocentrism. In general,they are not in favor of regarding biodiversity as intrinsically valuable, but think its moral value isderivative. This means that the myriad characters of life on Earth are to be maintained as diversebecause of their instrumental value for the constituents. It seems that Naess's deep ecology is theonly major position that argues for biodiversity's intrinsic value, but this view has proved to beproblematic. Oksanen is completing a Ph.D. in environmental ethics and property rights at theUniversity of Turku, Turku, Finland. (v9,#1)

Oksanen, Markku and Marjo Rauhala-Hayes, eds., YmpäristÖfilosofia (Environmental Philosophy)(Helsinki: Gaudeamus Books/Oy Yliopistokustannus Finnish University Press Ltd., 1997). 350pages. An anthology in Finnish. Chapter I: History of Western Attitudes, readings from Lynn White,John Passmore, Robin Attfield, Eugene Hargrove. Chapter II: Constructing Environmental Ethics:Aldo Leopold, Arne Naess, Richard Routley, Joel Feinberg, Kenneth Goodpaster. Chapter III: Valueof Nature, Value of Human Beings. Holmes Rolston, Paul Taylor, Janna Thompson, John O'Neill,Thomas E. Hill, Jr., Donald VanDeVeer. Oksanen is a graduate student in philosophy at theUniversity of Turku, Finland. Rauhala-Hayes, also a graduate student there, is a researcher at theNational Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health in Finland, also with somegraduate work at the City University of New York. (v8,#2)

Oksanen, Markku, The Moral Status of Animals: A Critical Analysis of Tom Regan's Theory (inFinnish), a M. A. thesis at the University of Turku, 1989, under the direction of Juhani Pietarinen. Oksanen, who studied a year under Robin Attfield in Wales, is finishing a Ph.D. thesis in Englishunder Pietarinen on environmental ethics and property rights. (v5,#2)

Oksanen, Markku, Nature as Property: Environmental Ethics and the Institution of Ownership. Turku, Finland: Reports from the Department of Practical Philosophy, University of Turku, Volume10, 1998. ISSN 0786-8111. ISBN 951-29-1191-4 This is Oksanen's Ph.D. thesis, done under thesupervision of Juhani Pietarinen of the Department of Philosophy, University of Turku, Finland,Summer 1998. A study of the conceptual and practical implications of the institution of ownership,when ecological concerns are profoundly taken into account. The Western understanding of, andthe attitude to, nature are changing and the change may extend to concern the institution ofownership. Particularly land ownership is in many cases directly related to the emergence ofecological problems. What is at stake in environmental ethics is primarily the same as what is atstake in the philosophy of ownership: the use of the physical environment, the goods and servicesnature provides.

We can identify in two complementary ways the points of contradiction between theadvocates of the environment and those of private property. Firstly, the conflict centres upon theideas of proper human attitudes to, and treatment of the natural world. Can natural things beowned? On what grounds are they ownable? Secondly, assuming that natural objects areownable, we face the issue of how to apply these norms in practice and how to resolve a conflictbetween these two sets of norms. In sum, how is the natural world to be treated?

Oksanen, Markku, Review of: William Throop (ed.), Environmental Restoration, and Paul H. Gobsterand R. Bruce Hull (eds.), Restoring Nature: Perspectives from the Social Sciences and Humanities,Environmental Values 11(2002):249-250.

Oksanen, Markku and Elisa Aaltola, "Species Conservation and Minority Rights: The Case ofSpringtime Bird Hunting in Aland," Environmental Values 11(2002):443-460. The article examinesthe case of springtime bird hunting in Aland from a moral point of view. In Aland springtime hunting

has been a cultural practice for centuries but is now under investigation due to the EU Directiveon the protection of birds. The main question of the article is whether restrictions on bird huntinghave a sound basis. We approach this question by analyzing three principles: The animal rightsprinciple states that if hunting is not necessary for survival, it cannot be morally justified. Thereforehunting merely to engage in a cultural custom is morally suspect. In the light of the speciesconservation principle the hunting is questionable due to the fact that it seems to have a diminishingeffect on the species populations. The formal principle of justice makes up a more difficult questionsince the special position of the minorities in regard to the use of natural resources is generallyrecognised so that they have the right to maintain their cultural practices. We claim, however, thateven though cultural practices have substantial value and can be the object of special rights, theyshould be coherent with other principles. The springtime bird hunt in Aland does not accord withthe relevant moral principles and for this reason we conclude that the basis for its continuation isweak. (EV)

Oksanen, Markku, The Moral Considerability of Nature: An Analysis of Current Discussion inEnvironmental Ethics (in Finnish), a licentiate at the University of Turku, 1992. (v5,#2)

Oksanen, Markku. Review of M. Wissenburg, Green Liberalism: The Free and the Green Society.London: UCL Press, 1998. Markku Oksanen, Environmental Values 10(2001):550. (EV)

Oksanen, Markuu, Review of: Jamieson, Dale, Morality's Progress: Essays on Humans, OtherAnimals and the Rest of Nature. Environmental Values 13(2004):261-263. (EV)

Olatubi, WO; Hughes, DW, "Natural resource and environmental policy trade-offs: a CGE analysisof the regional impact of the Wetland Reserve Program," Land Use Policy 19(no.3, 2002): 231-241.

Olaughlin, J, "Policy Analysis Framework for Sustainable Forestry: National Forest Case Study",Journal of Forestry 102 (no.2, 2004): 34-41(8).

OLaughlin (O'Laughlin), Jay, James G. MacCracken, David L. Adams, Stephen C. Bunting, Keith A.Blatner, and Charles E. Kegan, III, Forest Health Conditions in Idaho. Moscow, ID: University ofIdaho, College of Forestry, Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Policy Analysis Group, Report No. 11,December 1993. (Phone 208/885-5776, FAX 208/885-6226) 244 pages. An executive summaryis available, 37 pages. If forest health is a statement about trees at risk of mortality from insects,disease, and wildfire, then much of Idaho's forest land is either unhealthy or on the verge of poorhealth, especially in the national forests that represent two-thirds of the state's timberlands. Firsare the most prevalent trees in Idaho's forests, which were predominantly pines before Europeansettlers arrived in Idaho. Firs are less resistant than pines to many insects and diseases as wellas wildfire. Prolonged drought in southern Idaho has weakened forests, making them even moresusceptible to insect epidemics and wildfires. In northern Idaho, root diseases are affecting thegrowth potential of mature stands. In forests throughout the state, environmental, ecological,economic, and social values are at risk. The situation can be changed by using forest managementpractices favoring pines instead of firs and reducing competition between trees by thinning, whileprotecting other forest values. Two obstacles to this course of action are public policy and publictrust.

The report is philosophically interesting for its discussion of forest health, and revealsmany limitations of this metaphor as applied to forests. A tree (like a person) is not healthy whenit dies, but is a forest unhealthy when its trees age and die? Or burn? Or are beset with insectblights? The renewal and regenerative processes in a forest system have no clear analogue inbodily health. The report concludes that forest health is significantly a cultural construction. O'Laughlin is Director of the Policy Analysis Group, and teaches natural resource policy at theUniversity of Idaho. (v5,#4)

Oldfield, JD, "Russia, Systemic Transformation and the Concept of Sustainable Development,"Environmental Politics 10(no, 3, 2001):94-110. (v.13,#1)

Oldfield, Margery L. and Janis B. Alcorn, eds., Biodiversity: Traditional Management and Diversityof Biological Resources. Dual themes of conservation of biological resources and ruraldevelopment. 320 pages, $ 30.95. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990. (v1,#2)

Oldfield, S., Lusty, C., and MacKinven, A., eds. The World List of Threatened Trees. Cambridge,U.K.: World Conservation Press, 1998. (v.10,#1)

Olds, K., Hudson, R. and Dicken, P., "Dicken, P. 1986: Global shift: industrial change in a turbulentworld," Progress in Human Geography 28(no. 4, 2004): 507-515(9). (v.14, #4)

OLeary (O'Leary), Rosemary, Environmental Change: Federal Courts and the EPA. Philadelphia:Temple University Press, 1993. 224 pages. $ 34.95. The impact of hundreds of federal courtdecisions on the policies and administration of the Environmental Protection Agency, since itsbeginning in 1970. Five areas of focus: water quality, pesticides, toxic substances, air quality,hazardous wastes. O'Leary is in the Department of Public Administration in the Graduate Schoolof Public Affairs, Syracuse University. (v4,#3)

OLeary (O'Leary), Rosemary, Environmental Change: Federal Courts and the EPA. Philadelphia,PA: Temple University Press, 1995 in paper, earlier 1993 in hardback. $ 19.95 paper. A surveyof over 2,000 federal court cases on environmental policy--water quality, pesticides, toxicsubstances, air quality, hazardous waste. Compliance with court orders has become one of theEPA's top priorities, at times overshadowing congressional mandates and the authority of EPAadministrators. Because the EPA is often caught between White House and Congressionalagendas, judicial decision is especially important in the public policy process. O'Leary is in publicand environmental affairs at Indiana University, Bloomington. (v6,#4)

OLeary (O'Leary), Rosemary, Environmental Change: Federal Counts and the EPA. Philadelphia:Temple University Press, 1993, 1995. $ 19.95 paper. Surveys over 2,000 federal court cases onwater quality, pesticides, toxic substances, air quality, and hazardous waste. Because the EPAis often caught between White House and congressional agendas, the competing interests ofindustry and environmental groups, and turf battles with other agencies, O'Leary argues for theimportance of judicial decision in the public policy process. O'Leary teaches public andenvironmental affairs at Indiana University, Bloomington. (v6,#4)

Olen, Jeffrey and Vincent Barry, eds., Applying Ethics: A Text with Readings, 4th ed. Belmont, CA:Wadsworth, 1992. 470 pages. 5th ed. 1996. Introductory text. Chapter 9 is "Animal Rights." Readings are Peter Singer, "All Animals are Equal;" Tom Regan, "The Case for Animal Rights";Christina Hoff, "Immoral and Moral Uses of Animals"; Bonnie Steinbock, "Speciesism and the Ideaof Equality." Chapter 10 is "Environmental Ethics." Readings are Aldo Leopold, "The Land Ethic";Paul W. Taylor, "The Ethics of Respect for Nature"; William F. Baxter, "People or Penguins"; J. BairdCallicott, "An Ecocentric Environmental Ethic" (an extract from "The Search for an EnvironmentalEthic" in Regan, ed., Earthbound. The chapter on environmental ethics is new to the fourth edition. Other issues are sexual morality, pornography, abortion, euthanasia, capital punishment, jobdiscrimination, and corporate responsibility. (v2,#4)

Oliver, C., "Sustainable Forestry: What Is It? How Do We Achieve It?," Journal of Forestry 101(no.5, 2003): 8-17. (v 14, #3)

Oliver, Harold H., "The Neglect and Recovery of Nature in Twentieth-Century Protestant Thought,"Journal of the American Academy of Religion 60 (no. 3, 1992):379-404. Protestants neglected a

long heritage of theology of nature and, in the first part of the twentieth century "`nature' becamethe ward of science and technology, with little interference--and less wisdom--from the Church." The Protestant theological giants, Barth, Brunner, and Bultmann, willfully rejected a theology ofnature, though Tillich sought to be more inclusive. The theologians overvalued world history anddevalued nature. The ecological crisis has had an awakening effect, especially when blame forthe ecological crisis was laid at the door of Christianity itself. More recent proposals for an integraltheology have the criteria of wholeness, mutuality, responsivity, and mystery. Oliver is professorof philosophical theology at Boston University School of Theology. (v4,#2)

OliverSmith, Anthony, and Hoffman, Susanna, eds., The Angry Earth: Disaster in AnthropologicalPerspective. New York: Routledge, 1999. How various cultures in different historical times haveresponded to calamity, offering new insights into the complex relationship between society andthe environment. (v.12,#4)

Olivier, DF 1991. Die aarde vir die sagmoediges (Mat 5:5). In: Vos, C & Müller, J (eds): Mens enomgewing. Halfway House: Orion, 198-215. (Africa)

Olivier, DF 1991. Ecology and mission: Notes on the history of the JPIC process and its relevanceto theology. Missionalia 19:1, 20-32. (Africa)

Olivier, DF 1989. The role of eschatology and futurology in the quest for a future in the light of theecological crisis. Theologia Evangelica 22:1, 24-33. (Africa)

Olivier, DF 1987. "`God's rest': the core and Leitmotif of a Christian holistic view of reality?" In:Vorster, WS (ed) 1987. Are We Killing God's Earth? Pretoria: University of South Africa, 100-118. (Africa)

Olney, P. J. S., Mace, G. M., and A. T. C. Feistner, eds., Creative Conservation: InteractiveManagement of Wild and Captive Animals. London: Chapman and Hall, 1994. 517 pages. $95.00. Reintroduction and captive breeding. (v8,#2)

OLoughlin (O'Loughlin), Thomas, "Ecotheology and Eschatology," Ecotheology No 7 (July 1999):71-80.

Olsen, Florence, "Bellesiles Resigns from Emory after University Report Questions his Researchfor Book on Guns," Chronicle of Higher Education, Daily News (daily on line edition), October 28,2002 (http://chronicle.com). Bellesiles misfired and fired. Michael A. Bellesiles published ArmingAmerica: The Origins of a National Gun Culture (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000) (ISEENewsletter v. 12,#2) claiming that gun ownership in early America was not as widespread asbelieved and largely a myth cultivated by the gun industry. The book won the Bancroft Prize andwas praised in The New York Review of Books and The New York Times Book Review. Butprominent historians have been challenging Bellesiles' scholarship since, for example in a forumin The William and Mary Quarterly in February 2002. Emory University, where he teaches,convened an independent investigative report, which found it difficult to verify his archival recordseither "because the source does not exist, because the citation is inaccurate, or because thecitation, though correct, refers to a source that has been misplaced." One commentator said thatamong scholars of early American history, Bellesiles' book was widely considered to be "marredby unusually careless and disorganized scholarship." Under pressure, Bellesiles has resignedfrom Emory University, though he says the charges are unfair and that he will correct errors in asecond edition.

Olsen, Jonathan. Review of Bioregionalism. Edited by Michael Vincent McGinnis. EnvironmentalEthics 23(2001):433-436. (EE)

Olsen, Len. "Contemplating the Intentions of Anglers: The Ethicist's Challenge." EnvironmentalEthics 25(2003):267-277. There are theoretical difficulties involving the intentions of anglers thatmust be faced by anyone who wants to argue that sport fishing is ethically impermissible. Recentarguments have focused on what might be called the sadistic argument. This argument is fatallyflawed because sport fishing is not a sadistic activity. (EE)

Olsen, W. Scott, Cairns, Scott, eds. The Sacred Place: Witnessing the Holy in the Physical World. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1996. 360 pp. $49.95 cloth, $19.95 paper. With renewedurgency, serious writers are undertaking an un abashedly metaphysical discourse as theydescribe how the experience of standing near the hilltop, the stream bank, or the village parkprovides an empowering sense of encounter. (v8,#1)

Olson, DM; Dinerstein, E; Wikramanayake, ED; Burgess, ND; Powell, GVN; Underwood, EC; Damico,JA; Itoua, I; Strand, HE; Morrison, JC, "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life onEarth," Bioscience 51(no. 11, 2001):933-938. A global biodiversity map with sufficient resolutionaccurately to reflect the complex distribution of the Earth's natural communities. Copies are beingplaced in all public and private schools in the U.S. (v.13,#2)

Olson, Elizabeth, "Target Practice in Geneva on the Global Trade Body," New York Times, May 16,B1, B2. The World Trade Organization has come under attack from critics who say it ignoresenvironmental and social issues in settling trade disputes. At the center of the issue is a rulingagainst the United States favoring a challenge from developing countries to the United States Lawthat protects sea turtles from shrimper's nets. Interest groups are accusing the WTO of guttingenvironmental laws in the name of unfettered trade. In this case environmentalists and the U.S.are taking the same side in a turtle fight. (v9,#2)

Olson, MD, "Development Discourse and the Politics of Environmental Ideologies in Samoa," Societyand Natural Resources 14(no.5, 2001):399-410. (v.12,#4)

Olson, Molly Harriss. "Charting a Course for Sustainability." Environment 38(May 1996):10. Thisoverview of the President's Council on Sustainable Development's recently released reporthighlights its major policy recommendations and spells out the future directions of U.S. sustainabledevelopment policy. (v7,#2)

Olupona, Jacob K., "African Religions and the Global Issues of Population, Consumption, andEcology" (Africa). (v.11,#1)

OMahoney (O'Mahoney), Patrick, ed., Nature, Risk and Responsibility: Discourses of Biotechnology. London and New York: Routledge, 1999. 232 pages. Eleven contributors. Biopolitics and risks,genetic issues, reproductive technology, biotechnology in the press, transgenic plants and animals,biopatenting. O'Mahoney is Director, Centre for European Social Research, University College,Cork, Ireland. (v.11,#1)

OMahony (O'Mahony), Patrick, ed., Nature, Risk and Responsibility. London: Routledge, 1999. 224pages. $ 25.00. Ethical issues in biodiversity. Whether sufficient consensus exists or isemerging to enable biotechnology to occupy a significant role in the techno-economic, social andcultural order. The implications of biotechnology for nature, life and social organization. O'Mahonyis at University College, Cork, Ireland. (v10,#4)

OMalley, Robin, and Wing, Kate, "Forging A New Tool For Ecosystem Reporting," Environment 42(No. 3, Apr 01 2000): 20- . Investigating the state of U.S. ecosystems involves a continuingcommitment to developing national indicators and presenting coherent data. Only then can areasoned debate about natural resources ensue. (v.11,#2)

Omar, Samira A. S. Range Management in Arid Zones: Proceedings of the Second InternationalConference on Range Management in the Arabian Gulf. New York: Columbia University Press,1996. 307 pp. $161.50 cloth. Twenty-eight papers by experts addressing the following topics:Rangeland Inventories and Evaluation; Range Plants and Forage Crops--Potential and Production;Animal Production and Conservation; and Technological Range Improvements. (v7,#4)

Omundson, Bruce K., "Pluralism and Prospects for a Land Ethic," Michigan Academician23(1991):191-200. Omundson doubts whether Callicott's basis for a land ethic is viable andproposes that many versions of a land ethic can grow out of what Stuart Hampshire calls "waysof life" by coupling them to a sustainability factor. A useful model is found in Wendell Berry's modelof the farmer, developing an analogy between farming and marriage. Omundson teachesphilosophy at Lansing Community College, Michigan. (v2,#2)

On the Other Hand: News from the Russian Environment has published volume 1, no. 3, May 1993. The current issue includes: Irene Khalyi, "The Environmental Movement in Russia: ContemporaryTrends"; Yu S. Kamalov, "The Rights of the Aral Sea"; A. Tulokhonov, "Sustainable Developmentfor Baikal." The U. S. editor is Ernest Partridge, Northland College, Wisconsin; the Russian editoris Anton Struchkov, Academy of Sciences, Moscow. (v4,#2)

Onate, J.J., Andersen, E., and Primdahl, J., "Agri-Environmental Schemes And The EuropeanAgricultural Landscapes: The Role Of Indicators As Valuing Tools For Evaluation," LandscapeEcology 15 (No. 3, Apr 01 2000): 271- . (v.11,#2)

ONeil (O'Neil), Rick. "Intrinsic Value, Moral Standing, and Species." Environmental Ethics19(1997):45-52. Environmental philosophers often conflate the concepts of intrinsic value andmoral standing. As a result, individualists needlessly deny intrinsic value to species, while holistsfalsely attribute moral standing to species. Conceived either as classes or as historical individuals,at least some species possess intrinsic value. Nevertheless, even if a species has interests or agood of its own, it cannot have moral standing because species lack sentience. Although there isa basis for duties toward some species (in terms of their intrinsic value), it is not the one that theholists claim. O'Neil is in philosophy at Transulvania University, Lexington, KY. (EE)ONeil (O'Neil), Rick. "Animal Liberation versus Environmentalism: The Care Solution." EnvironmentalEthics 22(2000):183-190. Animal liberationism and environmentalism generally are consideredincompatible positions. But, properly conceived, they simply provide answers to differentquestions, concerning moral standing and intrinsic value, respectively. The two views togetherconstitute an environmental ethic that combines environmental justice and environmental care. Ishow that this approach is not only consistent but defensible. (EE)

Oneill (O'Neill), John. The Market: Ethics, Knowledge and Politics.London: Routledge 1998, 224pp. Reviewed by Alfonso Salinas. Environmental Values 9(2000):111.

ONeill (O'Neill), John. "Managing without Prices: The Monetary Valuation of Biodiversity," Ambio(Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) 26(no. 8, Dec. 1997):546-550. (v9,#1)

ONeill (O'Neill), John, Ecology, Policy and Politics: Human Well-Being and the Natural World. London:Routledge, 1993. 227 pages. paper. A broadly Aristotelian account of welfare that reveals therelation between the good of non-humans and future generations and our own well-being.

Welfare and liberal justifications of market-based approaches to environmental policy fail, and thishas implications for debates about market, civil society, and politics. Chapter titles: Nature, IntrinsicValue and Human Well-Being; Future Generations and the Harms We Do Ourselves; JustifyingCost-Benefit Analysis: Arguments from Welfare; Pluralism, Liberalism, and the Good life; Pluralism,Incommensurability, Judgement; Authority, Democracy and the Environment; Science, Policy andEnvironmental Value; Market, Household and Politics. This book is in the series, EnvironmentalPhilosophies, edited by Andrew Brennan. O'Neill is lecturer in philosophy at Lancaster University,Lancaster, UK. (v5,#1)

ONeill (O'Neill), Onora, "Environmental Values, Anthropocentrism and Speciesism," EnvironmentalValues 6(1997):127-142. ABSTRACT: Ethical reasoning of all types is anthropocentric, in that it isaddressed to agents, but anthropocentric starting points vary in the preference they accord thehuman species. Realist claims about environmental values, utilitarian reasoning and rights-basedreasoning all have difficulties in according ethical concern to certain aspects of the natural world. Obligation-based reasoning can provide quite strong if incomplete reasons to protect the naturalworld, including individual non-human animals. Although it cannot establish all the conclusions towhich anti-speciesists aspire, it may establish many of them with some clarity. Newnham College,Cambridge CB3 9DF, UK. (EV)

ONeill (O'Neill), John. "Humanism and Nature." Radical Philosophy 66 (Spring 1994): 21-30. Thosewho aim to construct links between Marxism and the green movement often link to Marx's earlywork on alienation as a source for a green Marxism. There is an immediate apparent problem withany such attempt to marry the early Marx and the greens, viz. that Marx's early works arehumanist. Doesn't humanism necessarily entail that only humans, their states and achievements,have value? And isn't this immediately incompatible with modern green thought which allows thatnon-humans, their states and achievements, also have intrinsic value? This argument as it standsis too hasty. The term "humanism" is an ambiguous one and it need not immediately entail that onlythe states and achievements of humans have value. Humanism can have other meanings. O'Neillis in philosophy, University of Lancaster. (v6,#1)

ONeill (O'Neill), John, Hayward, Tim, eds. Justice, Property, and the Environment: Social and LegalPerspectives. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1997. 200pp. $59.95 cloth. The first part of this bookconsiders the questions about justice raised by a number of environmental crises. The second partexamines the ramifications environmental conflicts have for the political theory of property andmarkets. The third part considers the implications of these and other developments ofenvironmental law. (v8,#1)

ONeill (O'Neill), RV, "The Economic Analysis of Self-Destruction: Why Should Biologists Care?,"Bioscience 52(no.10, 2002): 872.

ONeill (O'Neill), C., "Risk Avoidance, Cultural Discrimination, and Environmental Justice forIndigenous Peoples," Ecology Law Quarterly 30(no. 1, 2003): 1-58. (v 14, #3)

ONeill (O'Neill), Helen and Toye, John, eds. A World Without Famine?: New Approaches to Aid andDevelopment. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. (v.9,#3)

ONeill (O'Neill), John, "Humanism and Nature," Radical Philosophy (Canterbury, UK), no. 66, 1994,pages 21-29. Those who seek to construct an green Marxism often turn to Marx's early works. There can be either an anthropocentric or a biocentric humanism. Unfortunately, there are centralcomponents of Marx's early thought, inherited from Hegel, which cannot be incorporated into adefensible ecological political theory. What is often taken to be of value in Marx's early work is justthat part of his thought that should be abandoned. O'Neill is in philosophy, University of Sussex,Brighton, UK. (v.10,#1)

ONeill (O'Neill), John. Ecology, Policy, and Politics: Human Well-Being and the Natural World:(London: Routledge, 1993). Reviewed by Brian Barry in Environmental Values 4(1995):181-182. (EV)

ONeill (O'Neill), John. "Public Choice, Institutional Economics, Environmental Goods," EnvironmentalPolitics 4(no.2, Summer 1995):197- .

ONeill (O'Neill), Robert V., Hunsaker, Carolyn T., Riiters, Kurt H. "Monitoring Environmental Qualityat the Landscape Scale," Bioscience 47(no.8, 1997):513. Using landscape indicators to assessbiotic diversity, watershedintegrity, and landscape stability. (v8,#3)

ONeill (O'Neill), Karen M. "The International Politics of National Parks," Human Ecology24(1996):521. (v8,#1)

ONeill (O'Neill), John, Clive L. Spash. Appendix: "Policy Research BriefConceptions of Value in Environmental Decision-Making." Environmental Values 9(2000):521-536. Abstract: Environmental problems have an ethical dimension. They are not just about the efficientuse of resources. Justice in the distribution of environmental goods and burdens, fairness in theprocesses of environmental decision-making, the moral claims of future generations and non-humans, these and other ethical values inform the responses of citizens to environmentalproblems. How can these concerns enter into good policy-making processes? Two expert-basedapproaches are commonly advocated for incorporating ethical values into environmental decision-making. One is an `economic capture' approach, according to which existing economic methodscan be successfully extended to include ethical concerns. For example, stated preferencemethods, especially contingent valuation, have been developed to try and capture ethicalresponses as `non-use values' of the environment, in particular `existence values'. The other isa `moral expert' approach which confines economic methods to the analysis of welfare gains, andassumes committees of ethical experts will complement economic expertise. Both approachesface problems in terms of addressing many widely held ethical values about the environment.Furthermore, both face problems concerning the democratic legitimacy of their procedures. Howcan policy-making be made responsive to different ethical values? What role is there for newdeliberative and participatory methods? How far do existing decision-making institutions have thecapacities to incorporate different modes of articulating environmental values? This policy briefexamines the limitations of current attempts to capture ethical values within existing economicinstruments and considers how these limitations might be overcome. Section 1 examines theassumptions that standard economic theory makes about individuals when they express valuesand make choices about the environment. The current models of agents that inform policy-makingare seen to be ill-suited to incorporating the ethical responses of agents and this reveals some ofthe policy failures that may result. Section 2 shows how the physical and social properties of manyenvironmental goods prevent their being treated as commodities. Section 3 considers the problemssurrounding conceptions of fairness and legitimacy in processes for environmental valuation.Section 4 raises questions concerning the capacities of policy-making institutions to takecognisance of the results of different methods for articulating environmental values. (EV)

ONeill (O'Neill), John, "Wilderness, cultivation and appropriation," Philosophy and Geography 5 (No.1, 2002): 35-50. `Nature' and `wilderness' are central normative categories of environmentalism.Appeal to those categories has been subject to two lines of criticism: from constructivists whodeny there is something called `nature' to be defended; from the environmental justice movementwho point to the role of appeals to `nature' and `wilderness' in the appropriation of land of sociallymarginal populations. While these arguments often come together they are independent. This paper develops the second line of argument by placing recent appeals to `wilderness' in the context

of historical uses of the concept to justify the appropriation of land. However, it argues that theconstructivist line is less defensible. The paper finishes by placing the debates around wildernessin the context of more general tensions between philosophical perspectives on the environmentand the particular cultural perspectives of disciplines like anthropology, in particular the prima facieconflict between the aspirations of many philosophers for thin and cosmopolitan moral languagethat transcends local culture, and the aspirations of disciplines like anthropology to uncover a thickmoral vocabulary that is local to particular cultures. O'Neill is Professor of Philosophy at LancasterUniversity. (P&G)

ONeill (O'Neill), John, "Environmental Virtues and Public Policy," Philosophy in the ContemporaryWorld 8 (Number 2, Fall-Winter 2001):125-136. The Aristotelian view that public institutions shouldaim at the good life is sometimes criticized on the grounds that it makes for an authoritarian politicsthat is incompatible with the pluralism of modern society. The criticism seems to have particularpower against modern environmentalism, that it offers a local vision of the good life which fails toappreciate the variety of possible human relationships to the natural environment, and so, as aguide to public policy, it leads to green authoritarianism. This paper argues to the contrary that anAristotelian position which defends environmental goods as constitutive of the good life isconsistent with recognition of the plurality of ways our relations to the natural world can be lived.It is compatible with the recognition of distinct cultural expressions of such relations and of thespecial place particular histories of individuals and social groups have in constrainingenvironmental policy. (v.13,#2)

ONeill, J., and Walsh, M., "Landscape Conflicts: Preferences, Identities And Rights," LandscapeEcology 15 (No. 3, Apr 01 2000): 281- . (v.11,#2)

ONeill, Robert V. and Kahn, James R., "Homo economus as a Keystone Species," Bioscience 50(No. 4, 2000 Apr 01): 333- . (v.11,#4)

Onsdorff, Keith A. "What the Weitzenhoff Court Got Wrong." Journal of Environmental Law andPractice 4, no.1 (1996): 14. Even though ignorance cannot be bliss, the author argues that criminaljurisprudence should not penalize environmentally benign conduct. (v7, #3)

Onsdorff, Keith A., North, Karis L. "EPA Seeks to Reinvent Itself--Yet Again: Part II," Journal ofEnvironmental Law & Practice 4(no.6, 197):32. Recommendations for stakeholders affected by theEPA's National Performance Measures Strategy," Journal of Environmental Law & Practice 4(no.6,197):32. (v8,#3)

Ooi, GL, "The Role of the State in Nature Conservation in Singapore," Society and NaturalResources 15(no.5, 2002):455-460. (v.13, #3)

Oosthuizen, GC 1991. The death of the soul and the crisis in ecology. Universiteit van Pretoria,Nuwe Reeks No 274. (Africa)

Opel, Andy, and Jason Smith, "ZooTycoon: Capitalism, Nature, and the Pursuit of Happiness,"Ethics and the Environment 9(no. 2, 2004):103-120. This paper is a cultural studies analysis of theMicrosoft computer video game, ZooTycoon, which creates virtual theme parks with virtualanimals, and also teaches capitalist business strategy and managerial skills. The role of wildlifeand implicit and explicit messages about contemporary attitudes toward the environment areexplored. Opel is in communications, Florida State University. Smith is a Ph.D. student there. (E&E)

Ophuls, William, and A. Stephen Boyan, Jr., Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity Revisited. NewYork: W. H. Freeman, 1992. 314 pages. A new edition of a well-known book.

Ophuls, William. "On Hoffert and the Scarcity of Politics." Environmental Ethics 8(1986):287.

Ophuls, William. Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics4(1982):85-87.

Opie, John. Review of Explorations in Environmental History. By Samuel P. Hays. EnvironmentalEthics 22(2000):325-326.

Opie, John. Review of Managing the Environment, Managing Ourselves: A History of AmericanEnvironmental Policy. By Richard N. L. Andrews. Environmental Ethics 23(2001):219-222. (EE)

Opocenska, Jane, "Lifestyle: Nuclear Energy Protests: A Story from Southern Bohemia,"Ecotheology Vol 7 (No. 1, July 2002):91-94.

Oppel, S; Stock, M, "Reconsidering Species Extinctions in National Parks: Reply to Berger,"Conservation Biology 18(no.3, 2004):845-846. (v. 15, # 3)

Opsahl, RW, "Chronic Wasting Disease of Deer and Elk: A Call for National Management",Environmental Law 33 (no.4, 2003): 1059-1092.

Oraezie Vallino (Oräzie Vallino), Fabienne-Charlotte. "Alle radici dell'etica ambientale: pensiero sullanatura, wilderness et creatività artistica negli Stati Uniti del XIX secolo" (The Roots of EnvironmentalEthics: Thoughts on Nature, Wilderness, and Artistic Creativity in the United States in the 19thCentury). Part I, Storia dell' Arte (History of Art), no. 78, 1993, pp. 183-257; Part II, no. 79, 1993,pp. 355-410. In Italian, an extensive treatment of the roots of environmental ethics in AmericanRomantic aesthetics of nature, includes color reproductions of American artists. Oräzie Vallino isa French/Italian professor at the Universita' Degli Studi Della Tuscia in Viterbo, near Rome, whoteaches art, geography, and ecology and has studied extensively in the United States. She editedan Italian version of George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature. (Marsh was the first U. S.ambassador to the unified Italy.) Address: 1 Largo Amba Aradam, 00184 Rome, Italy. (v6,#1)

Oravec, Christine L. and James G. Cantrill, The Conference on the Discourse of EnvironmentalAdvocacy. Papers from a conference, published by the University of Utah Humanities Center,University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. Released February 1992. Four dozen papers:Examples: Bruce Piasecki, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "Environmental Management and thePublic's Expectation for Fact: Reflections on the Rhetoric of Environmental Advocacy"; EliseBedsworth Scott, San Francisco State University, "The Rhetoric of Eco-tage"; Susan Senecah,University of Minnesota, "The Sacredness of Natural Places: How a Big Canyon Became a GrandIcon." (v3,#1)

Orbuch, Paul M., Singer, Thomas O. "International Trade, the Environment and the States: AnEvolving State-Federal Relationship," The Journal of Environment and Development 4, no. 2(Summer 1995): 121- . (v6,#4)

Orenstein, Gloria Feman, "The greening of Gaia: Ecofeminist artists revisit the garden," Ethics andthe Environment 8(no. 1, 2003):103-111. Ecofeminism is a different kind of political movement, forinstead of viewing the arts as adjuncts to political activity or as distractions from political activism,ecofeminism considers the arts to be essential catalysts of change. In the eighties and earlynineties, ecofeminist artists often invoked the symbol of The Great Mother, The Goddess, or Gaiain order to emphasize the interconnectedness of three levels of creation, all imaged as femaleoutside of patriarchal civilization: cosmic creation, procreation, and artistic creation. Ecofeminists

today feel less of a need to examine the past. It is more urgent for them to concentrate on thework that needs to be done to regenerate the earth today. Orenstein is in comparative literatureand gender studies, University of Southern California. (E&E)

Oreskes, Naomi, Kristin Shrader-Frechette, and Kenneth Belitz, "Verification, Validation, andConfirmation of Numerical Models in the Earth Sciences," Science 263(February 4, 1994):641-646. Verification and validation of numerical models of natural systems is impossible. This is becausenatural systems are never closed and because model results are always nonunique. Models canbe confirmed by the demonstration of agreement between observation and prediction, butconfirmation is inherently partial. Complete confirmation is logically precluded by the fallacy ofaffirming the consequent and by incomplete access to natural phenomena. Models can only beevaluated in relative terms, and their predictive value is always open to question. The primary valueof models is heuristic. Oreskes and Belitz are in earth science at Dartmouth College, Shrader-Frechette is in philosophy at the University of South Florida. (v5,#1)

Organization & Environment, Vol. 15, March, 2002, is a theme issue on environmental sociology. (v.13,#2)

Organization and Environment is a new journal devoted to discussion of the social roots andconsequences of environmental problems. The aim is to develop new perspectives onorganizations and organizing, perspectives that encourage environmentally sensitive reflection,inquiry, and practice. The editors are: John Bellamy Foster, University of Oregon; John M. Jernier,University of South Florida; and Paul Shrivastava, Bucknell University. Papers to: John M. Jernier,College of Business, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33520-5500. Phone 813/974-1757. Fax 813/974-3030. Sage Publications is the publisher. (v8,#1)

Organization and Environment, Vol. 15, No. 3 includes a debate over democracy, environmentaldecision making, the Internet and digital technology. Participants are Michael Howes, Sylvia N. Tesh,David Schlosberg & John S. Dryzek, Stephen Zavestoski & Stuart W. Shulman. (v.13, #3)

Orians, F. Barbara, "Animal Well-Being." Chapter 12 in Emily Baker and Michael Richardson, eds.,Ethics Applied, edition 2 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), pages 439-471. ISBN 0-536-01867-7. Five positions regarding nonhuman animals: animal exploitation, animal use, animal welfare,animal rights, animal liberation. Moral standing of animals: the utilitarian case, the natural rightsargument. The case against moral consideration of animals. Use of animals in education. Biomedical research. Animals as food. Animal testing. Blood sports. Greyhound racing. Zoos,Marine Mammal Exhibits. Orians is a Senior Research Fellow, Kennedy Institute of Ethics,Georgetown University. (v.10,#2)

Orians, GJ; Soule, ME, "Whither Conservation Biology Research?" Conservation Biology 15(no. 4,2001):1187-1188. (v.13,#1)

Orians, Gordon H. "Thought for the Morrow: Cumulative Threats to the Environment," Environment37(no.7, Sept. 1995):6- . Seemingly insignificant actions can add up to some major threats to theenvironment. (v6,#4)

Orians, Gordon, and Judith Heerwagen, "Evolved Responses to Landscapes," Pages 555-579, ina section on "Environmental Aesthetics," in Jerome Barkow, Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, eds.,The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Oxford UniversityPress, 1992. (v7,#1)

Orians, Gordon, "Aesthetic Factors," Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 1: 45-54. Aesthetic factors arethose characteristics of a given object or situation that evoke a certain emotional response, either

a sense of beauty, attractiveness, pleasure, symmetry, order, and so on, or, conversely, ofugliness, disorder, menace, disgust, or the like. Generally speaking, the aesthetic preferences thathumans display in response to their environment, in such contexts as mate choice, food patterns,and habitat selection, have been shaped by evolutionary experience and reflect suitable solutionsfor survival and reproductive success. (v.11,#4)

ORiordan (O'Riordan), Timothy, and Andrew Jordan. "The Precautionary Principle in ContemporaryEnvironmental Politics." Environmental Values 4(1995):191-212. In its restless metamorphosis, theenvironmental movement captures ideas and transforms them into principles, guidelines and pointsof leverage. Sustainability is one such idea, now being reinterpreted in the aftermath of the 1992Rio Conference. So too is the precautionary principle. Like sustainability, the precautionary principleis neither a well defined principle nor a stable concept. It has become the repository for a jumbleof adventurous beliefs that challenge the status quo of political power, ideology and civil rights.Neither concept has much coherence other than it is captured by the spirit that is challenging theauthority of science, the hegemony of cost-benefit analysis, the powerlessness of victims ofenvironmental abuse, and the unimplemented ethics of intrinsic natural rights and inter-generationalequity. It is because the mood of the times needs an organising idea that the precautionary principleis getting a fair wind. However, unless its advocates sharpen up their understanding of the term,the precautionary principle may not establish the influence it deserves. Its future looks promisingbut it is not assured. KEYWORDS: Precaution, precautionary principle, environmentalism,sustainability, environmental ethics. O'Riordan and Jordan are at the School of EnvironmentalSciences, University of East Anglia. (EV)

ORiordan (O'Riordan), Timothy, and Cameron, James, eds. Interpreting the Precautionary Principle. London: Earthscan Publications, Ltd., 1994. 315 pages. O'Riordan is in the School ofEnvironmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich. Includes:--Bodansky, Daniel, "The Precautionary Principle in US Environmental Law," pages 203-228. (v.9,#3)

ORiordan (O'Riordan), Timothy. "Frameworks for Choice: Core Beliefs and the Environment,"Environment 37(no.8, Oct. 1995):4- . Environmental attitudes and actions often reflect deeperbeliefs about the world. (v6,#4)

ORiordan (O'Riordan), T., Jordan, A. "British Environmental Politics in the 1990s." EnvironmentalPolitics 4(Winter 1995):237. (v7,#2)

ORiordan (O'Riordan), Timothy and Stoll, Susanne, eds., Protecting Beyond the Protected:Biodiversity, Sustainable Development and Human Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2002. O'Riordan is at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. Stoll is at the PotsdamInstitute for Climate Impact Research, Germany. (v.13, #3)

ORiordan (O'Riordan), T., "1976: Environmentalism." With commentary 1: by James L. Wescoat Jr,Commentary 2: by David Pepper, and Author's response: by Tim O'Riordan. Progress In HumanGeography 23(no. 4, 1999):589- . (v.11,#1)

ORiordan (O'Riordan), Tim and James Camerson, eds., Interpreting the Precautionary Principle. London: Cameron May, Ltd., 1994. The precautionary principle, especially applicable inenvironmental issues, states that public and private interests should act so as to prevent harm,even where there is no scientific proof that an activity does cause damage to the environment.This has serious implications for risk evaluation and assessment. Sample article: Robin Attfield,"The Precautionary Principle and Moral Values."

ORiordan (O'Riordan), Tim, Review of Mintzer, Irving M. and Leonard, J. A., Negotiating ClimateChange: The Inside Story of the Rio Convention. Environmental Values 7(1998):115.

ORiordan (O'Riordan), Tim, "Valuation as Revelation and Reconciliation," Environmental Values6(1997):169-184. ABSTRACT: Valuation is portrayed here as a dynamic and interactive process,not a static notion linked to willingness to pay. Valuation through economic measures can be builtupon by creating trusting and legitimising procedures of stakeholder negotiation and mediation. Thisis a familiar practice in the US, but it is only beginning to be recognised as an environmentalmanagement tool in the UK. The introduction of strategic environmental and landuse appraisal plansfor shorelines, estuaries, river catchments and rural landscapes, combined with the mobilisationof protest around landuse proposals that are not seemingly justified on the basis of need(incinerators, landfills, quarries, reservoirs, roads) suggest that a more legitimate participatory formof democracy is required to reveal valuation through consensual negotiation. School ofEnvironmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. (EV)

Orlans, F. B., In the Name of Science: Issues in Responsible Animal Experimentation. New York:Oxford University Press, 1993.

Ornstein, Robert and Paul Ehrlich, New World, New Mind: Moving toward Conscious Evolution. NewYork: Doubleday, 1989. 302 pages. Humans were, from evolutionary natural selection, a good fitin the circumstances under which they evolved. But "there is now a mismatch between the humanmind and the world people inhabit. This mismatch interferes with the relationships of human beingswith each other and with their environment" (9). The rapid pace of cultural changes requires us"to take our evolution into our hands and create a new evolutionary process, a process ofconscious evolution . . . We need to replace our old minds with new ones" (12). Ornstein is awell-known science writer; Ehrlich is a biologist at Stanford University and active conservationist.(v6,#2)

ORourke (O'Rourke), Annie, "Caring-About Virtual Pets: An Ethical Interpretation of Tamagotchi,"Animal Issues (University of Sydney, Australia) 2, no. 1, 1998. (v.10,#1)

Orr, David W. "Architecture as Pedagogy II," Conservation Biology 11(no.3, 1997):597. The worstthing we can do to our children is to convince them that ugliness is normal (citing Rene Dubos). Where learning about conservation takes place, also teaches about conservation. One criteriais that beauty here must cause no ugliness somewhere else or at some later time. The experienceof Oberlin College, where Orr teaches. (v8,#2)

Orr, David W., The Nature of Design: Ecology, Culture, and Human Intention. New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 2002. Re-designing society--politics, buildings, economics, lifestyles--so as tore-calibrate what humans do in the world according to how the world works. Orr is at OberlinCollege.

Orr, David W., Ecological Literacy: Education and the Transition to a Postmodern World. Albany:State University Press of New York, 1992. $29.95 hardcover, $14.95 paper. What schools,colleges, and universities can do to help in the transition to an ecologically sustainable world.(v3,#1)

Orr, David W., Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment, and the Human Prospect. Washington,DC: Island Press, 1994. $ 16.95 paper; $ 29.95 hardcover. "Educators must become students ofthe ecologically proficient mind and of the things that must be done to foster such minds. In timethis will mean nothing less than the redesign of education itself." These essays, previouslypublished, are here gathered and compounded in their power to provoke and to stimulate thinkingabout the role of the college and university in teaching ecological literacy. Sample chapters: What

is Education for? The Dangers of Education. Rating Colleges (as environmental models and forteaching environmental responsibility). Agriculture and the Liberal Arts. Love It or Lose It: TheComing Biophilia Revolution. A World That Takes Its Environment Seriously. Prices and LifeExchanged: Costs of the U.S. Food System. Refugees or Homecomers? Conjectures About theFuture of Rural America. Orr directs environmental studies at Oberlin College. (v5,#4)

Orr, David W. "Slow Knowledge." Conservation Biology 10, no.3 (1996): 699. (v7, #3)Orr, David W. "The Not-So-Great Wilderness Debate." Wild Earth 9(No. 2, Summer 1999):74- . (v10,#4)

Orr, David W., "The Liberal Arts, the Campus, and the Biosphere," Harvard Educational Review 60(1990): 205-16. Where does the campus fit into the biosphere? What role should universities playin the struggle to save the environment? Although critics, such as Allan Bloom, have recentlyaccused liberal arts institutions of failing to educate college youth properly, few have addressedthe question of how colleges and universities might make students more aware and responsibleabout their place in the natural world. Orr offers a rationale for incorporating environmentalconcerns into the curriculum of higher education and suggests examples of curricular innovations,including programs for restructuring the ways colleges procure food, deal with waste, and useenergy. A focus on the ecosystem of the college campus can broaden students' visions of thenatural world in which they live. Orr teaches environmental studies at Oberlin College. (v6,#2)

Orr, David W. "Education for Globalisation." The Ecologist 29(no. 3, May 1999):166- . (v.11,#1)

Orr, David. "Rethinking Education." The Ecologist 29(no. 3, May 1999):232- . (v.11,#1)

Orr, David. Review of: Martin Lewis, Green Delusions, Environmental Ethics 16(1994):329-332.

Orr, DW, "Four Challenges of Sustainability," Conservation Biology 16(no.6, 2002): 1457-1460.

Orr, Matthew, "Environmental Decline and the Rise of Religion," Zygon: Journal of Religion andScience 38(2003):895-910. Some responses to the planet's environmental crisis share thecharacteristics of a religious revitalization movement and an incipient religion. They call for ascience-based cosmology and an encompassing reverence for nature, and thus differ fromresponses to environmental decline offered by tradition religions. As environmental problemsdeepen, historical precedent suggests that religious shifts in affected cultures may follow. Orr isin biology, University of Oregon, Branch Program, Bend, Oregon. (v.14, #4)

Ortiz, Sara Elizabeth Gavrell, "Beyond Welfare: Animal Integrity, Animal Dignity, and GeneticEngineering," Ethics and the Environment 9(no. 1, 2004):94-120. Bernard Rollin argues that it ispermissible to change an animal's telos through genetic engineering, if it doesn't harm the animal'swelfare. Recent attempts to undermine his argument rely either on the claim that diminishing certaincapacities always harms an animal's welfare or on the claim that it always violates an animal'sintegrity. I argue that these fail. However, respect for animal dignity provides a defeasible reasonnot to engineer an animal in a way that inhibits the development of those functions that a memberof its species can normally perform, even if the modification would improve the animal's welfare. Ortiz is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. (E&E)

Ortner, Sherry B., Life and Death on Mt. Everest: Sherpas and Himalayan Mountaineering. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999, paper 2001. $ 18. 392 pages. An anthropologistassesses the evolving relationship between the mountaineers and the Sherpas, a relationship ofmutual dependence and cultural conflict played out in an environment of mortal risk. Ortner is inanthropology at Columbia University. (EE v.12,#1)

Orton, David, "Deep Ecology Perspectives," Synthesis/Regeneration, no. 32, Fall 2003. Theimportance of deep ecology, and some of its contradictions. Available online at:http://www.greens.org/s-r/index.html

Orton, David. "Industrial Forestry and a Critique of Natural Resource Management." Green WebBulletin #66. Available to activists by contacting the Green Web. About 4,500 words (28 kb) long,it is based on a lecture by David Orton to students at Mount Allison University in Nebraska (USA)in early November 1998 for a course called "Natural Resource Management." The lecture, givenfrom a left biocentric deep ecology perspective, used philosophical and practical examples situatedin a Maritimes and larger context. Included are: a critique of "resourcism," which treats nature asan object to commodify for human and corporate use; descriptions of forestry conflicts like NovaNada, the Christmas Mountains, and Clayoquot Sound; discussion of the human-centered languageof industrial capitalist forestry; criticism of Elizabeth May's recent forestry book At The CuttingEdge; and an analysis of the industrial forestry situation, how it is getting worse and why, and theneed to get involved. Contact Helga Hoffmann at the Green Web: greenweb@fox.nstn.ca

Orts, Eric W., "Reflexive Environmental Law," Northwestern University Law Review89(1995):1227-1340. Most environmental law is regulation, command and control of business byoutside law, imposed by political authorities. A better approach is reflexive environmental law,where businesses from within adopt systematic ways of thinking and operating in anenvironmentally responsible manner. This creates a climate in which businesses voluntarily adoptprocedures to encourage environmentally sound decision making and to monitor environmentalprogress. Long article with much detail and nearly 500 legal-style footnotes. Orts is in law, TheWharton School, University of Pennsylvania. (v.10,#2)

Orts, Eric W., and Strudler, Alan, "The Ethical and Environmental Limits of Stakeholder Theory,"Business Ethics Quarterly 12 (no. 2, 2002):215-233. We argue that though stakeholder theory hasmuch to recommend it, particularly as a heuristic for thinking about business firms properly asinvolving the economic interests of other groups beyond those of the shareholders or other equityowners, the theory is limited by its focus on the interests of human participants in businessenterprise. Stakeholder theory runs into intractable philosophical difficulty in providing credibleethical principles for business managers in dealing with some topics, such as the naturalenvironment that do not directly involve human beings within a business firm or who engage intransactions with a firm. Corporate decision-making must include an appreciate of these ethicalvalues even though they cannot be captured in stakeholder theory. Orts is in law, The WhartonSchool, University of Pennsylvania. (v.13, #3)

Orts, Eric W., "A Reflexive Model of Environmental Regulation," Business Ethics Quarterly5(1995):779-794. We should begin to consider a new model of reflexive environmental law. Thisregulatory strategy aims to provide more reflective as well as more efficient environmentalregulation.

Oruka, H. Odera, ed. Philosophy, Humanity and Ecology. Volume 1: Philosophy of Nature andEnvironmental Ethics. Nairobi, Kenya: African Centre for Technology Studies, 1994. US$20.00(ISBN 9966-41-086-4). This volume contains papers presented at the World Conference ofPhilosophy held in Nairobi, Kenya, in July 1991. Papers by 40 contributors, mostly short papers. Two more volumes are anticipated. The general theme of the conference was Philosophy,Humanity and the Environment. Attracting almost six hundred participants and observers,representing 55 countries, the papers in this volume incorporate contributions from Europe, NorthAmerica, Asia and Africa, including Evandro Agazzi, Wolfgang Kluxen, Jerzy Pelc, Richard T. DeGeorge, S.S. Rama Pappu, Tomonobu Imamichi, Ali Mazrui, Kwasi Wiredu and Thomas R.Odhiambo. Chair of the organizing committee of the World Conference, H. Odera Oruka isProfessor of Philosophy, University of Nairobi, and founder chair of the Philosophical Association

of Kenya. To order, send a cheque or money order to either of the institutions below. If out ofKenya, add US $8.00 for airmail postage (or US $2.00 for surface postage) and US $5.00 for bankcharges. African Centre for Technology Studies, P.O. Box 45917, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.254-2-565173, 569986 Or: African Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 14798, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.254-2-884401/6. (v6,#3)

Osborn, Lawrence, "Archetypes, Angels and Gaia," Ecotheology No 10 (Jan 2001):9-22.

Osborne, K, "Review of: The U.S.-Mexican Border Environment: Economy and Environment for aSustainable Border Region: Now and in 2020 by Paul Ganster (Ed.)," Journal of Environment andDevelopment 12(no.3, 2003):345-348. (v.14, #4)

Oskamp, Stuart, "Apply Social Psychology to Avoid Ecological Disaster," Journal of Social Issues,vol. 51, no. 4, Winter 1995. (v8,#2)

Oslund, K, "Review of: Susan Kollin, Nature's State: Imagining Alaska as the Last Frontier",Environmental History 8(no.1, 2003):154.

Ost, F., La nature hors la loi. L'écologie à l'épreuve de droit. Paris: La Découverte, 1995. 346pages.

Ostergren, D., "Review of: Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of theNational Parks, by Mark David Spence," Natural Resources Journal 41(no.3, 2001): 766-67. (v.13,#2)

Ostergren, David M. and Hollenhorst, Steven J., "Convergence in Protected Area Policy: AComparison of the Russian Zapovednik and American Wilderness Systems, Society & NaturalResources 12(no. 4, 1999):293- . (v10,#4)

Ostfeld, Richard S.; Jones, Clive G.; and Wolff, Jerry O. "Of Mice and Mast." Bioscience 46, no.5(1996): 323. Ecological connections in eastern deciduous forests. (v7, #3)

Ostrom, Elinor, et al. (4 co-authors), "Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges,"Science 284(9 April 1999):278-282. Garrett Hardin argued in 1968 the tragedy of the commons. New insights about such problems and the conditions likely to sustain uses of common-poolresources. The most difficult challenges concern the management of large-scale resources thatdepend on international cooperation, such as fresh water in international basins or large marineecosystems. Institutional diversity may be as important as biological diversity for our long-termsurvival. Ostrom is at the Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and EnvironmentalChange, Indiana University, Bloomington. (v.10,#1)

Ostrom, Elinor, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 1990. (v3,#4)

OToole (O'Toole) Jr., Laurence J. "Hungary: Political Transformation and Environmental Challenge." Environmental Politics 7(no.1, Spring 1998):93- . (v10,#4)OToole (O'Toole), J. Mitchell, "An Ecological Approach to Environmental Ethics," InternationalResearch in Geographical and Environmental Education 11 (no. 1, 2002):48-52. (InternationalGeographical Union, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, UK). ISSN 1038-2046. Introduces aForum on Environmental Ethics, with nine papers (really 3-4 page summaries) from a forum heldat the 10th Pacific Science Inter-Congress, held at the University of Guam, June 1-6, 2001. Samplepapers:

--Sellman, James D., "Living on the Edge in Micronesian Ecological Philosophy," pages 54-57.--Rolston, Holmes, III, "Enforcing Environmental Ethics: Civic Law and Natural Value," pages 76-79.--Rowe, Sharon, "Returning to What Matters: Daoist Lessons for Ecofeminism," pages 63-67.--Parks, N., "Measuring Climate Change," Bioscience 52(no.8, 2002): 652.--Paul, E., "Science: The Newest Political Football in the Endangered Species Game," Bioscience52(no.9, 2002): 792-856.

OToole, L., Fielding, A. H. and Haworth, P. F., "Re-Introduction of the Golden Eagle into the Republicof Ireland," Biological Conservation 103(no.ER2, 2002): 303-12. (v.13,#2)

Ott, Konrad, Ökologie und Ethik: Ein Versuch praktischer Philosophie (Ecology and Ethics: AnAttempt at Practical Philosophy. Tübingen: Attempto Verlag, 1993. 188 pages. DM 38,--. ISBN 3-89308-162-3. Ott's book has three main parts: 1. The Concept of Ecology. 2. Critical Theory andNature. 3. Ecoethical Arguments. In part one, he discusses the history of the discipline ofphilosophy and various ecological approaches to environmental philosophy, such as humanecology, speculative ecology, including Schorsch's mystical holism, Roszak's subversive ecology,,Hösle's objective idealism, and Christian ecology. In part two, he finds that we can learn fromAdorno's and Horkheimer's views on nature, the early Habermas' view in Knowledge and HumanInterests, and the later Habermas' view in his discourse ethical writings. Part three presents ataxonomy of ecoethical arguments: a) utilitarianism, b) aestheticism, c) the human right to nature,d) ethics of compassion and ecological pathognomics, e) objective and subjective theories of valuein nature, and f) evolutionism. Ott is widely read and draws on both German and English sources. He himself opts for a teleologically grounded physiocentric position, which he calls "ecologicalpathognomics" (p. 144, pp. 153-155). He believes that we should further the good of teleologicalnature for its own sake. Ott did his dissertation with Habermas in Frankfurt and is about to finishhis habilitation (teaching qualification) in Tübingen. (Thanks to Angelika Krebs, University ofFrankfurt.)

Ott, Konrad, "Eine Theorie 'starker' Nachhaltigkeit. (A theory of 'strong' sustainability)" In German.Natur und Kultur 2(no. 1, 2001):55-75. Abstract: This article outlines a theoretical approachtowards sustainability. Such approach should be ethically reflective, normatively sound andconceptually clear-cut. Any theory of sustainability must encompass a reasonable choice betweenthe two competing concepts of `weak' and `strong' sustainability. It will be argued that strongsustainability should be favored. Some policy implications of this choice will be outlined. (v.12,#2)

Ott, Konrad. Ipso Facto, Zur ethischen Rekonstruktion normativer Implika wessenschaftlicherPraxis. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp-Verlag, 1997. 820 pp. (v8,#3)

Ott, Wayne R. Environmental Statistics and Data Analysis. Boca Raton, FL: St. Lucie Press, 1995.336 pp. $79.95. An introduction to the areas of probability theory and statistics that are importantin environmental monitoring, data analysis, research, environmental field surveys andenvironmental decision making. (v8,#3)Ottinger, Richard and the Pace University Center for Environmental Legal Studies. EnvironmentalCosts of Electricity: The Pace Study. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, 1990. $75.00hardbound. The "real costs" to society of the operation of electrical power plants. (v5,#2)

Ouderkirk, Wayne, "Review of Gary L. Comstock, Vexing Nature? On the Ethical Case againstAgricultural Biotechnology," Ethics and the Environment 7(no. 2, 2002):185-193. (E&E)

Ouderkirk, Wayne and Jim Hill, eds. Land, Value, Community: Callicott and EnvironmentalPhilosophy. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 25(2003):427-430. (EE)

Ouderkirk, Wayne, and Hill, Jim, eds., Land, Value, Community: Callicott and EnvironmentalPhilosophy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2002. An anthology devoted to thework of J. Baird Callicott and the Land Ethic. Contains:-Ouderkirk, Wayne, "Introduction: Callicott and Environmental Philosophy," pages 1-18.-Partridge, Ernest, "Ecological Morality and Nonmoral Sentiments", pages 21-35.-Barkdull, John, "How Green Is the Theory of Moral Sentiments?", pages 37-58.-McIntosh, Robert P., "Ecological Science, Philosophy, and Ecological Ethics," pages 59-83.-Shrader-Frechette, Kristin, "Biocentrism, Biological Science, and Ethical Theory", pages 85-95.-Donner, Wendy, "Callicott on Intrinsic Value and Moral Standing in Environmental Ethics," pages99-105.-Rolston, Holmes, III, "Naturalizing Callicott," pages 107-122.-Norton, Bryan, "Epistemology and Environmental Values," pages 123-132.-Hargrove, Eugene C., "Environmental Ethics without a Metaphysics," 135-149.-Larrère, Catherine, "Philosophy of Nature or Natural Philosophy? Science and Philosophy inCallicott's Metaphysics," pages 151-170.-Palmer, C1are, "Quantum Physics, `Postmodern Scientific Worldview,' and Callicott's EnvironmentalEthics," pages 171-183.-Wenz, Peter S., "Minimal, Moderate, and Extreme Moral Pluralism," pages 185-195.-Light, Andrew, "Callicott and Naess on Pluralism," pages 197-217.-Gruen, Lori, "Beyond Exclusion: The Importance of Context in Ecofeminist Theory," pages 219-226.-Taylor, Angus, "Environmental Ethics and Respect for Animals," pages 229-236.-Bratton, Susan Power, "J. Baird Callicott's Critique of Christian Stewardship and the Validity ofReligious Environmental Ethics," pages 237-251.-Hester, Lee, McPherson, Dennis, Booth, Annie, and Cheney, Jim, "Callicott's Last Stand," pages253-278.-Ouderkirk, Wayne, "The Very Idea of Wilderness," pages 279-288.-Callicott, J. Baird, "Callicott Responds: My Reply," pages 291-329. (v.13,#1)

Ouderkirk, Wayne, "Mindful of the Earth: A Bibliographical Essay on Environmental Philosophy," TheCentennial Review (College of Arts and Letters, Michigan State University) 42(no. 1, Winter,1998):353-392. A shorter version was published in Choice: Current Reviews for AcademicLibraries 35, no. 3 (Nov. 1997). Excellent introductory overview, useful with students, the fulllength version published in a place likely to be overlooked by many environmental philosophers. Ouderkirk is at Empire State Collge, SUNY, Cobleskill, NY. (v.13, #3)

Ouderkirk, Wayne and Jim Hill, eds., Land, Value, Community: Callicott and EnvironmentalPhilosophy. Reviewed by Y. S. Lo. Environmental Values 13(2004):130-132. (EV)

Ouderkirk, Wayne. "Can Nature be Evil? Rolston, Disvalue, and Theodicy." Environmental Ethics21(1999):135-150. Holmes Rolston, III's analysis of disvalue in nature is the sole explicit andsustained discussion of the negative side of nature by an environmental philosopher. GivenRolston's theological background, perhaps it is not surprising that his analysis has stronganalogues with traditional theodicies, which attempt to account for evil in a world created by agood God. In this paper, I explore those analogues and use them to help evaluate Rolston'saccount. Ultimately, I find it more satisfactory than traditional theodicy in its own context, but I alsoraise two problems: a weighting and a counseling problem. First, once Rolston acknowledges thereality and role of disvalue in nature, he discounts its significance too greatly. Second, his accountis less useful in helping those who have been harmed by the destructive activity of nature. I claimthat we can usefully regard Rolston's analysis as a deconstruction of the anthropocentric,non-ecological view of nature. Finally, I argue that the two problems and a related issue, theobjectivity/subjectivity of values, point in the direction of a pragmatist account of value in nature. (EE)

Ouderkirk, Wayne. Review of Kate Soper, What Is Nature? Culture, Politics and the Non-Human. Environmental Ethics 20(1998):105-08.

Oughton, Deborah H. "Ethical Issues in Communication and Management of Radiation Risks." Pages1-11 in Peder Anker, ed., Environmental Risk and Ethics. Oslo, Norway: Centre for Developmentand the Environment, University of Oslo, 1995. (v6,#4)

Our Changing Planet. The FY 1995 U.S. Global Change Research Program. 132 pages. This is areport by the Committee on Environment and Natural Resources Research of the National Scienceand Technology Council, a supplement to the President's Fiscal Year 1995 Budget. 300 D St., S.W.,Suite 840, Washington, DC 20024. (v6,#1)

Ouzman, S, "Review of: What Place for Hunter-Gatherers in Millennium Three? Edited by ThomasN. Headland and Doris E. Blood. SIL International Museum of Cultures Publications in Ethnography38, Dallas, TX, 2002", Human Ecology 32 (no.2, 2004): 275-278(4).

Ovadia, O, "Ranking Hotspots of Varying Sizes: a Lesson from the Nonlinearity of the Species-Area Relationship," Conservation Biology 17(no.5, 2003):1440-1441. (v.14, #4)

Overdevest, Christine, "Participatory Democracy, Representative Democracy, and the Nature ofDiffuse and Concentrated Interests: A Case Study of Public Involvement on a National ForestDistrict," Society & Natural Resources 13(no.7, OCT 01 2000):685- . (EE v.12,#1)

Overdevest, Christine, Green, Gary P. "Forest Dependence and Community Well-Being: ASegmented Market Approach," Society and Natural Resources 8(no.2, Mar.1995):111- .

Overton, JM; TheoStephens, RT; Leathwick, JR; Lehmann, A, "Information pyramids for informedbiodiversity conservation," Biodiversity and Conservation 11(no.12, 2002): 2093-2116.

Owen, D, "Prescriptive Laws, Uncertain Science, and Political Stories: Forest Management in theSierra Nevada", Ecology Law Quarterly 29(no.4, 2003):747-804.

Owens, Mark and Delia, "Can Time Heal Zambia's Elephants?" International Wildlife 27(no. 3,May/June 1997):28-35. Poaching's legacy. Though illegal slaughter for ivory has all but ended,young elephants are still paying a biological toll. Young elephants learned from older individualsin their groups where to find food and water. By killing mature elephants, poachers created a newsociety of younger elephants lacking such knowledge. Their ability to bounce back has beenimpaired. In the study area, poachers had wiped out 93% of the elephants, leaving many unnaturalsocial groupings. (v8,#2)

Owens, Susan and Cowell, Richard, Land and Limits: Interpreting Sustainability in the PlanningProcess. London: Routledge, 2001. Reviewed by Anna R. Davies, Environmental Values12(2003):136-138. (EV)

Owens, Susan, "Land, Limits and Sustainability: A Conceptual Framework and Some Dilemmas forthe Planning System," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 19(1994):439-456. Opportunities and contradictions in applying concepts of sustainable development to land usepolicy. The conceptual framework is provided by "stock maintenance" models of sustainability. A distinction is made between material, postmaterial, and non-instrumental dimensions ofsustainability. Though concepts of sustainability are gaining ground in planning, translating theory

into practice remains problematic. There are problems in value theory. With attention to questionsof intrinsic value in nature. Owens is in geography, Cambridge University. (v.10,#1)

Owsley, Richard, Review of Zimmerman, Michael, Contesting Earth's Future. Environmental Ethics18(1996):425-429. (EE)

Oxford Declaration on Global Warming. Climate scientists and Christian leaders call for action. Some 70 climate scientists, policy-makers, and Christian leaders from six continents gathered for"Climate Forum 2002" in Oxford, England, St. Anne's College, to address the growing crisis ofhuman-induced climate change. The Forum recognized the reality and urgency of the problem,which particularly affects the world's poorest peoples and the very fabric of the biosphere. TheForum also recognized that the Christian community has a special obligation to provide moralleadership and an example of caring service to people and to all God's Creation. The Forumproduced a statement declaring how human-induced climate change is an ethical and a religiousproblem. The Forum was sponsored by the John Ray Initiative (U.K.) and the AuSable Institute ofEnvironmental Studies (U.S.). Website: http://climateforum2002.org

Ozkaynak (Özkaynak), Begüm, Pat Devine and Dan Rigby, "Operationalising Strong Sustainability:Definitions, Methodologies and Outcomes," Environmental Values 13(2004):279-303. Whileacknowledging the absence of a single definition or theory of sustainability, this paper argues thata discussion of sustainability which refers only to definitions is pointless without an understandingof how the definitions are operationalised. In this context, the paper considers theoperationalisation of strong sustainability.

The definitions and operationalisation of strong sustainability most closely associated with(i) neoclassical environmental economics and (ii) ecological economics are discussed andcompared. This analysis raises questions about the extent to which ecological economics hasbeen able to influence real-world decisions and policy. The paper ends by considering whetherthe economic and political power structure taken as given by ecological economics is compatiblewith its policy perspective. Özkaynak is at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Devine andRigby are in economics, University of Manchester, UK. (EV)

Paasi, A, "Place and region: regional worlds and words," Progress in Human Geography 26(no.6,2002): 802-811.Paasi, A., "Place And Region: Looking Through the Prism of Scale," Progress in Human Geography28(no. 4, 2004): 536-546(11). (v.14, #4)

Pacala, S. W., et al., "False Alarm over Environmental False Alarms," Science 301(28 August2003):1187-1188. In face of uncertainty, many, even most of the environmental alarms may befalse, or overestimated. But many of the alarms will be correct, often underestimated; and resultingmitigation, if it takes place, will bring considerable benefits. Critics have been saying that we havetoo many false alarms. But, these authors conclude, "The balance of the evidence indicates thatwe are receiving substantial benefits from our response to environmental alarms. These benefitsrange from aesthetic (such as our joy at the bald eagle's recovery) to the savings of millions oflives (for example, regulation of air and water pollutants). Still, the critical quality determiningwhether there are too many false environmental alarms is the marginal benefit of the alarms." Onbalance, they find that "given the potential to save millions of lives, this is no time to turn down thesensitivity of our environmental alarms." Pacala is in ecology and evolutionary biology, PrincetonUniversity. (v 14, #3)

Pace, Norman R., "A Molecular View of Microbial Diversity and the Biosphere," Science276(1997):734-740. "Microbial organisms occupy a peculiar place in the human view of life. Microbes receive little attention in our general texts of biology. They are largely ignored by most

professional biologists and are virtually unknown to the public except in the contexts of diseaseand rot. Yet, the workings of the biosphere depend absolutely on the activities of the microbialworld. Our texts articulate biodiversity in terms of large organisms: insects usually top the countof species. Yet, if we squeeze out any one of these insects and examine its contents under themicroscope, we find hundreds of thousands of distinct microbial species. A handfull of soilcontains billions of microbial organisms, so many different types that accurate numbers remainunknown. We know so little about microbial biology, despite it being a part of biology that loomsso large in the sustenance of the planet." "Members of some of these lineages are only distantlyrelated to known organisms but are sufficiently abundant that they are likely to have an impact onthe chemistry of the biosphere." One interesting development: There now appears to be aflourishing subterranean life, a biological world not based on photosynthesis; some even speculatethat most of the biomass on Earth is subterranean. Pace is in microbial biology at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley. See also Richard A. Kerr entry. (v8,#2)

Packard, Stephen, and Mutel, Cornelia, eds. The Tall Grass Restoration Handbook: For Prairies,Savannas, and Woodlands. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1996. 432 pages. $50 cloth, $25paper. A hands-on manual that provides a detailed account of what has been learned about theart and science of prairie restoration and the application of that knowledge to restoration projectsthroughout the world. (v7, #3)

Packenham, Thomas, Remarkable Trees of the World. New York: Norton, 2002. 60 individual treesand groups of trees from around the world that are especially dramatic, with some focus on theAmerican West. (v.14, #4)

Paden, Roger, "Against Grand Theory in Environmental Ethics." Environmental Values 3(1994):61-70. Environmental ethics has been strongly influenced by biological ideas. This essay traces anumber of these influences. Unfortunately, environmental ethicists have tended to produce moraltheories on a grand scale. This tendency is criticized. It is argued that environmental ethicistsshould allow the ecological conception of the complexity of biological communities to influence theirconception of the moral community. If this were to happen, it is argued, they would have to turnaway from grand theories to `theories of the middle range' while adopting a more `empirical'approach to moral philosophy. KEYWORDS: Moral community, moral considerability, evolution,environment, ecology, grand theories. Paden is in philosophy and religious studies at GeorgeMason University, Va. (EV)

Paden, Roger, "Wilderness Management," Philosophy and Geography 1 (1997): 175-187. Padenis associate professor of philosophy at George Mason University. (P&G)

Paden, Roger, "The two professions of Hippodamus of Miletus," Philosophy and Geography 4 (No.1, 2001): 25-48. According to Aristotle, both urban planning and political philosophy originated inthe work of one man, Hippodamus of Miletus. If Aristotle is right, then the study of Hippodamus'swork should help us understand their history as interrelated fields. Unfortunately, it is difficult todetermine with any degree of precision exactly what Hippodamus's contributions were to thesetwo fields when the two fields are studied separately. In urban planning, Hippodamus wastraditionally credited with having invented the "grid pattern" in which straight streets intersect eachother at right angles to form regular city blocks. However, as grid patterned cities have beendiscovered that were built before Hippodamus' birth, this traditional attribution must be false. Inpolitical philosophy, Hippodamus was credited with having written the first utopian "constitution". However, Aristotle's account of this constitution is so brief that it is difficult to determine whatphilosophical position lies behind it and, as that account makes clear, several of the laws governingHippodamus's ideal city seem contradictory. In this paper, I argue that Hippodamus did significantwork in both fields but that his intentions can only be seen clearly if his philosophical andarchitectural works are read together. This reading not only makes clear the unique contribution

that Hippodamus made to both disciplines, but it shows how they were Band perhaps how theyshould be Brelated. Paden is Associate Professor of Philosophy in the Department of Philosophyand Religious Studies at George Mason University. (P&G)

Paden, Roger. "Nature and Morality." Environmental Ethics 14(1992):239-51. In their attempt todevelop a nonanthropocentric ethic, many biocentric philosophers have been content to argue forthe expansion of the moral community to include natural entities. In doing so, they have implicitlyaccepted the idea that the conceptions of moral duties developed by anthropocentric philosophersto describe the moral relationships that hold between humans can be directly applied to thehuman/nature relationship. To make this expansion plausible, they have had to argue that naturalentities have traits that are similar to the morally relevant traits of human beings, e.g., interests, thecapacity to experience pleasure and pain, or "purpose." Not only are these arguments oftenunconvincing, but it seems implausible that the same moral concepts and principles that governhuman relationships also should govern human/nonhuman relationships. Many nonanthropocentricethics, I argue, are (mistakenly) anthropomorphic. They anthropomorphize nature and theyanthropomorphize our relationship with nature. To go beyond this relationship I recommend thedevelopment of a nonanthropomorphic biocentric ethic. Such an ethic requires us to understandbetter what nature is and what role nature plays in moral experience and action. In such an ethic,I argue, nature is viewed as a transcendent "thing" with a transcendental moral significance. Paden is in Philosophy and Religious Studies, George Mason, University, Fairfax, VA. (EE)

Paden, Roger. "Urban Planning and Multiple Preference Schedules: On R.M. Hare's `ContrastingMethods in Environmental Planning'". Environmental Values 8(1999):55-73. ABSTRACT: This essaypresent a critical analysis of Hare's article "Contrasting Methods in Environmental Planning". Itargues that Hare has drawn an important distinction between two "methods" used in both urbanand environmental planning, and that Hare is correct in the conclusion of his argument that one ofthese methods, "the trial-design method", is superior to the other, "the means-end method".However, this paper presents a new argument in support of that conclusion. This new argumentis important for two reasons. First, it points to the existence of at least two different kinds ofpreference schedule. Second, it supports a type of decision making procedure to be used in"multiple-client situations" different from the one envisioned by Hare. This procedure, oddly enough,resembles the procedures outlined by both Habermas and Rawls. However, it can be defendedon recognisably utilitarian grounds. KEYWORDS: Hare, Rawls, Habermas, urban planning, design,preference schedules, utilitarianism. Roger Paden, Department of Philosophy and Religious StudiesGeorge Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444, USA (EV)

Padgett, B, "The Greening of Cultural Discourse and Environmental Ethics," review article, RomHarré, Jens Brockmeier, and Peter Mühlhäusler, Greenspeak: A Study of Environmental Discourse,"Research in Philosophy and Technology 21(no., 2001): 411-412.

Padilla, Emilio, "Climate Change, Economic Analysis and Sustainable Development," EnvironmentalValues 13(2004):523-544. This paper discusses the limitations, omissions and value judgementsof the application of conventional economic analysis in the evaluation of climate change mitigationpolicies. It is argued that these have biased the result of the assessment models towards therecommendation of less aggressive mitigation strategies. Consequently, this paper questionswhether they provide appropriate policy recommendations. The unequal distribution of rightsimplicitly assumed in conventional economic analyses applied to climate change is questioned andan alternative approach considering a distribution of rights consistent with sustainable developmentis put forward. Finally, the points that an analysis consistent with sustainable development shouldtake into account are presented. Padilla is in Applied Economics, Universitat Autònoma deBellatera, Bellaterra, Spain. (EV)

Paehlke, R., "Environmental Politics, Sustainability and Social Sciences," Environmental Politics10(no.4, 2001): 1-22. (v.13,#2)

Paehlke, Robert, "Democracy, Bureaucracy, and Environmentalism," Environmental Ethics10(1988):291-308. Environmental policies will not require a loss of democracy, for mostenvironmental legislation creates processes which enhance citizen participation. To besuccessful, environmentalism must be based on a decentralized and sustainable economic policy. This article is based on Paehlke's book, Environmentalism and the Future of Progressive Politics. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Paehlke, Robert C. Environmentalism and the Future of Progressive Politics (New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, 1989). A historical, philosophical, and political analysis, arguing that anenvironmentally informed progressive movement can be a political response to neo-conservatismin the 1990's. (v1,#1)

Paehlke, Robert, "Environmental Harm and Corporate Crime," in Frank Pearce and LaureenSnider, eds., Corporate Crime: Contemporary Debates. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1995. (v7,#4)

Paehlke, Robert, ed., Conservation and Environmentalism: An Encyclopedia. New York: GarlandPublishing Co., 1995. 771 pages. Nicely indexed. A quite useful volume for any college library. Entries are useful first introductions to the area, especially suitable for undergraduates. Containsthe following entries, among some 500 others:--Fox, Warwick, "Anthropocentrism"--Fox, Warwick, "Deep Ecology: Emergence"--Fox, Warwick, "Deep Ecology: Meaning"--Fox, Warwick, "Ecophilosophy and Ecopsychology"--Fox, Warwick, "Naess, Arne"--Hargrove, Eugene C., "Animal Rights"--Hargrove, Eugene C., "Environmental Ethics" (the field)--Hargrove, Eugene C., "Environmental Ethics" (the journal)--Orr, David, "Environmental Education"--J. Baird Callicott, "Intrinsic Value"--J. Baird Callicott, "Asian Environmental Thought"--Steven C. Rockefeller, "Religion and Environmental Protection"--Karen J. Warren, "Ecofeminism"--Robyn Eckersley, "Ecoanarchism"--Bron R. Taylor, "Eco-Spirituality"--Bron R. Taylor, "Radical Environmentalism"--Max Oelschlaeger, "Appropriate Technology"--Max Oelschlaeger, "Postmodernism and the Environment"--Max Oelschlaeger, "Wilderness"--Robert D. Bullard, "Environmental Justice Movement"--Yrjö Sepänmaa, "Environmental Aesthetics"--Lester W. Milbraith, "Sustainability"--Kenneth A. Dahlberg, "Sustainable Agriculture"--Paehlke, Robert, "Sustainable Development"--Rosenbaum, Walter A., "Risk Analysis"--John E. Carroll, "Environmental Diplomacy"Also entries on Thoreau, Abbey, Carson, Leopold, Muir, etc. (v7,#4)

Paehlke, Robert C., Environmentalism and the Future of Progressive Politics. New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, 1989. Pp. 325. This is a book about political theory and public policy, about

environmentalism as a new wide-ranging political ideology, comparable to the classical politicalideologies of liberalism, conservatism, and socialism. Paehlke's basic argument is that the valueswhich underlie an environmental world-view have implications for public policy that transcendstandard "environmental" issues. Environmentalism can thus serve as the basis of a new ideologyin progressive politics. The book offers a good overview of the development of a politically awareenvironmental consciousness through the issues of pollution, population, and the energy crisis, andthe necessary connection of environmental thought to environmental science. The ideology ofenvironmentalism is also contrasted with the traditional ideologies of liberalism, conservatism, andsocialism. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Paehlke, Robert C. Environmentalism and the Future of Progressive Politics. Reviewed inEnvironmental Ethics 14(1992):81-86.

Paehlke, Robert. "Democracy, Bureaucracy, and Environmentalism." Environmental Ethics10(1988):291-308. Several prominent analysts, including Heilbroner, Ophuls, and Passmore, havedrawn bleak conclusions regarding the implications of contemporary environmental realities for thefuture of democracy. I establish, however, that the day-to-day practice of environmental politicshas often had an opposite effect: democratic processes have been enhanced. I conclude that theresolution of environmental problems may well be more promising within a political context whichis more rather than less democratic. Paehlke is in Political Studies/ Environmental and ResourceStudies Trent University, Ontario, Canada. (EE)

Page, II, Charles R., Jesus and the Land. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1995. The life of Jesusreconstructed on insights from the land, and Jesus' attitudes to the land. Page is at the JerusalemCenter for Biblical Studies, Jerusalem. (v.10,#2)

Page, Kerri, "Inquiry Turns into OK Corral for U.K. Primate Research," Science 298(6 December2002):1862-1863. Protests over primate lab at Cambridge. Cambridge University plans a $ 36million neuroscience center bringing all the university's primate research under one roof. But therehas been much protest and a final decision is still pending.

Page, Robin and Shoard, Marion, "Should we have a legal right to roam unhindered across theBritish countryside?," The Ecologist 30(no.7, OCT 01 2000):20- . Leading conservationists RobinPage and Marion Shoard defend their corners. (EE v.12,#1)

Page, Ruth, God and the Web of Creation. London: SCM Press, 1996. 188 pages. Unexaminedanthropocentrism is a bad thing, even though some measure of human centeredness isinescapable among humans. But the Biblical concept of nature is not straightforward. The Bibleis too varied in what it says on creation, and in many places too far removed from what is takenfor granted in contemporary science and society, for there to be a "biblical" doctrine of creationwhich does not exercise selectivity and the fudging of issues. Page argues that what God createdwas possibility, with creatures free to use it as they could. All creation is by its very being aresponse to the divine gift of possibility. God does not so much "make" or "design" creation as givethe possibility of letting the creatures make themselves, and this allows for the contingent betterand worse uses of these possibilities by creation as it comes into being, flourishes, and dies. Pageportrays what she calls a "companioned world" (pp. 81ff). "The picture involved in this doctrineof creation is not one of God setting up the initial conditions with the express design to producecomplexity and human consciousness and intelligence, but rather one of God letting be whateverwould and could emerge from that freedom, and enjoying all responses of all kinds, with theirvarious qualities, of which intelligence is only one" (p. 80). Page teaches systematic theology atNew College, University of Edinburgh, and is the first woman Principal of that College.

Page, Ruth, "The Animal Kingdom and the Kingdom of God." Pages 1-9 in The Animal Kingdom andthe Kingdom of God, Occasional Paper No. 26, Centre for Theology and Public Issues, New College,University of Edinburgh, 1991. Co-published by the Church and National Committee of the Churchof Scotland. ISBN 1 870126 17 3.

Paice, Di, "Power Hungry: An Electricity Grid for Sub-equatorial Africa," Africa - Environment andWildlife 3(no. 2, March/April 1995):65-68. An interview Charles Dingley, lecturer at the Universityof Cape Town, who claims that on the lower reaches of the Zaire River, with a series of waterfalls, there is enough power potential to supply the whole of Africa twice over. By the year 2025the whole of sub-equatorial Africa could be linked in a power grid that would change the face ofthe region, bring an end to chronic poverty and environmental degradation resulting from overuseof fuel and from burning coal to make electricity. Paice is a free lance journalist. (v6,#3)

Painter, M., "Book Review: Water Rights and Empowerment. Rutgerd Boelens and PaulHoogendam, Eds. (Van Gorcum, Amsterdam, 2002)," Human Ecology 31(no. 3, 2003): 494-497.

Pakarinen, Terttu, Leena Vilkka, and Eija Luukkanen, eds., Näkökulma yhteiskuntatieteelliseenympäristötutkimukseen (A Viewpoint on Research in the Social Sciences). Tampere: Tampereenylipisto (University of Tampere), 1991. Acta Universitatis Temperensis, Series B., vol. 37. Sevenarticles, including Britta Koskiaho, "The Philosophy of Science and New Environmental Research";Juha Varto, "The Philosophy of Nature and the Philosophy of Technology"; and Leena Vilkka, "WhatIs It Like To Be a Yellow Ladyslipper Orchid?" (in Finnish). (v5,#2) (Finland)

Pakarinen, Terttu, "Sustainable Development: A New Call for Multidisciplinary Research," in Life andEducation in Finland 2/1992. Pakarinen, an architect and planner, heads a multidisciplinarycooperative effort between Tampere University and the Tampere University of Technology,teaching at the latter. One of their projects is called "The Ecological City." New Finnish buildinglegislation requires that the principle of sustainable development be taken account of in all buildingwork, and the Finnish Academy and the Ministry for the Environment have funded a considerableresearch program to implement this. (v5,#2) (Finland)

Pakenham, Thomas, Meetings with Remarkable Trees. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1996. Remarkable pictures of remarkable trees, all over the world. (v.8,#4)

Palmer, Clare, Review of Roger Gottlieb, The Ecological Community. Environmental Values7:(1998):479.

Palmer, Clare, Environmental Ethics and Process Thinking. Oxford: Clarendon Press, OxfordUniversity Press, 1998. 243 pages. Palmer challenges the view that process thinking offers anunambiguously positive contribution to the philosophical debate on environmental ethics. Sheexplores the approaches to ethics which may be drawn out of the work of process thinkers suchas A. N. Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne, raising questions about the implications of suchapproaches for justice and individual integrity. She compares the ethics of process thinking witha variety of other approaches to environmental ethics, concluding that these raise a number ofdifficulties relating to process thinking about the environment. Although she does offer somereformations of process thinking in an attempt to address such difficulties, she suggests that aquestion mark remains over what process thinking can contribute to environmental ethics. Palmeris in Religious Studies at the University of Stirling, Scotland. (v.9,#3)

Palmer, Clare, Environmental Ethics. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1997 (P. O. Box 1911,Santa Barbara, CA 93116-1911; 800/368-6868; 805/968-1911. Fax: 805/685-9685. E-mail:sales@abc-clio.com). 192 pages. Hardback only, $ 55.00, includes shipping. This book is back

in print, and, though the price went up $ 10.00 from the previous $ 45.00, is still an excellentresource for libraries that have students doing introductory research and writing papers onenvironmental ethics.--What is Environmental Ethics? (a one-chapter introduction)--Chronology (1650, Descartes, to 1996, founding of the most recent journal in the field, Ethics andthe Environment)--Biographical Sketches (historically important figures, such as John Muir; contemporarycontributors, such as J. Baird Callicott)--Major Issues in Environmental Ethics (such as, agriculture, deforestation, genetic engineering,population, tourism, wilderness). An A-Z section.--Environmental Ethics and Environmental Law--Codes of Practice in Environmental Ethics (such as Volkswagen's Environmental Policy, IBMCorporate Environmental Policy)--Annotated Directory of Organizations with an interest in environmental ethics--Selected Print Resources, extended bibliography--Selected Media and Non-print Resources, including videos, CD-Roms and internet sites).It is worth your while to bug your librarian to get this. Palmer is in the Department of ReligiousStudies, University of Stirling, Scotland. Earlier announced in v.9,#3, but it sold out, now reprinted.

Palmer, Clare, "A Bibliographic Essay on Environmental Ethics," Studies in Christian Ethics(Edinburgh) 7(1994):68-97. An excellent introduction to environmental ethics. In its combinationof a historical sketch with the principal conceptual issues, and literature noted, this introduction isunsurpassed in an article of this length. A historical sketch of the developing field, centralquestions in the current debate (subjective-objective, naturalistic fallacy, monism/pluralism, intrinsicvalue, etc.), key positions presented by various environmental ethicists, grouped as individualconsequentialist (Singer, VanDeVeer, Attfield), individual deontological (Goodpaster, Schweitzer,Taylor), collective environmental ethics (Leopold, Callicott, Lovelock), mixed monistic (Rolston,Johnson, Sylvan), deep ecology (Naess, Fox), ethical positions reviving earlier philosophicalpositions (such as Whitehead's process philosophy, Spinoza, Heidegger), and pluralist approaches(Stone, Brennan, Wenz). The significant books and articles in each position are noted. Palmer isthe University of Greenwich School of Environmental Sciences. (v7,#4)

Palmer, Clare, Review of Attfield, Robin, Environmental Philosophy: Principles and Prospects. Environmental Values 6(1997):237-239. (EV)

Palmer, Clare, Environmental Ethics. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1997 (P. O. Box 1911,Santa Barbara, CA 93116-1911). 192 pages. Hardback only, $ 45.00, includes shipping. One ofa series of reference books on Contemporary Ethical Issues (also including International Ethics,Journalism Ethics, and Business Ethics). This book provides an introduction to environmental ethicsand is intended to assist those newly exploring the field--for instance upper high school oruniversity students. The book contains sections:--What is Environmental Ethics? (a one-chapter useful introduction to the field)--Chronology (1650, Descartes, to 1996, founding of the most recent journal in the field, Ethics andthe Environment)--Biographical Sketches (historically important figures, such as John Muir; contemporarycontributors, such as J. Baird Callicott)--Major Issues in Environmental Ethics (such as, agriculture, deforestation, genetic engineering,population, tourism, wilderness). An A-Z section.--Environmental Ethics and Environmental Law--Codes of Practice in Environmental Ethics (such as Volkswagen's Environmental Policy, IBMCorporate Environmental Policy)--Annotated Directory of Organizations with an interest in environmental ethics--Selected Print Resources, extended bibliography

--Selected Media and Non-print Resources, including videos, CD-Roms and internet sites).Excellent resource. Don't miss this one. Palmer is in the Department of Religious Studies,University of Stirling, Scotland. (v.9,#3)

Palmer, Clare, "The Idea of the Domesticated Animal Contract," Environmental Values 6(1997):411-425. ABSTRACT: Some recent works have suggested that the relationship between human beingsand domesticated animals might be described as contractual. This paper explores how the ideaof such an animal contract might relate to key characteristics of social contract theory, in particularto issues of the change in state from nature to culture, issues of free consent and irrevocability;and the benefits and losses to animals which might follow from such a contract. The paperconcludes that there are important dissimilarities between a domesticated animal contract and othertheories of social contract; and that contract language may be used to legitimate relationships ofdomination over domesticated animals. Department of Philosophy, University of Western Australia,Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009 Australia. (EV)

Palmer, Clare, "Response to Cobb and Menta," Process Studies 33.1 (2004):46-70. Palmerresponds to John Cobb and Tim Menta who critiqued her Environmental Ethics and ProcessThinking and also her "Animality, Civilization, and Savagery in the work of A. N. Whitehead." (v.15, # 3)

Palmer, Clare, "Religion in the Making? Animality, Savagery, and Civilization in the Work of A. N.Whitehead," Society and Animals 5/november 2000, pp. 287-304. What is "human" as opposed towhat is "animal" are frequent ways of distinguishing humans and, often unfortunately, ofdisparaging animals, perhaps under the concept of "savagery." A critique of Whitehead,especially his Religion in the Making, suggesting that using Whitehead to underpin modern workin theology and environmental ethics requires considerable caution. Palmer is in philosophy,Washington University, St. Louis. (v. 15, # 3)

Palmer, Clare, "Christianity, Englishness and the southern English countryside: a study of the workof H. J. Massingham," Social and Cultural Geography 3(no. 1, 2002):25-38. The relationshipbetween Christianity, Englishness, and ideas about the southern English landscape in the writingsof the 1930's and 1940's rural commentator H. J. Massingham. An example of religious and nationalidentities in the context of national landscapes. A kind of "divine Englishness," an interestingexample of one way in which theological reasoning can reflect and reinforce concepts of anaturally ordered national identity. Palmer is herself English, now in philosophy at WashingtonUniversity, St. Louis. (v. 15, # 3)

Palmer, Clare, "Placing Animals in Urban Environmental Ethics," Journal of Social Philosophy 34(no.1, 2003):64-78. Thinking about animals in urban environmental ethics. The complex nature ofurban areas (which includes parks and natural areas) and the diversity of human-animalrelationships within these areas (from pets to pests to bird-watching) raises very differentquestions for animal ethics than those raised within wilderness areas. Palmer is in philosophy,Washington University, St. Louis. (v. 15, # 3)

Palmer, Clare, "Madness and Animality in Michel Foucalt's Madness and Civilization," in PeterAtterton and Matt Calarco, eds., Animal Philosophy: Essential Writings in Theory and Culture. Continuum Press, 2004. Difficulties that underlie Foucalt's treatment of animality. Palmer is inphilosophy, Washington University, St. Louis. (v. 15, # 3)

Palmer, Clare. Environmental Ethics and Process Thinking. Reviewed by Timothy Sprigge.Environmental Ethics 22(2000):191-194.

Palmer, Clare. "'Taming the Wild Profusion of Existing Things'? A Study of Foucault, Power, andHuman/Animal Relationships." Environmental Ethics 23(2001):339-358. I explore how some aspectsof Foucoult's work on power can be applied to human/animal power relations. First, I argue thatbecause animals behave as "beings that react" and can respond in different ways to humanactions, in principle at least, Foucoult's work can offer insights into human/animal power relations.However, many of these relations fall into the category of "domination," in which animals areunable to respond. Second, I examine different kinds of human power practices, in particular,ways in which humans construct animal constitutions and animal subjectivities. Finally, I use a casestudy of a pet cat to show how such power practices may come together in a single instance. (EE)

Palmer, Clare. Animal Liberation, Environmental Ethics and Domestication. OCEES Research PaperNo. 1. Oxford: Oxford Centre for the Environment, Ethics and Society, Mansfield College, 1995. 25pp. A new taxonomy of human-animal relationships. A number of animals with which we mostcommonly interact "fit only very uneasily into either the category of "wild" or "domestic." We needcategories for captive wild animals, scavenging animals, and feral animals, for example. Categories in terms of varying degrees of dependence on human beings are more adequate thanthose in terms of an unwritten contract of the kind proposed by Stephen Budiansky and endorsedwith some qualification by Baird Callicott. At the same time, the different relationships we enjoywith animals of different categories may justify more variation in the way we treat them than wouldbe allowed by the universalizing ethical theories of Regan and Singer. (v8,#1)

Palmer, Clare. Review of Philosophical Dialogues: Arne Naess and the Progress of Ecophilosophy.Edited by Nina Witoszek and Andrew Brennan. Environmmental Ethics 24(2002):103-104. (EE)

Palmer, Joy and David Cooper, eds. Just Environments: Intergenerational, International and Inter-Species Issues. New York: Routledge, 1995. 208 pages. $16.95. Obligations to futuregenerations, to the developing world, and to the non-human species. Social, political, and ethicalaspects of ecology from the perspective of moral philosophy and from a scientific perspective. Palmer is in education, Cooper in philosophy at the University of Durham, U.K. The Elliot volumeand this one make twenty anthologies issued in environmental ethics; see this Newsletter, 5, 4,Winter 94 for a list. (v6,#1)

Palmer, Joy A., ed., Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment. London: Routledge, 2001. The fiftythinkers, and the authors who evaluate them, are:-Buddha, fifth century BCE, by Purushottama Bilimoria.-Chuang Tzu, fourth century BCE, by David E Cooper.-Aristotle, 384-322 BCE, by David E Cooper.-Virgil, 70-19 BCE, by Philip R. Hardie-Saint Francis of Assisi, 1181/2-1226, by Andrew Linzey and Ara Barsam.-Wang Yang-ming, 1472-1528, by T. Yamauchi.-Michel de Montaigne, 1533-92, by Ann Moss.-Francis Bacon, 1561-1626, by Paul S. MacDonald.-Benedict Spinoza, 1632-77, by Paul S. MacDonald.-Basho 1644-94, by David J Mossley.-Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-78, by Paul S. MacDonald.-Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749-1832, by Colin Riordan.-Thomas Robert Malthus, 1766-1834, by John I. Clarke.-William Wordsworth, 1770-1850, by W. John Coletta.-John Clare, 1793-1864, by W. John Coletta.-Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1803-82, by Holmes Rolston III.-Charles Darwin, 1809-82, by Janet Browne.-Henry David Thoreau, 1817-62, by Laura Dassow Walls.-Karl Marx, 1818-83, by Richard Smith.

-John Ruskin, 1819-1900, by Richard Smith.-Frederick Law Olmsted, 1822-1903, by R. Terry Schnadelbach.-John Muir, 1838-1914, by Peter Blaze Corcoran.-Anna Botsford Comstock, 1854-1930, by Peter Blaze Corcoran.-Rabindranath Tagore, 1861-1941, by Kalyan Sen Gupta.-Black Elk, 1862-1950, by J. Baird Callicott.-Frank Lloyd Wright, 1867-1959, by Robert McCarter.-Mahatma Gandhi, 1869-1948, by Purushottama Bilimoria.-Albert Schweitzer, 1875-1965, by Ara Barsam and Andrew Linzey.-Aldo Leopold, 1887-1948, by J. Baird Callicott.-Robinson Jeffers, 1887-1962, by Michael McDowell.-Martin Heidegger, 1889-1976, by Simon P James.-Rachel Carson, 1907-64, by Peter Blaze Corcoran.-Lynn White, Jr, 1907-87, by Michael P. Nelson.-E. F. Schumacher, 1911-77, by Satish Kumar.-Arne Naess, 1912-, by David E. Cooper.-John Passmore, 1914-, by David E. Cooper.-James Lovelock, 1919- , by Michael A Allaby.-Ian McHarg, 1920- , by Terry Schnadelbach.-Murray Bookchin, 1921- , by John Barry.-Edward Osborne Wilson, 1929- , by Phillip J. Gates.-Paul Ehrlich, 1932- , by G. Simmons.-Holmes Rolston III, 1932- . by Jack Weir.-Rudolf Bahro, 1935-97, by John Barry.-Gro Harlem Brundtland, 1939- , by Joy A. Palmer.-Val Plumwood, 1939- , by Nicholas Griffin.-J. Baird Callicott, 1941- , by Michael P Nelson.-Susan Griffin, 1943- , by Cheryll Glotfelty.-Chico Mendes, 1944-88, by Joy A. Palmer.-Peter Singer, 1946- , by Paula Casal.-Vandana Shiva, 1952- , by Lynette J Dumble.Palmer is in education and a chancellor at the University of Durham, UK. She also directs theCentre for Research on Environmental Awareness at the University of Durham. (EE v.12,#1)

Palmer, Karen, Sigman, Hilary, Walls, Margaret. "The Cost of Reducing Municipal Solid Waste,"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 33(no.2, 1997):128. (v8,#3)

Palmer, Martin, "Dancing to Armageddon: Doomsday and Utopia in Contemporary Science andReligion." CTNS Bulletin (Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences, Graduate TheologicalUnion, Berkeley) vol. 12, no. 2, Winter 1992. A new model to guide humankind's relation to thenatural world. Palmer is a religious advisor to the World Wildlife Fund, an advisor to Prince Philipon environmental issues, and Director of the International Consultancy on Religion, Education andCulture, Manchester, UK. The lecture summarizes his forthcoming book of a similar title, HarperCollins, 1992. (v3,#3)

Palmer, Ronan. "From the Inside Out." Environmental Values 9(2000):411-418. Abstract:Environmental values are integral to the work of environmental regulators. However values are notsimple concepts that can be `applied' by the regulators. How they are taken on board will depend,inter alia, on the nature of the organisation, its staff and the issues it deals with. Because theenvironment is complex, the use of values, and in particular of monetary values, will also becomplex. While certain ways of expressing values may not be without problems, they can stillprovide useful guidelines for action. An organisation uses both internal and external processes to

develop and articulate values. The challenge is, over time, to integrate these processes and makethem more meaningful.Keywords: Appraisal, decision theory, organisation theory, valuation.Ronan Palmer is with the The Environment Agency, Rio House, Waterside Drive, Aztec West,Bristol BS32 4UD, UK. (EV)

Palmer, Thomas, "The Case for Human Beings," Atlantic Monthly, January 1992. Apprehensionabout the disappearance of animal or plant species may be misplaced, a naturalist argues, and mayarise out of a mistaken and shortsighted view of the evolutionary process. "To suppose thatearthly diversity is past its prime, and that a strenuous program of self-effacement is the bestcontribution our species has left to offer, is neither good biology nor good history." Homo sapienshas begun to see itself as a vast, featureless mob of yahoos mindlessly trampling this planet's mostancient and delicate harmonies. Maybe, we're being too hard on ourselves. (v3,#1)

Palmer-Fernandez, Gabriel, ed., Moral Issues: Philosophical and Religious Perspectives. UpperSaddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996. 525 pages. Section 10 is "Religion, Ethics, and theEnvironment: What is the Moral Status of Nature and How Ought We To Treat It?" Contains: LynnWhite, Jr., "The Historic Roots of Our Ecological Crisis"; Rosemary Radford Ruether, "Ecofeminism:Symbolic and Social Connections of the Oppression of Women and the Domination of Nature";Robert Gordis, "Ecology and the Judaic Tradition"; Kenneth Goodpaster, "On Being MorallyConsiderable"; Thomas E. Hill, Jr., "Ideals of Human Excellence and Preserving NaturalEnvironments." Palmer-Fernandez is at Youngstown State University. (v6,#4)

Palmunen, Rainer, ed., Finland: Land of Natural Beauty. Helsinki: Oy Valitut Palat--Reader's DigestAb, 1988. 304 pages. FM 331.-. ISBN 951-9079-88-2 (English edition), also in Finnish, ISBN 951-9079-36-X. 70 authors, a coffee-table type book, and also an excellent introduction to all aspectsof nature and nature conservation in Finland. Includes regional introductions. (v5,#2) (Finland)

Paloheimo, Eero, Maan Tie (The Way of the Earth) Helsinki: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, 1989. ISBN 951-0-16075-X. 250 pages. Paper. Paloheimo analyzes three dimensions of the world: thematerial, the psychical, and the conceptual, the latter found only in humans. Developing a spectrumof consciousness, he considers non-living beings, non-sentient living organisms, sentient life, andhuman consciousness. There is, further, a collective consciousness of the biosphere andhumankind. In the second half of the book, Paloheimo asks about possibilities for a different kindof future world, as these depend on different kinds of collective consciousness. There aredifferent psychical and material outcomes of the different kinds of collective consciousness. Analyzing the value of the diversity of life, he considers materialistic uses of the world, estheticvalues in nature, and ethical duties to nature. What would an ideal observer think the world shouldbe like? In result what should we do? We ought to dismiss the idea that the future is unknown andgain power, use it responsibly, make adequate choices, and follow with appropriate deeds. Inaddition to continental and Finnish philosophers, Paloheimo has read extensively in English-speaking philosophers, including environmental philosophers. He is a member of the FinnishParliament, with a doctorate in technology studies, the author of five other books. (v5,#2) (Finland)

Palovicová, Zuzana, "K Vychodiskám Etiky Zivotného Prostredia (Foundations of EnvironmentalEthics)," Filozofia 50(no. 7, 1995):375-381. (In Slovak) Palovicová is at the Institute of Philosophy,Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. (v.10,#1)

Palovicová, Zuzana, "Problém Hodnôt v Environmentálnej Etike (The Value-Problem in EnvironmentalEthics)," Filozofia 51(no. 2, 1996):91-98. (In Slovak) An analysis of value in environmental ethics,with attention to the most important axiological theories, i.e. axiological individualism and axiologicalholism. A value theory adequate for the protection of the environment cannot be built on a merelysubjective axiology. Value results from more objective human needs and from our human struggle

to survive. "Systemic value" (Rolston) and "transformative value" (Norton) are analyzed, as is therelation between instrumental and intrinsic values. Also, Callicott, Regan, Singer. Palovicová is atthe Institute of Philosophy, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. (v.10,#1)

Palsson, Gisli. Review of A.M. Shah, B.S. Baviskar and E.A. Ramaswamy, eds., Development andEthnicity. Environmental Values 8(1999):409. (EV)

Panalver, Eduardo M., "Acts of God or Toxic Torts? Applying Tort Principles to the Problem ofClimate Change." Natural Resources Journal 38(No. 4, Fall 1998):563- . (v10,#4)

Pancheco, Luis F., and Simonetti, Javier A., "Genetic Strtucture of a Mimosoid Tree Deprived of ItsSeed Disperser, the Spider Monkey," Conservation Biology 14(2000):1766-1775. Large bodiedanimals, including some primates, are usually the preferred bushmeat. They also carry seeds, infur or gut, and disperse them widely. Such dispersion is required for some plants, here forexample the seeds of Inga ingoides, a common tree of the lowland forests in Bolivia are dispersedalmost exclusively by the spider monkey. If the animal comes under threat, there are adverseconsquences for these plants. Remove one link, and the system starts to unravel. See also:Moore, Peter D., "The Rising Cost of Bushmeat," Nature 409(2001):775-777. (v.12,#4)

Pannenberg, Wolfhart ,Toward a Theology of Nature: Essays on Science and Faith. Edited by TedPeters. Philadelphia: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1993. 208 pages. Paper. $ 20.00. "Manyscholars of religion sit timidly by waiting to hear what physicists and biologists say about the worldof nature. Then, they adjust their religious vision accordingly. But not systematic theologianWolfhart Pannenberg. Based on dialogue between theologians and scientists for more than threedecades, Pannenberg poses theological questions to natural scientists ... He says the scientificview of nature is incomplete and challenges scientists to incorporate the idea of God into theirpicture of nature. He reviews the relationship between natural law and contingency, theimportance of the spirit in the phenomenon of life, field theory language, and the theological accountfor the nature of God and of God's creative activity. Pannenberg believes the world we live in isa creature of a creating God, and unless we understand this, we cannot fully understand theworld." Pannenberg is professor of systematic theology at the University of Munich. (v4,#4)

Panusz, Filip Henryk, Bodily Work and Value: Merleau-Ponty, Marx and Environmental Ethics. M.A.thesis, Colorado State University, spring 2002. A quasi-materialist approach to value theory. Bodily work is one of the means through which values arise, as with laboring on the land. Valuesare not created out of pure mind. They are not discovered through pure reason, independently ofthe material manifold that surrounds us. It is impossible to speak of value without phenomenologicalinquiry into the subject's immediate experience of the world.

Value is first approached here through Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology of the lived bodyand the Life-world. Continuing, values are not intellectual beliefs that one "has." A value existswhen it is "lived." Value is next approached through Karl Marx's critique of idealism and hismaterialist emphasis upon praxis, as expressed in the labor theory of value.

Among the consequences for environmental ethics are that (a) environmental educationmust educate entire embodied beings, that (b) isolation from the sensuous environment may havedeleterious ethical consequences, and (c) that some kinds of physical work on the land areparticularly fruitful and salubrious in invoking a moral sense within the laborer. Panuz is originallyfrom Poland, now resident in the United States. (v.13,#2)

Papadakis, E., and R. Grant, "The Politics Of `Light-Handed Regulation': `New' Environmental PolicyInstruments In Australia," Environmental Politics 12(no. 1, 2003): 27-50. (v 14, #3)

Papuziski, A., (ed.) Decentralizacja, Regionalizacja, Ekologia. Studium Filozoficznych,spoeczno-politycznych i edukacyjnych aspektów ekologii z perspektywy "maych ojczyzn"

(Decentralization, Regionalization, Ecology. The Study of Philosophical, Social-Political, andEducational Aspects of Ecology from the "little mother-lands" point of view), Wydawnictwo WSPw Bydgoszczy (Bydgoszcz College of Educational Sciences Press), 1998.

Papuziski, A., (ed.), Wprowadzenie do filozoficznych problemów ekologii (An Introduction toPhilosophical Problems of Ecology), WSP Bydgoszcz (Bydgoszcz College of Educational SciencesPress), 1999.

Papuziski, A., ycie - Nauka - Ekologia. Prolegomena do kulturalistycznej filozofii ekologii (Life- Science - Ecology, Prolegomena to Cultural Philosophy of Ecology), Wyd. WSP w Bydgoszczy(Bydgoszcz College of Educational Sciences Press), 1998.

Papuziski, A., (ed.) Decentralizacja, Regionalizacja, Ekologia. Studium Filozoficznych,spoeczno-politycznych i edukacyjnych aspektów ekologii z perspektywy "maych ojczyzn"(Decentralization, Regionalization, Ecology. The Study of Philosophical, Social-Political, andEducational Aspects of Ecology from the "little mother-lands" point of view), Wydawnictwo WSPw Bydgoszczy (Bydgoszcz College of Educational Sciences Press), 1998. (v.13,#1)

Papuziski, A., ycie - Nauka - Ekologia. Prolegomena do kulturalistycznej filozofii ekologii (Life- Science - Ecology, Prolegomena to Cultural Philosophy of Ecology), Wyd. WSP w Bydgoszczy(Bydgoszcz College of Educational Sciences Press), 1998. (v.13,#1)

Papuziski, A., (ed.), Wprowadzenie do filozoficznych problemów ekologii (An Introduction toPhilosophical Problems of Ecology), WSP Bydgoszcz (Bydgoszcz College of Educational SciencesPress), 1999. (v.13,#1)

Paraskevopoulos, S; Korfiatis, KJ; Pantis, JD, "Social Exclusion as Constraint for the Developmentof Environmentally Friendly Attitudes," Society and Natural Resources 16(no.9, 2003):759-774. (v.14, #4)

Parejko, K., "Pliny the Elder's Silphium: First Recorded Species Extinction," Conservation Biology17(no. 3, 2003): 925-927. (v 14, #3)

Parini, Jay, "The Greening of the Humanities," New York Times Magazine, October 29, 1995, pages52-53. (v7,#2)Park, Jacob. "Financing Environmentally Sound Development," Environment 37(no.7, Sept.1995):25- . (v6,#4)

Parke, Rebecca and Vandermast, David. "The American Chestnut: Its Continuing Story." Wild Earth9(No. 2, Summer 1999):23- . (v10,#4)

Parker, I. M., Kareiva, P. "Assessing the Risks of Invasion for Genetically Engineered Plants:Acceptable Evidence and Reasonable Doubt", Biological Conservation 78(no.1/2, 1996):193. (v7,#4)

Parker, Kelly, "Economics, Sustainable Growth, and Community." Environmental Values Vol.2No.3(1993):233-246. ABSTRACT: Sustainable growth is emerging as a normative concept inrecent work in economics and environmental philosophy. This paper examines several kinds ofgrowth, seeking to identify a sustainable form which could be adopted as normative for humansociety. The conceptions of growth expressed in standard economic theory, in the writings ofJohn Dewey, and in population biology, each suggest particular accounts of how the lives ofindividuals and communities ought to be lived. I argue that, while absolute sustainability is not

possible, the latter two conceptions together suggest a regulative ideal of sustainable growthwhich is acceptable at the social level, and which encourages the development of genuinecommunity. KEYWORDS: Economics, ethics, sustainable, growth, development. Department ofPhilosophy, 214 Lake Superior Hall, Grand Valley State University, Allendale MI 49401, USA.

Parker, Kelly, "The Values of a Habitat," Environmental Ethics 12(1990):353-368. This is only thethird article to use pragmatism as a basis for an environmental ethic to appear in EnvironmentalEthics. Pragmatism stresses the end of dualisms that pervade ethical thought and environmentalphilosophy and policy. Parker attempts to reduce the dichotomy between natural and artificialhabitats, but he errs in relying on the human valuation of natural habitats. Parker suggests that thevalues of "adequacy" and "significance" can be applied to both natural and artificial habitats---butthe evaluations are all based on human affective relationships (see p. 368). (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Parker, Kelly A. "A Reply to C. A. Bowers." Environmental Ethics 26(2004):333-334. (EE)

Parker, Kelly. "The Values of a Habitat." Environmental Ethics 12(1990):353-68. Recent severeenvironmental crises have brought us to recognize the need for a broad reevaluation of the relationof humans to their environments. I suggest that we consider the human-nature relation from twooverlapping perspectives, each informed by the pragmatic philosophy of experience. The first isan anthropology, according to which humans are viewed as being radically continuous withtheir environments. The second is a comprehensive ecology, according to which both "natural"and "nonnatural" environments are studied as artificial habitats of the human organism (i.e., as

artifacts). The pragmatic approach has two features which make it promising as a wayto ground environmental thinking. First, it allows us to avoid a human-nature dichotomy and themany problems which that dichotomy has traditionally engendered. Second, it ties environmentalquestions to a common cultural experience and a philosophical position from whichenvironmentalists can effectively engage main-stream educational and political discussions. Parker is in the philosophy department, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. (EE)

Parker, P, "Environmental Initiatives among Japanese Automakers: New Technology, EMS,Recycling and Lifecycle Approaches," Environments 29(no.3, 2001):91-114. (v.13, #3)

Parkes, Graham, "Human/Nature in Nietzsche and Taoism," In: Nature in Asian Traditions andThought, J. Baird Callicott and Roger J. Ames (eds), New York: State University of New YorkPress, 1989, pp. 79-97.

Parkhurst, GM; Shogren, JF, "Evaluating Incentive Mechanisms for Conserving Habitat," NaturalResources Journal 43(no.4, 2003):1093-1150. (v. 15, # 3)

Parkins, J. R., "Review of: Sandberg, L. Anders, and Peter Clancy, Against the Grain: Forests andPolitics in Nova Scotia," Society and Natural Resources 14(no.10, 2001): 929-32. (v.13,#2)

Parkinson, John S. and David F. Blair, "Does E. coli Have a Nose?" Science, March 19, 1993. Studies now suggest that the common Eschericia coli bacterium has a remarkably sophisticatednose-spot, a precursor of smelling! The authors are in biology, University of Utah. (v4,#1)

Parks, SA; Harcourt, AH, "Reserve Size, Local Human Density, and Mammalian Extinctions in U.S.Protected Areas," Conservation Biology 16(no.3, 2002):800-808. (v.13, #3)

Parkyn, L., Stoneham, R.E., Ingram, H.A.P. Peatlands: Conservation and Management. New York:Oxford University Press, 1997. Why should peatlands be conserved? How should this

conservation be achieved? The current situation regarding peatlands and bogs and an agenda fortheir future survival. (v8,#1)

Parney, Lisa Leigh. "'Whales' Immerses Viewers in Creatures' Majesty." The Christian ScienceMonitor, vol. 88, 20 Nov. 1996, p. 13.

Parris, TM, "Toward A Sustainability Transition: The International Consensus," Environment 45(no.1,2003): 12-23.

Parrish, JD; Braun, DP; Unnasch, RS, "Are We Conserving What We Say We Are? MeasuringEcological Integrity within Protected Areas," Bioscience 53(no.9, 2003):851-860. (v.14, #4)

Parson, Edward A., Protecting the Ozone Layer: Science and Strategy. New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 2003. Parson is at Harvard University.

Parsons, Howard. Marx and Engels on Ecology. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics1(1979):283-85.

Parsons, KN; Jones, G; DavidsonWatts, I; Greenaway, F, "Swarming of bats at underground sitesin Britain-implications for conservation," Biological Conservation 111(no.1, 2003): 63-70.

Parton, Glenn, "The Rise of Primitivism and the Fall of Civilization: A Reply to J.B. Callicott andHolmes Rolston, III, on Wilderness," The Environmental Professional 16(1994):366-373. Wildernessis a medium that enfolds everything, not something "out there" independently of humans. Wilderness ought to be the habitat for humans. Civilization terminates wilderness and the good ofbeings who dwell there, including humans. Primitivism, reemerging as an alternative form of life,is a matter of correcting and undoing that fatal fork in the road that exiled us from our homeland. The price of the goods and services of civilization is too high. We humans should not have comeout of the wilderness and we can and should go back to living and working in the wild. Thatprimitive freedom and happiness cannot be surpassed, but only marred and lost. Callicott andRolston are caught in a people vs. no-people in the wilderness argument, when real people mustbe in the wilderness, not in civilization. Parton is with the South Fork Mountain Defense inWeaverville, CA. (v5,#4)

Parton, Glenn. "The Rise of Primitivism and the Fall of Civilization: A Reply to J. B. Callicott andHolmes Rolston, III, on Wilderness." The Environmental Professional 16 (1994): 366-71. Partonoffers criticism on the debate on wilderness between Callicott and Rolston in The EnvironmentalProfessional 13, no. 3 and no. 4. Parton argues that wilderness is a medium that enfoldseverything. It is not the far-removed place "out there" envisioned by Callicott and Rolston. Wilderness is common ground for humans and nonhumans. Parton expects slow convergencein environmental work toward this conception of wilderness. (v6,#1)

Parton, Glenn. "Humans-in-the-Wilderness." Trumpeter 12, no. 4 (Fall 1995): 185-90. Partonproposes that civilization is not a linear development but includes wrong turns. What needs to becarried forward are the achivements, not the wrong parts. Humans should return the wildernessbut not forfeit all the achievements of civilization.

Partridge, Ernest, "Three Wrong Leads in a Search for an Environmental Ethic: Tom Regan onAnimal Rights, Inherent Values, and `Deep Ecology.'" Ethics and Animals vol. 5, no. 3 (September1984): 61-74. Partridge begins by criticizing Regan's views of environmental ethics because hisnotion of "inherent value" is non-relational and hence meaningless, and because his concern forindividual animals is not in the least "ecological." Partridge then proposes a synthesis ofindividualism and holism in environmental ethics by devising a sliding scale of individual worth

based on sentience. This is an important paper representing central issues in environmental ethics.(Katz, Bibl # 1)

Partridge, Ernest, "How Much is Too Much?" in Environmental Challenges to Business, The RuffinSeries No. 2, Society for Business Ethics, 2000. Criticizes Mark Sagoff's contention that"technology can deliver greater and greater abundance [and that] the endless expansion of theglobal economy is physically possible." In response: (a) prices are false indicators ofsustainability, (b) close inspection reveals limitations in all basic resource categories--food, forests,water and energy. (c) Sagoff and other technological optimists ignore the fundamental physicalprinciple of entropy. (EE v.12,#1)

Partridge, Ernest, "Should We Seek a Better Future?" Ethics and the Environment 3(1998):81-95. The radical contingencies attending human reproduction indicate that attempts to improve the livingconditions of future generations result in generations populated by different individuals than wouldotherwise have been born. This remarkable consequence challenges the widespread belief thatthe present generation has responsibilities to its remote successors. I contend, first, that while theradical genetic contingency and epistemological indeterminacy of future persons absolves us ofobligations to act "in behalf of" them as individuals, this moral absolution does not entail apermission to disregard entirely the remote consequences of our policies. Since relevant moralprinciples bind us to persons in general, not to particular individuals, we remain obligated to improvethe life prospects of whatever individuals eventually com into being. Second, I suggest that byapplying an analogous argument within the lives of persons rather than to the long history ofcivilization, we arrive at the morally repugnant result of negating long-term obligations tocontemporary persons. Conversely, the condition of continuity which afford moral legitimacy topersonal obligations among contemporaries likewise entails moral responsibility for the lifeconditions of distant generations. Patridge is in philosophy, University of California, Riverside.(E&E)

Partridge, Ernest, ed. Responsibilities to Future Generations. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics4(1982):75-83.

Partridge, Ernest, "Nature as a Moral Resource," Environmental Ethics 6(1984):101-130. An attemptto find a nonprudential and disinterested reason for humans to preserve nature. Nature fulfills thehuman need for a self-transcending concern that enriches human life. But if nature is a "moralresource" it is still a resource, instrumentally valuable. This may be a "higher level" interest thanhunting or powerboating, but it is still basically prudential. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Partridge, Ernest, "The Tonic of Wildness," in Sharpe, Virginia A., Norton, Bryan G, and Donnelley,Strachan, eds., Wolves and Human Communities. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001. Experiences of natural and artistic beauty are contrasted: Natural beauty is uncomposed andunframed, and includes the subject in the natural context. Concludes that the experience ofwildness teaches us "of our origins, our sustenance, our limitation, and our planetary home. Fromsuch lessons ... we ... gain the perspective, appreciation and motivation to preserve our naturalestate, and with it our sustainable place within it." (EE v.12,#1)

Partridge, Ernest, "Gefaehrlicher Optimismus (Perilous optimism)". In German. Natur und Kultur2(no. 1,2001):3-32. Abstract: Despite the warnings by the environmentalists of impendingdisasters due to the destruction of the natural environment and the exhaustion of naturalresources, there is no shortage of reassurances. The optimists find support in the economicprinciple that all problems of scarcity and growth limitation can be solved through human ingenuityand economic incentives. This optimism is indefensible because `market forces' are systematically`myopic,' e.g., oriented toward short-term projections and returns on investment. Furthermore, theoptimists disregard well-established facts of biological and natural sciences; in particular the

complexity of ecosystems and the natural entropic progression of systems toward disorder anddispersion. (v.12,#2)

Partridge, Ernest, "Future Generations," in Jamieson, Dale, ed., A Companion to EnvironmentalPhilosophy, London: Blackwells, 2001. Survey of recent philosophical responses to the problemof the responsibility to future generations. Among them: Libertarianism, Utilitarianism,Communitarianism (de-Shalit), Contractarianism (Rawls). The problem of motivating the livinggeneration to make provision to the remote future. Some policy guidelines are offered for justprovision for remote posterity. (EE v.12,#1)

Partridge, Ernest, "Reconstructing Ecology," in Pimentel, David, Westra, Laura, and Noss, Reed F.,eds. Ecological Integrity: Integrating Environment, Conservation, and Health (Washington, DC: IslandPress, 2000). Answers recent attacks on such cherished ecological concepts as "stability,""equilibrium," "integrity" and "community," by such biologists as Michael Soulé and Daniel Botkin, andby the philosopher Mark Sagoff. Granted, many "classical ecologists" have overstated theseconcepts. However, the opposing account of nature as a chaotic "hodgepodge" of coexistingspecies is indefensible. Evolution presupposes order, stability, and symbiosis among species,albeit within a condition of constant change. Ecological theory is falsifiable and predictive, andemploys valid classification schemes. Finally, normative terms such as "ecosystemic health" and"integrity" are meaningful. (EE v.12,#1)

Partridge, Ernest, "The Future - For Better or Worse," Environmental Values 11(2002):75-85. AlanCarter correctly argues that Thomas Schwartz's "future persons paradox" applies with equal forceto utilitarianism, rights theory and Aristotelian ethics. His criticism of Rawls "justice betweengenerations" is less successful, because of his failure (and perhaps Rawls as well) to fullyappreciate the hypothetical nature of the "original position". Carter's attempt to refute Schwartz'sargument by focusing on the individuality of moral action fails, since it evades the essential pointof Schwartz's argument. The best response to Schwartz is to concede the essential validity of hisargument and then to turn that argument into an ad absurdum refutation of his central premise, "theperson affecting principle". (EV)

Partridge, Ernest. "On the Possibility of a Future Global Environmental Ethic." In Viewpoints. TheWisconsin Institute, 1995. (v.8,#4)

Partridge, Ernest. "If Environmental Education Is the Answer, Then What Is the Question?" AnnualHulings Lecture, Northland College, February 15, 1995. How did Western civilization fall into theenvironmental trap in which we now find ourselves? We did so by allowing our cleverness tooutpace our intelligence, our facility to outdistance our foresight, and our decision-makingprocedures to evolve without moral charts and compasses, secure in the belief that our lives andinstitutions were being moved by such benign "invisible hands" as consumer preferences, marketforces, and cultural drift. If environmental education is the answer, then many questions follow: How do we get environmental education into the college and university curriculum? Copies fromErnest Partridge, Northland College, Ashland, WI 54806. (v6,#1)

Partridge, Ernest. Review of Obligations to Future Generations. Edited by R. I. Sikora and BrianBerry. Environmental Ethics 1(1979):371-74.

Partridge, Ernest. "Posterity and the Strains of Commitment." In Creating a New History for FutureGenerations, edited by Kim and Dator. Kyoto: Institute for the Integrated Study of FutureGenerations, 1995. (v.8,#4)

Partridge, Ernest. Review of Nuclear Power and Public Policy. By Kristin S. Shrader-Frechette. Environmental Ethics 4(1982):261-71.

Partridge, Ernest. "Values in Nature: Is Anybody There?" Philosophical Inquiry 8, nos. 1-2 (Winter-Spring 1986):96-110. A detailed criticism of the axiological position of Holmes Rolston that valuesexist in nature independently of any conscious evaluator. Partridge insists that valuation dependson an evaluator, but this view need not lead to anthropocentrism. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Partridge, Ernest. Review of All That Dwell Therein. By Tom Regan. Environmental Ethics7(1985):81-86.

Partridge, Ernest. "Are We Ready for an Ecological Morality?" Environmental Ethics4(1982):175-90. This essay is an inquiry into the relevance of psychology to morality--particularly,the relevance of a capacity to treat nature with respect and restraint to a responsibility to do so. I begin with a presentation of Aldo Leopold's "land ethic" (which I also designate with the termecological morality). I then examine two notions of moral psychology that have recently attractedthe interest of moral philosophers: first, "the moral sense," a concept that has gained prominence,in part, through the recent work of the philosopher, John Rawls; and second, Lawrence Kohlberg'stheory of the development of moral cognition. Finally, I consider how these prospectives on moralpsychology might apply to ecological morality. Partridge is in Environmental Studies, University ofCaslifornia, Santa Barbara, CA. (EE)

Partridge, Ernest. "Nature as a Moral Resource." Environmental Ethics 6(1984):101-30. In thispaper I attempt a moral justification of protecting wild species, ecosystems, and landscapes, ajustification not directly grounded in appeals to human benefit. I begin with a description ofanthropocentric and ecosystemic approaches to the valuing of nature and offer some empiricalarguments in support of the ecosystemic view. I suggest that human beings have a genetic needfor natural environments, and that the direct experience of wild nature is an intrinsic good. Theoretical coherence and scope is another advantage of the ecological perspective over theanthropocentric view. Turning to moral psychology, I argue that human beings have a fundamentalneed to care for things outside themselves and that this need is suitably met, and human lifeenriched, by a transcending concern for the wellbeing of natural species, habitats, andecosystems . These considerations are joined with the ecological point of view to yield theconclusion that a self-transcending concern for the welfare of wild species and their habitatsenriches the quality of moral life. Persons with genuine reverence and respect for wild creaturesand their habitats will enjoy greater fulfillment in their own lives and be better neighbors to eachother. Partridge is at the Center for the Study of Value and Social Policy, University of Colorado,Boulder, CO. (EE)

Partridge, Ernest. "Environmental Justice and `Shared Fate': A Contractarian Defense of FairCompensation." Human Ecology Review 2, no. 2 (Spring 1996). (v.8,#4)

Partridge, Ernest. Book Review of Justice, Posterity, and the Environment. By Wilfred Beckermanand Joanna Pasek. Environmental Ethics 26(2004):429-432. (EE)

Partridge. Ernest, "Ecological Morality and Nonmoral Sentiments," Environmental Ethics18(1996):149-163. A complete environmental ethic must include a theory of motivation to assurethat the demands of that ethic are within the capacity of human beings. J. Baird Callicott has arguedthat these requisite sentiments may be found in the moral psychology of David Hume, enriched bythe insights of Charles Darwin. I reply that, on the contrary, Humean moral sentiments are morelikely to incline one to anthropocentrism than to Aldo Leopold's land ethic, which is defended byCallicott. This mismatch becomes more evident as Callicott attempts to enlist Humean moralsentiments in support of the Leopoldian `land community.' The disanalogies between human andnatural communities, I argue, are too great to permit this application. The motivation we need to meetour duties as `citizens of the land community' must be of a nonmoral kind. I suggest that the

necessary sentiments may be found in a genetically based `affirmation of nature' that has evolvedout of our natural history as a species, shaped by the very forces and contexts that are now putin peril by our technology. Partridge teaches at Northland College, Ashland, WI. (EE)

Pascalev, Mario, "Maps and Entitlement to Territory," Philosophy and Geography 2 (1998): 233-247. Pascalev is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Philosophy at Bowling Green State University. (P&G)

Pascual, Miguel A., Kareiva, Peter, Hilborn, Ray. "The Influence of Model Structure on Conclusionsabout the Viability and Harvesting of Serengeti Wildebeest," Conservation Biology 11(no.4,1997):966. (v8,#3)

Pasculli, Leonard P., "The "War" Against Industry as an Environmental Enemy Shows Signs ofEnding," Journal of Environmental Law & Practice 7 (No. 3, 2000 Winter): 17-. (v.11,#4)

Paske, Gerald H., "The Life Principle: A (Metaethical) Rejection." Journal of Applied Philosophy 6(1989): 219-225. Critical discussion of Paul Taylor's "life-principle" or biocentric ethic. Paskeargues that Taylor has made an arbitrary distinction between nonsentient living entities andinanimate objects; and the crucial mistake is a narrow interpretation of teleology as being"goal-directed." "But nonsentient life is not conscious and hence, literally, has no goals...The realdifference between stalactites and protozoa is that stalactites come about by a physical-chemicalprocess whereas protozoa come about via biophysical and bio-chemical processes" (p. 224). Thisdifference is not a relevant moral distinction. Most discussions of Taylor focus on the policyimplications of his view; this argument addresses the foundation. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Paske, Gerald H., "Why Animals Have No Right To Life: A Response to Regan", AustralasianJournal of Philosophy, 66 (1988): 498-511. It is argued that the right to life is based upon abstractrationality and that thus moral agents but not moral patients have a right to life. Regan's argument,that appeals to rationality are ""perfectionistic" and hence unacceptable, is examined and rejected. Abstract rationality makes possible (1) abstract sympathy and (2) the evaluation and alteration ofone's own feelings and desires. This generates moral agency and makes moral agents subjectto a unique type of harm: deontic harm. Death is a deontic harm and hence is uniquely harmful tomoral agents. Consequences of this thesis are (1) there are two independent, fundamental moralprinciples, (2) there are degrees of inherent value, (3) some animals have greater moral standingthan some humans, and (4) some genetic humans have greater moral standing than other genetichumans. The dangers inherent in such views are briefly assessed.

Paskins, Barrie, and Michael Doctrill. The Ethics of War. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics2(1980):285-88.

Pasko, BS, "The Great Experiment that Failed? Evaluating the Role of a `Committee of Scientists' asa Tool for Managing and Protecting Our Public Lands," Environmental Law 32(no.2, 2002):509-548. (v.13, #3)

Passmore, John, Man's Responsibility for Nature. New York: Scribner's, 1974.

Passmore, John, "The Preservationist Syndrome," Journal of Political Philosophy 3(#1, 1995):1-22. Passmore wishes more consistent use of "conservation" and "preservation." Conservation isfuture-oriented; preservation is past-oriented. In the rapidly changing modern world, the rise ofpreservationist interests is striking. Passmore considers urban preservation, ecologicalpreservation, cultural preservation, versus development, the question of "rights" to development,indigenous "rights" to traditional lands, "rights" of animals to be preserved, "rights" of species,whether to say that preservation is "better" is culturally relative, whether preservationists are

elitists. The paper, he notes, is a development and generalization of Chapters IV and V in his Man'sResponsibility for Nature (London: Duckworth, 1980). Passmore is retired, Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra. He will speak at the forthcoming World Congress of Philosophy, Boston,August 1997. (v8,#3)

Paterson, D., and Palmer, M., eds., The status of animals: Ethics, education, and welfare. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International, 1989.

Paterson, John L. "Conceptualizing Stewardship in Agriculture within the Christian Tradition."Environmental Ethics 25(2003):43-58. The concept of stewardship as resource development andconservation, a shallow environmental ethic, arises out of a domination framework. Stewardshipas earthkeeping arises out of a keeping framework and falls somewhere between an intermediateand deep environmental ethic. A notion of agricultural stewardship, based on earthkeepingprinciples, can be used as a normative standard by which to judge a range of agriculturaleconomies and practices. (EE)

Paterson, Matthew, "Understanding the Green Backlash," Environmental Politics 8(no. 2, Summer1999):183- . (v.11,#1)

Paterson, Matthew. Review of Wolfgang Sachs, Wolfgang. Planet Dialectics: Explorations inEnvironment and Development. London and New York: Zed Books, 1999, Environmental Values10(2001):521. (EV)

Paterson, Ogle, "Pesticides, Valuations and Politics", Journal of Agricultural and EnvironmentalEthics 5(1992):103-106. In this paper I will discuss some aspects of the Swedish policy to reducepesticide use by 50%, a decision that has attracted great interest and may sometimes have beenover-advertised. What are the cultural and political backgrounds? Why did the demand for thisdecision first occur in Sweden? Does the Swedish policy imply a new approach with completelydifferent conditions for pesticide use or should it preferably be described as an adaptation to whatmodern pesticide and agricultural technology can achieve? Paterson is an extension specialist atthe Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.

Pattanaik, Prasanta K., and Cullenberg, Stephen, Globalization, Culture, and the Limits of the Market. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. The limitations of markets as an instrument of decision-making in society, globalization and culture, and the fundamental principles for public policy, andthe paradox of scarcity despite affluence in modern societies.

Patten, MA; Erickson, RA; Dunn, EH; Hussell, DJT; Welsh, DA, "Conservation Value and Rankingsof Exotic Species," Conservation Biology 15(no. 4, 2001):817-818. (v.13,#1)

Patterson, Alan, "Debt for Nature Swaps and the Alternatives," Environment 32(no. 10, December1990):4-13. Reasoned assessment of their potential and limits. Patterson is an environmentalplanner and policy analyst and writing a dissertation on debt-funded environmental activities atTufts University, Medford, Massachusetts. (v2,#2)

Patterson, Charles, Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust. With a title fromone of the stories of the Yiddish writer and Nobel Laureate Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904-91): "Inrelation to them, all people are Nazis; for the animals it is an eternal Treblinka." Human beings,throughout history, have perpetrated terrible wrongs on non-human animals. (v.12,#4)

Patterson, John, Exploring Maori Values (Palmerston North, New Zealand: The Dunmore Press,1992). Paper, 191 pages. In the Maori environmental philosophy, humans (or at least the Maori)

are related to all items in the world--to the trees, birds, and fish, also to the mountains, rivers, andthe land herself--to Papatuanuki, mother of all. These kinship links entail that we must respect andenhance the world in which we live. Patterson spells out some traditional and contemporarystatements of this environmental philosophy and works out some radical implications forcontemporary western societies. Patterson is senior lecturer in philosophy at Massey University,Palmerston North, New Zealand. He invites correspondence from others doing related work inother parts of the world. (v3,#1)

Patterson, John, "Maori Environmental Virtues." Environmental Ethics 16(1994):397-409. Thestandard sources for Maori ethics are the traditional narratives. These depict all things in theenvironment as sharing a common ancestry, and as thereby required, ideally, to exhibit certainvirtues of respect and responsibility for each other. These environmental virtues are expressedin terms of distinctively Maori concepts: respect for mauri and tapu, kaitiakitanga, whanaungatanga,manaakitanga, and environmental balance. I briefly explore these Maori environmental virtues, anddraw from them some messages for the world at large. Patterson is with the Dept. of Philosophy,Massey University, New Zealand. (EE)

Patterson, John. "Environmental Mana." Environmental Ethics 21(1999):267-276. In Maori tradition,all creatures are naturally sacred or tapu, and cannot be used without ritual removal of the tapu,a symbolic acknowledgment of the mana of the gods concerned. Although there is a religiousdimension to tapu, it is also the natural state of all creatures, reflecting the idea that they haveintrinsic worth. The theist aspect of tapu can be bypassed: tapu is the mana of the atua or gods,who can be seen as personifications of or indeed identical with areas of the natural world. In thisway, the mana of the gods is seen as the mana of nature itself, and respect for the tapu of acreature turns out quite like the familiar idea of respect for its intrinsic value or its ecological value.We might conclude that the environmental mana of the human species is currently negative, andthis conclusion in turn might persuade us to change our ways. (EE)

Patterson, M. Global Warming and Global Politics. Reviewed by Clive Spash. Environmental Values8(1999):407. (EV)

Patterson, Michael E., Watson, Alan E., Williams, Daniel R., and Roggenbuck, Joseph R., "AnHermeneutic Approach to Studying the Nature of Wilderness Experiences," Journal of LeisureResearch 30(no. 4,1998):423-452. Most studies attempt to understand and measure wildernessexperience as some preference satisfied with more or less quality. But these authors study thequality of wilderness experience as acquiring stories that enrich one's life. The nature of humanexperience is best characterized by situated freedom in which the environment sets boundariesthat constrain the nature of the experience but that within those boundaries recreationists are freeto experience the world in unique and variable ways. Patterson is in the School of Forestry,University of Montana. Watson is at the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, Missoula, MT. Williams is at the U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. Roggenbuck is in forestry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.

Patton-Mallory, Marcia, Franzreb, Kathleen, and Cline, Richard, "Ethical Conduct for Research: ACode of Scientific Ethics," Journal of Forestry 98 (No. 7, 2000 July 01): 32- Because it employsresearchers from many disciplines, the Forest Service seeks to establish consistency in scientific(as opposed to professional) ethics through a formal code. (v.11,#4)

Paul, E, "The Riches of Biological Research-An Elusive Number?," Bioscience 52(no.12, 2002): .

Paul, Ellen Frankel. Property Rights and Eminent Domain. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics11(1989):179-89.

Paul, Ellen Frankel. "The Just Takings Issue." Environmental Ethics 3(1981):309-28. Courts andlegal commentators have been notoriously unsuccessful in articulating a rule to differentiatebetween uncompensated police power regulations of land by government and situations in whichthe government can only interfere with property rights if it provides compensation to those ownerswho suffer losses. Noticeably absent from most discussions of this "takings" issue is anyfoundational underpinning in a theory of justice with respect to property holdings. Can two of themost infuential contemporary theories of justice--that of John Rawls and Robert Nozick--providesuch needed support for the analysis of the "takings" issue? By employing the vehicle of threehypothetical examples I investigate this question and reach some conclusions concerning theapplicability of such abstract theories of justice to the real world. Paul is at the Institute for SocialPhilosophy and Policy, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH. (EE)

Paul, Ellen, "Science Could Play Starring Role in New Forest Management Plans," Bioscience 50(No. 2, Feb 01 2000): 108- . (v.11,#2)

Pauley, John A., "The Value of Hunting," Journal of Value Inquiry 27(2003):233-244. Thecontemporary debate over hunting has focused primarily on the moral status of killing animals forsport. Is it really true, as many opponents of the hunt claim, that the end of hunting is simply thedeath of the prey? What does hunting require of a hunter and how does a hunter relate to preyand the environment of prey? Without complete answers to those questions, we run theconsiderable risk of making uninformed normative judgments about the practice of hunting. Pauleyis in philosophy, Simpson College, Indianola, IA.

--Philippon, Daniel, Conserving Words: How American Nature Writers Shaped the EnvironmentalMovement. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2004. How did American nature writersshape the environmental movement? To answer this difficult question, Philippon looks at fiveauthors of seminal works of nature writing who also founded or revitalized important environmentalorganizations: Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club, Mabel Osgood Wright andthe National Audubon Society, John Muir and the Sierra Club, Aldo Leopold and the WildernessSociety, and Edward Abbey and Earth First! These writers used powerfully evocative andgalvanizing metaphors for nature, metaphors that Philippon calls "conserving" words. Integratingliterature, history, biography, and philosophy, this study explores how "conserving" words enablednarratives to convey environmental values as they explained how human beings should interactwith the nonhuman world.

--Poirier, MR, "The NAFTA Chapter 11 Expropriation Debate Through the Eyes of a PropertyTheorist", Environmental Law 33 (no.4, 2003): 851-928.

Paurizio, Maurizio G., Pimentel, David. "Genetic Engineering in Agriculture and the Environment",Bioscience 46(no.9, 1996):665. Assessing risks and benefits.

Pausas, J. G., and Austin, M. P. "Potential Impact of Harvesting for the Long-Term Conservation ofArboreal Marsupials," Landscape Ecology 13(no. 2, Apr. 1998):103- . (v9,#2)

Pavlik, BM, "Plants that protect ecosystems: a survey from California", Biodiversity andConservation 12(no.4, 2003):717-729.

Pawlowskiego, Lucjana and Stanislawa Zieby, eds., Humanizm Ecologiczny (EcologicalHumanism), vol. 1. Lublin, Poland: Politechnika Lubelska, 1992. A new book on environmentalethics published in Poland, the proceedings of a conference at the Katholic University of Lublin. Some themes: Culture and self-discipline as actualizing humanity: humans, nature, and value;historical and philosophical factors in the ecological crisis; ecological problems in the socialteachings of the Catholic Church; ecology and technology, antagonism and compromise;

philosophical and cultural premises of ecological ethics; the scientific basis needed for pro-environmental activity and policy. (v4,#4)Payette, S; Fortin, MJ; Gamache, I, "The Subarctic Forest-Tundra: The Structure of a Biome in aChanging Climate," Bioscience 51(no, 9, 2001):709-719. (v.13,#1)

Peacock, Kent A., Living with the Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy. Reviewed byDavid G.A. Castle. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 10(1997):87-89. (JAEE)

Peacock, Kent, ed., Living with the Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy. Toronto:Harcourt Brace and Co., Canada, 1996. 461 pages. Features Canadian authors, and, often,authors who are not professional philosophers. An anthology that can be read by individuals ontheir own, as well as used in an introductory class in environmental ethics. Section and chaptertitles: Is there really an environmental crisis? Crisis in the skies: The ozone hole and globalwarming. Extinction is so final: The crisis in biodiversity. The human crisis: war, disease, poverty,and overpopulation. Soils and forests. Seeking a perspective (humans in relation to nature). Whatis the environment? Some views of the ecosystem. Symbiosis, parasitism, and commensalism. The Gaia hypothesis. Environmental ethics at last. Where ecology meets philosophy. Is anythingsacred. Deep and shallow ecology. Hunting, trapping, and animal rights. Ecofeminism. Should welet the market decide? What is wealth? Sustainable development: Hypocrisy or best hope? Toward symbiosis. Can species be saved. The artifactual ecology. "In this book, I have tended to give prominence to the impact of environmental degradation uponhumans, and I have more than once suggested, or presented other authors who suggest, thathuman stewardship of the environment is a meaningful and desirable end. In the eyes of many,such views will be called `arrogant' and `anthropocentric.' And in some circles these days, to befound out as anthropocentric is a very grave thing indeed. And yet ... I resist being classified aseither anthropocentric or biocentric exclusively. It seems to me that this categorization is besidethe point if not harmful. I seek a view that recognizes both the special abilities and the specialresponsibilities of humans, and at the same time recognizes the dependency of humans uponnonhuman life and the relative insignificance of humans in the grand biotic scheme. To pretend thatnonhuman life does not have intrinsic value, however philosophers may struggle to define suchvalues, is indeed fatuous arrogance; to deny that humans do not have special capacities and aspecial place (for a whole at least) in nature on this planet is a simple abdication of responsibility. We have had enough of both, the arrogance and the abdication; now let's get on with the task offiguring out how to live with the Earth, instead of just on it" (p. 435). Peacock teachesenvironmental philosophy at the University of Western Ontario. Reviewed by David G. A. Castle,Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 10(1997):87-89. (v9,#1)

Pearce, D. and Barbier, E. B. Blueprint for a Sustainable Economy. London: Earthscan, 2000.Review by Colin Green, Environmental Values 10(2001):563. (EV)

Pearce, David, "The Political Economy of the Global Environment," Scottish Journal of PoliticalPhilosophy 44(no.4, 1997):462-483. Many of the global agreements today are couched in termsof a common good. "If the economists of the Scottish empirical tradition were resurrected todayand asked to advise on global environmental problems, we can hazard the judgement that theywould not approve of the presumptions underlying the environmental agreements in force or beingnegotiated. They would have advised in favour of less government and less reliance on motivesthat run counter to Hume's `self-love'. They would surely have identified a large area wheremutual self-interest would enable the various stakeholders each to be better off with an agreementthan they were without it. The framework for such global bargains does, indeed, involvegovernments, but in a fairly minimal role as facilitators, something Smith would surely haveapproved of. The Scottish tradition of political economy remains of great relevance. ...Environmental problems require practical and politically realistic solutions, the search for which alsodefines the Scottish tradition. If the global commons are to be saved, it is more likely that success

will come from the pragmatists than from the moralists, and more likely still that it will come from acombination of the two, as in Scottish political economy" (p. 282). Pearce is in economics,University College, London, and University of East Anglia.

Pearce, David, and Moran, Dominic, The Economic Value of Biodiversity. Reviewed by JohnMacArthur. Environmental Values 5(1996):89-90. (EV)

Pearce, David, "Green Economics." Environmental Values Vol.1 No.1(1992):3-14. ABSTRACT:Economists assume that people are fundamentally greedy, though not exclusively so. Ifenvironmental improvement is to be achieved, it will require policies that use selfishness rather thanopposing it. Such policies are to be found in the basics of green economics in which marketsignals are modified by environmental taxes and tradeable pollution certificates to `decouple' theeconomic growth process from its environmental impact. Green economic policies avoid theinfringements of human liberties implied in ever stronger `command and control' measures. KEYWORDS: Sustainability, market based instruments, command and control. Centre for Social andEconomic Research on the Global Environment, University College London, Gower Street, LondonWC1E 6BT, UK.

Pearce, David, Neil Adger, David Maddison and Dominic Moran. "Debt and the Environment." Scientific American 272 (no. 6, June 1995):52-56. Loans to Third World Countries cause greathuman hardship, but their connection to ecological troubles is difficult to prove. Most debtor nationscontinue to rely on outside funds, even though additional loans only make their predicamentsharper. Structural adjustment programs are hard on people, especially the poor, but whether theenvironment has also been harmed directly in result is less clear. There is scant empiricalevidence to suggest that the connection between debt and environment is significant. Accordingto a common theory production of goods for export, to earn foreign exchange with which to paydebts, diverts resources away from the domestic sector producing goods for consumption athome, and this may be so, but the evidence that the environment is harmed in result is anecdotaland speculative. Most environmental degradation in the developing world probably has othercauses than the servicing of debt. Pearce, the senior author, is in economics, University College,London. (v6,#3)

Pearce, David. "Dead in the Water." New Scientist, 4 February 1995. Attempts to save thegrossly polluted Mediterranean Sea seem as doomed as the sea itself. The Mediterranean ActionPlan, a convention organized by UNEP and agreed to 20 years ago by every nation bordering thesea (except Albania), has failed. More than 130 million people live along the coastline, with anadditional 100 million tourists, and 80% of their sewage goes untreated into the sea. Add to thatenormous amounts of industrial wastes and marine ecosystems are everywhere collapsing. (v6,#1)

Pearce, Fred, Explaining Climate Change. Gland, Switzerland: World Wildlife Fund, 1996. TheUnited Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Second Assessment Report (SAR),released in 1996, represents a milestone in the study of the greenhouse effect. For the first timescientific consensus has been reached that there is a discernible human influence on the climate. The main conclusions of this report. (v7,#4)

Pearce, J. M., 1997. Animal Learning and Cognition: An Introduction, second edition. East Sussex,UK: Psychology Press. (v9,#2)Pearce, Neil E., and Douglas Crawford-Brown. "Sufficient Proof in the Scientific Justification ofEnvironmental Actions." Environmental Ethics 11(1989):153-67. Environmental actions require awillingness to act, which, in turn, is stimulated partially by the belief that an action will yield thedesired consequences. In determining whether an actor was justified in exerting the will to act,therefore, it is essential to examine the nature of evidence offered by the actor in support of any

beliefs about the environment. In this paper we explore the points in environmental risk analysesat which evidence is brought to bear in support of inferences concerning environmental effectsof regulatory actions. The intent is to provide a framework for discussing the manner in whichevidence may provide a sufficient basis for ethically sound decisions for environmental actions. Pearce is at the Wellington Clinical School of Medicine, Wellington, New Zealand. Crawford-Brown is at the School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. (EE)

Pearl, Mary C. and Newman, Scott, "Taking Responsibility for a New Disease," San FranciscoChronicle, May 7,2003, p. A23. New human diseases often come from pathogens in animals, ofwhich SARS may well be an example, seeming to have come from wild animals sold in Chinesemarkets. But these diseases have often been triggered in epidemic proportions because of human-caused disruptions on landscapes which stress the animals, and they spread because of humancrowding on these landscapes and in cities. "By altering the normal balance between viruses,bacteria, and wildlife, we force infectious agents to evolve and adapt to new environmentalconditions." Mary Pearl is a primatologist and president of World Life Trust. (v 14, #3)

Pearman, PB, "Conservation Value of Independently Evolving Units: Sacred Cow or TestableHypothesis?," Conservation Biology 15(no.3, 2001):780-783. (v.12,#4)

Pearson, Clive, "Report on the Christchurch Conference, July 2000," Ecotheology Vol 6 (Jul 01/Jan02):205-208.

Pearson, Clive, "Theological Postcards from the Ecological Edge," Ecotheology No 5/6 (Jul 98 / Jan99):142-161.

Pearson, Clive, "Constructing a Local Ecotheology," Ecotheology No 3 (July 1997):23-38.

Pearson, Clive, "On Being Public about Ecotheology," Ecotheology Vol 6 (Jul 01/Jan 02):42-59. clivep@nsw.uca.org.au Theology has made some progress in `adjusting to the newcomer'ecotheology. In so doing theology is taking seriously its `ecology of responsibility' and engaging thepublic audience. An ecotheology, though, has a great deal of work to do in order to speak crediblyinto the public forum and marketplace of ideas.

Pearson, Gina, Conner, Charles W., "The Quitobaquito Desert Pupfish, An Endangered Specieswithin Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument: Historical Significance and Management Challenges,"Natural Resources Journal 40(no. 2, Spring 2000):379- .

Pearson, Henry A., Susanna B. Hecht, and Theodore E. Downing, eds., Development orDestruction: The Conversion of Forest to Pasture in Latin America. An interdisciplinary Man andthe Biosphere study. 416 pages, $ 25.00. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990. (v1,#2)

Pease, Craig M. and Matson, David J., "Demography of the Yellowstone Grizzly Bears," Ecology80(3, 1999):957-975. Using a new model of population dynamics based on Yellowstone fieldstudies, the authors claim that Yellowstone grizzly bears have increased only about 1% per year1975-1995, a much lower estimate than the 5% annual rise over the last decade claimed by thePark Service. Scientists disagree over whether Yellowstone grizzlies remain imperiled. Anotherstory: Kaiser, Jocelyn, "Study Sounds Alarm on Yellowstone Grizzlies," Science 284(1999):568. (v.12,#2)

Peccei, Aurelio and Daisaku Ikeda. Before It is Too Late. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics9(1987):269-71.

Peck, F., "Beynon, H., Cox, A. and Hudson, R. Digging up Trouble. The Environment Protest andOpencast Coal Mining," Progress in Human Geography 26(no.4, 2002): 570. (v.13,#4)

Peck, Robert McCracken, "Home Again!" International Wildlife 29 (no. 5, September/October,1999):36-41. Przewalski's horse is wild again. Przewalski's horse was common in Siberia at theend of the last Ice Age, but its numbers steadily declined, then declined even more rapidly withincreased human population pressures in the 18th and 19th centuries, although the species wasnot known by Western scientists to be yet alive, until it was discovered by a Polish explorerColonel Przewalski in 1878. It was extinct in the wild by the 1960's. From a handful in zoos, it hasnow been re-established in Mongolia, apparently a successful reintroduction. This is the world'soldest and only truly wild horse (other "wild" horses are feral), and it has never beendomesticated. (v10,#4)

Peck, Sheila. Planning for Biodiversity: Issues and Examples. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998.$25. 256 pp. (v9,#2)

Peck, Steven. "Gathering Steam," Alternatives 23(no.2, 1997):6. Eco-industrial parks exchangewaste for efficiency and profit. (v8,#2)

Pedersen, Poul Ove. Small African Towns: Between Rural Networks and Urban Hierarchies.Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1997. 200pp. $63,95 cloth. Investigates the development of small ruraltowns in Africa and their importance for rural economic development. Pedersen is at the Centrefor Development Research, Denmark. (v8,#1)

Pedroli, B; deBlust, G; vanLooy, K; vanRooij, S, "Setting targets in strategies for river restoration,"Landscape Ecology 17(no.1SUPP, 2002):5-18. (v.13, #3)

Pedynowski, D, "Prospects for Ecosystem Management in the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem,Canada-United States: Survey and Recommendations," Conservation Biology 17(no.5, 2003):1261-1269. (v.14, #4)

Pedynowski, D, "Toward a More "Reflexive Environmentalism": Ecological Knowledge andAdvocacy in the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem," Society and Natural Resources 16(no.9,2003):807-826. (v.14, #4)

Peepre, Juri and Jickling, Bob, eds. Northern Protected Areas and Wilderness. Whitehorse, Yukon,Canada: Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, and Yukon Conservation Society, 1994. 379pp.$20 softcover. The book is a lightly edited compilation of the presentations made at an internationalconference, November 1993 in the Yukon Territory, by a host of native people, resourceprofessionals, educators, and activists--nearly all of them from the grassroots of the Arctic andsub-Arctic regions of North America. The examination of the North by northerners provided theunique nature of the conference and gives value to this publication. (v7,#2)

Peepre, Juri. "The Yukon Wildlands Project", Wild Earth 6(no.3, 1996):66. (v7,#4)

Peerenboom, R. P. "Beyond Naturalism: A Reconstruction of Daoist Environmental Ethics." Environmental Ethics 13(1991):3-22. In this paper I challenge the traditional reading of Daoism asnaturalism and the interpretation of wu wei as "acting naturally." I argue that such an interpretationis problematic and unhelpful to the would-be Daoist environmental ethicist. I then lay thegroundwork for a philosophically viable environmental ethic by elucidating the pragmatic aspectsof Daoist thought. While Daoism so interpreted is no panacea for all of our environmental ills, itdoes provide a methodology that may prove effective in alleviating some of our discomfort.

Peerenboom is in the philosophy department, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI. (Taoism) (China) (EE)

Peery, C. A., Kavanagh, K. L. and Scott, J. M., "Pacific Salmon: Setting Ecologically DefensibleRecovery Goals," Bioscience 53(no. 7, 2003): 622-623.

Peet, R., "Review of: Blunt, A. and Wills, J., Dissident Geographies: An Introduction to Radical Ideasand Practice," Progress in Human Geography 25(no.4, 2001): 668. (v.13,#2)

Peet, Richard, and Watts, Michael, eds. Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, SocialMovements. London; Routledge, 1996. 273 pp. Contents include the following:--Peet, Richard and Michael Watts, "Liberation Ecology." Development, sustainability, andenvironment in an age of market triumphalism. pp. 1-45.--Escobar, Arturo, "Constructing Nature." Elements for a post-structural political ecology. pp.46-68.--Yapa, Lakshman, "Improved Seeds and Constructed Scarcity." pp.69-85.--Bebbington, Anthony, "Movements, Modernizations, and Markets." Indigenous organizations andagrarian strategies in Ecuador. pp.89-109.--Zimmerer, Karl S., "Discourses on Soil Loss in Bolivia." Sustainability and the search forsocioenvironmental "middle ground". pp.110-124.--Moore, Donald S., "Marxism, Culture, and Political Ecology." Environmental struggles inZimbabwe's Eastern Highlands. pp.125-147.--Jarosz, Lucy. "Defining Deforestation in Madagascar." pp.148-164.--Carney, Judith A., "Converting the Wetlands, Engendering the Environment." The intersection ofgender with agrarian change in Gambia. pp.165-187.--Schroeder, Richard and Suryanata, Krisnawati, "Gender and Class Power in AgroforestrySystems." Case studies from Indonesia and West Africa. pp.188-204.--Rangan, Haripriya, "From Chipko to Uttaranchal." Development, environment, and social protestin the Garhwal Himalayas, India. pp.205-226.--Muldavin, Joshua S.S., "The Political Ecology of Agrarian Reform in China." The case ofHeilongjiang Province. pp.227-259.--Watts, Michael and Peet, Richard, "Conclusion." Towards a theory of liberation ecology. pp. 260-269. Peet is professor of geography, Clark University, Massachusetts. Watts is professor ofgeography and Director of the Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley. (v.10,#2)

Peet, Richard, and Watts, Michael, eds. Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, SocialMovements. London: Routledge, 1996. Focuses on the interrelations of development, socialmovements, and the environment in "the South," Latin America, Africa, Asia, and in an age ofmarket triumphalism, where there is no "truth," only better and worse, more and less liberating"discourses." Peet is in geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts. Watts is ininternational studies, University of California, Berkeley. (v.13,#1)

Pelkki, MH; Kirillova, NV; Sedykh, VN, "The Forests of Western Siberia: New Century, New Role,"Journal of Forestry 99(no. 7, 2001):21-27. (v.13,#1)

Pellicane, Patrick J., Gutkowski, Richard M., Czarnock, Jacek. "Poland: Threatened and NeglectedForests," Journal of Forestry 95(no.2, 1997):29. (v8,#1)

Pellizzoni, Luigi, "Uncertainty and Participatory Democracy," Environmental Values 12(2003):195-224. The article deals with some implications of radical uncertainty for participatorydemocracy, and more precisely for Participatory Technology Assessment (PTA). Two main formsof PTA are discussed. One is aimed at involving lay citizens and highlighting public opinion. Theother is addressed to stakeholder groups and organisations, not only in terms of interest mediation

but also of inclusion of their insight into a problem. Radical uncertainty makes `intractable' manyenvironmental and technological issues and brings into question traditional and new approachesto policy-making. Its consequences are explored from the viewpoint of new science, deliberativedemocracy, and network governance. Radical uncertainty calls for a rethinking of the aims ofpublic deliberation, and a reinterpretation of the divide between opinion- and position-oriented PTA.To look for a public opinion, understood as a shared principled view, can prove misleading, as canthinking of stakeholder participatory arrangements in the usual way. When facts and valuesoverlap, and are deeply controversial, the only opportunity for mutual understanding may be to lookfor practical, 'local' answers, based on different positional insights. Moreover, radical uncertaintyalso affects interest determination and pursuit, and may enhance the opportunity of joint, inclusive,non-strategic issue definition and solution-devising. This vision of public deliberation is consistentwith the idea of network governance. However, fragmentation can affect the effectiveness andlegitimacy of participatory policies. Trying to handle fragmentation from the top, as many suggest,is unlikely to be successful. A more promising endeavour is to foster deliberative settings which,although positioned at the level of 'local' and often contingent networks and commonalities, areopen to include 'Otherness' - other contexts, other problem definitions, other concerns.

Pellow, David N. "Environmental Inequality Formation: Toward a Theory of Environmental Justice,"American Behavioral Scientist 43(No.4, 2000). (v.11,#1)

Pellow, DN, "Review of: Toxic Exports: The Transfer of Hazardous Wastes from Rich to PoorCountries by Jennifer Clapp," Journal of Environment and Development 12(no.3, 2003):349-351. (v.14, #4)

Peluso, Nancy Lee and Watts, Michael, eds., Violent Environments. Cornell University Press. Geographers, historians, anthropologists, and sociologists examine whether environmentalproblems generate violence. Africa ("forest wars," peasants and wildlife conservation inTanzania), Indonesia, enclosures in the early American West, militarized landscapes, India, andmuch more. (v.12,#4)

Pence, Gregory, E., ed., The Ethics of Food: A Reader for the Twenty-First Century. Blue RidgeSummit, PA: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002. The morally imperative questions surrounding foodproduction, modification, and consumption, particularly their global impact on ecosystems. (v.13,#2)

Pence, Gregory E., Designer Food: Mutant Harvest or Breadbasket of the World? Lanham, MD:Roman and Littlefield, 2001. Genetically modified food. Improved crops by genetic engineering canassure the world adequate sustainable food production without hurting the environment or wildlifehabitats. Pence is in both the School of Medicine and the Department of Philosophy at theUniversity of Alabama. (v.13,#1)

Pence, Gregory E., ed., The Ethics of Food: A Reader for the 21st Century. Lanham, MD: Romanand Littlefield, 2002. The moral questions surrounding food production, modification, consumption,particularly their global impact upon ecosystems. The ongoing tension between foodbiotechnologies and biodiversity, and some reasonable resolutions. Pence is in both the Schoolof Medicine and the Department of Philosophy at the University of Alabama. (v.13,#1)

Pendery, Bruce M. "Reforming Livestock Grazing on the Public Domain: Ecosystem Management-Based Standards and Guidelines Blaze a New Path for Range Management," Environmental Law27(no.2, 1997):513. In 1995, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) amended livestock grazingregulations on public lands based largely upon a final environmental impact statement entitledRangeland Reform '94. These amendments broke from the previous method that had beentraditionally used by the BLM for administering grazing permits by establishing new administrative

standards and guidelines that embrace some of the ecosystem management-based standardspublished by the National Research Council. Pendery details the rulemaking effort used to developthe new regulations, including a review of the legal history behind public land grazing andsummaries of the modern-day arguments between range scientists, ranchers, andenvironmentalists. (v8,#3)

Pendleton, Scott, "US Pressures Shrimpers to Save Endangered Turtles," The Christian ScienceMonitor 86 (2 August 1994): 3. (v5,#3)

Pendleton, Scott. "Balancing Politics and Plutonium." The Christian Science Monitor, 27 May 1994,p. 12. Some scientists predict that nuclear waste from the Integral Fast Reactor, when itstechnology is fully engineered, will be more manageable than waste from conventional Light WaterReactors. At issue is continued government funding to complete the new technology. (v5,#2)

Pendleton, Scott. "Looking for Oil." The Christian Science Monitor, 20 June 1994, pp. 9-11. Newcomputer technology is finding overlooked oil and reviving drilling in Texas. (v5,#2)

Pendleton, Scott. "No Vampires, These Bats Are Friends." The Christian Science Monitor, 5 July1994, pp. 10-11. (v5,#2)

Penney, James, "Land, Life and Death: The Bible and the Land in Brazil," Ecotheology No 1 (July1996):53-60.

Penney, Jennifer, "Work in Progress," Alternatives 27(no. 1, Winter 2001):18- . Major unions inCanada are pushing for a win-win scenario: jobs and environment. (v.12,#2)

Pennington, Mark, Review of Richard Gilbert, et al, Making Cities Work. Environmental Values7(1998):492.Pennisi, Elizabeth, "Brazil Wants Cut of Its Biological Bounty," Science 279(1998):1445. TheBrazilian Senate is trying to pass legislation to ensure that Brazil's citizens share in any profits fromcrops or medicines derived from the biological wealth of the Amazon. But the legislators arefinding it difficult to be precise about who should benefit, who has rights to the biodiversity,differentiating between scientific collecting and bioprospecting, and wondering whether suchlegislation will stimulate or discourage bioprospecting. Lingering in memory is still-smoldering angerfrom the early 1900's when rubber trees were transplanted to Southeast Asia, which theBrazilians widely regarded as being stolen. (v9,#1)

Pennisi, Elizabeth, "ShakeUp to Proceed, but Conservation Center Stays Open," Science292(2001):1034-1035. Grossman, Lev, "Mr. Small at the Smithsonian: Cutbacks in Conservation,"Time, May 8, 2001, p. 57. Lawrence Small, the new Secretary of the Smithsonian, tried hard toclose the Conservation Research Center (budget 5.2 million annually) to save money, at the sametime that he contined renting for the Zoo two pandas from the Chinese (rental $ 10 million annually). He claimed the pandas are good publicity and help to raise money for Smithsonian. Small is abanker appointed to revise Smithsonian finances; previous secretaries have been scientists. Hisproposal provoked enormous protests from conservation biologists, and he has relented, for thetime being. (v.12,#2)

Pennisi, Elizabeth, "New Threat Seen from Carbon Dioxide," Science 279(1998):989. Increasingatmospheric carbon dioxide is having an adverse effect on coral reefs. Even though these arehighly carbonate systems, they are more sensitive to minor shifts in the carbon in seawater,influenced by carbon in the air, than previously thought. (v9,#1)

Pennisi, Elizabeth, "New Insect Order Speaks to Life's Diversity," Science 296(19 April 2002):445-446. A new species of insect has been discovered that is placed in a new order, the first newinsect order in almost a century. There are three known specimens from Tanzania and Namibia,and, marvelously, a specimen preserved for 45 million years in amber. The new order has beennamed Mantophasmatodea. The insects are carnivorous and stick-like. (v.13,#2)

Pennisi, Elizabeth, "A Shaggy Dog History," Science 298(22 November 2002):1540-1542. The dogis better than primates at communication with humans. The origin(s) of the domestication of dogsremains in dispute, probably in China, from a Chinese wolf. With several other articles in this issueon the genetics and behaviors of dogs, a remarkably flexible species. (v.13,#4)

Pennisi, Elizabeth. "Sorcerers of the Sea." Bioscience 46, no.4 (1996): 236. Making microbes doour dirty work. (v7, #3)

Pennock, David S., Dimmick, Walter W. "Critique of the Evolutionarily Significant Unit as a Definitionfor `Distinct Population Segments' under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, Conservation Biology11(no.3, 1997):611. (v8,#2)

Pennock, Robert T. "Moral Darwinism: Ethical Evidence for the Descent of Man", Biology andPhilosophy 10(1995):287-307. Darwin's causal story of how the moral sense could develop outof social instincts by evolutionary mechanisms of group selection. The form of utilitarianism Darwinproposes involves a radical reduction of the standard of value to the concept of biological fitness. This causal analysis, although a weakness from a normative standpoint, is a strength whenjudged for its intended purpose as part of an evidential argument to confirm the hypothesis ofhuman descent. Pennock is in philosophy at the University of Texas.

People and the Planet is a quarterly devoted to people-centered issues of population, developmentand the environment. Worldwide Fund for Nature, forced to discontinue publication of The NewRoad (on religion and environment), now co-sponsors People and the Planet, along with IUCN, theWorld Conservation Union, the United Nations Population Fund, and the International PlannedParenthood Foundation. Contact: John Rowley, editor, 1 Woburn Walk, London WC1H 0JJ, UK. Fax44 (country code) (0)71 (city code) 388 2398

Pepper, David, Eco-socialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice. London and New York:Routledge, 1993. Paper. 266 pages. Has concern for nature taken priority over our concern forpeople? Must capitalism inevitably degrade environments and produce social injustice? How canMarxist analysis improve the coherence of green politics? Pepper is in geography at OxfordBrookes University. (v4,#3)

Pepper, David, Modern Environmentalism: An Introduction. London: Routledge, 1996. 376 pages. Chapters: Defining Environmentalism. Some Fundamental Issues in Radical Environmentalism. Pre-modern and Modern Ideas about Nature and Science: The Roots of Technocentrism. Modern Rootsof Ecocentrism. Postmodern Science and Ecocentrism: Subjectivity, Ideology and the Critique ofClassical Science. Ways Ahead. "Above all, a historical and ideological perspective teaches usthat there is no one, objective, monolithic truth about society-nature/environment relationships, assome might have us believe. There are different truths for different groups of people and withdifferent ideologies. ... Each myth functions as a cultural filter, so that adherents are predisposedto learn different things about the environment and to construct different knowledges about it" (pp.3-4). Pepper, having introduced modern environmentalism, recommends a postmodernenvironmentalism. Of course, postmodern environmentalism, like modern environmentalism, is justone more myth about the way humans do and should relate to nature. Pepper is in geography atOxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK. (v7,#1)

Pepper, David, "Ecological Modernisation or the `Ideal Model' of Sustainable Development:Questions Prompted at Europe's Periphery," Environmental politics 8 (No. 4, 1999 Winter): 1- . (v.11,#4)

Pepper, David. Eco-socialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice: (London: Routledge, 1993).Reviewed by James Meadowcroft in Environmental Values 4(1995):85-86. (EV)

Pepperberg, Irene Maxine, The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of GreyParrots. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. Alex is an African grey parrot, boughtin a pet shop. Taught some language, he can classify objects according to color and substance,count up to six, understand the concepts of identity and difference, absence, and relative size. He can recognize that objects continue to exist even when hidden. He has four verbs: "want"(with variations), "go," "come here," and "tickle me." He can say "want corn" or "want grape," and"wanna go chair." It is difficult to test whether Alex can do this only after and because he hasbeen taught language by social interaction with trainers (25 years of training), although Pepperbergmaintains that language training affects only the ease with which animals can learn and notwhether learning occurs. She takes considerable care not to overinterpret data, and questionsremain about how and how much learning takes place in the wild. Meanwhile, bird-brained Alexis quite a talented bird! (EE v.12,#1)

Percesepe, Gary, ed., Introduction to Ethics: Personal and Social Responsibility in a Diverse World. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1995. Chapter 10 is "Ethics of Animals and the NonhumanEnvironment," with reprints from Thoreau, Bratton, Feinberg, Regan, Commoner, Warren. (v9,#1)

Percival, Robert V., and Alevizatos, Dorothy C., eds., Law and the Environment: A MultidisciplinaryReader. Reviewed by Simon Sneddon, Environmental Values 10(2001):127.

Taylor, Prue, An Ecological Approach to International Law: Responding to Challenges of ClimateChange. Reviewed by Simon Sneddon, Environmental Values 10(2001):127. (EV)

Percival, Robert V., Alevizatos, Dorothy C., eds. Law and the Environment: A MultidisciplinaryReader. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997. 464pp. $69.95 cloth, $29.95 paper. Acomprehensive examination of society's multidisciplinary response to the difficult challenges posedby environmental problems. (v8,#1)

Percival, Robert V. and Dorothy Alevizatos. Law and the Environment: A Multidisciplinary Reader.Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press 1997. Review by Simon Sneddon, Environmental Values10(2001):127. (EV)

Percival, Val, Homer-Dixon, Thomas. "Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: The Case ofRwanda," The Journal of Environment and Development 5(no.3, 1996):270. (v8,#2)

Perelman, Michael. "Myths of the Market: Economics and the Environment", Organization andEnvironment, 16, (No. 2, 2003): 168-226. Adam Smith's farmworker paradox reflects the fact thatthose who do the most essential work in society earn the least, just as his diamonds and waterparadox revolves around the low valuation that markets place on essential resources. This articleexplores the perverse economic logic that leaves markets to run roughshod over both humanityand nature, and examines how economists have either attempted to get to grips with, or morecommonly, tried to avoid or justify this phenomenon. Perelman is in economics at California StateUniversity, Chico.

Peres, CA; Zimmerman, B, "Perils in Parks or Parks in Peril? Reconciling Conservation in AmazonianReserves with and without Use," Conservation Biology 15(no.3, 2001):793-797. (v.12,#4)

Peres, Carlos A. et al (some 20 others), "Demographic Threats to the Sustainability of Brazil NutExploitation," Science 302(19 December 2003):2112-2114. Overharvesting of Brazil nuts ispreventing many natural stands from reproducing, which is leading to ever older populations oftrees that could eventually cause the Brazil nut trade to crash. Brazil nut harvesting is a major partof the rainforest economy and has been thought to be a sustainable way to prevent moredestructive activities such as ranching. Given the chance, Brazil nut trees can regenerate quitewell in the forest, but not at the current rate of harvesting. Accompanying commentary, Stokstad,Erik, "Too Much Crunching on Rainforest Nuts?" Science 302(19 December 2003):2049.

Peretti, Jonah H., "Nativism and Nature: Rethinking Biological Invasion,"Environmental Values 7 (1998): 183-192. The study of biological invasions raises troublingscientific, political and moral issues that merit discussion and debate on a broad scale. Nativisttrends in Conservation Biology have made environmentalists biased against alien species. This biasis scientifically questionable, and may have roots in xenophobic and racist attitudes. Rethinkingconservationists' conceptions of biological invasion is essential to the development of aprogressive environmental science, politics, and philosophy. KEYWORDS: conservation, biologicalinvasion, native, alien. Jonah H. Peretti is at University of California at Santa Cruz. (EV)

Perfecto, Ivette; Rice, Robert A.; and Van Der Voort, Martha E. "Shade Coffee: A DisappearingRefuge for Biodiversity." Bioscience 46, no.8 (1996): 598. Shade coffee plantations can containas much biodiversity as forest habitats. (v7, #3)

Perhac, Jr., Ralph M. "Environmental Justice: The Issue of Disproportionality." Environmental Ethics21(1999):81-92. It is widely held that environmental risks which are distributed unequally alongracial or socioeconomic lines are necessarily distributed unjustly. While disproportionality mayresult from the perpetration of procedural injustices: what might be termed environmental racism,the question I am concerned with is whether disproportionality, in and of itself, constitutes injustice.I examine this question from the perspective of three prominent theories of justice that largelycapture the range of our intuitions about fairness and justice: utilitarianism, natural rights theory,and (Rawlsian) contractarianism. While each of these theories provides clear grounds for objectingto the imposition of risk on individuals without their consent, none provides grounds for thinking thateliminating disproportionalities along racial or socioeconomic lines, in and of itself, is called for asa matter of justice. As a result, I suggest that the concern of environmental justice should lie withidentifying (and protecting) those at greatest risk, rather than identifying correlations betweenaverage risk levels and morally arbitrary characteristics possessed by individuals, such as raceor socioeconomic status. (EE)

Perkins, Ellie. "Building Communities to Limit Trade: Following the Example of Women's Initiatives,"Alternatives 22(no.1, Jan. 1996):10- . Building strong communities depends heavily on economicroles often filled by women and on approaches that women have been foremost in expounding andexemplifying. (v6,#4)

Perkins, John H. Geopolitics and the Green Revolution: Wheat, Genes, and the Cold War. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1997. 400pp. $60. Explores the political ecology of wheat breedingin developed countries such as the U.S., India, Britain, and Mexico. Through a detailed study of thehistory of the Green Revolution, this work stimulates questions about the sustainability ofagriculture and the future of human population growth. (v8,#1)

Perkins, John H. Geopolitics and the Green Revolution: Wheat, Genes, and the Cold War. Reviewedby Christian Hunold. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):195-197.

Perkins, John H. Review of Nature Wars: People vs. Pests. By Mark L. Winston. EnvironmentalEthics 21(1999):221-222.

Perkins, Matthew, "The Federal Indian Trust Doctrine and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act:Could Application of the Doctrine Alter the Outcome in U.S. v. Hugs?" Environmental law 30(no. 3,2000):701- . The Ninth Circuit's recent affirmation of the criminal convictions of Frank and WilliamHugs, members of the Crow Indian Tribe, for violating the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Acteven though the tribe members claimed their actions were protected by the First Amendment's freeexercise of religion. Outlines the history of Native American religious rights and suggests that thefederal Indian Trust Doctrine is a viable basis upon which Native American religious freedomarguments may be asserted. (v.12,#2)

Perlin, John, A Forest Journey: The Role of Wood in the Development of Civilization. New York: W.W. Norton, 1989. 445 pages, $ 26.95. Without forests, there would have been no civilization. Wood provided the principal fuel and building material for nearly every society from the Bronze Ageto the 19th century. But civilization has always meant the death of forests, nearly always to thedetriment of the civilization destroying its forests. (v1,#4)

Perlman, Dan L., Adelson, Glenn. Biodiversity: Exploring Values and Priorities in Conservation. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc., 1997. 208pp. $36.95. The questions scientists and policymakers must address when assessing and making policy that influences the diversity of life forms. The aim is to cover the basic modular, statistical, and theoretical approaches to the subject whileexploring the applications of these approaches through case studies. (v8,#1)

Perrett, Roy W. "Indigenous Rights and Environmental Justice." Environmental Ethics20(1998):377-91. The modern environmental movement has a tradition of respect for indigenouscultures and many environmentalists believe that there are important ecological lessons to belearned from studying the traditional life styles of indigenous peoples. More recently, however,some environmentalists have become more sceptical. This scepticism has been sharpened bycurrent concerns with the cause of indigenous rights. Indigenous peoples have repeatedlyinsisted on their rights to pursue traditional practices or to develop their lands, even when theexercise of these rights has implications in conflict with environmentalist values. These conflictshighlight some important questions in environmental ethics, particularly about the degree to whichglobal environmental justice should be constrained by the recognition of indigenous rights. I exploresome of these issues and argue for the relevance of the "capability approach" to environmentaljustice. Perrett is in philosophy, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. (EE)

Perrings, C. Economics of Ecological Resources: Selected Essays. Cheletenham: Edward Elgar,1997. Review by Clive Spash, Environmental Values 10(2001):125. (EV)

Perrings, Charles, Williamson, Mark, and Salmazzone, Silvana, eds., The Economics of BiologicalInvasions. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2000. Reviewed by Edwards-Jones, Gareth,Environmental Values 12(2003):138-140. (EV)

Perrings, Charles; Maler, Karl-Goran; Folke, Carl; Holling, C.S.; and Jansson, Bengt-Owe, eds. Biodiversity Loss: Economic and Ecological Issues. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.348 pages. $54.95 cloth. The findings of a research program that brought together economistsand ecologists to consider the causes and consequences of biodiversity loss. The main causeis incentives that encourage resource users to ignore the effects of their actions. (v7, #3)

Perrow, Martin R., and Davy, Anthony J., eds., Handbook of Ecological Restoration. New York:Cambridge University Press, 2002. A survey, with some attention to policy and ethics. Theauthors are at University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. (v.13,#4)

Perry, Clifton. "We Are What We Eat." Environmental Ethics 3(1981):341-50. If it is immoral to raiseanimals for the purpose of eating during a period of food scarcity because the process ofchanging grain protein to animal protein is wasteful then it is surely immoral to waste animal proteinwhich was not raised for the purpose of eating, but which could nevertheless be eaten duringperiods of food scarcity. Therefore, it is immoral not to eat human carrion during periods of foodscarcity. Perry is in the philosophy Department, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA. (EE)

Perry, David A. Forest Ecosystems. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. 500 pp. Cloth, $80.00. Paper, $50.00. Twenty-three chapters in comprehensive survey of the structureand functioning of forest ecosystems worldwide: temperate, tropical, and boreal. Climaticinfluences on the distribution of forests and how global warming might shift that. Forest dynamics,biological diversity, soils. Primary productivity, nutrient cycling, herbivory, ecosystem stability, andfactors contributing to ecosystem collapse, such as acid rain and mismanagement. Principles ofsustainable forest management. Perhaps the most outstanding work on forest ecosystems in print. Perry is in ecosystem studies at Oregon State University. (v6,#1)

Perry, Gregory M., and Pope, C. Arden, "Environmental Polarization and the Use of Old-GrowthForests in the Pacific Northwest," Journal of Environmental Management 44(1995):385-397. Theallocation of old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest comes not from orderly market processes,but from chaotic and polarized political and legal conflicts. Analysis of the economic factors ofpolarization, of differences in environmental ethics regarding old-growth forests, and differencesin time preferences. Resolving the debate over old-growth forests will be extremely difficult. Perryis in Agricultural and Resource Economics, Oregon State University. Pope is at Brigham YoungUniversity, Provo, UT. (v.10,#1)

Perry, James. Water Quality: Management of a Natural Resource. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science,Inc., 1996. 656pp. $64.95. A multi-disciplinary approach to the study of water by building on thefoundations of water chemistry and hydrology and expanding to cover subjects such aspreservation and biological diversity and ecosystem integrity, public health standards, internationalwaterways and policy, and the preservation of water resources. (v8,#1)

Persson, Torsten, Miljökunskap (The Study of the Environment). Lund: Studentlittertur, 1994. InSwedish. "A number of environmental issues can be defined in terms of natural sciences butultimately it is a question of morality and ethics. What right have human beings to exploit nature ina way which leads to the extinction of other species?" (p. 10). Prepared as a student text, thoughsubsequently with little discussion of environmental ethics. (v.12,#4)

Peter, Kenneth B. "Jefferson and the Independence of Generations." Thomas Jefferson's argumentagainst long-term debt and his theory of usufruct are used to show why each generation isobligated to protect the independence of future generations. This argument forms the theory of"Jeffersonian generational independence." The theory has wide implications for the environmentalmovement because most environmental problems result in limitations on the liberty of futuregenerations. I compare and defend Jeffersonian generational independence from two alternativesincluding the investment theory raised by James Madison and the problem of generationalinterdependence raised by John Passmore or Edmund Burke. When the obligation to protect theindependence of future generations is taken seriously, liberalism can no longer reasonably be usedto defend environmental exploitation, since such exploitation amounts to an attack on the liberty andindependence which form its core values. Environmmental Ethics 24(2002):371-387. (EE)

Peterken, George F., Natural Woodland: Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate Regions.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. A rationale and practice for woodland natureconservation and management. An account that is expectedly well informed scientifically, but isalso surprisingly philosophically sophisticated about to what extent woods in Britain and in theUnited States can be considered "natural" in the light of various degrees of human influence,management, restoration. The book starts with an analysis of "the concept of naturalness,"distinguishing (1) original-naturalness, (2) present-naturalness, (3) past-naturalness, (4) potentialnaturalness, and (5) future naturalness. Many woods are in a limbo between various qualities ofnaturalness. North America has forests with all these elements; such a forest would be rare inEurope. "It is more useful to regard naturalness as a continuous variable, ranging from completelynatural (100% natural) to completely artificial (0% natural). In some cases such measures have tobe differently applied in different parts of the same forest. An eight-point scale for past-naturalwoodlands with three differing systems of management. The importance of time lapse since thelast management at various levels.

Selected studies in particular temperate and boreal forests, for example, the Joyce KilmerMemorial Forest in North Carolina and the Bialowieza Forest, Poland. Indian influences on NorthAmerican forests. (The records are equivocal; some U.S. forests were less "natural" thanecologists initially supposed. At the same time, though "the Indians certainly burned woodland closeto home, elsewhere they merely augmented the naturally low frequency of lightning strike fires.Considerable areas of essentially natural forests thus awaited the European settlers" (p. 52). Andmuch more. Peterken has served with various conservancy groups in the UK, such as the NatureConservancy Council and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee. (v.14, #4)

Peters, Joe, "Transforming the Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) Approach:Observations From the Ranomafana National Park Project, Madagascar," Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 11(1998):17-47. ABSTRACT. Preservation of the biological diversity andecosystems in protected areas can be achieved through projects linking conservation of theprotected areas. with improved standards of living for resident peoples within surrounding bufferzones. This is the hypothetical claim of the integrated conservation and development project (ICDP)approach to protected area management. This paper, based on several years of experience withthe Ranomafana National Park Project in Madagascar, questions the major assumptions of thisapproach from ethical and practical perspectives. The four basic strategies available to lCDPs:protected areas, buffer zones, compensation, and economic development, are analyzed andshown to be deficient or untested in the case of Ranomafana. Recommendations are made toexplore conservation models other than the western conception of the national park, to modify thenotion of a buffer zone outside the protected area, to redistribute money or other resourcesdirectly to the poor people living in and around the protected areas, and to eliminate the middle menin the development business. An appeal is made to focus on local education, organization anddiscipline in order to promote self-determination and self-reliance among resident peoples ofprotected areas. The paper argues that a public works program, similar to the Rooseveltadministration's Civilian Conservation Corps of the 1930s, funded through a hard-currencyendowment or other innovative financing mechanism, should be tried as a replacement for thecurrently questionable lCDP approach at Ranomafana. KEY WORDS: biodiversity, buffer zone,conservation, development, ethics, international aid, Madagascar, national parks, protected areas,slash-and-burn. (JAEE)

Peters, Joe. "Transforming the Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) Approach:Observations from the Ranornafana National Park Project, Madagascar. Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 11(1999):17-47. (JAEE)

Peters, Karl E., "Humanity in Nature: Conserving Yet Creating." Zygon 24 (1989): 469-485. Anargument based on the philosophy of cosmic evolution against the dominant human-nature dualismof Western thought. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Peters, Karl E., Dancing with the Sacred: Evolution, Ecology, and God. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity PressInternational, 2002. A naturalistic, nonpersonal model of God, based on evolution and ecology. God is a process: one aspect is the emergence of new possibilities in nature, human history, andpersonal living; the other is the selection of some of these possibilities to continue. The creativeprocess is like a sacred dance. A contemporary creative struggle is to find ways of livingharmoniously with the rest of life on our ever-changing planet, otherwise we may degrade anddestroy the creative sacred process. Peters taught religion and philosophy, includingenvironmental ethics, at Rollins College, Winter Park, FL; he is now emeritus. (v.13,#4)

Peters, Robert H., A Critique for Ecology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 366pages. $ 30.00 paper. Argues that much of ecology cannot be science because ecology oftenprovides no information or information of such poor quality that it can only be soft science. Ifecology and environmental science are to meet the needs of the present decade and nextmillennium, researchers will need far more acute critical abilities than they have yet demonstrated. Ecologists have minimized the importance of predictive power in assessing scientific quality. Instead, they offer logical rationalization, historical explanation and mechanistic understanding, andfall prey to numerous failings that confound any assessment of the science. Predictions are oftenvague, inaccurate, qualitative, subjective, and inconsequential. But ecology can be effective andinformative, and predictive ecology is already a reality in autecology, community ecology, limnologyand ecotoxicology. A controversial book, about which the Cambridge editors themselves weremuch divided. Peters is in biology at McGill University, Montreal. (v5,#3)

Peters, Ted, ed. Genetics: Issues of Social Justice. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 1998. 262 pages. Moral and social aspects of genetics, including the human genome project and genetic engineering. (v9,#1)

Petersen, David, ed. A Hunter's Heart, Honest Essays on Blood Sport. New York: Henry Holt,1997. 331 pages. $ 25.00. Conflicting sides on the issues. Contains, among several dozencontributions and extracts:--Beck, Tom, "A Failure of the Spirit" (pp. 200-209), on the use of bait and dogs to hunt bears, apractice that is illegal in many states.--Carter, Jimmy, "A Childhood Outdoors" (pp. 35-46)--Causey, Ann S., "Is Hunting Ethical?" (pp. 80-89)--Wallace, George N., "If Elk Would Scream" (pp. 96-101)--Posewitz, Jim, "The Hunter's Spirit" (pp. 136-142)--Abbey, Edward, "Blood Sport" (pp. 11-16)and many more. (v8,#1)

Petersen, David, ed., A Hunter's Heart: Honest Essays on Blood Sport. New York: Henry Holt andCo., 1996. Among the contributors: Richard K. Nelson, Edward Abbey, Jimmy Carter, TerryTempest williams, Ann S. Causey, George N. Wallace, Mary Zeiss Stange, Stephen Bodio, TedKerasote, Jim Posewitz, and others. (v.11,#3)

Petersen, Shannon. "Congress and Charismatic Megafauna: A Legislative History of theEndangered Species Act." Environmental Law 29(No. 2, 1999):463- . When Congressoverwhelmingly passed the Endangered Species Act in 1973, it failed to anticipate that the Actwould become one of the strongest and most comprehensive of environmental laws. Instead, mostin Congress believed the Act would apply modest restrictions primarily to protect charismaticmegafauna representative of our national heritage, like bald eagles, bison, and grizzly bears. (v10,#4)

Peterson, Anna L., Being Human. Ethics, Environment, and Our Place in the World. Reviewed byLijmbach, Susanne. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 16(2003):409-415. (JAEE)

Peterson, Anna L. Being Human: Ethics, Environment, and Our Place in Nature. Reviewed inEnvironmental Ethics 25(2003):199-202. (EE)

Peterson, Anna L. Review of David Landis Barnhill and Roger S. Gottlieb, eds. Deep Ecology andWorld Religions: New Essays on Sacred Ground. Environmental Ethics 25(2003):215-219. (EE)

Peterson, Anna L. Review of Christianity and Ecology: Seeking the Well-Being of Earth andHumans. Edited by Dieter T. Hessel and Rosemary Radford Ruether. Environmmental Ethics24(2002):105-108. (EE)

Peterson, Anna L., Being Human: Ethics, Environment, and Our Place in the World. Berkeley, CA:University of California Press, 2001. Some chapters: Not of this world: Human exceptionalism inWestern traditions. The social construction of nature and human nature. The relational self: Asianviews of nature and human nature. Persons and nature in Native American worldviews. Relationships, stories, and feminist ethics. Evolution, ecology and ethics. In and of the world:Toward a chastened constructivist anthropology. Different natures. Peterson is in religion at theUniversity of Florida, Gainesville. (v.12,#2)

Peterson, Anna L. Review of Living with Nature: Environmental Politics as Cultural Discourse.Edited by Frank Fischer and Maarten A. Hajer. Environmental Ethics 23(2001):103-106. (EE)

Peterson, Anna L. Book Review of Nature, God and Humanity: Envisioning an Ethics of Nature. ByRichard L. Fern. Environmental Ethics 26(2004):221-222. (EE)

Peterson, Anna. "Environmental Ethics and the Social Construction of Nature." Environmental Ethics21(1999):339-357. Nature can be understood as socially constructed in two senses: in differentcultures' interpretations of the nonhuman world and in the physical ways that humans haveshaped even areas that they think of as "natural." Both understandings are important forenvironmental ethics insofar as they highlight the diversity of ways of viewing and living in nature.However, strong versions of the social constructionist argument contend that there is no "nature"apart from human discourse and practices. This claim is problematic both logically, insofar as it failsto deconstruct the notion of culture, and ethically, insofar as it categorically privileges humanactivities and traits. (EE)

Peterson, Anna. Review of Frans de Waal, Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong inHumans and Other Animals. Environmental Ethics 20(1998):437-40.

Peterson, Courtney, A Comparison of the Environmental Rhetoric of Dave Foreman, Earth First!, andLois Marie Gibbs, Love Canal. M.A. thesis in the Department of Speech Communication, ColoradoState University, Spring 1998. A study in what makes rhetorical strategies work for environmentalactivists. Both figures are effective activists; their differences are found in philosophy and gender. The advisor was Professor Cindy L. Griffin. (v9,#2)

Peterson, D., and Goodall, J., Visions of Caliban: On Chimpanzees and People. Boston: HoughtonMifflin Company, 1993. Peterson, D. J., Troubled Lands: The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Destruction. Boulder, CO:Westview Press, 1993. 276 pages. Paper. "Objectively describes the terrible environmentaldegradation on one-sixth of the earth's surface. This is the most reliable and weighty reportavailable about the environment in the former Soviet Union. It should be read by all who are

interested in global environmental problems" -- Aleksei Yablokov, Russian State Counsellor forEcology and Public Health. Peterson is a fellow at the RAND/UCLA Center for Soviet Studies inSanta Monica, CA. (v4,#4)

Peterson, David L. and V. Thomas Parker, eds. Ecological Scale: Theory and Applications. NewYork: Columbia University Press 1998. Reviewed by Jon Loverr. Environmental Values9(2000):261.

Peterson, David L. and Darryl R. Johnson, Eds. Human Ecology and Climate Change: People andResources in the Far North. Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis, 1995. How global climate change mightalter the face of the northern regions of North America during the next century. With amultidisciplinary team of contributors, the chapters cover meteorology, climate modeling, wildlifebiology, human ecology, and resource management, and take an objective look into the future ofnatural resources and human populations in this region. (v7,#1)

Peterson, David. Heartsblood: Hunting, Spirituality, and Wildness inAmerica. Review by Gene Wunderlich, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics10(2001):354-358. (JAEE)

Peterson, E. Wesley, "Time Preference, the Environment and the Interests of Future Generations",Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 6(1993):107-126. The behavior of individualscurrently living will generally have long-term consequences that affect the well-being of those whowill come to live in the future. Intergenerational interdependencies of this nature raise difficultmoral issues because only the current generation is in a position to decide on actions that willdetermine the nature of the world in which future generations will live. The writings of botheconomists and philosophers concerned with the weight to attach to the interest of futuregenerations are reviewed and evaluated in this paper and the implications for environmental policyare discussed. Peterson is in agricultural economics at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

Peterson, Jonathan W., and Bouma-Prediger, Steven, "Ethical Analysis of Risk-based EnvironmentalCleanup," Proteus: A Journal of Ideas 15(no. 2, 1998):19-24. An analysis of RBCA, Risk BasedCorrective Action, whereby only those sites that pose a significant risk to human health and theenvironment undergo active remediation, since there are "too many sites, too few dollars." RBCAhas a number of important ethical assumptions involving distributive justice. Application to a leakinggasoline tank in a western Michigan town. "We conclude that RBCA is the most effective approachonly if the ethical decision-making is based on the needs of the moral patients and if those needsare equally weighted. RBCA is ineffective and inappropriate if agency decisions regardingenvironmental cleanup are based solely on the merits of the moral players" (p. 23). Peterson is inGeological and Environmental Sciences, Bouma-Prediger in Religion, Hope College, Holland MI.

Peterson, Kaja. Nature Conservation in Estonia. Tallin, Huma Press, 1994. 48 pp. National parks,nature reserves, landscape reserves, mire reserves, ornithological reserves, botanical reserves,botanical-zoological reserves, geological reserves, nature parks and program areas. (v7,#4)Peterson, Markus J., and Peterson, Tarla Rai, "Ecology: Scientific, Deep and Feminist,"Environmental Values 5(1996):123-146. The application of hierarchy theory to ecological systemspresents those who seek a radical change in human perspectives toward nature with a uniquewindow of opportunity. Because hierarchy theory has enabled scientific ecologists to discoverthat the window through which one chooses to observe a system influences its reality, they maynow be more amenable to including the perspectives of deep and feminist ecologists into their self-definition. A synergy between deep, feminist, and scientific ecology could improve environmentalpolicy by encouraging more ecofeminists to encompass the marginalisation of nonhuman life-formswithin the ethic of care, more deep ecologists to encompass the issues of overconsumption andmilitarisation within the anthropocentric-biocentric polarity, and more scientific ecologists to

scrutinise the politics behind their investigations. KEYWORDS: Communication, deep ecology,ecofeminism, environmental policy, scientific ecology. (EV)

Peterson, Markus J. and Tarla Rai Peterson, "A Rhetorical Critique of `Nonmarket' Economic Valu-ations for Natural Resources." Environmental Values Vol.2 No.1(1993):47-66. ABSTRACT: Various`nonmarket' economic valuation methods have been used to compute `total' value of nonmarketednatural resources and related recreation. We first outline the history of these valuation techniquesand use the Exxon Valdez disaster response and the valuation of whooping cranes, anendangered species, as examples of how these tools can constrain policy. We then explain how,by excluding non-economic social spheres, economic valuation techniques produce a terministicscreen that deforms policy makers' vision of the ecological problems faced by society. UsingLuhmann's functionalist social theory, we demonstrate that when natural resource managersprivilege economic motives, they trivialize other social functions such as education, politics, religionand law. This process presents a significant ethical dilemma for democracies by first naturalizing,then ethicizing, existing patterns of domination. KEYWORDS: Environmental ethics, functionalism,natural resources, nonmarket economic valuation, rhetorical criticism, wildlife. Markus: Departmentof Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2258,USA. Tarla: Department of Speech Communication and Theatre Arts, Texas A & M University,College Station, Texas 77843-4234, USA.

Peterson, Richard B. Conversations in the Rainforest: Culture, Values, and the Environment inCentral Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Perseus Books Group 2000. (v.12,#2)

Peterson, Rolf O., The Wolves of Isle Royale: A Broken Balance. Minocqua, WI: Willow CreekPress, 1995. 190 pages. Isle Royale, in Lake Superior, is the site of the longest running study (35years) of any mammal on the planet, and here is the story by a wildlife biologist who has beenthere 25 of those years. The wolf population is now at the lowest recorded level. (v7,#1)

Peterson, Russell W., Patriots. Stand Up!: This Land Is Our Land; Fight to Take it Back. Wilmington,DL: Cedar Tree Publishing, 2003. A devastating indictment of the Bush administration by a formerRepublican governor of Delaware, former head of the Office of Technology Assessment, formerhigh official of both the Nixon and Ford administration, and a former President of the AudubonSociety. (v. 15, # 3)

Peterson, Tarla Rai and Horton, Cristi Choat, "Rooted in the Soil: How Understanding thePerspectives of Landowners Can Enhance the Management of Environmental Disputes," TheQuarterly Journal of Speech 81(1995):139-166. The need to include the perspective of ranchersin environmental disputes, specifically the dispute over the endangered golden-cheeked warblerand its habitat. "Public discourse must enable divergent versions of collective identity to emerge,"and, in the case of the warbler, these versions of collective identity provided by the ranchers andthe environmentalists must be acknowledged and integrated if the warbler is to survive. (v.8,#4)

Peterson, Tarla Rai, "The Meek Shall Inherit the Mountains: Dramatistic Criticism of Grand TetonNation Park's Interpretive Program," Central States Speech Journal 39(no. 2, 1988):121-133. Theauthor finds that Christian myths were used, effectively, in Grand Teton National Parkinterpretation. (v.8,#4)

Peterson, Tarla Rai, Review of C.G. Herndl and S.C. Brown, Green Culture. Environmental Values7(1998):362.

Peterson, Tarla-Rai, Sharing the Earth: The Rhetoric of Sustainable Development. Columbia, SC:University of South Carolina Press, 1997. 240 pages. $ 30.00. (v9,#2)

Petrinovich, Lewis, Darwinian Dominion: Animal Welfare and Human Interests. Cambridge, MA: MITPress, 1998. 448 pages. Humans have a set of cognitive abilities, developing from a suite ofemotional attachments, that make them unique among species. Although other animals can think,suffer, and have needs, the interests of members of the human species should triumph overcomparable interests of members of other species. Animal liberation, morality and animal research,the eating of animals, keeping animals in zoos and as pets, the importance of biodiversity. The mainissues and principles governing the resolution of animal/human interactions and tradeoffs. (v.10,#1)

Petrucci, Mario. "Population: Time-Bomb or Smoke-Screen?" Environmental Values 9(2000):325-352. Abstract: `Overpopulation' is often implicated as a major causative factor of poverty andenvironmental degradation in the developing world. This review of the population-resource debatefocusses on Red, Green and neo-Malthusian ideologies to demonstrate how they have ramifiedinto current economic and development theory. A central hypothesis is that key elements of Marxistanalysis, tempered by the best of Green thought, still have much to offer the subject. Thecontributions of capitalism to `underdevelopment', and its associated environmental crises, areclarified and reasserted in a contemporary context. The concept of valuation vector is alsointroduced, and a novel closure of Blaikie's `Chain of Explanation' is proposed. The Circuit of Capitalmodel thus created is applied to specific case-studies of resource-population conflict so as tooverturn the simplistic conventional connection held between population growth and ecologicaldevastation. The model highlights sequential causes of poverty arising from important capital-basedfactors which might otherwise be overlooked. It can accommodate a variety of Red-Greenperspectives and its structural form is suited to the unravelling of complex population-resourcepressures in the multi-dimensional space of the modern global political economy. KEYWORDS:Population, environment, Marxism, Green, Circuit of Capital, valuation vector. Petrucci is at ??(University College London), 79 Lincoln Crescent, Bush Hill Park, Enfield, Middlesex EN1 1JZ. (EV)

Petsonk, Annie, Silverthorne, Katherine. "The Relevance of the UN Climate Treaty for U.S.Environmental Lawyers," Journal of Environmental Law & Practice 3(no.3, Nov. 1995):4- . Resultsof the Climate Conference sponsored by the UN and its relevance for environmental lawpractitioners. (v6,#4)

Petts, Geoffrey, Calow, Peter, eds. River Restoration. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc., 1995.232pp. $49.95. Fifteen UK and overseas experts contribute, covering the nature of rivers, riverpollution, biological water quality assessment, water quality control, flow-allocation managementand environmentally sensitive engineering. (v8,#1)

Petulla, Joseph M., "Objectivist and Relativist Science and Environmentalism," Philosophical Inquiry11 (nos. 1-2, Winter-Spring 1989):17-27. Objectivist and relativist assumption of scientific andpopular writings need to be clarified by their interpreters. Scientific knowledge is commonly usedby conflicting interest groups for a confusing array of political reasons in advocacy causes. Itwould be better to state one's commitment and evidence than to appeal to universal laws orprinciples of ecology or economics. Petulla is with the Environmental Management GraduateProgram, University of San Francisco.

Petulla, Joseph M. American Environmentalism: Values, Tactics, Priorities. Reviewed inEnvironmental Ethics 3(1981):375-76.

Pezzey, John, "Sustainability: An Interdisciplinary Guide." Environmental Values Vol.1No.4(1992):321-362. ABSTRACT: A definition of sustainability as maintaining `utility' (averagehuman wellbeing) over the very long term future is used to build ideas from physics, ecology,evolutionary biology, anthropology, history, philosophy, economics and psychology, into a

coherent, interdisciplinary analysis of the potential for sustaining industrial civilization. Thispotential is highly uncertain, because it is hard to know how long the `technology treadmill' ofsubstituting accumulated tools and knowledge for declining natural resource inputs to production,can continue. Policies to make the treadmill work more efficiently, by controlling its pervasiveenvironmental, social and psychological external costs, and policies to control population, will helpto realize this potential. Unprecedented levels of global cooperation, among very unequal nations,will be essential for many of these policies to work effectively. Even then, tougher action may berequired, motivated by an explicit moral concern for sustainability. An evolutionary analysis ofhistory suggests that technology and morality can and will respond to a clearly perceived futurethreat to civilization; but we cannot easily predict the threat, or whether our response will be fastenough. KEYWORDS: Economics, environment, evolution, history, natural resources, policy,population, psychology, sustainability, technology. UK CEED Research Fellow, Department ofEconomics, University of Bristol, 8 Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1TN, UK.

Pezzoli, K., "Science and Technology for Sustainability: North American Challenges and Lessons,"Journal of Environment and Development 11(no.3, 2002): 304-06. (v.13,#4)

Pezzoli, Keith, Human Settlements and Planning for Ecological Sustainability: The Case of MexicoCity. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998. (v.9,#3)

Pezzoli, Keith. Human Settlements and Planning for Ecological Sustainability: The Case of MexicoCity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998. 400 pp. $40. The heart of the book is the story of whathappened when residents of Los Belvederes, a group of Ajusco settlements, fought relocation byproposing that Los Belvederes be transformed into "Colonias Ecolthe bo Productivas", orproductive ecology settlements. Through innovative organized resistance, their grassrootsmovement generated environmental and social action that eventually won crucial state support. (v.9,#4)

Pfeffer, M. J., "Review of: Magdoff, Fred, John Bellamy Foster, and Frederick H. Buttel, eds.,Hungry for Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food and the Environment," Society andNatural Resources 15(no.3, 2002): 290-91. (v.13,#2)

Phan-Huy, Sibyl Anwander, and Fawaz, Ruth Badertscher, "Swiss market for meat fromanimal-friendly production - Responses of public and private actors in Switzerland," Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 16(2003):119-136. Animal welfare is an important societalissue in Switzerland. Policy makers have responded with a strict legislation on animal protectionand with two programs to promote animal friendly husbandry. Also private actors in the meatindustry initiated programs for animal friendly meat production to meet consumers' expectations. Labeled meat has a market share of over 20%. Depending on the stakeholders responsible forthe labels, their objectives vary. While retailers want to attract consumers with meat produced inan animal friendly and environmentally compatible manner and with products of consistently goodsensory quality, producers want to keep market shares and increase their revenues. KEY WORDS:animal protection, agricultural policy, consumer behavior, meat consumption, Switzerland. (JAEE)

Pharoah, Tim. "Reducing the Need to Travel: A New Planning Objective in the UK?" Land Use Policy13(no.1, Jan. 1996):23- . (v6,#4)

Phelan, Shane, "Intimate Distance: The Dislocation of Nature in Modernity." Pages 44-62 in Bennett,Jane, and Chaloupka, William, eds., In the Nature of Things. Minneapolis, MN: University ofMinnesota Press, 1993. "Nature" once meant "outside of culture," but, deconstructed, suchmeaning is no longer available. Nature should now be thought of as "intimate distance." "Recognition of nature as intimate distance reminds us simultaneously that nature is us and ourlives, but that those lives are the greatest, most mundane mystery we will ever have" (p. 59). With

attention to Rousseau and Nietzsche. Phelan teaches political science at the University of NewMexico. (v9,#2)

Phelps, Norm, "When Hunting is Homework.," The Animals' Agenda 20 (No. 3, 2000 May 01): 30- . How hunting groups "infiltrate" schools to recruit young people to their dying pastime. (v.11,#4)

Philander, S. George. Is the Temperature Rising? The Uncertain Science of Global Warming.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. 240 pp. $29.95. The basics of the Earth's climate andweather. The relationship between scientific knowledge and public affairs. Philander teachesgeosciences at Princeton. (v.10,#1)

Philipp, Steven F., "Race, Gender, and Leisure Benefits," Leisure Sciences 19(1997):191-207.Phillip is in Health, Leisure, Sports, University of West Florida, Pensacola. Compares African-Americans and European-Americans, men and women, on the values they find in recreation,including outdoor recreation.

Philippon, Daniel J., Conserving Words: How American Nature Writers Shaped the EnvironmentalMovement. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. The subtle effects of language and cultureon how we know and might be led to save that part of the world we call nature. Leopold'swritings "illustrate the ways in which wilderness is as much a rhetorical construction as a physicalplace." With much attention to metaphor. Philippon is in rhetoric at the University of Minnesota,Twin Cities. (v. 15, # 3)

Phillips, C. J. C. and Sorensen, J. Tind, "Sustainability in Cattle Production Systems", Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 6(1993):61-74. Cattle production has the potential of beingan important component of sustainable agriculture globally. The ability to transform feed notsuitable for humans into high-quality food will be of great importance in the long-term for feedinga growing population. To exploit the sustainable potential of cattle production systems, problemsof pollution and of health and welfare, which are associated with cattle production are criticallyreviewed. The possibilities of integrating cattle production with other types of production areevaluated. The possibilities of using organic cattle production systems as prototypes ossustainable cattle production systems are explored. Phillips is in dairy research at the School ofAgricultural and Forest Sciences, University College of North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd. Sorensenis at the National Institute of Animal Science, Tjele, Denmark.

Phillips, Dana, The Truth of Ecology: Nature, Culture, Literature in America. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2003. The contradictions of contemporary American nature writing, the need forgreater theoretical sophistication, and the possibilities for a less devotional, "wilder" approach toecocritical and environmental thinking.

Phillips, M. T., and Sechzer, J. A., Animal research and ethical conduct: An analysis of thescientific literature: 1966-1986. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.

Phillips, Robert A., and Reichart, Joel, "The Environment as a Stakeholder: A Fairness-BasedApproach," Journal of Business Ethics 23(2000):185-197. Stakeholder theory is often unable todistinguish those individuals and groups that are stakeholders from those that are not. Thisproblem of stakeholder identity has recently been addressed by linking stakeholder theory to aRawlsian principle of fairness. To illustrate, the question of stakeholder status for the non-humanenvironment is discussed. This essay criticizes a past attempt to ascribe stakeholder status to thenon-human environment, which utilized a broad definition of the term "stakeholder." This paperthen demonstrates how, despite the denial of stakeholder status, the environment is nonethelessaccounted for on a fairness-based approach, through legitimate organizational stakeholders. Inaddition, since stakeholder theory has never claimed to be a comprehensive ethical scheme, it is

argued that sound reason might exist for managers to consider their organization's impact on theenvironment that are not stake-holder related. Phillips teaches business, Georgetown University. Reichart teaches business, Fordham University.

Phillips, Robert A. and Reichart, Joel, "The Environment as Stakeholder? A Fairness-BasedApproach," Journal of Business Ethics 23(2000):185- . (v.13, #3)

Phillips, Sarah T. "Lessons From the Dust Bowl: Dryland Agriculture and Soil Erosion in the UnitedStates and South Africa, 1900-1950." Environmental History 4(No. 2, April 1999):245- . (v10,#4)

Philosophica, Volume 39:1 (1987). Ghent University, Belgium. This is a special issue, "probably thefirst philosophical journal on the European continent to devote an entire issue to environmentalethics" (p. 3). The issue contains seven articles, but three of these focus on problems withanimal-rights (Tom Regan, "Pigs in Space," Evelyn Pluhar, "The Personhood View and the Argumentfrom Marginal Cases," and Raymond G. Frey, "The Significance of Agency and Marginal Cases"). Articles by Robin Attfield, Dieter Birnbacher, Frank De Roose, and J. Baird Callicott focus onbroader problems in environmental philosophy. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Philosophy and Geography is sponsored by the Society for Philosophy and Geography andpublished by Rowman and Littlefield Press. Editors: Andrew Light, Department of Philosophy,University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E5, Canada, and Jonathan M. Smith, Department ofGeography, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843-3147. (v6,#4)

Philosophy and The Ecological Problem, a special issue of Filozoficky Casopis (CzechoslovakianPhilosophy Journal). Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 13(1991):87-93.

Phipps, Alison, "`The Mice Have Eaten the Lipstick': Performing amidst Creation in South-westGermany," Ecotheology No 7 (July 1999):98-107.

Phuong, Tran Thi Thanh. "AFTA and Its Environmental Implications for Vietnam," The Journal ofEnvironment and Development 6(no.3, 1997):341. (v8,#3)

Phyne, John G. "Balancing Social Equity and Environmental Integrity in Ireland's Salmon FarmingIndustry." Society and Natural Resources 9, no.3 (1996): 281. (v7, #3)

Piasecki, Bruce and Peter Asmus, In Search of Environmental Excellence: Moving Beyond Blame.New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990. $ 9.95 paper. Traces the historical and recent abuses ofland, air, and water, but also describes many examples of public and private entities successfullysearching for and finding solutions. Government has a key role as facilitator and coordinator. "Thetrue test for American environmentalism is to achieve a better balance between fear of ecologicalcatastrophe and trust in our political system." (v1,#4)

Piasecki, Bruce, and Peter Asmus, In Search of Environmental Excellence: Moving Beyond Blame.New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990. Pp. 203. This is a highly readable book on environmentalpolicy, examining the historical causes of environmental problems and proposing workablesolutions. The central idea is to move beyond name-calling and blame, so that we can unifyindustry, government, and private citizen action in the development of alternative appropriatetechnologies. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Piatek, (Pitek), Z., "Wartoci i ewolucja (Values and Evolution)", in: Nauka, Filozofia, Wartoci(Science, Philosophy, Values), Kosmos-Logos Series, T. Grabiska & M. abierowski (eds.),Wroc;aw University of Technical Sciences Press, Wroc;aw, 1994. (v.13,#4)

Piatek (Pitek), Z., "Przyroda i wartoci (Mother Nature and Values)", in: Warto bycia.Wadysawowi Stróewskiemu w darze (The Value of Being. A gift-book for Prof. W.Stróewski), collective editing, Polish Philosophical Society, Warsaw-Cracow, 1993 (v.13,#4)

Piatek (Pitek), Z., Etyka rodowiskowa. Nowe spojrzenie na miejsce czowieka w przyrodzie(Environmental Ethics. The new outlook on the Human status in Nature), Jagiellonian UniversityPress, Cracow, 1998. The standpoints of P. Taylor, J.B. Callicott, A.Leopold, T.Regan and P. Singerare discussed. (v.13,#4)

Piatek (Pitek), Z., "Czy zmiany w kulturze mog zahamowa destrukcje Natury? (Can changesin Culture check the destruction of Nature?)", in: Czowiek, Kultura, Przemiany (Human, Culture,Transitions), J. Pazowski & M. Suwara (eds.), Jagiellonian University Press, 1998. (v.13,#4)

Piatek, (Pitek), Z., "Przetwarzanie informacji w wietle teorii ewolucji, czyli o poszukiwaniusemantyki biosfery (Information Processing in the Light of the Theory of Evolution, or in search ofSemantics of the Biosphere)", in: Filozofia i logika. W stron Jana Woleskiego (Philosophy andLogic. Towards Jan Woleski - a gift-book), J. Hartman (ed.), AUREUS Publishers, Cracow, 2000. (v.13,#4)

Pichon, Francisco J. "Settler Agriculture and the Dynamics of Resource Allocation in FrontierEnvironments." Human Ecology 24, no.3 (1996): 341. (v7, #3)

Pickerill, J, "Review of: Derrick Purdue, Anti-GenetiX: The Emergence of the Anti-GM Movement,"Environmental Politics 11(no.4, 2002): 147-148.

Pickering, David, and Bruce, David, "Ecology and Ecumenism in Europe: A Way Forward,"Ecotheology No 5/6 (Jul 98 / Jan 99):9-21.

Pickering, K.T., Owens, L.A. An Introduction to Global Environmental Issues. Review by OliveSpash, Environmental Values 7(1998):493.

Pickering, Kevin T., and Lewis A. Owen, An Introduction to Global Environmental Issues. NewYork: Routledge, 1994. 336 pages. Paper, , 14.99. Chapters: Introducing Earth; Climate Changeand Past Climates; Greenhouse Effect; Acid Rain; Water Resources and Pollution; Nuclear Issues;Energy; Natural Hazards; Human Impact on the Earth's Surface; Managing Our Earth. Pickering isat the University of Leicester and Owen at the University of London. (v5,#1)

Pickett, S.T.A., Ostfeld, R.S., Shachak, M., and Likens, G.E., eds., The Ecological Basis ofConservation. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1997. Includes, for example:--Fiedler, Peggy L., White, Peter S., and Leidy, Robert A., "The Paradigm Shift in Ecology and ItsImplications for Ecology," pages 83-91. (1) New ecology does not find some species betteradapted than others; it is more egalitarian about species. (2) Habitat fragmentation is more complexthan ecologists had envisioned. (3) Ecology as a science is not methodologically equivalent to thesciences of chemistry, physics, mathematics; but this does not mean ecology is a soft science. (4) The profound complexity of the natural world and the possibility of studying one small pieceof the puzzle does not guarantee that the results will be generalizable to a similar piece next door. (5) Just as the individual is the fundamental unit in evolution, the population is the fundamental unitin conservation.--Leopold, A. Carl, "The Land Ethic of Aldo Leopold," pages 193-200.--Zedler, Joy B., "Conservation Activism: A Proper Role for Academics?", pages 345-350.

--Wiens, John A., "The Emerging Role of Patchiness in Conservation Biology," pages 93-107. "The`patchiness paradigm' in ecology, if it exists at all, is a very nebulous one without a cohesive bodyof theory to guide research or management. Nevertheless, we know that the patchiness ofenvironments cannot be ignored" (p. 106). (v.10,#3)

Pickett, Steward, Ostfeld, Richard S., Shachak, Moshe, Likens, Gene E., eds. The Ecological Basisof Conservation: Heterogeneity, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1997.432 pp. $59.95. Conservation policy is moving toward conservation and management of theinteractive networks and large-scale ecosystems on which species depend. This book offers ascientific framework for this new approach, providing a solid basis for stronger links betweenecology and public policy. (v8,#3)

Piel, Gerard, Only One World: Our Own to Make and to Keep. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1992. 367 pages. $ 21.95. An excellent overview of the impact of humankind on the biosphere, tracingthe agricultural and industrial revolutions and the ways in which these have disturbed ecosystems. By the founder and publisher of Scientific American, who writes with urgency and compassion.(v3,#2)

Pielou, E. C., After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America. Chicago: Universityof Chicago Press, 1991. 366 pages. Vegetation responds slowly to climatic change, and "ifclimate changes continuously, as it appears to, then vegetation may never succeed in catching upwith it. ... Plant (and animal) communities are in disequilibrium, continually adjusting to climate andcontinually lagging behind and failing to achieve equilibrium before the onset of a new climatictrend. (v3,#1)

Pienaar, U. De V., "An Overview of Conservation in South Africa and Future Perspectives,"Koedoe: Research Journal for National Parks in the Republic of South Africa 34 (no. 1, 1991):73-80. With particular concern for a national environmental plan and policy that will arrest and reversecurrent resource and environmental deterioration while at the same time promoting approaches toattaining a better quality of life for all South African (v2,#4)

Pierce, Christine, and Donald VanDeVeer, eds., People, Penguins, and Plastic Trees, 2nd ed. $35.00. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1995. 485 pages, paper. Here is the secondedition of the best-selling text first published in 1986, widely regarded as the easiest text to usewith freshmen and sophomores. Additions include: ecofeminism, deep ecology, Native Americanland ethics, critiques of industrialized nations by those in less-industrialized nations, environmentalracism, sustainability, as well as the continuing issues: moral relations with nonhumans, biocentricviews, intrinsic value, biodiversity, animal liberation, land ethics. New authors include: JamesRachels, Mark Sagoff, Gary Varner, Val Plumwood, Donald Worster, Harley Cahen, Karen Warren,Holmes Rolston, Bryan Norton, Vandana Shiva, Sara Stein, Anthony Weston. Another, higher leveland more theoretical (and more expensive) anthology by the same editors is The EnvironmentalEthics and Policy Book. (Wadsworth alone has four texts in environmental ethics.) Both editorsare in philosophy at North Carolina State University. (v5,#3)

Pierce, Jessica, and Jameton, Andrew, The Ethics of Environmentally Responsible Health Care.Oxford University Press, 2004. The book is summarized in Jameton, Andrew, and Pierce, Jessica,"Environment and health: Sustainable health care and emerging ethical responsibilities," CanadianMedical Association Journal 164(2001):365-369. Health care professionals and organizations needto consider the long-term environmental costs of providing health care and to reduce the materialand energy consumption of the health care industry. This may seem a surprising conclusion, giventhat average human health has, for the most part, improved in recent decades despiteenvironmental decline. Yet, these achievements are fragile. In the long term, human health requiresa healthy global ecosystem. There is no realistic way or current technology available to replace

declining natural ecosystem services (e.g., climate stabilization, water purification, wastedecomposition, pest control, seed dispersal, soil renewal, pollination, biodiversity and protectionagainst solar radiation) that are essential to health. Jameton is with the Department of Preventiveand Societal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NB. Pierce is with theDepartment of Philosophy, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO. (v.14, #4)

Pierce, Jessica, Morality Play: Case Studies in Ethics. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2005. Chapter III is"Habitat and Humanity," with case studies on famine in Ethiopia, hunting, ecoterrorism, dolphinparks, sea turtles, the precautionary principle, cosmetic surgery for pets, seal hunting in Canada,and more. Pierce is at the University of Colorado, Boulder. (v.14, #4)

Pierce, Jessica. Theologies for Our Time: Our Moral Relationship to the Earth, Ph.D. thesis at theUniversity of Virginia, in the Department of Religious Studies, May 1993. Theological ethics ismoving away from anthropocentrism and toward theocentrism. While the value of nonhuman lifeis necessarily understood from the human perspective, it does not follow that humans beings arethe center or measure of all value. Ethics should be conceived primarily in the language ofresponse and responsibility, correcting a traditional formulation in terms of principles and rules interms of justice. This highlights community and the common good, relates parts to whole,individuals to communities, and redescribes the community and common good to include thenonhuman world. The work builds on James Gustafson's theocentric ethics, and John B. Cobb'sand Jay McDaniel's process theology. James F. Childress was the principal advisor. Pierce is nowAssistant Professor, Department of Preventive and Societal Medicine, University of NebraskaMedical Center, Box 984350, Omaha, NE 68196-4350. (v5,#1)

Pierre, Andrew J. "The Missing Link in Global Stability." The Christian Science Monitor, June 30,1995, p. 19. (v6,#2)

Pietarinen, Juhari, "Principal Attitudes towards Nature," in Pekka Oja and Risto Telama, eds., Sportfor All (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1991), the Proceedings of the World Congressof Sport for All, Tampere, Finland, June 1990. There are four attitudes: (1) Utilism aims to usenature to achieve a high level of welfare for people, nature is a huge and valuable source ofenergy and raw materials, people have an unlimited right to use nature for their welfare, andtechnology makes this possible. (2) Humanism aims at the intellectual and moral development ofhumans, nature contains the possibilities for cultural development, and people have a right to usenature for promoting Socratic virtues, technology should be developed in accordance with thesegoals of humanism. (3) Mysticism aims at the experience of unity with nature, nature is essentiallya spiritual and divine totality, a sanctity, the achievement of which is the highest end for human life,science and technology are rejected if they undermine this. (4) Naturism aims at the conservationof nature in as original and primordial condition as possible, nature is a uniform system acting inaccord with the laws of ecology, and humans are part of the system, all parts of nature are ofequal inherent value, which people should respect, all technology that endangers the life of otherspecies and causes ecological disturbances should be rejected. Each of the four affects not onlyhuman work but the sports in which it is appropriate for humans to participate. Perhaps it isnecessary to have proponents of all four attitudes; possibly no proper balance between people'sinterests and the tolerance of nature can be found. Pietarinen teaches philosophy at the Universityof Turku, Finland. He has developed this position in a series of papers in Finnish over twentyyears and is the first philosopher systematically to develop environmental philosophy in Finland.(Finland)

Pietarinen, Juhari, "Ihminen ja luonto: neljä perusasennetta (Humans and Nature: Four BasicAttitudes" in Matti Kamppinen, ed., Elämänkatsomustieto (Studies in Worldviews on Life), Helsinki:Gaudemus, 1987. (v5,#2) (Finland)

Pietarinen, Juhari, "Ihminen ja luonnon arvo (Humans and the Value of Nature), in Teoreettisenbiologian seminaari (Proceedings of the Seminar in Theoretical Biology), December, 1977, publishedby the Academy of Finland, 1978. ISBN 951-715-073-3. (v5,#2) (Finland)

Pieterse, HJC 1991. God heers oor die natuur (Ps 29). In: Vos, C & Müller, J (eds): Mens enomgewing. Halfway House: Orion, 126-134. (Africa)

Pietra, M., Bezpieczestwo ekologiczne w Europie. Studium politologiczne (Ecological Securityin Europe. The Study from Political Science Perspective), UMCS (UMCS Press), Lublin, 2000.

Pietra, M., Bezpieczestwo ekologiczne w Europie. Studium politologiczne (Ecological Securityin Europe. The Study from Political Science Perspective), UMCS (UMCS Press), Lublin, 2000. (v.13,#1)

Pilkey, Orrin, Dixon, Katharine. The Corps and the Shore. Covelo, CA: Island Press, 1996. 256 pp.$22.95 cloth. Pilkey is one of the most outspoken coastal geologists in the U.S., and Dixon is aneducator and activist for national coastal policy reform. They provide a comprehensive examination of the impact of coastal processes on developed areas and the ways in which theU.S. Corps of Engineers has attempted to manage erosion along America's coastline. (v7,#4)

Pilkey, Orrin H., Dixon, Katharine L. The Corps and the Shore. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998.$24.95 cloth, $16.95 paper. 256 pp. (v9,#2)

Pilson, Diana, and Holly R. Prendeville, "Ecological Effects of Transgenic Crops and the Escape ofTransgenes into Wild Populations," Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 2004,35:149-174. Transgenes will have more specific target effects, intended results, and may havefewer nontarget effects, unintended results. But the escape of trangenes into wild populations byhybridization and introgression could lead to increased weediness or to the invasion of newhabitats by the wild population. Native species with which the wild plant interacts could benegatively affected by transgenic wild plants. The authors are in biology, University of Nebraska,Lincoln. (v.14, #4)

Pimentel, D, Brown, N., Vecchio, F., LaCapra, V., Hausman, S., Lee, O., Diaz, A., Williams, J.,Cooper, S., and Newburger, E., "Ethical Issues Concerning Potential Global Climate Change on FoodProduction", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 5(1992):113-146. The projectedchanges in climate associated with global CO2 increases are expected to alter world foodproduction. Burning fossil fuel in the North American continent contributes more to the CO2 globalworming problem than in any other continent. The resulting climate changes are expected to alterfood production. The overall changes in temperature, moisture, carbon dioxide, insect pest, plantpathogens, and weeds associated with global warming are projected to reduce food productionin all regions. The authors are in entomology at the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences atCornell University, Ithaca, NY.

Pimentel, D., Berger, B., Filiberto, D., Newton, M., Wolfe, B., Karabinakis, E., Clark, S., Poon, E.,Abbett, E. and Nandagopal, S., "Water Resources: Agricultural and Environmental Issues,"BioScience 54(no. 10, 2004): 909-918(10). The increasing demands placed on the global watersupply threaten biodiversity and the supply of water for food production and other vital humanneeds. Water shortages already exist in many regions, with more than one billion people withoutadequate drinking water. In addition, 90 of the infectious diseases in developing countries aretransmitted from polluted water. Agriculture consumes about 70 of fresh water worldwide; forexample, approximately 1000 liters (L) of water are required to produce 1 kilogram (kg) of cerealgrain, and 43,000 L to produce 1 kg of beef. New water supplies are likely to result from

conservation, recycling, and improved water use efficiency rather than from large developmentprojects. (v.14, #4)

Pimentel, D; Herz, M; Glickstein, M; Zimmerman, M; Allen, R; Becker, K; Evans, J; Hussain, B;Sarsfeld, R; Grosfeld, A, "Renewable Energy: Current and Potential Issues," Bioscience 52(no.12,2002): 1111-1120.

Pimentel, David, ed., The Pesticide Question: Environment, Economics, and Ethics. New York:Chapman and Hall, 1993. 448 pages. $ 45, cloth. Environmental impacts of pesticide use andvalue tradeoffs and ethical issues. Sometimes the pesticide use is as much for cosmetic purposesas for real nutritional or health significance. (v4,#1)Pimentel, David, "Ethanol Fuels: Energy Security, Economics, and the Environment", Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 4(1991):1-13. Problems of fuel ethanol production have beenthe subject of numerous reports, including this analysis. The conclusions are that ethanol: doesnot improve U.S. energy security; is uneconomical; is not a renewable energy source; andincreases environmental degradation. Ethanol production is wasteful of energy resources anddoes not increase energy security. Considerably more energy, much of it high-grade fossil fuels,is required to produce ethanol than is available in the energy output. About 72% more energy isused to `produce a gallon of ethanol than the energy in a gallon of ethanol. Ethanol production fromcorn is not renewable energy. Its production uses more non-renewable fossil energy resourcesin growing the corn and in the fermentation/distillation process than is produced as ethanol energy. Ethanol produced from corn and other food crops is also an unreliable and therefore a non-securesource of energy, because of the likelihood of uncontrollable climatic fluctuations, particularlydroughts which reduce crop yields. The expected priority for corn and other food crops wouldbe for food and feed. Increasing ethanol production would increase degradation of agriculturalland and water and pollute the environment. In U.S. corn production, soil erodes some eighteentimes faster than soil is reformed, and, where irrigated, corn production mines water faster thanrecharge of aquifers. Increasing the cost of food and diverting human food resources to the costlyand inefficient production of ethanol fuel raise major ethical questions. These occur at a time whenmore food is needed to meet the basic needs of a rapidly growing world population.

Pimentel, David, Westra, Laura, and Noss, Reed F.,eds. Ecological Integrity. Covelo, CA: IslandPress, 2000. 384 pp. Cloth $70. Paper $35. Since 1992 the Global Integrity Project has broughttogether leading scientists and thinkers to examine the combined problems of threatened andunequal human well-being, degradation of the ecosphere, and unsustainable economies. Basedon the proposition that healthy ecosystems are a necessary prerequisite for both economicsecurity and social justice, the project is built around the concept of ecological integrity and itspractical implications for policy and management. Ecological Integrity presents a synthesis andfindings of the project. (v.11,#4)

Pimentel, David, Pimentel, Marcia, eds. Food, Energy, & Society. Niwot, CO: University Press ofColorado, 1997. 2nd ed. Individuals and nations as they face the inevitable dilemma of howeveryone can be fed, given the limits of land, water, energy, and biological resources. (v8,#2)

Pimentel, David, Shanks, Roland E., Rylander, Jason C. "Bioethics of Fish Production: Energy andthe Environment," Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 9(1996):144-164. Aquaticecosystems are vital to the structure and function of all environments on earth. Worldwide,approximately 95 million metric tons of fishery products are harvested from marine and freshwaterhabitats. A major problem in fisheries around the world is the bioethics of overfishing. A widerange of management techniques exists for fishery, managers and policy-makers to improvefishery production in the future. The best approach to limit overfishing is to have an effective,federally regulated fishery, based on environmental standards and fishery carrying capacity. Soon,overfishing is more likely to cause fish scarcity than fossil fuel shortages and high energy prices

for fish harvesting. However, oil and other fuel shortages are projected to influence future fisherypolicies and the productive capacity of the fishery industry. Overall, small-scale fishing systemsare more energy efficient than large-scale systems. Aquaculture is not the solution to wild fisheryproduction. The energy input/output ratio of aquacultural fish is much higher than that of theharvest of wild populations. In addition, the energy ratios for aquaculture systems are higher thanthose for most livestock systems. Keywords: bioethics, fish, energy, environment, food. Pimentel,Shanks, and Rylander teach in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University. (JAEE)

Pimentel, David et al (and eight others), "Economic and Environmental Benefits of Biodiversity,"BioScience 47(1997):747-757. The annual economic and environmental benefits of biodiversityin the United States total approximately $ 319 billion. Some aspects of conserving biodiversity areexpensive, although they may return major dividends. The economic value to humans around theworld is $ 2.9 trillion annually. By comparison, the gross domestic product in the U.S. topped $ 7.6trillion in 1996. For another study, see Costanza, Robert, and twelve others, "The Value of theWorld's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital," Nature 387(15 May 1997):253-260, and note inISEE Newsletter, v.8,#2. Costanza's group figured the world total in the range of $ 16-54 trillion,with an average of $ 33 trillion per year. So the numbers seem slippery, but everybody agreesthey are huge. (v.8,#4)

Pimentel, David, Houser, James, White, Omar. "Water Resouces: Agriculture, the Environment, andSociety," Bioscience 47(no.2, 1997):97. An assessment of the status of water resources. (v8,#1)

Pimentel, David and Marcia Pimentel, eds., Food, Energy, and Society, rev. ed. Niwot, CO:University Press of Colorado, 1996. $ 39.95. 392 pages. In the fifteen years since the first editionof this book was published, world energy supplies, especially fossil fuels, have dwindled as theiruse has escalated. Availability of the other major resources required for human life also has comeunder growing pressure. These include fertile land, water, and biological diversity. The veryintegrity of these resources is threatened. David Pimentel is professor of insect ecology, MarciaPimentel teaches nutritional science in the College of Human Ecology, Cornell University. (v7,#2)

Pimentel, David, "Environmental and Social Implications of Waste in U.S. Agriculture and FoodSectors", Journal of Agricultural Ethics 3(1990):5-20. Because the agriculture/food sectors appearto be driven by short-term economic and political forces, cheap energy, and agricultural-chemicaltechnologies, waste and environmental/social problems in the agricultural/food sectors areestimated to cost the nation at least $150 billion per year. Most of the waste andenvironmental/social problems can be eliminated through better resource management policies andthe adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. Pimentel is in entomology at New York StateCollege of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca.

Pimentel, David, Westra, Laura, and Noss, Reed F., eds. Ecological Integrity: IntegratingEnvironment, Conservation, and Health. $ 35.00 paper, $ 70.00 hardbound. Washington, DC: IslandPress, 2000. A result of the Global Integrity Project. The integrity concept. Historical andphilosophical perspectives. Sustainability and the integrity of natural resource systems. Humanand societal health. The economics and ethics of achieving global integrity. 21 contributions. Inaddition to the editors, contributors include James Karr, Robert Goodland, Orie Loucks, MarkSagoff, Peter Miller, Ernest Partridge, Robert Ulanowicz, Donald A. Brown, Alan Holland, andothers. Partridge's "Reconstructing Ecology" is a sustained critique of Mark Sagoff'sdeconstructing of ecology; see separate entry. Also of particular interest: Ted Schrecker, "TheCost of the Wild: International Equity and the Losses from Environmental Conservation." (v.12,#1)

Pimentel, David, "Economics and Energetics of Organic and Conventional Farming", Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 6(1993):53-60. The use of organic farming technologies has

certain advantages in some situations and for certain crops such as maize; however, with othercrops such as vegetables and fruits, yields under organic production may be substantially reducedcompared with conventional production. In most cases, the use of organic technologies requireshigher labor inputs than conventional technologies. Some major advantages of organic productionare the conservation of soil and water resources and the effective recycling of livestock wasteswhen they are available. Pimentel is in agriculture and life sciences at Cornell University, Ithaca,NY.Pimentel, David. "Amounts of Pesticides Reaching Target Pests: Environmental Impacts and Ethics."Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 8(1995):17-29. Less than 0.1% of pesticidesapplied for pest control reach their target pests. Thus, more than 99.9% of pesticides used moveinto the environment where they adversely affect public health and beneficial biota, andcontaminate soil, water, and the atmosphere of the ecosystem. Improved pesticide applicationtechnologies can improve pesticide use efficiency and protect public health and the environment. (JAEE)

Pimentel,D., Westra, L., and Noss, R., eds. Ecological Integrity: Integrating Environment,Conservation and Health. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2000. (v.11,#3)

Pimm, Stuart L. Gareth J. Russell, John L. Gittleman, Thomas M. Brooks. "The Future ofBiodiversity." Science 269(1995):347-350. Recent extinction rates are 100 to 1000 times their pre-human levels in taxonomically diverse groups in widely different environments. If all speciescurrently deemed threatened become extinct in the next century, the future rate will be 10 timesthe present rate. Many species not now threatened will also succumb. Estimates of futureextinctions are hampered by our limited knowledge of which areas are rich in endemics. (v6,#3)

Pimm, Stuart L., The Balance of Nature? Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Species andCommunities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. (v7,#2)

Pimm, Stuart L, et al. (two dozen others), "Can We Defy Nature's End?" Science 298(2002):2207-2208. Is saving remaining biodiversity still possible? Is protecting biodiversity economicallypossible? Will protecting areas work? Should conservation research and management becentralized or distributed? Should efforts concentrate on protection or on slowing harm? Do weknow enough to protect biodiversity?

Pinches, Charles. "Eco-minded: Faith and Action," Christian Century 115 (no. 22, August 12-19,1998):755-757. A review of Rasmussen, Larry L., Earth Community, Earth Ethics (Orbis, 1996),as well as a reflection over ecotheology. Pinches thinks ecotheologians, including Rasmussen,are too trendy and not well grounded in systematic theology. Pinches teaches theology at theUniversity of Scranton, Pennsylvania. (v.9,#3)

Pinchot, Gifford, "What It All Means," Wild Earth 10(no. 2, Summer 2000):14- . (v.12,#2)

Pinchot, Gifford. Breaking New Ground. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998. $25. 546 pp. Theautobiography of the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, here reprinted. (v9,#2)

Ping, Ye, "On the Structure of Ecological Ethics," Seeking Truth, no. 2 (1992): 39-42. Article inChinese. The foundation, starting point, and ultimate end of ecological ethics is the coordinationof the ongoing relations between humans and nature. To develop an ecological ethics, there mustbe development of the study of ecological moral philosophy as well as of the study of ecologicalscience. This involves both fundamental principles and application, theory and practice; it couplesattitudes and behaviors, personal norms and personal actions. Both this and the preceding articlecriticize an exclusively anthropocentric ethics and begin to explore a nonanthropocentric

environmental ethics. Ye Ping is professor of philosophy, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin,China. (v3,#1)

Pinkson, Tom, "Soul of the Wilderness: Wilderness Wisdom to Save our Souls--and the Planet,"International Journal of Wilderness 3(no. 1, 1997):4-5, 48 On the summits, in the desert, the forest,the ocean, we most easily can see that we humans are but a small part of the whole, comparedto the vast cyclic rhythms of creation. Pinkson is a psychologist, Sausalito, CA. (v8,#2)Pinnock, Clark, ed., The Openness of God: A Biblical Challenge to the Traditional Understanding ofGod. Reviewed by J. Harley Chapman. American Journal of Theology and Philosophy 18(no.1,1997):100-105.

PinstrupAndersen, P, "Feeding the World in the New Millennium: Issues for the New U.S.Administration," Environment 43(no. 6, 2001):22-31. (v.13,#1)

Pinto, Vivek. Gandhi's Vision and Values: The Moral Quest for Change in Indian Agriculture.Review by John McMurtry, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 11(1999):243-246. (JAEE)

Pirages, Dennis C., ed. Building Sustainable Societies: A Blueprint for a Post-Industrial World. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. 372pp. $54.95 cloth, $24.95 paper. This collection of articlesaddresses the question whether the industrial model of human progress can be sustained in thelong run. It analyzes the social political, economic, and environmental implications as well aspotential solutions to the problem of resource-intensive growth. (v8,#1)

Pister, Edwin P., "Ethics of Native Species Restoration: The Great Lakes," Journal of Great LakesResearch 21, Supplement 1 (1995):10-16. Value issues are of increasing importance inenvironmental decisions, although narrow academic backgrounds and traditional scientific rigidityamong decision makers have impeded proper consideration of ethics. Aldo Leopold's land ethicand the developing discipline of environmental ethics provide a solid foundation for restoration ofhabitats and native fauna in the Great Lakes. Such principles provides the best chance forconstructing biologically and ethically sound restoration programs. Pister is with the Desert FishesCouncil, Bishop, CA. (v.10,#1)

Pister, Edwin P. "Endangered Species: Costs and Benefits." Environmental Ethics 1(1979):341-52. Biologists are often placed in the difficult position of defending a threatened habitat or animal withvague reasoning and faulty logic simply because they have no better rationale at their immediatedisposal. This places them at a distinct disadvantage and literally at the mercy of resourceexploiters and their easily assignable dollar values. Although the initial dollar cost of delaying orprecluding "development" may be significant, the long-term benefits of saving the biological entitieswhich might otherwise be destroyed are likewise great and are measurable in concrete termswhich society is only now beginning to appreciate. Case histories are presented, a more profoundrationale is explained, and the environmentalist is challenged to make his case sufficiently effectiveto reverse the current exploitive trends which threaten so many of Earth's life forms. Pister is atthe California department of Fish and Game, Bishop, CA. (EE)

Pister, Edwin Philip, "Species in a Bucket, Natural History, January 1993. Phil Pister's celebratedstory of an emergency transfer of the Owens pupfish (Cyprinodon radiosus), an endangeredspecies in California, from one spring to another, when he held the entire population of the speciesin two buckets. "For a few frightening moments, there was only myself standing between life andextinction." Pister is a retired fisheries biologist with the Desert Fishes Council, Bishop, California.(v4,#2)

Pister, Edwin P. (Phil), "Desert Fishes: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Endangered SpeciesConservation in North America," Journal of Fish Biology (UK) 37(1990): Supplement A: 183-187. In the 1960' and 1070's, protective legislation and basic research needed for conservation effortsdid not exist, and Pister recounts developing these. Desert aquatic communities were among thefirst to need attention, and an interdisciplinary effort was mounted in an early application ofconservation biology. Pister was, until retirement, with the California Department of Fish and Gameand remains secretary of the Desert Fishes Council. This whole supplement is the papers froma symposium, "The Biology and Conservation of Rare Fish," held by the Fisheries Society of theBritish Isles, Lancaster, U.K., July 16-20, 1990. (v5,#4)

Pitcher, Alvin, Listening to the Crying of the Earth: Cultivating Creation Communities. Cleveland: ThePilgrim Press, 1993. Paper. 157 pages. Chapter titles: What is happening to the Earth? Why oursocial institutions are not responding well to the ecological crisis. Theological foundations forresponding. Being a part of a creation community. With appendices as case studies and summaryposition statements. Quite usable in local churches, for general readers. Does not deal with themajor issues raised in philosophical environmental ethics. Pitcher is professor emeritus of ethicsand society at the Divinity School, University of Chicago. (v5,#2)

Pitcher, Alvin. Listen to the Crying of the Earth: Cultivating Creation Communities. Cleveland, OH:Pilgrim Press, 1993.

Pitt, Jennifer Luecke, Daniel F. Valdes-Casilla, Carlos, "Two Nations, One River: ManagingExosystem Conservation in the Colorado River Delta," Natural Resources Journal 40(no.4, Fall2000):819-. (v.12,#4)

Pittman, Nigel C. A., and Jorgensen, Peter M., "Estimating the Size of the World's Threatened Flora,"Science 298 (1 November 1998):989. The most commonly cited figure is 13%, known to be aserious underestimate, because it is inadequate for the tropics where most of the world's plantsgrow. These authors re-evaluate the data and the results fall in the range of 22% to 47%. Aresearch project finding out more specifically just what plants are endangered would cost lessthan $ 100 per species per year, or about $ 12 million a year studying all the biodiversity hot spots. Pittman is with the Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University. Jorgensen is with theMissouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. (v.13,#4)

Pittock, A. Barrie. "Climate Change and World Food Supply and Special Issues of GlobalEnvironmental Change and Food Policy," Environment 37(no. 9, Nov. 1995):25- . (v6,#4)

Pizzuto, J., "Effects of Dam Removal on River Form and Process," Bioscience 52(no.8, 2002) (v.13,#4)

Place, Frank, and Keijiro Otsuka, "Population, Tenure, and Natural Resource Management: The Caseof Customary Land Area in Malawi," Journal of Environmental Economics And Management41(no.1, Jan., 2001): 13-. (v.12,#3)

Placter, Harald. "Functional Criteria for the Assessment of Cultural Landcapes," Chapter 34 inDroste, Bernd von; Plachter, Harald, and Rössler, Mechtild, eds., Cultural Landscapes of UniversalValue (Jena, Germany: G. Fischer-Verlag, 1995), pages 393-404. In English. Cultural landscapesresult from the interaction of humans and nature. Landscapes are often characterized by theirstructural or material features, but they can as well be characterized by their functional featuresand the way these are interrelated, such as nutrients or energy supplied, which is a moreecosystemic approach. This also reveals the degree to which the natural qualities of self-regulation and self-development may still be present on a culturally modified landscape. Placter isprofessor for natural conservation at the University of Marburg, Germany. (v8,#2)

Plant, Christopher and Judith Plant, eds., Turtle Talk: Voices for a Sustainable Future. Santa Cruz:New Society Publishers, 1990. 132 pp. $ 11.70 paper. Fourteen interviews with leaders of theactivist North American bioregional movement. The turtle has become the symbol of the bioregionalmovement, from a native American name for the Earth: Turtle Island. (v1,#4)

Plater, ZJB, "Law and the Fourth Estate: Endangered Nature, the Press, and the Dicey Game ofDemocratic Governance," Environmental Law 32(no.1, 2002):1-36. (v.13, #3)

Plater, Zygmunt J.B. "Environmental Law as a Mirror of the Future: Civic Values Confronting MarketForce Dynamics in a Time of Counter-Revolution", Boston College Environmental Affairs LawReview 23(no.4,1996):733. (v7,#4)

Plater, Zygmunt J. B., Robert H. Abrams, and William Goldfarb. Environmental Law and Policy:Nature, Law, and Society. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co., 1992. 1033 pages, plus indexes. About $50. With a periodic supplement, keeping it current, in a rather rapidly changing field. Supplement for Environmental Law and Policy: Nature, Law, and Society. St. Paul, MN, WestPublishing Co., 1994. Softcover, 355 pages. One of the better, and halfway reasonably priced,introductions to environmental law, suitable also for use with undergraduates. Based on casesby subject area, with interpretive text. The supplement, for example, contains a new chapter"Environmental Justice--Race, Poverty, and the Environment" (with analysis of the East BibbTwiggs Neighborhood Association vs. Macon-Bibb County, Georgia case) and a currentbibliography on environmental justice (pp. 40-45 in appendix) that lists many yet forthcomingarticles. Also recent relevant documents, such as the President's Executive Order 12898(February 11, 1994) on environmental justice, and the EPA Title VI Rules. Plater is at BostonCollege Law School, Abrams at Wayne State University Law School, and Goldfarb at Cook College,Rutgers. (v6,#1)

Platt, Rutherford, et al., Disasters and Democracy: The Politics of Extreme Natural Events. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999. To what extent does the likelihood of general federalassistance (in the U.S.) serve to diminish the natural caution that individuals, communities, andbusinesses might otherwise exercise in adjusting to natural hazards. Platt and colleagues find "alegal edifice of byzantine complexity" that is deeply flawed and amounts to "driving with the brakeson." The answers lie in reducing the federal aid and increasing local and individual responsibilityand control. Platt is in geography and planning law at the University of Massachusetts. (v.12,#2)

Platt, Rutherford H., Rowan A. Rowntree and Pamela Muick, eds. The Ecological City--Preservingand Restoring Urban Biodiversity. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994. Paper,$ 17.95. Cloth, $ 45.00. Sixteen papers showing convincingly that the term "ecological city" is notan oxymoron. There are urban ecosystems--wetlands, forested areas, meadows, wildlife, andgenuine landscapes in the urban environment--albeit too few and all too often threatened withdeterioration or loss. Existing resources can be protected, enlarged, and improved if only theirworth can be recognized and the necessary measures taken in time. (v6,#3)

Platt, Rutherford H., Barten, Pl K., and Pfeffer, Max J., "A Full, Clean Glass? Managing New YorkCity's Watersheds," Environment 42 (No. 5, 2000 Jun 01): 8- . New York may offer a model forhow a city can protect its water sources and ensure community involvement. (v.11,#4)

Player, Ian, Zulu Wilderness: Soul and Shadow. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 1998. Player'sinvolvement with the conservation movement in South Africa, including a lifelong friendship witha Zulu chief and game scout, Magqubu Ntombela. Their successful effort to save the white rhinoin Africa and their never ending effort to protect wilderness, a story placed in the broader

framework of South African history, Zulu history, apartheid, and the growing environmental ethicin South Africa. (v.9,#3)Pletscher, Daniel H., and Michael K. Schwartz, "The Tyranny of Population Growth," ConservationBiology 14(no.6, 2000): 1918- . (v.12,#3)

Pleune, Ruud, "Strategies of Environmental Organizations in the Netherlands regarding the OzoneDepletion Problem," Environmental Values 5(1996):235-255. Strategies of environmentalorganizations in the Netherlands regarding the ozone depletion problem have been analyzed bothat the cognitive level and at the operational level. The first objective of this analysis was todescribe their strategies over a period of time. Secondly, it aimed to increase understanding of thelinkage between cognitive and operational aspects of the strategies. The third objective was tofind out to what extent strategies are constant features of an organization and how far they aredefined by particular problems. The results indicate that each of the organizations concerned withthe ozone depletion problem adopted several different strategies, that the strategies of theorganizations did not change much over time, and that there was no one-to-one linking of differentaspects of the strategy of the organizations. Strategies seem largely to be defined by the problemencountered. KEYWORDS: Strategy, ecocentrism, anthropocentrism, environmental organization,environmental movement, ozone depletion (EV)

Pluhar, Evelyn B. Review of Regulation, Values and the Public Interest. Edited by K. M. Sayre etal. Environmental Ethics 6(1984):271-74.

Pluhar, Evelyn B., "When Is It Morally Acceptable to Kill Animals?", Journal of Agricultural Ethics1(1988):211-224. In response to Professor Lehman's arguments on "the rights view", I distinguishtwo versions of the rights view: the "equal" and the "unequal" rights view. I conclude with adiscussion of the merits of phasing out the meat production industry. Pluhar is in philosophy atPenn State University-Fayette, Uniontown.

Pluhar, Evelyn, "Vegetarianism, Morality, and Science Revisited", Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 7(1994):77-82. Professor Kathryn George's "Use and Abuse Revisited" doesnot contain an accurate assessment of my "On Vegetarianism, Morality and Science: A CounterReply." I show that she has misrepresented my moral and empirical argumentation. Pluhar is inphilosophy at Pennsylvania State University, Fayette Campus, Uniontown.

Pluhar, Evelyn, "Who Can be Morally Obligated to be a Vegetarian?" Journal of Agricultural andEnvironmental Ethics 5(1992):189-216. I argue that Tom Regan's "liberty principle" either contradictshis "equal rights view" or does not permit the slaughter of another for food. I show that a differentview recognizing the moral rights of nonhumans but according them less value than normal adulthumans, "the unequal rights view", would permit such action if human survival or health dependedupon it. Finally, I argue that current nutritional research does not support George's contention thatmost humans would suffer if they ceased eating other animals and their products. Pluhar is inphilosophy at Pennsylvania State University Fayette Campus, Uniontown.

Pluhar, Evelyn B., Beyond Prejudice: The Moral Significance of Human and Nonhuman Animals.Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995. $ 19.95 paper. 392 pages. (v6,#4)

Pluhar, Evelyn B. Review of Joan Dunayer, "Animal Equality", Organization and Environment, 15,(No. 4, 2002): 490-493. Pluhar is a professor of philosophy at the Pennsylvania State University,Fayette campus.

Pluhar, Evelyn B., Beyond Prejudice: The Moral Significance of Human and Non-human Animals.Reviewed by Hugh Lehman. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 9(1996):187. (JAEE)

Pluhar, Evelyn, Review of Lehman, Hugh, Rationality and Ethics in Agriculture. Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 9(1996):181-186. (JAEE)

Pluhar, Evelyn B., "On Vegetarianism, Morality, and Science: A Counter Reply", Journal ofAgricultural and Environmental Ethics 6(1993):185-213. I recently took issue with KathrynGeorge's contention that vegetarianism cannot be a moral obligation for most human beings. In her1992 response to my critique, George did not address my moral argumentation. In my counter-reply, I argue that her rejection of my discussion of nutrition is based upon numerous distortions,omissions, and false charges of fallacy. As I did in my earlier paper, I cite current research,including George's own preferred source on the topic of vegetarianism, to support my view. Pluhar is in philosophy at Pennsylvania State University, Fayette Campus.

Pluhar, Evelyn B. "The Justification of an Environmental Ethic." Environmental Ethics5(1983):47-61. Tom Regan has made a very important contribution to the debate on environmentalethics in his "On the Nature and Possibility of an Environmental Ethic." The debate can be broughtout yet more clearly by contrasting Regan's views with those of an eminent critic of environmentalethics in Regan's sense, William K. Frankena. I argue that Regan's position has much torecommend it, but has a fatal flaw which would render environmental ethics unjustifiable. Isuggest this flaw can be remedied by divorcing an environmental ethic from a dubious ontologicalcommitment. Reflection on metaethics, ontological commitments, and the nature of ethical justifi-cation leads to a conclusion favorable to an environmental ethic. Pluhar is in the philosophydepartment, Pennsylvania State University, Fayette Campus, Uniontown, PA. (EE)

Pluhar, Evelyn, Beyond Prejudice: The Moral Significance of Human and Nonhuman Animals.Reviewed by Tom Regan. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 10(1997):79-82. (JAEE)

Pluhar, Evelyn B., Beyond Prejudice: The Moral Significance of Human and Nonhuman Animals. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995. 370 pages. Paper, $ 19.95. Any sentient cognitivebeing--one caring about what happens to him or herself--is morally significant, supporting the moralstatus and rights of many nonhuman animals. Implications of this for children and abnormalhumans, and its relevance for population policies, animal testing, euthanasia, hunting and thetreatment of companion animals. Pluhar is in philosophy at Pennsylvania State University, FayetteCampus, Uniontown. (v7,#1)

Pluhar, Evelyn B., "The Justification of an Environmental Ethic," Environmental Ethics 5(1983):47-61. An important discussion of the metaethical foundations of an environmental ethic, particularly thenonnaturalistic individualism of Tom Regan. Pluhar reminds us that substantive environmentalethics can take place only against a background of deep metaethical problems. The search for"intrinsic value" in natural ethics may well be a fruitless task. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Pluhar, Evelyn, "Is There a Moral Relevant Difference Between Human and Animal Nonpersons?",Journal of Agricultural Ethics 1(1981):59-68. It is commonly believed that we humans are justifiedin exploiting animals because we are "higher" beings: persons who have highly complex,autonomous lives as moral agents. I conclude that, although there is a morally relevant differencebetween human nonpersons and most animal nonpersons, this difference is not an indication ofsuperior moral status. We would do better to abandon speciesism and the assumption thatpersonhood is morally paramount for a view which implies that both human and nonhumannonpersons are morally considerable and have a right to life. Pluhar is in philosophy atPennsylvania State University, Fayette Campus.

Pluhar, Evelyn B., "Two Conceptions of An Environmental Ethic and Their Implications." Ethics andAnimals Vol. 4, no. 4 (December 1983): 110-127. An analysis of the problems and strengths ofboth holism and individualism. Pluhar attempts to blend the two positions, emphasizing the

importance of individual rights and interests, but also considering the aesthetic features ofnonsentient individuals and systems to be morally valuable. But this leaves unclear why we shouldpreserve ugly species and ecosystems. (Katz, Bibl # 1)

Pluhar, Evelyn, "Utilitarian Killing, Replacement, and Rights", Journal of Agricultural Ethics3(1990):147-171. The ethical theory underlying much of our treatment of animals in agriculture andresearch is the moral agency view. It is assumed that only moral agents, or persons, are worthyof maximal moral significance, and that farm and laboratory animals are not moral agents. Iconsider a number of ingenious recent attempts by utilitarians to defeat the killing and replaceabilityarguments, including the attempt to make a place for genuine moral rights within a utilitarianframework. Those who reject the restrictive moral agency view and find they cannot acceptutilitarianism's unsavory implications must look to a different ethical theory to guide their treatmentof humans and non-humans. Pluhar is in philosophy at Penn State University, Fayette Campus,Uniontown.

Plumb, Jessica. "Patagonia's Rugged Beauty Has Its Share of Chills and Thrills." Christian ScienceMonitor 89 (17 July 1997): 10, 12. Includes details of how to get there via plane, bus, or boat. (v8,#3)

Plumwood, Val, "Women, Humanity and Nature." Radical Philosophy 48 (Spring 1988): 16-24. Excellent argument for the importance of the ecofeminst investigation into the connections betweenthe domination of women and the domination of nature. Plumwood seeks to address the "naive"feminist view that consideration of a female-nature connection is a regressive movere-emphasizing the traditional categories of female subjugation to male instrumental rationality. Sheargues for the necessity of re-structuring a new degendered model of human nature thattranscends the old categories of masculine and feminine; we do not want to be left with a modelof human nature based on a naive female "closeness to nature" which denies "reason, intelligenceand control of life conditions" (p. 23). Instead we ought to see the connection between what ishuman and what is natural. (Katz, Bibl # 2)

Plumwood, Val, "Intentional Recognition and Reductive Rationality," Environmental Values 7(1998):397-421. Recognition of intentionality and the possibility of agency in nonhuman others is aprerequisite for a process of mutual adjustment and dialogue that could replace current reductiveand dualistic human-centered theories. John Andrews' article in this issue of Environmental Valuesis criticised for misattributing to me the view that intentionality could be a sole criterion for moralworth - a view which I reject as unacceptably hierarchical and human-centered. To clarify myposition, the values and limitations of different kinds of ranking are discussed; and the concept ofintentionality is explored, with particular reference to apparently purposeful machines and toDennett's theory of consciousness. KEYWORDS: consciousness, dualism, moral extensionism,intentionality, panpsychism, ranking, reductionism. Val Plumwood resides at Braidwood, NSW,Australia. (EV)

Plumwood, Val, "Feminism and Ecofeminism: Beyond the Dualistic Assumptions of Women, Men andNature," The Ecologist 22(no. 1, January/February 1992):8-13. The identification of men withculture and women with nature has been fiercely criticized by feminists who have shown howit is used to justify the domination of both women and nature. While liberal feminists havechallenged the feminine ideal, and radical feminists have promoted the replacement of patriarchalvalues with feminine ones, a thoroughgoing ecofeminism should question the construction of bothmasculine and feminine identities. The article contains a box summary: "Current Trends inEcofeminism. Among these current trends (a position not shared by Plumwood), "Culturalecofeminism emphasizes the quest for a new spiritual relationship to nature, and stresses personaltransformation and the (re)empowerment of women and women's values. Women are seen ashaving a superior relationship with nature which is sometimes taken to be biologically determined,

so that only a society in which women can limit or control the number and influence of men will befree of aggressiveness and the destruction of nature." A good short article for sorting out thedifferent kinds of ecofeminism. Plumwood lectures at the Department of General Philosophy,University of Sydney, Australia. (v5,#2)

Plumwood, Val, "Babe: The Tale of the Speaking Meat," Animal Issues 1(1997):1-20. "The problemsin representing other species' communicative powers or subjectivities in terms of human speechare real, but they do not rule out such representation in any general way, and they pale before thedifficulties of failing to represent them at all, or before the enormity of representing communicativeand intentional beings as lacking all communicative and mental capacity ... (which is) a muchgreater inaccuracy and injustice than any anthropomorphism could be" (p. 1). (v.11,#1)

Plumwood, Val, Imperial Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason. London: Routledge, 2002. Reviewed by Twine, Richard, Environmental Values 12(2003):535-537. (EV)

Plumwood, Val, "Babe: The Tale of the Speaking Meat," Animal Issues 1(1997):1-20. "The problemsin representing other species' communicative powers or subjectivities in terms of human speechare real, but they do not rule out such representation in any general way, and they pale before thedifficulties of failing to represent them at all, or before the enormity of representing communicativeand intentional beings as lacking all communicative and mental capacity ... (which is) a muchgreater inaccuracy and injustice than any anthropomorphism could be" (p. 1). (v10,#4)

Plumwood, Val, "Ecofeminism an Overview and Discussion of Positions and Arguments",Australasian Journal of Philosophy, Supplement to 64 (1986)", 120-38. There are a number ofstriking initial parallels between the treatment of women and that of nature, so that the investigationof conceptual links between these kinds of domination seems a logical outcome of the growth ofboth the environmental and feminist movements. The author claims, however, that an explorationof the conceptual links between the domination of women and that of nature reveals many seriousdifficulties. The author provides a critical outline of the positions in the literature and suggestsways to salvage from ecofeminism a position which sheds valuable light on the conceptualstructure of domination, and makes important critical points about the western philosophicaltradition.

Plumwood, Val, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. New York: Routledge, 1994. 248 pages. Paper. $ 17.95. The master form of rationality in Western culture has been systematically unableto acknowledge dependency on nature. Feminist thought can contribute to radical green thoughtand to the development of a better environmental philosophy. Some chapter titles: Feminism andEcofeminism; Dualism: the Logic of Colonisation; Mechanism and Mind/Nature Dualism; Ethics andthe Instrumentalising Self; Deep Ecology and the Denial of Difference, Changing the Master Story. Says Nancy Fraser (Northwestern University), "Puncturing the myth of `the angel in theecosystem,' Plumwood aims to develop a genuinely critical ecological feminism." Plumwoodteaches in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Tasmania, Australia. (v5,#1)

Plumwood, Val, Review of Morgan, Marlo, Mutant Message Down Under and Jackson, Michael, AtHome in the World. Environmental Ethics 18(1996):431-435. (EE)

Plumwood, Val, "Inequality, Ecojustice and Ecological Rationality," Ecotheology No 5/6 (Jul 98 / Jan99):185-218.

Plumwood, Val, "Prospecting for Ecological Gold Amongst the Platonic Forms: a Response toTimothy Mahoney," Ethics and the Environment 2(1997):149-168. Timothy Mahoney discovers andchampions an ecologically benign account of Plato in opposition to my own critical analysis of thereason-centeredness, reason-nature dualism, and nature and body devaluation in the Platonic

dialogues, in which multiple linked dualism of reason and nature associated with systems ofoppression provide major organizing principles for Platonic philosophy. I show first that Mahoney'scriticisms of my interpretation involve some careless and mistaken readings of my own text. Second, I argue that Mahoney's account of nature is significantly different from Plato's, and thathis interpretation of Plato is an overly generous and idealized one which plays on the multiplicityand elasticity of the concept of nature and the notorious vagueness of the concept of participationto conflate, among other things, Plato's attitude to celestial nature with his attitude to biologicalnature. Mahoney's interpretation involves setting aside the issue of Plato's most offensive andrevealing passages of earth disparagement, ignoring the network of social meanings from whichPlato's philosophy emerges. Finally, I give some reasons why Mahoney's accounts of participationand nature, even considered as a reworking of Plato, would be highly problematic as thefoundation for an ecological philosophy. Plumwood is currently a visiting professor at theUniversity of Montana. (E&E)

Plumwood, Val, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. (London: Routledge, 1993). Reviewed by JulieCook. Environmental Values 6(1997):245-246.

Plumwood, Val, "Plato and the Bush", Meanjin, 49 (1990): 524-36. How does philosophy inAustralia treat the issue of how humans can or should relate to the natural world? The questionis particularly interesting in the light of current interest in the environment, and because of thepresence in this country of two cultures, Aboriginal and white, which contrast markedly on theissue of relations to the land. The author discusses the two Australian philosophical traditions andthe conflict between them, by focusing on two figures, one historical and one contemporary. Plato's philosophy of nature, the basic elements of which are followed by a succession ofrationalist philosophers, is contrasted to first-hand statements of Aboriginal relationship to the land. These first-hand accounts, it is claimed, must replace accounts of Aboriginal views obtainedthrough the filter of white anthropologists. What emerges is a worldview in which, first, there isa constant interchange of forms between human and non-human spheres. Second, obligationsconcerning the land are central to social, moral and religious life. Third, human social identity andindividual identity are intimately connected to the land. A critical scrutiny of our own pastphilosophical traditions together with a dialogue with Aboriginal worldviews promises to open somenew perspectives, and to enable better recognition of some of the wisdom of those who inhabitedthe land for so long before us, whose record of care contrasts so remarkably with our own.

Plumwood, Val, "Androcentrism and Anthrocentrism: Parallels and Politics," Ethics and theEnvironment 1(no. 2, 1996):119-152. The critique of anthrocentrism has been one of the majortasks of ecophilosophy, whose characteristic general thesis has been that our frameworks ofmorality and rationality must be challenged to include consideration of nonhumans. But the coreof anthrocentrism is embattled and its relationship to practical environmental activism is problematic. I shall argue here that although the criticisms that have been made of the core concept have somejustice, the primary problem is not the framework challenge or the core concept itself, but rathercertain problematic understandings of it which have developed in environmental philosophy. In thecase of the intrinsic/instrumental distinction, much of the criticism turns on unrealistic expectationsabout what the distinction means and what it can do; in the case of anthropocentrism, a perversereading which I will call cosmic anthrocentrism has invited many of the criticisms which have beenwidely seen as fatal to the concept. Using concepts and models originating in feminist theory andother liberation critiques, I outline an alternative, feminist rereading of anthrocentrism. I argue thatthis model is theoretically illuminating and capable of meeting major objections that the perversereadings have invited. Critics of the core distinctions have almost universally identified the twocore concepts and issues of anthrocentrism and instrumental/intrinsic value. The analysis Ipresent will show how these concepts and issues are connected, but also why there is more toanthrocentrism than the failure to recognise the intrinsic value of nature, and why anthrocentrismrather than intrinsic value should be the major conceptual focus of environmental critique. It will

also show why the framework challenge is of practical importance to the green movement andwhy anthrocentrism is a serious problem in contemporary life. Plumwood lives in Australia where(according to the contributor's notice) she is a forest dweller, bushwalker, and crocodile survivor. (E&E)

Plumwood, Val, Environmental Culture. New York: Routledge, 2002. Rather than looking at thesymptoms of environmental degradation to find out what has gone wrong in our thinking, Plumwoodlooks at the roots of our thinking. She argues that we need to move away from the isolated,individualistic and liberal conception we have of our place in nature and see humanity as part ofour ecological world-view, not standing outside it.

A detailed and passionate argument for forms of culture that are logically and pragmaticallysuperior to those cultures built on rationalism, idealism, empiricism, and other philosophical systemsthat encourage moral distance. Plumwood's focus is on the ways common Western philosophicaland practical conceptions of knowledge, goodness, and existence have ignored the grand andabsolute significance of the natural world and have therefore brought us to the brink of globalecological disaster.

The ecological crises we currently face are the result of arrogant cultures, based inarrogant philosophical views, that deny the face that humans are dependent on nature, mendependent on women, and those with economic and decision-making power are dependent on thedisempowerment of others.

Instead of thinking of the project of ethics as a matter of extending the boundaries ofhuman-centered thought and recognizing the value of others in relation to human worth, Plumwoodsuggests that we begin with basic respect for all life and approach others with an ethos ofintentional recognition and openness. (v.12,#4)

Reviewed by Chris Cuomo, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2002.11.03. Online at:http://ndpr.icaap.org/content/archives/2002/11/cuomo=plumwood.html

Plumwood, Val. "Has Democracy Failed Ecology? An Ecofeminist Perspective." EnvironmentalPolitics 4(Winter 1995):134. (v7,#2)

Plumwood, Val. "Ethics and Instrumentalism: A Response to Janna Thompson." EnvironmentalEthics 13(1991):139-149. I argue that Janna Thompson's critique of environmental ethicsmisrepresents the work of certain proponents of non-instrumental value theory and overlooks theways in which intrinsic values have been related to valuers and their preferences. Some of thedifficulties raised for environmental ethics (e.g., individuation) are real but would only be fatal ifenvironmental ethics could not be supplemented by a wider environmental philosophy and practice. The proper context and motivation for the development of non-instrumental theories is not that ofan objectivist value theory but rejection of the human domination and chauvinism involved in eventhe broadest instrumental accounts of nature as spiritual resource. Plumwood is in the philosophydepartment, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. (EE)

Plumwood, Val. "Human Vulnerability and the Experience of Being Prey." Quadrant, March 1995,pp. 29-34. Quadrant is an Australian literary and academic magazine (46 George St., Fitzroy,Victoria 3065, a Melbourne suburb, ISSN 033-5002. Also published as "Being Prey," Terra Nova1 (no. 3, Summer 1996):32-44. Reflections on her attack by a crocodile in Kakadu National Park,Australia, on February 5, 1985. Plumwood was attacked while canoeing, and rolled three timesas the crocodile attempted to drown her. She reached a steep, muddy bank with a paperbark treewith low branches, and made several efforts to escape. "As I leapt again into the same branch,the crocodile again propelled itself from the water, seizing me once more, this time round the upperleft thigh." Escaping at great ordeal, she later reflects, "The human species has evolved not onlyas predator, but also as prey, and this has very likely given us capacities to scent danger whichwe cannot now recognise or account for." She contrasts aboriginal and colonial attitudes towardnature, masculine bias in extensive media coverage of her attack, and reflects over the conquest

of nature and human vulnerability. "The illusion of invulnerability is typical of the mind of thecolonizer; and as the experience of being prey is eliminated from the face of the earth, along withit goes something it has to teach about the power and resistance of nature and the delusions ofhuman arrogance. In my work as a philosopher, I now tend to stress our failure to perceive humanvulnerability, the delusions of our view of ourselves as rational masters of a malleable nature."

Plumwood, Val. "Integrating Ethical Frameworks for Animals, Humans, and Nature: A CriticalFeminist Eco-Socialist Analysis." Ethics and the Environment 5(2000):285-322. ABSTRACT: Idiscuss in this article ways a critical feminist-socialist ecology envisage the projects of animalethics and defense in a form both might begin to be both more integrated and more effective as aliberatory theory and political movement than the present offerings of animalist theories. Mainstream(mainly male and abstract) animal ethics theory has many substantial achievements to its credit.It has effectively contested the dominant human-centered assumption that ethics, mind, andcommunicative capacity are confined to the human sphere, and begun to drive mainstreamphilosophy towards a revision of Cartesian human/nature dualism. Some ecofeminist andeco-socialist theorists especially have developed a powerful critique of human/animal dualisms andtheir role in rendering food practices as well as science practices sites for both human and genderdomination. (E&E)

Plumwood, Val. See also Routley, Val.

Pobee, JS 1985. "Creation faith and responsibility for the world." Journal of Theology for SouthernAfrica 50, 16-26. (Africa)

Pocalyko, Steve, "Ethyl Corp. v. Environmental Protection Agency: Circuit Court Limits EPAAdministrator's Discretion under Waiver Provisions of the Clean Air Act", Tulane Environmental LawJournal, 9(No.1, 1995):183- . (v7,#1)

Podoba, Juraj. "Rejecting Green Velvet: Transition, Environment and Nationalism in Slovakia." Environmental Politics 7(no.1, Spring 1998):129- . (v10,#4)

Poe, Gregory L. "Maximizing the Environmental Benefits per Dollar Expended : An EconomicInterpretation and Review of Agricultural Environmental Benefits and Costs." Society & NaturalResources 12(No. 6, Sept. 1999):571- . (v10,#4)

Poff, N. L., and Hart, D. D., "How Dams Vary and Why It Matters for the Emerging Science of DamRemoval," Bioscience 52(no.8, 2002): 659-68. (v.13,#4)

Pogge, Thomas W., ed. Global Justice. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2002. The dramaticpolitical, economic, and technological changes of the last decade raise new moral challenges. Contributors from several countries analyze the central moral issues arising in the emerging globalorder, bringing this to bear on the complex and evolving international politics of the new millenium. Pogge is in philosophy at Columbia University. (v.13,#2)

Poguntke, T., "Green Parties in National Governments: From Protest to Acquiescence?,"Environmental Politics 11(no.1, 2002): 133-45. (v.13,#2)

Pohl, Otto, "European Environmental Rules Propel Change in U.S.," New York Times, July 6, 2004,p. D4. The EU often has higher environmental standards than the US, and when Europe movesahead the U.S. sometimes must follow, reluctantly or not in exports to Europe. The EU is now thepacemaker in showing what is possible, especially in phasing out toxics, which American industrymay complain they can't afford to eliminate. U.S. industry may lobby in Brussels against the tighterstandards. (v.14, #4)

Poiani, Karen A., Richter, Brian D., and Richter, Holly E., "Biodiversity Conservation at MultipleScales: Functional Sites, Landscapes, and Networks," Bioscience 50 (No. 2, Feb 01 2000): 133- . (v.11,#2)

Pointing, Clive, A Green History of the World. New York: St. Martin's Press, $ 24.95. The Earth'sdegradation began with Adam and Eve's expulsion into the garden (rather than out of it), that is intoagriculture, which was, in turn, followed by industry. A sweeping history of spiral and decay thatleaves the land exhausted and civilization destroying itself. If Pointing is right, Murray Feshbachand Alfred Friendly, Jr. Ecocide in the USSR (q.v) only show that the Communists reached this endfirst. (v3,#2)

Pointing, Clive, A Green History of the World, Chinese translation, translator: Wang Yi and ZhangXueguang. Publisher: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2002.

Poirier, R., and Ostergren, D., "Evicting People from Nature: Indigenous Land Rights and NationalParks in Australia, Russia, and the United States," Natural Resources Journal 42(no.2, 2002): 331-52. (v.13,#4)

Pois, Robert, National Socialism and the Religion of Nature. London: Croon Helm Publishers, 1986. (v8,#3)

Poisner, Jonathan. "A Civic Republican Perspective on the National Environmental Policy Act'sProcess for Citizen Participation." Environmental Law 26, no.1 (1996): 53. Civic republicansadvocate a model of democratic participation that requires broad public participation in adeliberative decision-making process to arrive at a "common good." Poisner advances this modelby reviewing the citizen participation provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act anddeveloping criteria that would enable citizens to take a more active role in fulfilling the Act'srequirements. (v7, #3)

Pojman, Louis P., Global Environmental Ethics. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co., 2000. 393 pages.1. The Environment: A Global Perspective2. What is Ethics?3. Ethical Relativism: Who's to Judge What's Right and Wrong?4. Egoism, Self-Interest, Altruism5. Classical Ethical Theories and the Problem of Future Generations6. The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis (Anthropocentrism)7. Animal Rights: Sentience as Significant8. Does Nature Have Objective Value?9. Ecocentric Holism: The Land Ethic10. Contemporary Environmental Philosophy: Biocentric Egalitarianism11. Population: General Considerations12. Population and World Hunger13. Air Pollution, the Greenhouse Effect, and Ozone Depletion14. Water Pollution, Pesticides, and Hazardous Wastes15. Energy: The Ethics of Power16. Preservation of Wilderness and Species17. Economics, Ethics, and the Environment18. The Challenge of the Future: From Dysfunctional to Sustainable SocietyThere is also a test bank to accompany this text, prepared by E. R. Klein, Flagler College. Pojmanteaches philosophy at the United States Military Academy, West Point. (v.10,#1)

Pojman, Louis P., ed., Life and Death: A Reader in Moral Problem, 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: WadsworthPublishing Co., 2000. Section X is on "Animal Rights." Kant, Peter Singer, R. G. Frey, Tom Regan,Robert White, Carl Cohen, James Rachels. Pojman is at the West Point Military Academy. (v.10,#3)

Pojman, Louis, ed. Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application. Foreword by HolmesRolston, III. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1994. 503 pages. Paper. Part One (Theory)and Part Two (Applications) have 36 articles each; 20 topical subsections; the Rio Declaration isan Epilogue. Pojman strives to include articles on both sides of issues, not merely articlesadvocating environmentalist viewpoints. Included are Leopold, Rachel Carson, Callicott, Naess,Lovelock, Gould, Hardin, Ehrlich, Commoner, Singer, Regan. Also Albert Schweitzer and Al Gore. An analytic philosopher with several important articles, books and anthologies, Pojman isespecially adept at selecting and editing readings for undergraduates. In addition to the usualtopics, there are sections on non-Western perspectives (Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, and African),future generations, and human population issues (three sections).

Pojman, Louis P., ed., Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application, second edition. 568 pages. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1998. Another second edition of anotherpopular text. This one was first issued by Jones and Bartlett, 1994. One of the new features isan exchange between Holmes Rolston and Ernest Partridge on intrinsic values in nature, with someof the material written for this volume. Beyond the usual topics, there is material on the Gaiahypothesis, world hunger, immigration (with a commissioned article, Lindsey Grant, "The CentralImmigration Issue: How Many Americans?") and risk assessment (with a commissioned article byKristin Shrader-Frechette, "A Defense of Risk-Cost-Benefit Analysis." Pojman teaches philosophyat the U. S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y. (v9,#1)

Pojman, Louis P., ed., Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application. Boston: Jones andBartlett, 1994. $ 35 paper. A big reader, by a well-known biology publisher now moving intophilosophy of biology, expected to compete with the VanDeVeer and Pierce, ed., TheEnvironmental Ethics and Policy Book. Arranged in a pro and con dialogue, 72 readings on 20topics, in 18 sections, emphasizing a mix of theory and practice. Study questions follow eachreading. The historical roots of our ecological crisis, animal rights, biocentrism, a land ethic, deepecology, intrinsic natural value, ecofeminism, the Gaia hypothesis, the preservation of biodiversity,obligations to future generations, Asian concepts of nature and the human relation to it, worldpopulation, world hunger, pollution, wastes, energy policy, nuclear power, climate change,sustainable development, economics, ethics, and environmental policy. Five commissioned articles,and Vice-President Gore. Foreword by Holmes Rolston. Pojman is professor of philosophy at theUniversity of Mississippi. (v4,#3) (v4,#4)Pojman, Louis P., Life and Death: Grappling with the Moral Dilemmas of Our time. Boston: Jonesand Bartlett Publishers, Inc, 1992. 175 pages. Includes sections on "Morality and the Tragedy ofthe Commons" and on "Animal Rights." A reader, Life and Death: A Reader in Moral Problems, withsixty readings, will be released in August to accompany this text. (v3,#1)

Pojman, Louis, ed. Philosophy: The Quest for Truth, 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth PublishingCo., 1995. Contains Peter Singer, "The Case for Animal Liberation," and Carl Cohen, "The CaseAgainst Animal Rights." Pojman teaches philosophy at the United States Military Academy, WestPoint, and is also the editor of an environmental anthology. (v6,#3)

Pojman, Louis P., ed., Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application, 3rd ed. BelmontCA: Wadsworth/Thompson Publishing Co., 2001. The third edition of a quite successful anthology,its success proved by its repeated re-issuing. New in this edition: Rolston, Holmes, III,"Naturalizing Values: Organisms and Species" and Ned Hettinger's response (see that entry);Jamieson, Dale, "Against Zoos"; Mies, Maria, "Deceiving the Third World: The Myth of Catching-up

Development"; and Sapontzis, S. F., "What Animal Liberation Is and Isn't About." Pojman teachesphilosopy at the U.S. Military Academy, West Point. (v.11,#1)

Polasky, S., Camm, J.D., and Ding, R., "Choosing reserve networks with incomplete speciesinformation," Biological Conservation 94 (No. 1, 2000): 1- . (v.11,#4)

Polasky, S; Solow, AR, "The value of information in reserve site selection," Biodiversity andConservation 10(no. 7, 2001):1051-1058. (v.13,#1)

Polesetsky, Matthew. "Will a Market in Air Pollution Clean the Nation's Dirtiest Air? A Study of theSouth Coast Air Quality Management District's Regional Clean Air Incentives Market," Ecology LawQuarterly 22(no.2, 1995):359- . (v6,#4)

Poli, Corrado and Peter Timmerman, eds., L'Etica in Politiche Ambientali (Ethics in EnvironmentalPolicy). Rome: Gregoriana Liberia Editrice. 1991. This volume results from the First InternationalConference on Ethics and Environmental Policies, held in Borca di Cadore, Italy, in 1990. Thesecond such conference was just held at the University of Georgia in April, see above. The mainsponsoring foundation is Fondazione Lanza, via Dante 55, 35139 Padova, Italy. Phone049/8756788. Contents (translations from the Italian), Gabrielle Scimemi, "Ethics in EnvironmentalPolicy: An International Perspective"; Franz Böckle, "Environmental Ethics: Philosophical andTheological Foundations"; Antonia Autiero, "A Hope for Our Planet"; Frederick Ferre, "TheEnvironment and the Problem of Evil"; Warwick Fox, "Anthropocentric and NonanthropocentricFoundations of Environmental Decision-Making"; Sebastiano Maffettone, "Ethics in EnvironmentalPolicy"; Kristin Shrader-Frechette, "Ethics in Environmental Policy: Public Action and PopulistReforms"; Corrado Poli, "Environmental Impact Assessment and Value Judgments: Foundations forNew Techniques"; Barbara Rhode, "Environmental Damage and the Application of Criminal Law";Kenneth E. Boulding, "Environmental Ethics and Earth's Economic Systems"; Charles Howe, Ethics,Environment, and Economic Practice"; Peter Brown, "Fiduciary Responsibility and the GreenhouseEffect"; Ratna Murdia, "Environmental Impact and Deforestation in India"; Carlos B. Gutierrez,"Ethics, Politics, and Economics applied to a Safari in Amazonia"; Thomas Heyd, "SustainableDevelopment: Panacea or Impossibility? Some Implications for Implementing Ethics." An Englishtranslation of this work is in progress. (v3,#1)

Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming (Washington: National Academy Press, 1991). A reportby the Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy of the National Academies of Scienceand Engineering and the Institute of Medicine. The United States could cut emissions ofgreenhouse gases by 10% to 40% for little or no cost. Meanwhile ozone destruction worsens. New satellite data show that the ozone shield over the United States is eroding twice as fast ashad been assumed. See Science, April 12, 1991. (v2,#1)

Polishchuk, Leonard V., "Conservation Priorities for Russian Mammals," Science 297(16 August2002):1123. Conservation of slow-reproducing, long-lived, large-bodied species is especiallychallenging and especially in Russia, for example with the Siberian tiger and the polar bear. ButRussian resources for conservation, though directed at the tiger and bear, are overlooking overspecies such as the desman (a cat-sized mole-like animal, much trapped for its fur), on theendangered species list. Polishchuk is in ecology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University,Moscow. (v.13,#4)

Polk, Danne W., "Gabriel Marcel's Kinship to Ecophilosophy" Environmental Ethics 16(1994):173-186. Gabriel Marcel spent most of his life developing a phenomenology of human intersubjectivity.While doing so he discovered the extent to which an authentic human community depends uponthe relationship it has to nonhuman nature. By exploring Marcel's critique of technology, as well ashis religious phenomenology, I show the proximity to which Marcel's philosophy approaches the

current egalitarian response of the radical ecology movement. Even though the bulk of Marcel'swork is concerned with human intersubjectivity, his writings advocate a transcendence ofanthropocentricism to what Marcel calls "cosmocentricism," an existential attitude toward the worldwhich submits to the sacredness of all beings, as well as to the bioregions within which all earthlycreatures share the sacraments of life. Polk is in philosophy, Villanova University, Villanova, PA. (EE)

Polk, Danne, "Good Infinity/Bad Infinity: Il y a, Apeiron, and Environmental Ethics in the Philosophyof Levinas," Philosophy in the Contemporary World 7(no. 1, Spring):35-40. Although Levinas doesnot specifically articulate an environmental ethic, he certainly has a concept of nature, from whichcan be drawn the human, primordial relationship to the elemental. This involves two types ofinfinity, environmental imperatives toward both the body's exclusive relationship to nature and tothe interpersonal relationships between the self and other human beings. Apeiron isundifferentiated material nature. Polk is in philosophy, Villanova University. (v.11,#3)

Pollack, Andrew, "U.S. and Allies Block Treaty On Genetically Altered Goods," New York Times(2/25/99): A1. U.S. blocks international treaty on trade in genetically altered goods. The U.S.,Canada, Australia, Chile, Argentina and Uruguay blocked a Biosafety Protocol supported by 130nations that would have required exporters of genetically-altered organisms and seeds to getexplicit permission from importing nations. The treaty was aimed at preventing possibleenvironmental harm from such trade. The six major agricultural exporters objected to the inclusionof commodities like wheat and corn, arguing that they are meant for eating and processing and donot enter the environment. They were afraid that the protocol would be used as an excuse toblock billions of dollars in farm exports. From 25 to 45 percent of corn, cotton and soybeansgrown in the U.S. has been genetically modified. The Biosafety Protocol was an outgrowth of theConvention on Biological Diversity agreed to at the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit. The U.S.Senate has still not ratified this convention because of fear it would harm the biotechnologyindustries. (v.10,#1)

Pollack, Andrew, "Can Biotech Crops Be Good Neighbors?" New York Times, September 26, 2004.The answer is quite uncertain. (v.14, #4)

Pollack, Andrew, "Genes from Engineered Grass Spread for Miles, Study Finds," New York Times,September 21, 2004, P. A1, C4. Genes from genetically engineered grass can spread much fartherthan previously known, up to 13 miles in windblown pollen. Monsanto and Scotts have developeda strain of creeping bentgrass for use on golf courses that is resistant to the widely used herbicideRoundup. The altered grasses would allow groundkeepers to spray the herbicide in their greensand fairways, while leaving the grass unscathed. But environmental groups and the U.S. ForestService and Bureau of Land Management worry that the grass would spread to areas where itis not wanted or transfer its herbicide resistance to weedy relatives, creating superweeds immuneto the weedkiller. The Forest Service has said that the grass "has the potential to adversely impactall 175 national forests and grasslands." (v.14, #4)

Pollan, Michael, "Only Man's Presence Can Save Nature," Journal of Forestry 88(no.7, July,1990):24-33. A panel with Daniel B. Botkin, Dave Foreman, James Lovelock, Frederick Turner, andRobert D. Yaro. The theme is the shifting definitions of nature and of humans. Some opinions: "Weare foolish to believe that all our problems are solvable, especially by technology or sociology." "The quintessential element of nature [is] us. Humankind is more what nature is than anythingelse." "The Indians changed the ecology of North America totally." "We shouldn't treat nature asif it's a machine--take it apart, rebuild it, and substitute new parts. The rule should be: changenature at nature's rates and in nature's ways." Michael Pollan is executive editor of Harper'sMagazine, in which this earlier appeared. And he ought to have better sense than to use a sexisttitle like this. Maybe his environmentalist opinions are suspect on this account alone. (v3,#3)

Pollan, Michael, Second Nature: A Gardener's Education. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1991. There are two problems with a purist ethic toward nature. (1) Seemingly pristine parts of natureare more changed by humans already than we like to realize. (2) There is no guidance for whatto do with areas that are not pristine. "`All or nothing,' says the wilderness ethic, and in fact we'veended up with a landscape in America that conforms to that injunction remarkably well. Thanksto exactly this kind of either/or thinking, Americans have done an admirable job of drawing linesaround certain sacred areas (we did invent the wilderness area) and a terrible job of managingthe rest of our land. The reason is not hard to find: the only environmental ethic we have hasnothing useful to say about those areas outside this line. Once a landscape is no longer `virgin'it is typically written off as fallen, lost to nature, irredeemable. We hand it over to the jurisdictionof that other sacrosanct American ethic: laissez-faire economics. ... Essentially, we have dividedour country in two, between the kingdom of wilderness, which rules about eight percent ofAmerica's land, and the kingdom of the market, which rules the rest" (p. 188-189). (v7,#1)

Pollock, Rebecca, "Crystal Waters," Alternatives 26 (No. 3, 2000 Summer): 36- . Australianecovillage is a world-recognized pioneer in low-impact living. (v.11,#4)

Pollock-Ellwand, Nancy, "Cultural Landscapes and Environmental Ethics: The Case of PuslinchTownship's Historic Roadside Trees", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 7(1994):189-204.

Pollock-Ellwand, Nancy. "The Need for Holism: A Landscape and Pluralist Perspective",Environments 24(no. 1, 1996):94. (v7,#4)

Pollution in the Arctic and Antarctic. Polar Record, vol. 37, no. 202, July 2001 is a theme issuedevoted to pollution and its remediation in frozen ground, Arctic and Antarctic, permafrost, fuelspills, waste disposal, landfills. (v.12,#3)

Polson, Sheila. "A Troubled Environment Seen Through the Art of Children." The Christian ScienceMonitor 89.87 (1 April 1997): 13.Polunin, N., "Humility And The Environment," Environmental Conservation 26 (No. 4, Dec 01 1999):243- . (v.11,#2)

Polunin, Nicholas. "Editorial: Humans' Real Place on Earth." Environmental Conservation 22, no.4(1995): 289. (v7, #3)

Pompe, Jeffrey J. and Rinehart, James R., Environmental Conflict: In Search of Common Ground. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2002. (v.13, #3)

Pompetzki, Monika, "Papers," Environments 28(no.2, 2000): 11-. Domination, Alienation, Integration:Three Models of Human-Environment Relations Applied to Land Use in Niagara. (v.12,#3)

Poortinga, W., Steg, L., and Vlek, C., "Environmental Risk Concern and Preferences for Energy-Saving Measures," Environment and Behavior 34(no.4, 2002): 455-78. (v.13,#4)

Pope, Carl, "Television Misses the Picture," Sierra 81 (no. 2, March/April 1996):12-14. Environmental coverage on the three networks has declined by 60 percent since 1989; the declineis not due to lack of environmental news or interest, but possibly to the pressures of owners andadvertisers. Ted Turner and Tom Brokaw are notable exceptions. Pope is executive director ofthe Sierra Club. (v7,#1)

Popke, E., "Poststructuralist Ethics: Subjectivity, Responsibility and the Space of Community,"Progress in Human Geography 27(no. 3, 2003): 298-316. (v 14, #3)

Popper, Deborah and Popper, Frank, "The Buffalo Commons: Using Regional Metaphor to Envisionthe Future," Wild Earth 9 (No. 4, Wint 1999): 30- . (v.11,#2)

Population and Environment is an interdisciplinary journal. A special issue on "Roots ofEnvironmental Neglect" is forthcoming. Articles feature the comparative importance of population,affluence, depletion of natural resources, new technologies, ideology, ethics, social domination,anthropocentrism, biocentrism. The journal especially publishes articles that seek to integrate andreconcile these viewpoints, or to enrich this debate by grounding it in such disciplines as history,philosophy, political science, psychology, anthropology, economics, biology, literature, andarcheology. (v8,#1)

Population and Environment, an interdisciplinary journal, is soliciting contributions for a forthcomingspecial issue on "Roots of Environmental Neglect." Reviews of prevailing viewpoints (e.g., thecomparative importance of population, affluence, depletion of natural resources, new technologies,ideology, ethics, social domination, anthropocentrism, biocentrism) are welcome. Equally welcomeare contributions which seek to integrate and reconcile these viewpoints, or which seek to enrichthis debate by grounding it in such disciplines as history, philosophy, political science, psychology,anthropology, economics, biology, literature, and archeology. Please send papers, in duplicate, toDr. Moti Nissani, Guest Co-Editor, Interdisciplinary, Studies Program, 5700 Cass Ave., Wayne StateUniversity, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Email: mnissani@juno.com; Fax: (313) 577-8585; Tel.: (810) 543-0536 (home & message). (v8,#2)

Population and Environment: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies is now in volume 13, an importantjournal that may be overlooked by those interested in environmental ethics. The editor is VirginiaAbernethy, Department of Psychiatry, AA-2206 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232. Phone:615/322-6608. The publisher is Human Sciences Press, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY10013-1578. Phone 212/620-8000. A free sample copy is available. A sample paper, by VirginiaAbernethy is: "The True Face of Compassion: Immigration Policy and Other Ways to Help." "Thesteadily intensifying national debate on immigration is incorrectly cast with pro-immigration`humanitarians' on the one hand and hard-nosed, tight-border, `America-firsters' on the other. Thisscenario distorts an underlying question, which is how to encourage and support third worldcountries in confronting their own, very serious problems. From this perspective, positions bothfor and against high immigration share the common ground of having a compassionate intent." "Immigration policy is one of the very few means by which the U. S. may be able to influence thetrend of world population growth. ... Barriers to immigration which lead to zero population growthin the U.S. make us a credible international example. ... Only then will the most innovative, evendissident, people beyond our border be persuaded to remain at home, where they are needed toconfront and lead the way out of the misery which inevitable results from failure to recognizelimits." (Thanks to Ron Engel.) (v4,#1)

Porritt, J, "Sustainability without Spirituality: a Contradiction in Terms?," Conservation Biology16(no.6, 2002): 1465.

Porritt, Jonathon, "The Common Heritage: What Heritage? Common to Whom?" EnvironmentalValues Vol.1 No.3(1992):257-268. ABSTRACT: Global commons are natural goods whichtranscend national boundaries. A brief glance at management of oceans and terrestrial commonsis succeeded by fuller discussion of rainforests, over which nations claim property rights, yetwhich perform global services. Leasing out could effect a desirable transfer of funds from Northto South. Sustainable development requires these or other large incentives towards environmentalprotection in developing countries, but land and institutional reform are crucial to success. In

conclusion, the anthropocentric ethic implicit in all such solutions is contrasted with the ecocentricone which may be necessary to preserve the biosphere in the future. KEYWORDS: Biosphere,global commons, rainforests, property rights, stewardship, sustainability. 30 Swinton Street,London WC1X 9NX, UK.

Porteous John Douglas. Environmental Aesthetics: Ideas, Politics, and Planning. New York:Routledge, 1996. (v.8,#4)

Porter, Douglas R. Managing Growth in America's Communities. Covelo, CA: Island Press, 1997. 215 pp. $29.95 paper. The author describes the regulatory and programmatic techniques thathave been most useful, obstacles to be overcome, and specific strategies that have beeninstrumental in achieving successful growth management programs. Also included areinformational sidebars written by leading experts in growth management. (v8,#2)

Porter, Gareth. "Natural Resource Subsidies and International Policy: A Role for APEC," The Journalof Environment and Development 6(no.3, 1997):276. (v8,#3)

Porter, Richard C., The Economics of Water and Waste in Three African Capitals. Brookfield, VT:Ashgate, 1997. 154 pp. $55.95. The successes and failures of the policies and outcomes of threediffering approaches to the problems of providing adequate urban service in the cities of Accra,Harare, and Gaborone.

Porter, Richard C., The Economics of Water and Waste in Three African Capitals. Brookfield, VT:Ashgate, 1997. 154 pp. $55.95. The successes and failures of the policies and outcomes of threediffering approaches to the problems of providing adequate urban service in the cities of Accra,Harare, and Gaborone.

Portney, Kent E., Controversial Issues in Environmental Policy: Science vs. Economics vs. Politics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1992. 181 pages. $ 15.50 paper. $ 31.95 cloth. Howvalue disputes have found their way into the policymaking process, pitting the values of science,technology, economics, and environmental conservation against the practice of politics. Portneyis at Tufts University. (v4,#3)

Portney, Paul R., and Weyant, John P., eds., Discounting and Intergenerational Equity. Washington,DC: Resources for the Future, 1999. 224 pages. $ 33 hardback. The contributor economistsgenerally embrace discounting for evaluating projects with timeframes of forty years or less, withthe discount rate to reflect the opportunity costs of capital. But beyond the forty year mark, muchdiscomfort sets in. Very large costs to the future are worth nothing today. In fact, using the 7percent discount rate that the Office of Management and Budget recommends for such purposes,the present inhabitants of Earth should not spend more than $ 2 each today to prevent the loss ofthe entire gross domestic product (GDP) of the whole world two hundred years from now. Several contributors doubt that standard cost-benefit analysis is useful at all for problems withsignificant intergenerational consequences. A major problem is climate change; the usualdiscounting warrants spending rather little today to prevent great losses to future persons. Portney is president of Resources for the Future; Weyant is in engineering-economic systems atStanford University. (v.10,#3)

Portney, Paul and John Weyant, eds. Discounting and Intergenerational Equity. Washington:Resources for the Future, 1999. Review by Colin PriceEnvironmental Values 10(2001):553. (EV)

Posewitz, Jim, Beyond Fair Chase: The Ethic and Tradition of Hunting. Helena, MT: Falcon Press,1994. Paper. $ 5.95. Cloth, $ 17.95. "As hunters we enjoy the rare privilege of participating in the

natural process rather than only observing it from a distance. We become, for a time a predatorlike the human hunters of our distant origins. We are however, a minority; and if we are tocontinue, we must do it in a way that is acceptable to the majority." "You need to be familiar withthe field, the woods, the marsh, the forest, or the mountains where you hunt. If you work hard andlong at this aspect of hunting, you can become a part of the place you hunt. You will sense whenyou start to belong to the country. Go afield often enough and stay out long enough and it willhappen. Little by little you will become less of an intruder. More animals will seem to showthemselves to you. You are no longer a stranger in their world; you have become part of it. Manypeople hunt for a lifetime without learning this, and they miss the most rewarding part of being ahunter." Already over 100,000 copies of this book have been used in hunter education programsin thirty states. Posewitz is a longtime Montana conservationist, and founder of Orion, The HuntersInstitute. (v5,#4)

Posey, D., Balee, W., eds. Resource Management in Amazonia. Bronx, NY: The New YorkBotanical Garden, 1989. 304pp. $59 paper. Examines the resource-use practices of eight tribalgroups as well as the caboclos, non-tribal rural farmers, fisherman, and foragers in Amazonia, theworld's largest expanse of tropical rain forest. In a variety of habitats--flood-plain and uplandforests, savannas, highlands, black and clear water rivers--these peoples have developedmanagement practices that can provide new insights for the conservation and wise use of thesethreatened ecosystems.

Posey, D. A., Dutfield, G., Plenderleith, K. "Collaborative Research and Intellectual Property Rights,"Biodiversity and Conservation 4(no.8, Nov. 1995):892- . (v6,#4)

Posey, Darrell A., ed., Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity: A Complementary Contributionto the Global Biodiversity Assessment. London: Intermedate Technologies, and Nairobi, UNEP(United Nations Environment Programme), 1999. A hefty volume of 731 large-format, double-column pages. Some thirty contributors include David Suzuki, Baird Callicott, James Nash, MarkSagoff, Oren Lyons, Vandana Shiva, and Rosemary Radford Ruether, as well as first-handtestimonies from representatives of indigenous groups around the world. Posey is at theDepartment de Ciências Biológicas, Universidad Federal do Maranhao, Sao Luis, Maranhao, Brazil. (v.11,#3)

Posey, Darrell Addison, ed. Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity. Review by Richard Folitz,Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 14(2001):93-96.

Folitz, Richard. Review of Darrell Addison Possey, ed., Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity,Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 14(2001):93-96. (JAEE)

Post, James A., "Managing As If the Earth Mattered," Business Horizons 34, no. 4 (1991): 32-38. Managers can no longer ignore environmental problems; they must manage as if the earth mat-tered, because in fact it does. (v4,#2)

Post, Stephen G., editor in chief, Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 3rd edition. 5 vols. New York:Macmillan Reference, 2003. Some articles relevant to environmental philosophy and animal issues: (These are mostly carried over from the 2nd edition, Warren T. Reich, editor-in-chief, MacmillanLibrary Reference, Simon and Schuster, 1995, with Holmes Rolston, III as area editor forenvironmental ethics and animal welfare issues.-Sagoff, Mark, "Agriculture and Biotechnology"-Singer, Peter, "Animal Research: Philosophical Issues"-Regan, Thomas, "Animal Welfare and Rights: I. Ethical Perspectives on the Treatment and Statusof Animals"-Linzey, Andrew, "Animal Welfare and Rights. II. Vegetarianism"

-Rolston, Holmes: "Animal Welfare and Rights. III. Wildlife Conservation and Management"-Linzey, Andrew, "Animal Welfare and Rights: IV. Pet and Companion Animals"-Dunlap, Julie, "Animal Welfare and Rights: V. Zoos and Zoological Parks"-Bernard E. Rollin, "Animal Welfare and Rights: VI. Animals in Agriculture and Farming"-Jamieson, Dale, "Climate Change"-Lauritzen, Paul, "Cloning III: Religious Perspectives"-Rolston, Holmes, "Endangered Species and Biodiversity"-Callicott, J. Baird, "Environmental Ethics: Overview"-Naess, Arne, "Deep Ecology"-Callicott, J. Baird, "Environmental Ethics: III. Law and Ethics"-Warren, Karen J., "Environmental Ethics: IV. Ecofeminism"-Sagoff, Mark, "Environmental Policy and Law"-Peters, Philip J., "Future Generations, Obligations to"-Shrader-Frechette, Kristin, "Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Substances"-Newton, Lisa H., "Life"-Lennox, James A., "Nature" (v.14, #4)

Potgieter, JH 1991. Natuur, Skriftuur en die mens is getuies van God (Ps 19). In: Vos, C & Müller,J (eds): Mens en omgewing. Halfway House: Orion, 105-113. (Africa)

Pottast, Thomas, "Inventing Biodiversity: Genetics, Evolution, and Environmental Ethics,"Biologisches Zentralblatt (now Theory in Biosciences/Theorie in den Biowissenschaften) 115(nos.2/3, 1996):177-188. In English. A historical survey of the concept of biodiversity. There are twocomponents: genetic diversity, arising from the study of cultivated plants, and species diversity,arising from the study of evolutionary history. The first person to combine these was Otto HerzfeldFrankel, Australian plant geneticist and breeding scientist, in 1970 and again in 1974, using the term"evolutionary responsibility," his precursor to the later term "environmental ethics." Biodiversityconservation includes both economic dimensions and natural history dimensions, both withimplications for nature conservation. (Presumably Frankel features genetic biodiversityconservation, else there was already Leopold, Carson, Muir, active in environmental ethics.) Pottast is at the Center for Ethics in the Sciences and the Humanities, University of Tubingen,Germany. (v.10,#1)

Potter, B., "Predatory Politics: Group Interests and Management of the Commons," EnvironmentalPolitics 11(no.2, 2002): 73-94. (v.13,#4)

Potter, Christopher S. "Terrestrial Biomass and the Effects of Deforestation on the Global CarbonCycle." Bioscience 49(No.10, Oct. 1999):769- . Results from a model of primary production usingsatellite observations. (v10,#4)

Potter, Clive. "Beyond Soil Conservation." Environment 38, no.7 (1996): 25. Current U.S. soilconservation programs are better at meeting political goals than environmental ones, according tothis review of a report by the Office of Technology Assessment. (v7, #3)

Potter, H. R., "Review of: Gottlieb, Robert, Environmentalism Unbound: Exploring New Pathwaysfor Change," Society and Natural Resources 15(no.2, 2002): 189-91. (v.13,#2)

Potter, RB, "Environmental problems in an urbanizing world," Land Use Policy 19(no.2, 2002):188- . (v.13, #3)

Potter, Stephen, An Environmental Ethic for Business (with special reference to the ElectricitySupply Industry), Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September1990. (v7,#1)

Potter, Stephen, An Environmental Ethic for Business (with special reference to the ElectricitySupply Industry), Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University, September1990.

Potter, Van Rensselaer, Global Bioethics: Building on the Leopold Legacy. Michigan StateUniversity Press, 1989. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 11(1989):281-85.

Potter, Van Rensselaer, Discussion section: "Real Bioethics: Biocentric or Anthropocentric?,"Ethics and the Environment 1(no.2, 1996):177-183. Environmental ethics is done by philosophersoperating within the strict canons of the discipline. Environmental ethics has been pursued as thetraditional ethics of pure reason. Real bioethics is not pure, traditional, reasoning ethics. Realbioethics is done by realistic scientists and concerned biologists and physicians who have anintuition to help build a "Bridge to the Future" whether of not their effort is labeled "bioethics." Among this cohort is Physicians for Social Responsibility and the editors of their new journal,Medicine and Global Survival. These people are not professional ethicists. As realists they seethe survival and well-being of the human species as a matter or organizational morality--a civicsociety directed to the "common good" world-wide, as soon as possible, and with a long-rangeperspective. Real bioethics is not merely biocentric or merely anthropocentric. Instead. real;bioethics calls for an idealistic mix of biocentrism and the kind of humanism that is concerned withthe needs, interests, and welfare of human beings, or, in other words, and enlightened or realisticanthropocentrism that acknowledges the central role f the biosphere in the continued existenceand "common good" of the human species, as previously discussed in connection with globalbioethics, a subject foreign to environmental ethicists. From any point of view, real bioethics fallsin the context of the ideals of two Wisconsin professors who lived in the early part of the twentiethcentury, Aldo Leopold and Max Otto. Potter was, until retirement, professor of oncology at theMcArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research at the University of Wisconsin. He claims to have coinedthe word "bioethics" in 1970. (E&E)

Potter, Van Rensselaer, "Fragmented Ethics and `Bridge Bioethics'," Hastings Center Report 29(no.1, 1999):38-40. Environmental ethics can be a bridge between the two cultures: the sciences andthe humanities. An environmental ethic seeks the preservation and restoration of the naturallandscape, plants, and animals; clean air; plentiful, nonpolluted water; and large areas in the wildstate. It can serve as a bridge between pluralist interests in society, and bridge humans to nature,also serve as a bridge to the future. Potter is professor emeritus in oncology at the University ofWisconsin. (v.10,#1)

Potter, Van Rensselaer, "Evolving Ethical Concepts," BioScience 27(1977):251-253. Analyses theorigins of environmental ethics in the 1970's, and earlier precedents, finding Rolston a key figure,in contrast to Hardin.

Pottinger, Lori, "Dammed If You Do," The Ecologist 31(no.1, 2001 Feb 01): 50-. The new reportfrom the World Commission on Dams is a strong condemnation of much of the world's dam-building. (v.12,#3)

Poudevigne, I. and Baudry, J., "The Implication of Past and Present Landscape Patterns forBiodiversity Research: Introduction and Overview," Landscape Ecology 18(no. 2, 2003): 223-225.

Pounds, J. Alan, Fogden, Michael P., and Campbell, John H., "Biological Response to Climate Changeon a Tropical Mountain," Nature 398(15 April 1999):611-615. Recent warming has caused changesin species distribution and abundance on a tropical mountain in Costa Rica; the extent of theseeffects is unclear. Twenty of fifty species of frogs and toads have disappeared. Some datasuggests this is from lifting cloud levels due to climate warming. One species is the locally endemic

golden toad (Bufo periglenes), which could be the first extinction due to global warming. Seerelated article, Still, Christopher J., et al., "Simulating the Effects of Climate Change on TropicalMontane Cloud Forests," Nature 398(15 April 1999):608-610. (v.10,#2)

Pouta, Eija, and Mika Rekola, "The Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting Willingness to Pay forAbatement of Forest Regeneration," Society & Natural Resources 14(no.2, 2001): 93-. (v.12,#3)

Pouteau, Sylvie, "The Food Debate: Ethical Versus Substantial Equivalence," Journal of Agriculturaland Environmental Ethics 15(no. 3, 2002):291-303. Substantial equivalence (SE) has beenintroduced to assess novel foods. including genetically modified (GM) food, by means ofcomparison with traditional food. Besides a number of objections concerning its scientific validityfor risk assessment, the main difficulty with SE is that it implies that food can be qualified on apurely substantial basis. SE embodies the assumption that only reductive scientific arguments arelegitimate for decision-making in public policy due to the emphasis on legal issues. However, thesurge of the food debate clearly shows that this technocratic model is not accepted anymore. Foodis more than physico-chemical substance and encompasses values such as quality and ethics.These values are legitimate in their own right and require that new democratic processes are setup for transverse, transdisciplinary assessment in partnership with society. The notion ofequivalence can provide a reference scale in which to examine the various legitimate factorsinvolved: substance (SE), quality (Qualitative Equivalence: QE), and ethics (Ethical Equivalence:EE). QE requires that new qualitative methods of evaluation that are not based on reductiveprinciples are developed. EE can provide a basis for the development of an Ethical Assurance asa counterpart of Quality Assurance in the food sector. In France, a second circle of expertise isbeing set up to address the social issues in food public policy beside classical risk assessment bythe first circle of expertise. Since ethics is likely to become an organizing principle of the secondcircle, the equivalence ethical framework can prove instrumental in this context. KEY WORDS:equivalence ethical framework, "Ethical Assurance," second circle of expertise, food integrity,genetically modified (GM) food, legitimate factors, quality, substantial equivalence.Pouteau is with the Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, INRA, Versailles cedex, France. (JAEE)

Povilitis, Anthony J. "On Assigning Rights to Animals and Nature." Environmental Ethics2(1980):67-71. Watson argues that living entities do not have intrinsic or primary rights, such asthe right to existence, unless they are capable of fulfilling reciprocal duties in a self-consciousmanner. I suggest that (1) Watson's "reciprocity framework" for rights and duties is excessivelyanthropocentric, (2) that it is founded on the incorrect-assumption that the Golden Rule refers tomutual rather than individual duties, and (3) that Watson arbitrarily equates moral rights withprimary rights. Since "intrinsic" rights are, in effect, assigned rights, the assignment of rights toa given entity is viewed as a function of its perceived value. Thus, in emphasizing differencesbetween man and other living entities, Watson chooses Cartesian values in assigning rights. Conversely, the ecological and evolutionary relatedness of living things forms the basis forconsidering rights within the naturalist tradition. Povilitis is a senior wildlife ecologist for VTNWyoming, Sheridan, WY. (EE)

Povilitis, Tony, "Toward a Robust Natural Imperative for Conservation," Conservation Biology15(no.2, 2001): 533-. (v.12,#3)

Povinelli, Daniel J., Folk Physics for Apes: The Chimpanzee's Theory of How the World Works. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Chimpanzees think about the physical world in a wayradically different from our own. Whereas humans can reason about imperceptible physical forcessuch as gravity, mass, and inertia, chimpanzees can only reason about perceptible things suchas the learned association between dropping a rock onto a palm nut and then eating the fleshymeat inside. Research to support these conclusions. Our human cognitive departure fromnonhuman primates is more dramatic than previously believed. Povinelli is at the Laboratory of

Comparative Behaviorial Biology, University of Southwestern Louisiana. For a generally negativereview, see Hauser, Marc D., "Elementary, My Dear Chimpanzee," Science 291(19 January20001):440-441. Povinelli, he claims, worked with young and inexperienced chimpanzees (under10 years old), and his experimental methodology was not careful enough. (EE v.12,#1)

Powell, Chris, "A Chance at History," Wildlife in North Carolina 65 (no. 3, March 2001):6-10. Restoration of elk to the Great Smoky Mountains in North Carolina, hunted to extinction in the1700's. Twenty-five elk are being released each year. (v.12,#2)

Powell, Frona M., "The Public Trust Doctrine: Implications for Property Owners and theEnvironment," Journal of Environmental Law and Practice 5 (July 1997):30-. The application ofpublic trust doctrine in the current debate over the extent to which government may regulateprivate property to protect the public environment. (v.8,#4)

Powell, Paul D. "Can Principles of Evolution and Ecology Be Applied to the Problem of HIVInfection/AIDS", Biodiversity Letters 3(no.1, 1996):14. (v7,#4)

Power, Mary E.; Tilman, David; and Menge, Bruce A. "Challenges in the Quest for Keystones." Bioscience 46, no.8 (1996): 609. Identifying keystone species is difficult--but essential tounderstanding how loss of species will affect ecosystems. (v7, #3)

Power, Thomas Michael. Lost Landscapes and Failed Economics: The Search for a Value of Place. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998. $32.50 cloth, $17.95 paper. 350 pp. (v9,#2)

Power, Thomas Michael. Lost Landscapes and Failed Economies. Covelo, CA: Island Press, 1996.350 pp. $29.95 cloth. An economist argues that the quality of the natural landscape is an essentialpart of a community's permanent economic base and should not be sacrificed in short-term effortsto maintain employment levels in industries that are ultimately not sustainable. Power analyzesareas where environmental protection measures have been enacted to examine the impact ofprotected landscapes on local economies. (v7,#4)

Power, Thomas Michael. Review of For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy towardCommunity, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future. By Herman E. Daly and John B. Cobb, Jr. Environmental Ethics 15(1993):85-90.

Power, Thomas Michael. Environmental Protection and Economic Well-Being: The Economic Pursuitof Quality. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1996. 268pp. $24.95 paper. A critique of the "folkeconomics" that dominates economic development discussions. Power applies the theoretical andempirical results of economic research to local development issues, and analyzes economicdevelopment policy in the context of the "total economy," not merely in terms of commercialbusiness activity. (v8,#1)

Power, Thomas Michael, Extraction and the Environment: The Economic Battle to Control our NaturalLandscapes. Washington; Island Press, 1995. 350 pages. The quality of the natural landscapeis an essential part of a community's permanent economic base and should not be sacrificed toshort-term goals. Case studies from ranching, mining, and timber industries. (v8,#2)

Powers, Alan, Bird Talk: Conversations with Birds. Berkeley, CA: Frog, Ltd. 2003. Distributed byNorth Atlantic Books, P. O. Box 12327, Berkeley, CA 94712. An experimental walk through the cityand countryside of several continents while listening, watching, and replying to birds. Powersbrings a musician's ear and delight in language and the oral communication of the poet,

Renaissance scholar, and college teacher to the question, "What are birds saying when they talkto each other?"

Powers, C. John. Review of Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds.Edited by Mary Evelyn Tucker and Duncan Williams. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):207-210.

Powers, C. John. Review of Confucianism and Ecology: The Interrelation of Heaven, Earth, andHumans. Edited by Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Berthrong. Environmental Ethics22(2000):207-210.

Powers, Melissa, "The Spirit of the Salmon: How the Tribal Restoration Plan Could Restore ColumbiaBasin Salmon," Environmental Law 30(no.4, 2000): 867-. Columbia River salmon have undergonesignificant losses in populations due to habitat degradation and destruction. In the face of continuedsalmon population declines and the real threat of extinction, several fish management entities havedeveloped various salmon recovery plans over the years. Ms. Powers argues for state and federalagencies to adopt the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission's "Spirit of the Salmon" tribalrestoration plan. She contends that the tribal restoration plan is the best hope for salmon recoveryin the Columbia River Basin. Ms. Powers details the plan's main elements, how the plan could leadto salmon recovery, and the significance of the plan as a unique exercise of tribal sovereignty. (v.12,#3)

Poyck, Elizabeth A. "Environmental Indemnities: Drafting Out the Defects." Journal of EnvironmentalLaw and Practice 4, no.1 (1996): 5. Recent case law interpreting environmental indemnities andthe lessons to learn from these cases. (v7, #3)

Prades, Jose A., and Dunlap, Riley E., "Sociological Perspectives on Global Environmental Change,"International Sociology. Part One, vol. 13, no. 4 (December 1998): articles:--Eugene A. Rosa and Thomas Dietz, "Climate Change and Society: Speculation, Construction andScientific Investigation."--Allan Mazur, "Global Environmental Change in the News: 1987-90 vs. 1992-96." --Riley E. Dunlap, "Lay Perceptions of Global Risk: Public Views of Global Warming in Cross-National Context."--Michael Redclift and Colin Sage, "Global Environmental Change and Global Inequality: North/SouthPerspectives."Part Two, consisting of articles by Prades, Markku Wilenius and by Herbert Giner and DavidTabara, voll 14, no. 1 (March, 1999). (v.9, # 4)

Prades, José, Robert Tessier, and Jean-Guy Vaillancourt, eds., Instituer le développement durable:Éthique de l'écodécision et sociologie de l'environnement (Instituting Sustainable Development:Ethics of Ecodecision and Environmental Sociology). Montreal: Éditions Fides, 1994. 306 pages. Canadian $ 29.95. Thirteen chapters: G. Baum on the social basis of environmental ethics, M-C.Gervais and B. Dumas on environmental knowledge, R. Tessier on ethics and acid rain, J. Hofbeckand E. Hofbeck on the Great Whale hydroelectric project, R. Babin on sustainable development inNew Brunswick, O. Boiral on Quebec's sustainable development strategy, and others. (v5,#1)

Prades, José, Robert Tessier, and Jean-Guy Vaillancourt, eds., Gestion de l'environnement éthiqueet société (Managing the Environment, Ethics, and Society). Montreal: Éditions Fides, 1991. 376pages. Canadian $ 27.95. Fourteen chapters, including J. Prades on environmental ethics, J. P.Waaub on growth versus sustainable development, R. Tessier on the foundations of environmentalethics, L. Gagnon on international dimensions of ecologism, U. Thomas on UNEP, J. Hofbeck ondeep ecology, G. Baum on Polanyi and the ecological crisis, G. Lane on environmental and social

ethics, M. Boutin on religion and ecology, E. Gaboury on women and environmental ethics. Witha closing essay by Pierre Dansereau, Canada's leading ecologist. Prades and Tessier are at theUniversity of Quebec in Montreal and Villancourt is at the University of Montreal. (v5,#1)

Prades, José, Robert Tessier, and Jean-Guy Vaillancourt, eds., Environnement et développement:Questions éthiques et problèms socio-politiques. Montreal: Éditions Fides, 1992. 376 pages. Canadian $ 27.95. Fifteen chapters on sustainable development, acid rain, environmental ethics,religion and ecology, economy and ecology. (v5,#1)

Prance, Ghilian, "Appropriate Technology and Christian Belief," Green Cross, summer, 1996, p. 18. (v7,#4)

Pratt, Dallas. Alternatives to Pain in Experiments on Animals. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics4(1982):273-79.

Pratt, Scott L., "The given land: Black Hawk's conception of place," Philosophy and Geography 4(No. 1, 2001): 109-125. In the wake of a war against the United States and the displacement ofhis people from their lands at the confluence of the Rock and Mississippi Rivers, the Sauk leader,Black Hawk, prepared an autobiography published in 1833. At the center of his work was anattempt to offer his readers a strategy that would make it possible for the Sauk and other Nativepeoples to coexist with the Americans of European descent who had come to the Mississippivalley. The autobiography, from this perspective, represents more than another statement of aNative American "worldview." Instead, it offers an assessment and a response to a crisis ofsurvival. At issue for Black Hawk are neither property rights nor the troubles of communicationbetween cultures, but rather ways of seeing and understanding the place that sustained the lifeof his people. Here, the land is not merely something valued, but rather the ground that organizesthe meaning of things and events. It is the breakdown of this logic of place, both within the Nativecommunity and outside it that precipitated the disastrous war and it is the recovery of this logicthrough the narrative of Black Hawk's autobiography that he raises the possibility of culturalsurvival. This paper reexamines Black Hawk's project and provides resources for reading it bothas philosophy and as an instance of a conception of place that can contribute to ongoing effortsto promote the coexistence of cultural differences in the land of Black Hawk's people. Pratt isAssistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oregon. (P&G)

Pratt, Vernon, with Howarth, Jane, and Brady, Emily, Environment and Philosophy. London andNew York: Routledge, 2000. 275 pages. , 14.00 An introduction to environmental ethics,concentrating on the philosophical presuppositions, and making these accessible those outsidephilosophy, especially to those in environmental science. Two great structures of modern Westerncivilization are particularly questioned: individualism and science. Chapters: 1. Introduction. 2.Objective nature. Science. 3. We are all one life. Romanticism, reaction to science, ending indeep ecology. 4. The exploitation of nature and women. Ecofeminism. 5. Phenomenology andthe environment (by Jane Howarth). 6. Coping with individualism. 7. Lines into the future. Thebiological conception of life, biocentrism. Evolutionary origins and kinship of life. 8. Ecology andcommunities. Leopold's land ethic. 9. The importance of being an individual. Identity issues. 10. The aesthetics of the natural environment (by Emily Brady). The authors are all in philosophy atLancaster University, U.K. (v10,#4)

Pray, Leslie. "Habitat Lost: Inbreeding Depression and Extinction." Wild Earth 9(No. 2, Summer1999):12- . (v10,#4)

Preece, Rod, Animals and Nature: Cultural Myths, Cultural Realities. Vancouver, BC: University ofBritish Columbia Press, 1999. 305 pages. (EE v.12,#1)

Preece, Rod and Lorna Chamberlain, Animal Welfare and Human Values. Waterloo, Ontario: WilfridLaurier University Press, 1993. Canadian $ 45.00. Cloth. (v4,#4)

Preece, Rod, ed., Awe for the Tiger, Love for the Lamb: A Chronicle of Sensibility to Animals. London: Routledge, 2003. The most significant statements of sensibility to animals in the historyof thought, West and East. Preece is at Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada. (v. 15, # 3)

Preece, Rod. Animals and Nature: Cultural Myths, Cultural Realities.Vancouver: UBC Press, 1999, 336pp. Reviewed by Marhe Kiley-Worthington. EnvironmentalValues 9(2000):399.

Preiser, Wolfgang F. E., and Baker H. Morrow. Review of A World with a View: An Inquiry into theNature of Scenic Values. By Christopher Tunnard. Environmental Ethics 1(1979):375-78.

Prendergast, John R., Rachel M. Quinn, and Lawton, John H., "The Gaps Between Theory andPractice in Selecting Nature Reserves." Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society forConservation Biology 13(No. 3, June 1999):484- . (v10,#4)

Prendergast, Kate, "The Green Infiltration of Agriculture," Science and Spirit 11(no. 4,November/December 2000):16-17. Many environmental groups believe industrialized agriculturedeserves a sizeable blame for the world's ecological ills, and they are putting increasing pressureson these companies to be more ecologically responsible. (v.11,#4)

Prendville, Brendan, Environmental Politics in France. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994. 190pages. $ 49.95. Prendville is in sociology at the University of Rennes 2, Brittany. (v5,#3)

Prescott, Helen, Nature and Self, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University,September 1994.

Prescott, Helen, Nature and Self, Master's Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Lancaster University,September 1994. (v7,#1)

Prescott-Allen, R., and Prescott-Allen, C., eds. Assessing the Sustainability of Uses of WildSpecies. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Species Survival Commission, 1996. (v.10,#1)

Press, D, "Who Votes for Natural Resources in California?," Society and Natural Resources16(no.9, 2003):835-846. (v.14, #4)

Press, Daniel, Doak, Daniel F., Steinberg, Paul. "The Role of Local Government in the Conservationof Rare Species," Conservation Biology 10(no.6, 1996):1538. (v8,#1)

Press, Robert M. "Borlaug: Sowing 'Green Revolution' Among African Leaders." The ChristianScience Monitor, 29 June 1994, p. 9. (v5,#2)

Pressey, R.L., and R.M. Cowling, "Reserve Selection Algorithms and the Real World," ConservationBiology 15(no.1, Feb. 2001): 275-. (v.12,#3)

Prestemon, Jeffrey P. "The Effects of NAFTA Expansion on US Forest Products Exports," Journalof Forestry 95(no.7, 1997):26. (v8,#3)

Preston, Christopher J. "Epistemology and Intrinsic Values: Norton and Callicott's Critiques ofRolston." Environmental Ethics 20(1998):409-28. Debates over the existence of intrinsic value

have long been central to professional environmental ethics. Holmes Rolston, III's version ofintrinsic value is, perhaps, the most well known. Recently, powerful critiques leveled by Bryan G.Norton and J. Baird Callicott have suggested that there is an epistemological problem with Rolston'saccount. In this paper, I argue first that the debates over intrinsic value are as pertinent now asthey have ever been. I then explain the objections that Norton and Callicott have raised againstRolston's position. In the main body of the paper, I attempt to show that Rolston's position canaccommodate these objections. In this defense of Rolston's position, I have two goals: first, toshow that the notion of non-subjective intrinsic value in nature is coherent, and second, toilluminate the places where further philosophical work on intrinsic value remains to be done. Preston is in philosophy at the University of Montana, Missoula. (EE)

Preston, Christopher J. Review of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy and Geography II: TheProduction of Public Space. Edited by Andrew Light and Jonathan Smith. Environmental Ethics22(2000):215-218.

Preston, Christopher, Grounding Knowledge: Environmental Philosophy, Epistemology, and Place. Athens: University of Georgia, 2003. An exploration of what Paul Shepard once called "thestrange and necessary relationship between place and mind." The author gathers evidence fromscience studies, cognitive science, evolutionary biology, ecological psychology, anthropology,religious studies, and narrative experience for the claim that physical environments play astructuring role in the knowledge claims that we make. The result is a broad and philosophicallyinformed account of what is often referred to as "a sense of place." Once the connectionbetween place and mind has been made, Preston makes a straightforward case for the epistemicsignificance of place, arguing that places (and natural environments in particular) should be valuedas important epistemic and cognitive sources. Preston is in philosophy, University of SouthCarolina.

Preston, Christopher J. "Conversing with Nature in a Postmodern Epistemological Framework."Environmental Ethics 22(2000):227-240. In a recent contribution to this journal, Jim Cheney arguesfor a postmodern epistemological framework that supports a conception of inquiry as a kind of"conversation" with nature. I examine how Cheney arrives at this metaphor and consider why itmight be an appealing one for environmental philosophers. I note how, in the absence of ananimistic account of nature, this metaphor turns out to be problematic. A closer examination of thepostmodern insights that Cheney employs reveals that it is possible to stress the agency of naturein epistemology without having to draw on the metaphor of conversation. I conclude that thisalternative account is not only more plausible, but can probably do the same ethical work as theproblematic metaphor of inquiry as conversation. (EE)

Preston, Christopher J., "Animality and Morality: Human Reason as an Animal Activity,"Environmental Values 11(2002):427-442. Those in animal and environmental ethics wishing toextend moral considerability beyond the human community have at some point all had to counterthe claim that it is reason that makes human distinct. Detailed arguments against the significanceof reason have been rare due to the lack of any good empirical accounts of what reason actuallyis. Contemporary studies of the embodied mind are now able to fill this gap and show why reasonis a poor choice for a criterion to distinguish us from non-human animals. I use studies of theembodied mind to show that rationality is integrally connected to our animal and animate nature andhence not a significant point of departure between human and non-human animals. (EV)

Preston, Christopher J. Review of Philosophy and Geography I: Space, Place, and EnvironmentalEthics. Edited by Andrew Light and Jonathan Smith. Environmental Ethics 22(2000):215-218.

Preston, Christopher J., Reintegration with Nature: Against Dualist Metaphysics. Colorado StateUniversity Master's thesis. Completed fall 1992. Cartesian metaphysics separates humans fromnature; both environmental philosophy and environmental science (especially Barbara McClintock)offer possibilities for metaphysical reintegration with nature. (v3,#4)

Preston, Christopher. "Intrinsic Value and Care: Making Connections through Ecological Narratives,"Environmental Values 10(2001):243-264. Vitriolic debates between supporters of the intrinsic valueand the care approaches to environmental ethics make it sound as though these two sides shareno common ground. Yet ecofeminist Jim Cheney holds up Holmes Rolston's work as a paragon offeminist sensibility. I explore where Cheney gets this idea from and try to root out some potentialconnections between intrinsic value and care approaches. The common ground is exploredthrough Alasdair MacIntyre's articulation of a narrative ethics and the development of the notionof an ecological and evolutionary tradition. Keywords: care, intrinsic value, narrativity, tradition,ecology and evolution. Christopher J. Preston is in the Department of Philosophy, University ofSouth Carolina, Columbia, S.C. (EV)

Preston, Guy, "Integrated Environmental Management: Will It Be Worth Having," Africa - Environmentand Wildlife 1 (no. 1, May-June 1993):31-35. Environmental management in South Africa is comingto have much of the force of law, and this is desirable. It aims to insure that negative impacts ofdevelopment proposals are minimized and positive aspects enhanced, in such a way that the socialcosts of development proposals, those borne by society, rather than the developer, be outweighedby the social benefits. In fact, integrated environmental management is often ineffectual becauseit is watered-down by interest groups; in result developers make a lot of money at considerablecosts of environmental degradation that have to be borne by the community. There is far too greatan emphasis on development rights and scant regard for development responsibilities. In one case(Hout Bay), poor policy planning resulted in 95% of the planning bill being footed by taxpayers. Preston is head of research in the Environmental Evaluation Unit at the University of Cape Town. (v6,#3)

Preston, Guy and Helen Rees, "Now is the Time: Confronting South Africa's Population Growth,"Africa - Environment and Wildlife 2(no.6, November/December 1994):27-32. In South Africa,population policy has been an almost taboo subject: highly politicized, manipulated, and, manywould say, functionally ignored by previous governments. The urgent need for a sound policy hasto be squarely faced--with South Africa's current population set to double within the next 30 years. There is no time for dithering if the country is to shake off its past and emerge with hope andoptimism for a new era. In Africa, the whole continent, it is projected that the 1990 population ofabout 642 million people will increase by 2050 to 3,090 million, an increase of 500%. Preston is anenvironmental scientist at the University of Cape Town; Rees is a medical practitioner and chair ofthe South African Planned Parenthood Association. (v6,#3)

Preston, Richard, The Hot Zone. New York: Random House, 1994. 300 pp. $ 23.00. Claims thatthere is great danger to human life from viruses and other diseases that are native to tropicalforests, and which serve a typical ecological role in those ecosystems, but which, whenspreading to humans in cities, can play havoc and bring death. The HIV virus, originally in greenmonkeys in Central Africa, is an example. Another is the Marburg strain of the Ebola virus,detected in Marburg, Germany in 1967 in a shipment of monkeys, and which is highly lethal inhumans. This book was first serialized in The New Yorker. (v5,#4)

Preston, Ronald H. "The Question of a Just, Participatory, and Sustainable Society." Bulletin of theJohn Rylands University Library of Manchester 63 (Autumn 1980): 95-117.

Preston-Whyte, Rob and Graham House. Rotating the Cube: Environmental Strategies for the1990's (South Africa). Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 14(1992):87-91.

Preston-Whyte, Rob and Graham House, eds. Rotating the Cube: Environmental Strategies for the1990's (South Africa). Durban: Department of Geographical and Environmental Sciences, andIndicator Project South Africa, University of Natal, April 1990. With chapters on water, air, fire, therape of the land, industry and environment, and humans and their environment. A revealing study. Some 28 authors are involved. The editors are in geography and environmental science at theUniversity of Natal. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics 14(1992):87-91. (v6,#3)

Pretty, J; Smith, D, "Social Capital in Biodiversity Conservation and Management," ConservationBiology 18(no.3, 2004):631-638. (v. 15, # 3)

Pretty, Jules, "Social Capital and the Collective Management of Resources," Science 302(12December 2003):1912-1924. "The term social capital captures the idea that social bonds andnorms are important for people and communities. ... Four features are important: relations of trust;reciprocity and exchange, common rules, norms, and sanctions, and connectedness in networksand groups." Local communities have often shown in the past that with high social capital peoplecan co-operate for collective management of resources. Since the early 1990's some 400,000 to500,000 local groups have been established, typically with 20-30 active members. Sometimes localgroups are divisive and degrade their environments, but with high social capital they do not. Prettyalso dislikes "the wilderness myth," the idea that some ecosystems are relatively pristine and oughtto be preserved as such, without locals managing them for their use. (The author does notaddress the pressures of global capitalism on such local groups; also one wonders why the needfor re-naming community trust and cooperation with the economist's term "capital.") Pretty is inbiology, University of Essex, UK.

Pretty, Jules. The Living Land: Agriculture, Food and Community Regeneration in Rural Europe.Review by Stewart Lockie, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 14(2001):106-108. (JAEE)

Pretty. Jules. Review of J. Hodges J. and I. K. Han, eds.,, Livestock, Ethics and Quality of Life,Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 14(2001):85-87. (JAEE)

Price, Colin, Time, Discounting and Value. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1993. 393 pages. Addresses the issue of valuing the future, discounting it, as economists commonly do. The claimhere is that in many such applications this is a misleading procedure; moreover it is one which maybe acting as a "scientific" cover to promoting the interests of the present generation at the expenseof the future. (v9,#2)

Price, Colin, Time, Discounting and Value. Reviewed by Terry Barker, Environmental Values7(1998):116.

Price, Colin, Review of Fankhauser, Samuel, Valuing Climate Change. (London: Earthscan, 1995).Environmental Values 6(1997):368-369. (EV)

Price, Colin. Review of Paul Portney and John Weyant, eds., Discounting and IntergenerationalEquity, Washington: Resources for the Future, 1999,Environmental Values 10(2001):553. (EV)

Price, Jane, "Barriers to the Development of Sustainable Waste Management in New York City,"Environments 27 (No. 2, 1999): 15- . (v.11,#2)

Price, Jennifer, Flight Maps: Adventures with Nature in Modern America. New York: Basic Books,1999. Our changing attitudes toward what we think of as "nature," especially as our culturebecomes increasingly complex and mechanical. Critiques of "nature" as presented in shoppingmalls, TV nature programs, and popular culture. Price has studied ornithology at the graduate level,but thinks pink flamingos tell us more about nature in America today. (v.11,#3)

Price, M. F., "Review of: Gunderson, Lance H., and Holling, C. S., Panarchy: UnderstandingTransformations in Human and Natural Systems (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002)," BiologicalConservation 114(no. 2, 2003): 308-309.

Price, Martin F. "People in Biosphere Reserves: An Evolving Concept", Society & Natural Resources9(no.6, 1996):645. (v7,#4)

Price, V. B., "Saved by Scarcity?," Natural Resources Journal 42(no.1, 2002): 1-20. (v.13,#4)

Priddel, D., N. Carlile, M. Humphrey, S. Fellenberg and D. Hiscox, "Rediscovery of the `extinct' LordHowe Island stick-insect (Dryococelus australis (Montrouzier)) (Phasmatodea) andrecommendations for its conservation," Biodiversity and Conservation 12(no. 7, 2003): 1391-1403. (v 14, #3)

Pridham, Geoffrey, "Towards Sustainable Tourism in the Mediterranean? Policy and Practice in Italy,Spain and Greece," Environmental Politics 8(no. 2, Summer 1999):97- . (v.11,#1)

Pridham, Geoffrey, Verney, Susannah, and Konstadakopulos, Dimitrios. "Environmental Policy inGreece: Evolution, Structures and Process," Environmental Politics 4(no.2, Summer 1995):244- . (v6,#4)

Prieditis, N, "Evaluation Frameworks and Conservation System of Latvian Forests," Biodiversity andConservation 11(no.8, 2002): 1361-75. (v.13,#4)

Prieditis, Normunds, "Status Of Wetland Forests And Their Structural Richness In Latvia,"Environmental Conservation 26 (No. 4, Dec 01 1999): 332- . (v.11,#2)

Primack, RB, "Evaluating Conservation Biology Textbooks," Conservation Biology 17(no.5,2003):1202-1203. (v.14, #4)

Primack, Richard, Rozzi, Ricardo, Feinsinger, Peter, Dirzo, Rodolfo, and Massardo, Francisca, andothers, Fundamentos de conservación biológica: Perspectivas latinoamericanas. Fondo de CulturaEconómica, Carretera Picacho-Ajusco 227, 14200 México, D. F., 2001. ISBN 968-16-6428-0. Richard Primack's well known text in conservation biology here in an edition adapted for LatinAmerica. (v.12,#4)

Primack, Richard B., Essentials of Conservation Biology, 2nd ed. Sunderland, MA: SinauerAssociates, Publishers, 1998. Second edition of a popular text. Contains: "A Statement of EthicalPrinciples," pp. 19-21, with one of the principles: "Biological diversity has intrinsic value." "Speciespossess value regardless of their economic, scientific, or aesthetic value to human society. Thisvalue is conferred not only by their evolutionary history and unique ecological role, but also by theirvery existence." "Ethical Values: A Duty to Protect Biological Diversity," pp. 125-130. "Eachspecies has a right to exist." "Each species has value for its own sake--an intrinsic valueunrelated to human needs or desires." Primack is in biology at Boston University. (v.9,#3)

Primack, Richard B., Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates,1993. 564 pages. $ 28.95 cloth. The first unified, systematic introduction to conservation biology. (Earlier works are largely anthologies.) Six parts, 22 chapters, 1,000 references. Lots ofdiagrams and illustrations. Part III is on "The Value of Biological Diversity, and Chapter 10 is on "TheEthical Value of Biological Diversity." Primack is professor of biology at Boston University, anauthority on rare plants in Massachusetts and on the ecology of tree communities in Malaysia. Heis the book review editor for Conservation Biology. (v4,#3)

Primack, Richard C., Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates,1993. 475 pages. $ 28.95 hardbound. The first unified introduction to the science of conservationbiology. Part III is on "The Value of Biological Diversity" and includes a chapter, "The Ethical Valueof Biological Diversity." The opening chapter, "What Is Conservation Biology?" contains a"Statement of Ethical Principles." Primack is in the biology department, Boston University. (v4,#2)

Primack, Richard B., Lovejoy, Thomas E., eds. Ecology, Conservation, and Management ofSoutheast Asian Rainforests. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. 300 pp. $35 cloth, $28paper. Essays on tropical forest by policy officials and scientists from the countries in the region,an overview of the timber industry in southeast Asia, a comparison of tropical rainforests withthose in other parts of the world, and descriptions of plant and animal communities of the regionand efforts to preserve them. (v7,#4)

Primack, Richard, and Cafaro, Philip, "Environmental Ethics," Encyclopedia of Biodiversity 2:545-555. Ethics is the branch of philosophy that seeks knowledge of human flourishing and rightconduct toward others, so that we may act upon it. Modern philosophers have tended to limit theirethical concern to human beings, but throughout history people have also attempted to cultivateproper relationships to nature. Recently philosophers have turned to this topic, largely in responseto environmental degradation and the loss of biodiversity, and have created a new discipline:environmental ethics. Environmental ethicists attempt to specify appropriate human relationshipsto the nonhuman, natural world. In the course of their work they have developed strong ethicalarguments for preserving biodiversity. They have also challenged conventional views ofhappiness and human welfare and the materialistic values at the base of much modern life. Whileenvironmental ethics treats the full range of environmental issues, from air pollution to nuclear riskassessment, this article focuses on ethical issues directly related to the preservation ofbiodiversity. (v.11,#4)

Primack, Richard, Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, Ma: Sinauer Associates, 1993. In six months time, this work has been adopted for use in conservation biology classes in overninety colleges and universities. See Newsletter, 4, 2. (v5,#1)

Primack, Richard B. A Primer of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1995. 230 pages. $18.95. A short course for those who are not up to Primack's longer Essentials ofConservation Biology, now widely used in colleges, but over twice as long and twice asexpensive. Primack is in biology at Boston University. (v6,#1)

Primack, Richard, "Conservation Biology in Action: Case Studies." In J. Bottrill, ed., TheEncyclopedia of Life Sciences. London: MacMillan Press, 2002. Volume 5, pp. 88-95, (v.13,#4)

Primack, Richard, and Cafaro, Philip, "Environmental Ethics." In Levin, Simon Asher, Encyclopediaof Biodiversity (San Diego: Academic Press [Harcourt], 2001), vol. 2:545-555. (v.13,#1)

Primavesi, Anne, Sacred Gaia: Holistic Theology and Earth System Science. London: Routledge,2000. James Lovelock's Gaia theory considers the Earth as a whole, with its evolution and the

evolution of life upon it merging into a single process. Primavesi develops the religious implicationsof this theory and presents a theology rooted in "awe at the sacredness of the whole earthsystem." Lovelock says: "A splendid book. I now see why thoughts of Gaia are as much in therealms of theology as of science." Theology is an earth science. Primavesi is at Bristol University. (v.11,#4)Primm, Steven A.,and Clark, Tim W. "Making Sense of the Policy Process for CarnivoreConservation." Conservation Biology 10, no.4 (1996): 1036. (v7, #3)

Primm, Steven A. "A Pragmatic Approach to Grizzly Bear Conservation." Conservation Biology 10,no.4 (1996): 1026. (v7, #3)

Prince, Hugh C., Wetlands of the American Midwest: A Historical Geography of Changing Attitudes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. 395 pages. (v9,#2)

Princen, Thomas, Maniates, Michael, and Conca, Ken, eds., Confronting Consumerism. Cambridge,MA: MIT Press, 2002. 14 chapters, ten authors. Spending efficiency, responsible shopping,consumer sovereignty ("the consumer knows best"), consumption externalities both environmentaland social, eco-technologies, quality of life/quantity of livelihood, the economics of happiness. Many authors are deliberately provocative, though none propose a no-growth economy. Consumption is an issue not only in rich countries, but in developing and transition countries. Indeveloping nations there are over a billion people with enough income to enjoy an affluent lifestyle. Their aggregate purchasing power (as measured in local terms) already matches that of the UnitedStates. China alone will soon exert an environmental impact to rival that of the United States. Reviewed by Norman Myers in Nature 418 (22 August 2002):819-820.

Pringle, P, "Hunger and the Biotech Wars," World Policy Journal 20(no.2, 2003):43-50. (v.14, #4)

Prins, Gwyn, ed., Threats Without Enemies: Facing Environmental Insecurity. London: Earthscan,1993. , 12.95. 197 pages. We seem unable to comprehend and take relevant action to protectenvironmental security; the threats, though massive and ominous, are too incremental, insidious,and associated with the good things of life. There is no enemy, against which we can organize. Contributions from Prince Charles, Crispin Tickell, Jessica Tuchman Mathews, Jeremy Leggett,Kevin Gray, and others. Prins is part of the Global Security Programme at Cambridge. (v4,#4)

Prinsloo, WS 1991. Sing 'n lied tot lof van ons Here omdat Hy groot is (Ps 147). In: Vos, C & Müller,J (eds): Mens en omgewing. Halfway House: Orion, 158-163. (Africa)

Prior, Michael, "Economic Valuation and Environmental Values," Environmental Values 7(1998):423-441. The origins of both economic and philosophical value theory are examined and shownto be closely related. The status of neo-classical value theory is that it is internally flawed in anyattempt to describe the real world. Cost-benefit analysis as it applies to the valuation ofenvironmental agents relies upon the claim that this neo-classical theory has a particular status inoptimal welfare maximisation and, therefore, suffers the same problems of internal consistency.Economic valuation of the environment is not a scientific process derived from external law but asocial process relying upon social agreement. Alternatives to economic valuation are consideredand may possess a more plausible social base. However, all environmental valuation is at oddswith beliefs based upon the existence of objective and intrinsic values. KEYWORDS: Economics,axiology, values, cost-benefit analysis, environmental assessment. Michael Prior resides at HebdenBridge, West Yorkshire, UK. (EV)

Pritchard, Greg R., Econstruction: The Nature/Culture Opposition in Texts about Whales andWhaling, 2004, Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Arts, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. 422pages. This thesis investigates the perceived opposition between "culture" and "nature", presented

as a dominant, biased and antagonistic relationship, engrained in the language of Western culture.By focusing on whale texts (including older narratives, whaling books, novels and otherwhale-related texts), it explores the portrayal of whales and the natural world. And, lastly, itsuggests that Schopenhaurean thought, which has affinities in Moby-Dick, offers a cogentapproach to ecocritically reading literature. The advisor was Brian Edwards. (v.14, #4)

Pritchard, J, "Review of: Mark Daniel Barringer, Selling Yellowstone: Capitalism and theConstruction of Nature", Environmental History (no.2, 2003):331-332.

Pritchard, James, Preserving Natural Conditions: Science and the Perception of Nature inYellowstone National Park. Ph.D. thesis, University of Kansas, 1996. 510 pages. (v10,#4)

Pritchard, Michael S., and Wade L. Robinson. "Justice and the Treatment of Animals: A Critique ofRawls." Environmental Ethics 3(1981):55-61. Although the participants in the initial situation ofjustice in John Rawls' Theory of Justice choose principles of justice only, their choices haveimplications for other moral concerns. The only check on the self-interest of the participants is thatthere be unanimous acceptance of the principles. But, since animals are not participants it ispossible that principles will be adopted which conflict with what Rawls calls "duties of compassionand humanity" toward animals. This is a consequence of the initial situation's assumption thatprinciples of justice can be determined independently of other moral considerations. We questionthis assumption, and show that satisfactory modifications of Rawls' initial situation undermine itscontractarian basis and require the rejection of exclusively self-interested participants. Pritchardand Robison are at the department of Philosophy, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI. (EE)

Pritchard, Roger, Review of International Environmental Negotiation. Environmental Values3(1994):183. (EV)

Probst, Katherine N., Don Fullerton, Rovert E. Litan, and Paul R. Portney. Footing the Bill forSuperfund Cleanups: Who Pays and How? Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1995. 176pages. $ 12.95 paper. Liability for cleanup costs, taxes to raise revenues, and hotly debatedalternatives in the 1994 reauthorization debate with the U.S. Congress. (v6,#3)

Proctor, James D. and Smith, David M., "Geography and Ethics: Journeys in a Moral Terrain,"Philosophy and Geography 5 (No. 1, 2002): 119-122. Book reviewed by Thompson, Allen. (P&G)

Proctor, James D. "Will the Real Land Ethic Please Stand Up?" Journal of Forestry 94(no.2,Feb.1996):39. (v7,#1)

Proctor, James D., "Geography, Paradox and Environmental Ethics," Progress in Human Geography22 (no. 2, 1998):234-255. As a diverse and divided discipline, geography embodies tensionscentral to the paradoxical nature of human dwelling on earth, from which questions ofenvironmental ethics arise. This article reviews major ontological and epistemological tensionswithin geography--that between nature and culture, and objectivism and subjectivism--emphasizingthe ways in which common resolutions to these tensions often represent flawed strategies ofavoiding paradox. It then connects these tensions to important philosophical dimensions ofenvironmental ethics. I argue that normative environmental ethics must be built on an adequatesensitivity to the nature/culture tension, and that environmental meta-ethics--specifically, theproblem of relativism as applied to environmental discourse--must be similarly informed by theobject/subject tension. The most fundamental contribution geography can make, therefore, lies inestablishing a philosophical space for environmental ethics that takes paradox seriously and avoidsits simplistic resolutions. Proctor is in geography, University of California, Santa Barbara. (v.13,#2)

Proctor, James D., "Resolving Multiple Visions of Nature, Science, and Religion," Zygon: Journal ofReligion and Science 39(2004):637-657. Five metaphors, or "visions" of nature. (1) evolutionarynature, (2) emergent nature, (3) malleable nature, (4) nature as sacred, (5) nature as culture. Thisis somewhat like the blind men and the elephant. But given inescapable metaphor, the ultimate truthabout nature may be unavailable, and the best we can hope for is limited metaphor. Proctor is ingeography, University of California, Santa Barbara. (v. 15, # 3)

Proescholdt, Kevin, Rapson, Rip, Heinselman, Miron L. Troubled Waters: The Fight for the BoundaryWaters Canoe Area Wilderness. St. Cloud, MN: North Star Press, 1995. (v8,#2)

Proffitt, Fiona and Pallava Bagla, "Circling in on a Vulture Killer," Science 306(8 October 2004):223.Oriental white-backed vultures (Gyps bengalensis) were once probably the world's commonestlarge birds of prey, circulating India's skies in the millions, devouring dead livestock and removingrotting carcasses that could spread disease to humans. In two decades these vultures havedeclined by 99% in India. Scientists believe that the cause is a veterinary drug used on hoofedlivestock (diclofenac), although this has not been entirely proved. One (but only one) Indian stateis phasing out the drug. But it may be too late to save the vultures. (v.14, #4)

Proffitt, Fiona, "Reproductive Failure Threatens Bird Colonies on North Sea Coast," Science 305(20August, 2004):1090. The sea-bird breeding colonies on Britain's north sea coast, especially in theOrkneys and Shetlands, had the poorest reproductive success on record. Affected are kittiwakes,arctic terns, guillemots, razorbills, arctic skuas, and great skuas. The problem seems to be ashortage of sand eels, a small bottom-dwelling fish, that is a major food source. One cause maybe global warming, another may be overfishing by the Danish fishing fleet. (v. 15, # 3)

Project and Policy Appraisal: Integrating Economics and the Environment. Organisation forEconomic Cooperation and Development, 1994. 346 pages, $40. Also available in French. Thismanual provides a detailed description of such techniques as the monetary valuation ofenvironmental damage, the pricing of environmental resources, and the role of discounting. Practical examinations of the use of these techniques in both industrial and developing countriesare given. (v6,#1)

Proops, John, Review of Anderson, Victor, Alternative Economic Indicators. Environmental ValuesVol.1 No.1(1992):87.

Proops, John, Review of Costanza, Robert, ed., Ecological Economics. Environmental Values Vol.1No.2(1992):176.

Proops, John, Review of Adams, John, Risk. Environmental Values 5(1996):181-182. (EV)

Proops, John, Review of Free Market Environmentalism. Environmental Values 3(1994):185. (EV)

Prothero, Andrea. Review of L.D. DeSimone, and F. Popoff, Eco-Efficiency: The Business Link to Sustainable Development. Environmental Values 8(1999):119. (EV)

Prugh, Thomas, with Robert Costanza, John H. Cumberland, Herman Daly, Robert Goodland, andRichard B. Norgaard, Natural Capital and Human Economic Survival. Sunderland, MA: SinauerAssociates, 1995. Sustainability is threatened by nothing so much as a shortage of natural capital. The global ecosystem, which provides a vast array of indispensable resources and services tohuman beings, can be seen as a form of capital that can never be replaced by any combination ofhuman labor, wealth, and technology. Yet Earth's natural capital endowment is under severe

strains from rapidly increasing human economic activity and population. One step towardsustainability would be to "get the prices right" by properly valuing natural capital (which might add,for instance, $ 51,000 to the price of an automobile!). (v6,#4)

Pryde, Philip R., ed., Environmental Resources and Constraints in the Former Soviet Republics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995. 364 pages. $ 59.85. Environmental legacies of the Sovietperiod and current trends, a geographical approach. Pryde is in geography at San Diego StateUniversity. (v5,#3)

Pugh, Cedric, ed. Sustainability, the Environment and Urbanisation. London: Earthscan PublicationsLtd., 1996. 224pp. ,16.95. This provides an overview of the major environmental issues in ThirdWorld cities such as poor sanitation and water quality, air pollution and hoursing problems. It looksat the broad economic context behind the problems and examines the conceptual issues ofsustainability infrastructure and health programs, as well as assessing environmental appraisalmethods. (v8,#1)

Pugh, Cedric. "Methodology, Political Economy and Economics in Land Studies for DevelopingCountries." Land Use Policy 13, no.3 (1996): 165. (v7, #3)

Pugh, George Edgin. The Biological Origin of Human Values. Reviewed in Environmental Ethics1(1979):181-85.

Pugh, J., "New Climate-Change Data Place Policymakers in the Hot Seat," Bioscience 53(no. 6,2003): 542-543. (v 14, #3)

Pulido, Laura, Environmentalism and Economic Justice: Two Chicano Struggles in the Southwest. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 1996. 320 pages. $ 17.95 paper. The United FarmWorkers 1965-71 pesticide campaign and a grazing conflict between a Hispano cooperative andmainstream environmentalist in New Mexico. Pulido argues for developing an inclusiveenvironmental ethic that is at once economically empowering and respectful of ethnic and culturaldiversity. (v7,#2)

Pullen, Andrew S., Conservation Biology. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. A newtext. Pullen is at the University of Birmingham, UK. (v.13,#4)

Pullin, A, "Protecting Biological Diversity: Roles and Responsibilities", Biological Conservation111(no.2, 2003):278-279.

Pullin, AS, "The Farm as a Natural Habitat: Reconnecting Food Systems with Ecosystems",Biological Conservation 112(no.3, 2003):461.

Purser, Ronald E., Park, Changkil, and Montuori, "Limits to Anthropocentrism: Toward an EcocentricOrganization Paradigm?" Academy of Management Review 20(1995):1053-1089. Historicalanthropocentrism requires a linear perspective, a camera theory of knowledge, and human-naturedualism. These ideas are reproduced in organizational science and management practice. Wenow need an ecocentric approach, and here an environmental management paradigm is contrastedwith an ecocentric responsibility paradigm. Corporate environmentalism and so-called "greening-business" are based in the environmental management paradigm, and incommensurable with theecocentric responsibility paradigm. Out of the latter could grow an ecocentric organizationalparadigm. Purser is in Organization Development, Loyola University, Chicago. Pari is inOrganization Behavior, Case Western Reserve University. Montuori is in Systems Science,Saybrook Institute and College of Notre Dame, San Francisco. (v.10,#1)

Puth, Linda M., and Karen A. Wilson, "Boundaries and Corridors as a Continuum of Ecological FlowControl: Lessons from Rivers and Streams," Conservation Biology 15(no.1, Feb. 2001): 21-. (v.12,#3)

Putman, Daniel. "Tragedy and Nonhumans." Environmental Ethics 11(1989):345-53. The conceptof tragedy has been central to much of human history; yet, twentieth century philosophers havedone little to analyze what tragedy means outside of the theater. Utilizing a framework fromMacIntyre's After Virtue, I first discuss what tragedy is for human beings and some of its ethicalimplications. Then I analyze how we use the concept with regard to nonhumans. Although thetypical application of the concept to animals is thoroughly anthropocentric, I argue first that theconcept of tragedy can be applied directly to nonhumans (a) because the loss of potential for somenonhumans may be as a great or greater than loss of potential for some humans to whom theconcept applies and (b) because tragedy depends on what is valued and, for those creatures thatdo not conceptualize death, the destruction of the present moment through pain and suffering isthe ultimate loss, and second that self-awareness in the human sense is not necessary fortragedy. Putman is in the philosophy department, University of Wisconsin Center-Fox Valley,Menasha, WI. (EE)

Putman, R. J. "Ethical Considerations and Animal Welfare in Ecological Field Studies," Biodiversityand Conservation 4(no.8., Nov. 1995):903- . (v6,#4)

Putnam, Hilary, The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 2002. The fact/value dichotomy has found an all-too-prominent placein popular culture and philosophical thought, the idea that while factual claims can be rationallyestablished or refuted, claims about value are wholly subjective, not capable of being rationallyargued for or against. Although it is on occasion important and useful to distinguish betweenfactual claims and value judgments, the distinction becomes positively harmful when identified witha dichotomy between the objective and the purely "subjective." Putnam is in philosophy, HarvardUniversity.

Putz, Francis E., Geoffrey M. Blate, and John Robinson, "Tropical Forest Management andConservation of Biodiversity: An Overview," Conservation Biology 15(no.1, Feb. 2001): 7-. (v.12,#3)

Pyare,S; Berger, J, "Beyond demography and delisting: Ecological recovery for Yellowstone'sgrizzly bears and wolves", Biological Conservation 113(no.1, 2003):63-73.

Pye-Smith, Charlie and Grazia Borrini Feyerabend, with Richard Sandbrook. The Wealth ofCommunities. Earthscan Publications (UK) amd Kumarian Press (USA), 1994. 224 pages, ,10.95.$18.95. Ten case studies of community-based, environmentally sound development in support ofa strategy called Primary Environment Care (PEC), in which a people organize and act to meetneeds (income, health, housing), while taking care of their environment. (v6,#1)

Pykala, J., "Effects of Restoration with Cattle Grazing on Plant Species Composition and Richnessof Semi-Natural Grasslands," Biodiversity and Conservation 12(no. 11, 2003): 2211-2226.

Pyle, Robert Michael, The Thunder Tree: Lessons from an Urban Wildland. Boston: HoughtonMifflin, 1993. When people connect with nature, they do so in a specific place; roots in the earthcan be as important as roots in a family. For Bob Pyle, that place was the High Line Canal inColorado. As a boy in the 1950's he discovered it, largely a wasteland, an accidental wildernesson the edge of a growing city. As he grew up, the canal became his sanctuary, his teacher, theplace where he developed a passion for the natural world. The title comes from a cottonwood treethat saved his life in a freak hailstorm. By showing how the course of a life can be changed by

a piece of land, Pyle argues that if we fail to preserve our opportunities to explore nature, we willdiminish human lives and human culture immeasurably. Pyle's Wintergreen won the JohnBurrough's Medal for the best natural history book of 1987. He is an ecologist in Gray's River,Washington, and an expert on butterflies. (v6,#4)

Pyne, SJ, "Review of: J. Donald Hughes, An Environmental History of the World: Humankind'sChanging Role in the Community of Life", Environmental History 8(no.2, 2003):316.--Rappole, JH;King, DI; Rivera, JHV, "Coffee and Conservation" Conservation Biology 17(no.1, 2003):334-336.

Pyne, Stephen J, How the Canyon Became Grand: A Short History. New York: Viking, 1998. Thesocial construction of the Grand Canyon. Pyne depicts "another Canyon, the one that most visitorsactually see, a cultural Canyon, the Grand Canyon as a place with meaning. This landscape hasbeen shaped by ideas, words, images, and experiences. Instead of faults, rivers, and masswasting, the processes at work involved geopolitical upheavals and the swell of empires, the flowof art, literature, science, and philosophy, the chisel of mind against matter. These determined theshape of Canyon meaning. ... Here a great civilization encountered a great natural phenomenon. Neither was the same afterward. ... [The Canyon] has meaning, and that meaning depends lesson the scene's physical geography than on the ideas through which it can be viewed andimagined. Those ideas ... have actively shaped the Canyon's meaning, without which it couldhardly exist as a cultural spectacle. The Grand Canyon was not so much revealed as created"(pp. xii-xiii). Pyne is an environmental historian at Arizona State University, best known for hisworks on the history of fire.

Fortunately, there are other accounts of the natural history of the canyon, revealing itsgeological creation over millennia before its social creation in the last century, though environmentalhistorians will no doubt soon be at work on the social construction of that natural history too,including the Vishnu schist and the river that runs through it.

Pyne, Stephen J., Andrews, Patricia, and Laven, Richard D., Introduction to Wildland Fire. NewYork: John Wiley, 1996. With sections on aboriginal fires. (v10,#4)

Pyne, Stephen J., "The Fires This Time, and Next," Science 294(2 November 2001):1005-1006. Firebelongs on landscapes, especially in the American West. A new problem is the enormous impactof industrial combustion. One could say there are two kinds of fires: burning fossil biomass andburning living biomass. Fire suppression in American history has been not only by putting out firesbut by driving out native Americans, who set many fires. A new problem is fires on quasi-wildlands, urban/wild interface fires, with many persons now inhabiting fire-prone forests. Humansneed to be active fire managers on their landscapes.

"It is strange that we have so little sense of how to incorporate ourselves in this scene asactive agents. We have, after all, enjoyed a species monopoly over fire over the entire course ofhuman existence, and our myths almost universally attribute to fire our Faustian rise to ecologicalascendancy. Yet we are peculiarly self-effacing when confronted with the challenge to reclaimour role as keepers of the flame. We should get over it." Pyne is a fire historian at Arizona StateUniversity. (v.12,#4)

Pyne, Stephen J., Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 1982. Pyne argues that most of America was so highly managed byIndians with fires that they set that we cannot now meaningfully recover what the forest was likewithout humans.Pyne, Stephen J, "The Perils of Prescribed Fire: A Reconsideration," Natural Resources Journal41(no.1, Wint 2001):1-. (v.12,#4)

Pyra, Leszek, "Suffering and the Rights of Animals," paper (available in English) at the JagiellonianUniversity Symposium on Ethics, Suffering as Human Experience, Cracow, Poland, June 6-8, 1994. See Wawrzyniak, Jan, "Suffering as a Transcendental Value."

Qi Y.; Henderson M.; Xu M.; Chen J.; Shi P.; He C.; Skinner G.W., "Evolving core-peripheryinteractions in a rapidly expanding urban landscape: The case of Beijing," Landscape Ecology19(no.4, 2004):375-388(14). (v. 15, # 3)

Qian Jianxing, "Environment Ethics: Foundation, Mechanism and Efficacy", Lingxia Shehuikexue(Lingxia Social Sciences) 3(2000)45-50. In Chinese. (EE v.12,#1)

Qing Shitai, "The eco-ethical thoughts of Daoism and its modern implication", Journal of SichuanUni., 2002(1)

Quammen, David, "Dirge for a Butterfly," Outside 19 (no. 11, November 1994):39-42 & ff. Butmaybe the Uncompahgre fritillary isn't as dead as it seems. The butterfly, endemic to two Coloradomountains, is thought by some scientists to be going extinct naturally, and they argue that weshould then do nothing to save it (see Newsletter v.5, #1). The butterfly, which prefers wet, north-facing slopes at 13,000 feet, is a larvae for two years, an adult only for a week, when it isdisinclined to colonize new areas. Its habitat is drying out, and there is habitat further north towhich it presumably might be moved. Meanwhile, the most recent work on the butterfly, by AmySeidl of Colorado State University, finds that numbers have somewhat rebounded, possiblybecause pressures from sheep and collectors have been removed. (v5,#4)

Quammen, David, "Planet of Weeds," Harper's 297(no. 1781, October 1998):57-69. Tallying thelosses of Earth's animals and plants, inmixed with an interview with David Jablonski, paleontologistat the University of Chicago. Five major extinctions in evolutionary history. Efforts today toestimate probable extinctions. "The consensus among conscientious biologists is that we'reheaded into another mass extinction, a vale of biological impoverishment commensurate with thebig five" (pp. 58-59). Mathematical models will prove partially wrong, but importantly onto hugelosses of biodiversity. Escalating populations, escalating consumption, human relocation ofspecies deliberately and accidentally, will leave us with a planet of weeds. (v.10,#3)

Quarterly Review of Principles for Sustainability. The Citizens Network for SustainableDevelopment, Working Group on Ethics, is publishing a new NGO and quarterly. The mission ofthe working group is to revive efforts to produce an Earth Charter. The April Quarterly includedbrief articles by or excerpts from: Donald Brown, Frances Spivy-Weber, John Lemons, RogerPaden, Herman Daly as summarized by Laurie Timmermann, Donald B. Conroy, Pope John Paul II'sletter on ecology, and Safei El-Denn Hamed. Chair and Editor is: Angela Oliveira-Harkavy, 9422Goshen Lane, Burke, VA 22015 USA, FAX 703-425-0741. (v5,#2)

Querling, Jonathan, "Resistance takes root," The Ecologist 30(no. 9, Dec. 1, 2000):57- . Theanti-GM movement in the US is catching up with its counterpart in Europe, as evidenced by thegrowth of crop-pulling actions. (v.12,#2)

Quiatt, Duane and Junichiro Itani, eds., Hominid Culture in Primate Perspective. Niwot, CO:University Press of Colorado, 1993. 320 pages. $ 32.50. Human culture and animal behavior arecommonly thought to differ importantly through the use of tools, inventing symbols, making words,and so on. But these primatologists think that their research indicates that the differences betweenhuman culture and primate behavior are increasingly difficult to identify. Quiatt is professor ofanthropology at the University of Colorado at Denver; Itani is with the Laboratory of HumanEvolution at Kyoto University. (v4,#2)

Quiet in the Canyon!" The Christian Science Monitor, vol. 89, 13 January 1997, p. 20.

Quigley, Peter. "Rethinking Resistance: Environmentalism, Literature, and Poststructural Theory." Environmental Ethics 14(1992):291-306. I argue that with the advent of poststructuralism,traditional theories of representation, truth, and resistance have been seriously brought intoquestion. References to the "natural" and the "wild" cannot escape the poststructural attackagainst foundational concepts and the constituting character of human-centered language. Iexplore the ways in which environmental movements and literary expression have tended to positpre-ideological essences, thereby replicating patterns of power and authority. I also point to howenvironmentalism might be reshaped in light of poststructuralism to challenge power withoutreference to authority. Quigley is at the Humanities and Social Science department, Embry-RiddleAeronautical University, Prescott, AZ. (EE)

Quinby, Peter, Trombulak, Steve, and Henry, Michael, "Opportunities for Wildlife Habitat Connectivitybetween Algonquin Provincial Park and the Adirondack Park," Wild Earth 10(no. 2, Summer2000):75- . (v.12,#2)

Quinn, Daniel. Ishmael: An Adventure of the Mind and Spirit. New York: Bantam Books, 1992,1995. A novel where the narrator is taught that we are killing the earth along with ourselves andit is nearly too late to check our fate, all by a remarkable teacher, Ishmael, who turns out to be agorilla. (v6,#3)

Quinn, Frank. "Water Resources: From a Supply and Development to a Demand Management andRestoration Approach", Environments 24(no. 1, 1996):105.

Quinn, Frederick, To Heal the Earth: A Theology of Ecology. Nashville, TN: Upper Room, 1994. 159pages. paper. Environmental reflection and ecological concern set in the context of biblicalscholarship, drawing from both the Old and New Testaments and the works of the early churchfathers. (v7,#2)

Quivik, F. L., "Review of: Ellen E. Wohl, Virtual Rivers: Lessons from the Mountain Rivers of theColorado Front Range," Environmental History 7(no.3, 2002): 517-18. (v.13,#4)

Raab, Thomas and Frodeman, Robert, "What is it like to be a geologist? A phenomenology ofgeology and its epistemological implications," Philosophy and Geography 5 (No. 1, 2002): 69-81.In previous work we have described the nature of geologic reasoning and the relation betweenthe geological observer and the outcrop which is the object of their study. We now turn to furtherconsideration of the epistemological aspects of geology that have been largely neglected by 20thcentury epistemology. Our basic claim is that the experiential facts of geological fieldwork do notfit with a philosophy of science that has evolved out of considerations on the laboratory sciences.Shifting our focus from the lab to the field offers a more embodied, historical, and fallibilisticunderstanding of geology. Raab is a Post-Doctoral researcher at the Academy of Arts Düsseldorf,Germany. Frodeman is Hennebach Professor in the Humanities at the Colorado School of Mines. (P&G)

Rabb, G. B., and Sullivan, T. A., "Coordinating Conservation: Global Networking for SpeciesSurvival," Biodiversity and Conservation 1995(4):536-543. (v.10,#1)

Rabb, J. Douglas "The Vegetarian Fox and Indigenous Philosophy: Speciesism, Racism, andSexism." I critique the oppressive society in which Michael A. Fox's Deep Vegetarianism waswritten and which Fox too attempts to criticize and change. Fox proves himself to be among a