創意是藝術思考是訓練：提昇英語教學創意思考

Creativity is Art and Thinking is Training:

Promoting Creative Thinking in English Teaching

張玉玲國立高雄師範大學 英語系t1225@nknucc.nknu.edu.tw

Creativity

1. Creativity is a general intellectual trait that will affect a person’s performance.

2. Creativity is art.

3. Creativity help individual development

What?

Creativity is art and more

1. Elimination (e.g., Electronic-books => E-books),

2. Substitution (e.g., a story of Snow Black (should it be Snow White?)

3. Combination (e.g., walk + man => walkman),

Creativity is art and more

Power of Creativityhttp://gifted.csps.tp.edu.tw/

1. 敏覺力

2. 流暢力

3. 變通力

4. 獨創力：「反應的獨特性」

5. 精進力 ( 陳龍安，民 77) 。

Traits Of A Creative Personhttp://gifted.csps.tp.edu.tw/

• 喜歡冒險性的工作 對於困惑的情境好發問 喜嘗試困難的工作

• 常完全投入於工作中 好奇、追根究底 堅定、不退縮

• 富於感性 喜假設、猜測 獨立判斷、思考

• 富直覺、頓悟能力 自信、自動 幽默、富於幻想

• 可忍受混亂不明的情境 不從眾、好自由 勇於表達

Example 1

In the world of competitive business (the red ocean), some businessmen recently proposed a strategy that not only makes the competition irrelevant but creates a new product or new policy to run their business based on creativity.

(http://www.ceibs.edu/link/latest/images/20050701/1384.pdf),

Blue Ocean

Business

Example 2

A Song-title-story --

Christmas eve

Today when I walked  out, my friend asked me what day was today. I answered tonight was Christmas eve. She said "B - I - N - G - O, and we can go to the party. There is a hot time in the old town tonight.  Boom boom, ain't it great to be crazy?" Certainly, we went out for the party together.

Blue Ocean

in English Instruct

ion

Blue Ocean

of English Teaching

Example 3

1. Chatting with computer pals with MSN

2. Video Conferencing with ISDN or IP

3. Sending e-cards

4. Uploading files to the Internet

Blue Ocean Strategyof Networks

Blue Ocean of Communication

Creativity is not a process

Creativity is a non-objective product committed by social assessments

(Yu, 2006).

How to present a varied, valuable creativity in a society is worth consideration.

Impacts of Education Curriculum in Grade 1-9

Teachers’ and students’ creativity is respected and promoted.

However, some people argue that there is no way to teach creativity in the English curriculum because creativity is creative.

Rationales on Creativity

A. Creativity is a Way of Cognitive Thinking

B. Creativity is an Environmental Product

C. Teaching Creative Thinking in English Teaching is necessary.

A. Creativity is a Way of Cognitive Thinking

1. Elimination

(e.g., Electronic-books => E-books),

2. substitution

(e.g., a story of Snow Black (should it be Snow White?)

3. combination

(e.g., walk + man => walkman),

people can create some ideas, change their lifestyle, have fun or even have a sense of achievement.

Creativity and Problem-solving

1. Creativity could facilitate sensing problems, especially finding valuable problems (Tardif and Sternberg, 1988).

2. People could develop creativity by finding, identifying and clarifying problems (Brophy, 1998).

Therefore, . . . .

.

Four Components of Divergent Thinking

1. Originality of thinking,

2. Flexibility of mind,

3. Fluency of mind,

4. Elaboration of mind.

Guilford (1950)

Six Components for Evaluating Creativity

1. Originality

2. Flexibility,

3. Elaboration,

4. Fluency,

5. Openness

6. Entitling.

William (1980)

Divergent & Convergent Thinking

S1: John is handsome

S2: John is mature.

S3. Mary is handsome.

S4: John is ripe.

Creativity is an Environmental Product

(a) the individual dimension,

(b) the micro-dimension,

(c) the macro-dimension

(Urban, 1990)

writing some information or responses

inventing MP3 or even MP4

thinking about the blue ocean strategy

Four Components of Interaction(a) A person’s capacity for creativity,

(b) Characteristics of a creativity-

fostering environment,

(c) The creative process

(d) The interaction among the

above three components.

Developing creative thinking in English Classes

1. Students read a lot in order to prepare some language input for language output. (Hung, 洪蘭 , 2006).

2. Students can be more involved in the creative process through cooperative learning, such as creative drama activities (McCaslin, 1980) or reader theater activities (Walker, 2005).

Teaching Creative Thinking in English Teaching

A. Encouraging Originality

B. Highlighting Flexibility

C. Speeding Up Fluency

D. Reinforcing Elaboration

Teaching Creative Thinking in English Teaching

Teachers cannot overstate the originality of the English teaching method (in divergent thinking) at the cost of the other teaching methods since no single teaching method is perfect for every student (in convergent thinking).

Highlighting FlexibilityCcreativity can be developed by eight methods

(Hao. 郝廣才 2006) :

1.     combination (a pencil + an eraser => a pencil with an eraser)

2.     separation (a video recorder/player => a video player)

3.     transformation (a black fan => a colorful fan)

4.     association (a school bag => an e-pad)

5.     reversion (a bad bug => a good bug, such as an ant for gold

mining detection)

6.     questioning (why => how)

7.     imagination (visual input => visual intake)

8. passion (creating something for some lovers)

Training Creative Thinking in E. Classes

1.     combination (e.g., reader theater)

2.     separation

(e.g., teaching vocabulary with audio-visual aids or clozes)

3.     transformation (e.g., teaching writing by sketching)

4. association

(e.g., thought mapping in vocabulary instruction)

A Variety of Book Forms

(1) A 8-Grid Book

(2) An Unfolding Book

(3) A Triangle Book

Sample 2: A Thought Map on Depression Sample 3: A Thought Map on Disease

Training Creative Thinking in E. Classes4. Association

Sample 4

The most selfish one-letter word .... "I ". Avoid it.

The most impractical two-letter word .... "IF ". Stop it.

The most disinterested three-letter word .... "LAW". Obey it.

 

Sample 5

The most satisfying one-letter word… “M”. Sound it.

The most precious two-letter word…… “LV”. Purchase it.

The most sleepless three-letter word……“IOU”. Burn it.

Training Creative Thinking in E. Classes 4. Association

1.Reverse story lines in the present into the past tense or the future tense.

2. Spell words backwards to make new words, such as ton => not, or top => pot.

Training Creative Thinking in E. Classes 5. Reversion

Adaptation

Changing some the hobbies of the interviewee and the responses of the interviewer.

Training Creative Thinking in E. Classes6. Adaptation

Modifying one’s regular written assignment or reports and then compose their writing portfolios.

Training Creative Thinking in E. Classes 7. Modification

1. Talk about the gifts they are preparing for their family or friends on Christmas

2. Writing some blessings in English in their Christmas cards.

Training Creative Thinking in E. Classes 8. Passion

Speeding Up Fluency

1. Cooperative learning integrates social skill objectives with academic content objectives in education (Presseisen, 1992)

2. In ecology, students can get some socio-cultural stimuli from their partners’ cooperative work and thus have more creative thinking.

Reinforcing Elaboration

1. Students need to be trained to elaborate their ideas clearly and briefly. They can be encouraged to

2. Students can take notes of the features of their ideas in index cards or Powerpoint slides.

Conclusions

1. Although creativity is a product of thinking, it can be trained.

2. Nevertheless, people have to use but not abuse creativity in order to meet their real needs and interests in daily life or business.

Conclusions

3. Four components of creativity can be applied in English teaching and learning.

4. As long as teachers and students keep the four components of creativity in their mind and practice creative thinking, they can produce a lot of amazing or original ideas in English teaching and learning.

Conclusions

5. Teachers’ groups, or students’ groups can create a super work through cooperation and creativity.