跨文化交际 跨文化交际跨文化交际

Cross cultural communication

密云电大分校李书东

Unit 1 language and culture in communication

Unit 1 language and culture in communication

• By the end of the unit, you should be able to

• Distinguish types of communication• Understand the basic of communication• Be aware of different definitions of a

social situation.• Be aware of different values in

communication.

• Can you find a Chinese equivalent to English word communication?

• Task 1.Analysing the basics of communication essential elements and types.

• 1.There are at least two or more people.• 2.There must be some contact between com

municators.• 3.There must be a language shared by comm

unicators.• 4.an exchange of information has taken place

.

• The types of communication

• 1.human communication

• 2.animal communication

• 3.human-animal communication

• 4.human-machine communication

• 5.machine to machine communication

• Activity 2 meanings in communication• Utterance meaning :what it normally

means• Speakers meaning:the speaker has

intended to convey by way of utterance meaning .

• Hearer’s meaning:the hearer ha understood on the basis of the utterance meaning

• Case analysing• Litz: Dick, how long is your mum going to

stay?• Dick: I don’t know. I haven’t asked her.• Litz: Why not ask her?• Dick: What do you mean by asking her?• Litz: I mean what I said. Just ask her how

long she’s going to stay.

• Activity 4communication in social situations• Essential components• 1. Two or more participants • 2.definition of the situation and goals• 3.setting• 4.schema• 5.verbal communication• 6.non-verbal communication• 7.time and space.

Unit 2Culture Shock Unit 2Culture Shock

• By the end of the unit,you should be able to

• Understand cultural differences in approaches to hospitality,modesty,privacy,and politeness

• Avoid taboo subjects in We• stern cultures

Activity 1: HospitalityActivity 1: Hospitality

• Analysize task 2:… or too little?• 1.lisa was taken aback by her host p

utting food onto her plate because this seldom happens in her country.

• 2.She kept finishing all the food on her plate because she wished to be polite. That was a big mistake because she found her plate refilled and many more dishes following.

• 3.in the west ,if you were invited to have a meal at someone’s home, there will often be only one or two dishes.Even it was a formal dinner, it would usually be just three courses:soup, main dish, and desert. But in China,an informal dinner would have four dishes and a soup; a a formal dinner would have at least eight dishes and a soup.

• 4.Sea slug ia also called sea cucumber, which is one of the most expensive dishes to feature in Chinese cuisine. But most Westerners never like it. That is why Lisa called it horrible stuff.

• 5.If you are bloated after a meal you feel very full and uncomfortable due to eating too much.

Problems when east meets westProblems when east meets west

• 1.Lisa was surprised by Wang’s remarks denigrating his flat.He was probably just being politely modest and the flat was not untidy . Lisa certainly seems to think it odd that he should say so. For Westerners compliments in order to appear modest. She also seemed surprised and perhaps a little offended by his remark about her being tired after her work.

• 2.Wang was undoubtedly just trying to be polite by showing concern for his guest. We often show our concern by saying something like :You must be tired. Have a good rest. Unfortunately some westerners are sensitive about such comments, taking them as implying that they are not strong enough and so easily get tired. Lisa obviously took it amiss as suggesting that she was old and weak.

• 3.Eight courses for one meal for westerners are too many by western standards, As you may probably know ,a western meal normally serves one main course plus a starter and sweets or deserts.

Activity 2: PrivacyActivity 2: Privacy

• 1.It’s all right to ask children or a teenager their age. But it is not normally polite in English speaking societies to ask an adult their age- and never a woman. On exception is perhaps when it is a very old person, in their 80s or 90s, in which case they may be quite proud of how old they are.

• 2.It is all right to ask someone what their job or position is, but it is not polite to ask them their salary. This is considered a private matter in English speaking society.

• 3.It is all right to ask someone where they live, but it is not polite to ask their rent.

• 4.The size of someone’s flat is a matter of private thing.

• 5.Many people feel religious belief are very personal and they may not feel; comfortable to tell someone they hardly know.

• 6.It is better to ask : Do you have a family instead of asking are you married?

• 7.People are sensitive about their personal appearance, so it is not polite to mention it.

• 8.It is better not to ask how much someone has paid for the clothes,furniture.

• 9.It is not polite to comment bluntly on someone’s appearance.But you may say:Have you been out in the sun?

Activity 3:collectivism and individualismActivity 3:collectivism and individualism

• Explain to the test:• 1.cluster: a group of the same or similar

elements gathered or occurring closely together: a bunch

• 2.value:a principle, standard , or considered worthwhile or desirable

• 3.assumption:something taken for granted or accepted as true without proof

• 4.score high:think very highly of sth; value sth.

• 5.having intrinsic worth:having innate values, inherent values

• 6.outlook:a point of view;an attitude

• 7.in terms of:in relation to

• 8.regardless of: in spite of

• 9.discourse pattern:discourse conventions, discourse habits.

• 10.pride of place:the highest or the most important position

• 11.to be conceived:to be thought, to be believed

• 12.counterpart:one that has the same functions and characteristics as another

• 13.owe sth to sb:

• 14.in accordance with sb:according to, in correspondence with

• 15.valorisation:to give or assign a value to

• 16.other interesting idioms using the words rope or ropes:

• To be outside the rope:

• To be the ends of one’s rope

• To be on the high ropes

• On the ropes

• To give sb enough rope to hang himself

• To learn the rope

Unit 3:What’s in a name?Unit 3:What’s in a name?

• Activity 1 :task 1:Naming names• Most English people have three

names.The last name, or the surname is the family name. This is the family name of the father and is given to all his children. The first names are given names , which are given to the children at birth,Another term used to refer to them is Christian names.

• Read the text naming names and then answer the following questions;

• Group discussions;• 1.How many name do most English people

have?• 2.Do the term last name, surname and family

name refer to the same name of a person?• 3.Do the first names, given names and

Christian names refer to the same name of a person?

• 4.Why do parents have ot be careful about the names for their children?

• 5.Which given names is usually used by English people?

• 6.Why do some people use their middle name?

• 7.What form of name is commonly used among friends and colleagues?

task 2:initials• Tick the combination of names you t

hink parents should avoid giving their children.

• 1.Nichola Ann Green• 2.William Patrick Wills• 3.John Peter Hill• 4.Fino Alice Tanner

• 5.Michael Adam Davies

• 6.Holly Rowan Hillman

• 7.Peter Ewan Steven T

• 8.Graham Adam Yiend

• 9.Alan Richard James

• Task 3:short forms

• Give the short forms of the following names:

• Andrew David Stephen

• Christopher

• Rebecca Victoria Catherine

• Activity 2;Origins• Chinese names can give all sorts of

information about a person. They may give us clues about where and when the person was born. Or they may tell us something about their family relationships, ethnic group, parents’ expectation for the children ,sex.

• Look at the origin of the English names and tell the meaning of the following names.

• Cook Forester Chandler

• Taylor Clark Smith Turner

• Butler Thatcher Cooper

• Carter Fowler Mason Archer

• Activity 3.Kin terms• Read the text about British families and

try to answer the following questions:• Group discussion:• 1.How do British children address their

parents’ brothers and sisters in a traditional way? Give examples. How do Chinese children address their parents’s brothers and sisters?

• 2.What are the differences mentioned between Chinese and English kin terms?

• 3.Why do son-in-laws find it difficult to address their parent-in-laws? Give examples

• 4.What is the easy way for son-in-laws to address their mother-in-law and father-in-law when they themselves have children?

• Activity 4;His and hers• Read the text:Why is Bob not a girl?• Group discussion:• 1.What about the differences in English

male and female names?

• Number of syllables of first names• Number of syllables of pet names• Percentage of names with stress on a

syllable other than the first

• Sound of the stressed syllables

• Last sound

• Speed at which fashion changes

• Impressions conveyed

• 2.Is it a boy or a girl?

• Sarah Christopher Claire Mathew Emma David

• Laura James Rebecca Daniel

• Gemma Rachel Steven Kelly

• Victoria Mark Andrew Katharine Paul Michale

Unit 4;social interactionUnit 4;social interaction

• Activity 1: inviting • Expectations about when spouses should be i

ncluded in invitations differ between China nad the west. Generally speaking for invitation to any meal taking place in the evening, ranging from those given at someone’s home through to dinning out together or attending formal banquets,both husband and wife will be include. This is not expected in the case of mid-meals , probably because couples often work in different places and some jobs involve taking a working lunch.

• Activity 2: Footing the bill• Explain to the text: footing the bill• 1.foot the bill;pay for the cost of

something when the bill is presented as at the end of a meal.

• 2.do Dutch:share the cost of the meal equally between the friends

• 3.grab the bill:pick up the bill to pay

• 4.pool the money: put the right amount of money together to pay the bill.

• 5.buy his round:ask everyone what they would like and then go to the bar to get the drinks.

• Activity 3: gifts• In the west, it is polite to open the gifts as

soon as they are given to express appreciation.

• Guest invited to dinner in the west frequently bring only opne bottle of wine .One is quite enough, two are of course welcome but unusual and not expected. As they are expected to be consumed

• At the meal .Bring two might even give the impression that the giver is heavy drinker who fears she will not have enough to drink. Taking fruit to such an occasion is unusual. Traditionally gifts of fruits are thought of only appropriate for the visitors to people who are ill.

• Activity 5 :compliments• Normally ,when hearing compliment

s, a typical Chinese reaction is to show modesty and humility by saying such words as: buhao. Such attitudes towards praise and compliments are considered to be appropriate and are regarded as virtues.

• Activity 6: Disagreeing Agreeably• Explain to the text:• 1.phrasing a polite refusal: choosing

the best form of words to make the refusal sound polite.

• 2.Sino: Chinese• 3.chauffeur:a driver who is paid to

make the refusal sound polite.

• 4.admit that something is true.

• 5.flatly:directly , straightly ,clearly

• 6.at its face value:literally

• 7.white lies:lies told with good intentions

Unite 5: Roles and relationsUnite 5: Roles and relations

• Activity 1:Child-rearing

• Child-rearing in Chinese and Australian families are different. Read the text and discuss the following question according to the Australian families and Chinese families.

• 1.What is the primary relationship in a family?

• 2.Who makes important decisions?

• 3.Do unmarried children leave home and live independently?

• 4.Are children expected to work during their school years?

• 5.If parents give financial support to their children at university, do they expect to get repaid?

• 6.What is considered to be the true expression of real family feeling?

• Activity 2:Family Relationship

• Topic for group discussion:

• 1.Whose side should the man take in the event of any quarrel between his wife and his mother?

• 2.How do people choose their partners?

• 3.What is the most important relationship in the family?

• 4.What is expected from the son towards their parents?

• 5.What is expected from the parents towards their children?

• Activity 3:Friendship

• Topic for group discussion:

• 1.How often do you get together with your friends for fun?

• 2.Can you make a list of topics you and your friends often cover at your getting-together?

• 3.Can you make a list of places where you first met your friend?

• 4.When is the last time you ask your friends for help? What kind of help was that?

• 5.Do you think that being polite to someone is a way to show that you do not consider that person as your friend?

Activity 6: non-verbal communicationActivity 6: non-verbal communication

• Tell what non-verbal communication is.

• Explain rules for using gestures .

• Various facial expressions.

• Describe rules governing eye contact.

• There is language in the eye.

• Idioms composed of arm,hand and finger

verbal non-verbal

language others body language others

speaking writing sound

spoken language

written language

informal formal

paralinguistic sign language

gestures flag,codes

human communication

What is human communication?

• Activity 1: Gestures

• Gestures are an important component of non-verbal communication. It must be emphasised that gestures vary in meaning from culture to culture.

• Question: What does theses gestures mean to others?

Non-verbal Communication

1.the ring gesture:

In America, it means OK. It’s great.• In Japan it means money;• In France it means zero or worthles

s;• In Tunisia “I’ll kill you.”

• 2.the single finger beckon:

• In America it simply means:come here.• In Yugoslavia and Malaysia it is only

used for beckoning animals.• In Indonesia and Australia it is used for bec

koning prostitutes. ie, ladies for the night.

• 3.The thumbs-up sign:

• In Britain it means OK and is also used as a sign for hitch-hiking.

• In Greece it is an insult.

• 4. The ear-tug:

• In Spain it means someone is a sponger, ie. Using other people’s money and never spending his own.

• In Greece it is a warning .• In Italy it is used to call someone a homos

exual.

• 5.the eyelid-pull:

• In France and Greece it means: you can’t

full me.• In Spain and Italy that you should be ale

rt.• In South America it means he finds a wo

man very attractive.

Activity 2: Facial ExpressionsActivity 2: Facial Expressions

• How many kinds of emotions can you name?

• sad? happy?

• grief-stricken?

• ashamed?

• surprised?

• surprised fearful disgusted angry • shocked horrified revolted furious

grief-stricken embarrassed • ashamed proud shy bored suspic

ious confused

happy

surprised

afraid

angry

disgustedsad

Activity 4: There is language in her eyeActivity 4: There is language in her eye

• 1.Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false

• ( )1.Different cultures have different

rules for what is considered appropriate eye contact.

• ( )2.Within any one culture, the rules for eye contact are usually the same for different situations.

T

F

• ( )3.In dealing with strangers the rule for British society is that you should look at them but you shouldn’t look at them for a long time.

• ( )4.In Britain, you can look at a stranger for as long as you like providing that they are not standing next to you.

• ( )5.If you don’t look at a British person while you are speaking to him, he will have a negative impression of you.

T

F

T

• ( )6.When addressing a British audience you do not need to bother to look at its members.

• ( )7.In a conversation, turn taking can be signalled by the eye movements of the speakers.

• ( )8.It’s important to look at a person when you are speaking to him, but not that important when you are listening to him.

• ( )9.There are cultures that value looking someone straight in the eye

no matter who that person is.

F

T

F

T

Activity 4: Keeping one’s distanceActivity 4: Keeping one’s distance

• Four categories of distance for Americans

friendsand relati

ves

social distance

public distance

• Arabic customs of keeping one’s distance:• 1.Pushing and shoving in public places.• 2.Public means public and there is no

such thing as an intrusion. • 3.People do not have any concept of a

private zone outside the body.• 4.Continued pressure from the desert

has resulted in cultural adaptation to high population density.

• 5.People are deeply involved with each other and do not like to be alone.

• 6.Not only is the sheer level much higher, but also the piercing look of the eyes, the touch of the hands, and the mutual bathing in the aroma of moist breath during conversation are intense.

• 7.the best way to communicate one another is not only eyeball to eyeball, but also breath to breath.

• American customs of keeping one’s distance:

• 1.As soon as a person stops or is seated in a public place, there balloons around him a small sphere of privacy which is considered inviolate.

• 2.The mere touching of another person during an argument used to be legally defined as an assault.

• 3.People are trained not to breath in people’s face and the way to communicate one another is eyeball to eyeball.

Activity 5:Idioms composed of arm, hand ,and finger.Activity 5:Idioms composed of arm, hand ,and finger.

• Try to know the idioms and their meanings:

• 1.lay a finger on sb: to touch sb.with the intention of harming them.

• 2.put one’s hand in one’s pocket:to be ready to spend or give money.

• 3.give sb. a big hand.applaud sb. Loudly.• 4.keep one’s finger on the pulse:to know

all the latest news, development.

• 5.keep one’s hand in:do activity in order to remain skilled at it.

• 6.within arm’s reach; sth.which you can reach easily.

• 7.ask for a woman’s hand;to propose marriage.

• 8.put one’s finger on sth.:to identify an error, or cause of a problem.

• 9.keep sb. at arm’s length:avoid becoming too friendly.

Complete the following sentences:Complete the following sentences:

• 1.I do think her presentation is wonderful. I imply can’t _______________the flaw in her argument.

• 2.He is a very independent person, and he doesn’t need anyone to ____________when he is in trouble.

• 3. He is very hospitable. Whenever we go to visit him, he always_______________________.

• 4.She is a bit secretive and reserved. Even thought she always wears a smile on her face, you can tell that she wants to _____________________

put my finger on

hold his hand

welcomes us with open arms

keep you at arm’s length

• 5.Listen, Tommy, if you _______________my new computer while I’m here, I will never forget you.

• 6.I like to play tennis regularly, just to_____________.

• 7.There are books everywhere in her house. I guess she likes_____________________.

• 8.You want to know the latest news ?Ask Gary.He is the person who always___________________.

lay a finger on

keep my hand in

keeping them within arm’s length

keep his finger on the pulse

• 9.He is no doubt one of the most popular singers in the world. Wherever he holds a performance, he always__________.

• 10.The husband said to his wife:You simply want to buy everything. Just don’t expect me to keep______________________.

• 11.He was nervous when he_________Meg’s _______since he couldn’t stand being turned down yet again.

gets a big hand

putting my hand in my pocket

asked for hand

Time to Review Time to Review

• Topic for free talk:

• 1.How do gestures vary from culture to culture?

• 2.How many kinds of emotions can you name?

• 3.How does body distance vary from culture to culture?

Unit 7:In Other WordsUnit 7:In Other Words

• Activity 1:Synonyms

• enough---sufficient

everlasting------ever-ending

autumn---fall snack---baggin

recalcitrant----disobedient

salt----sodium chloride

youth----youngsters

• learn the words and fill in the blank

• avocation vocation profession

• recreation pastime field job hobby occupation specialisation trade work

• 1.If you want to join the medical ________,you need to master a whole body of medical knowledge .

• 2.Please state your name, age and __________on the form.

• 3.He does painting as his_________and earned his keep by waiting on tables.

profession

occupation

vocation

• 4.He has a general knowledge of law but a _____________in divorce case.

• 5.Stamp-collecting will be my life-long ___________.

• 6.As a busy doctor, he knows how to relax himself—his_______was playing cello in an amateur string quartet.

specialisation

hobby

avocation

• 7.He insisted that his painting was merely a ___________that kept him from being bored.

• 8.The holiday centre offers a variety of_________that include folk dancing,handicrafts, mountain climbing.

pastime

recreation

• Activity 2:Idioms

• Explain to the text

• 1.face the music:accept the criticism, unpleasant consequence that follow a decision of his own.

• 2.play the game:do something in a fair and honourable way.

• 3.It’s raining cats and dogs:It’s raining heavily.

• 4.put one’s foot in one’s mouth;someone blunders by saying something he should not have.

• Translate the following English idioms into Chinese:

• 1.lick sombody’s boots:

• 2.sit at somebody’s feet.

• 3.have a big mouth

• 4.a piece of cake.

• 5.carry coals to Newcastle

拍马屁寄人篱下

夸夸其谈

小菜一碟画蛇添足

• 6.at sixes and sevens

• 7.the pot calling the kettle

• 8.Dutch courage

• 9.castles in Spain

• 10.the kiss of death

乱七八糟五十步笑百步

酒壮菘人胆

白日做梦帮倒忙

• Translate the following ten Chinese idioms into English

• 1. 守口如瓶• 2. 打退堂鼓• 3. 雷声大，雨点小• 4. 大海捞针• 5. 黔驴技穷

button one’s lip

draw in one’s horns

much cry and little wool

look for a needle in a hay stack

at one’s wits

• 6. 四面楚歌• 7. 半斤八两• 8. 张三李四• 9. 临时抱佛脚• 10. 道高一尺，魔高一丈

besieged on all sides

the pot calling the kettle black

the man in the street

seek help at the last moment

the more illumination, the more temptation

• Activity 2:proverbs

• 1.Many hands make light work:

• 2.It’s no use crying over split milk.

• 3.Where there is smoke there is fire.

众人拾柴火焰高

覆水难收

无风不起浪

• 4.Birds of a feather flock together.

• 5.Idleness is the root of all evil.

6.There is no rose without a thorn.

物以类聚

一懒生百邪

甘瓜苦蒂 物无全美

• 7.All good things must come to an end.

• 8.The proof of the pudding is in the eating.

• 9.Live and let live.

天下没有不散的宴席

亲身下河知深浅

得饶人处且饶人

• 10.As you sow, so you reap.

• 11.Other countries, other manners.

• 12.What we lose on the swings, we gain on the roundabouts.

种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆

十里不同俗

失之东隅，收之桑榆

• Activity 3:slang,taboo words and euphemisms.

• Slang:• 1.dead duck---complete failure• 2.no-dive—impossible• 3.dumdum---idiot• 4.hot—popular• 5.goes bananas—is angry

• 6.freaking out—losing control

• 7.hit it off—have a good friendship

• 8.come it---behave rudely

• Taboo words and swearwords

• Topics for group discussion:

• 1.What kind of English words are often regarded as taboo words?

• 2.Generally speaking, how would English people avoid using taboo words?

• 3.Who are expected to watch carefully their behaviour and language? And who are expected to take less control over theirs?

• 4.In what situation would English people not avoid using taboo words?

• Euphemisms:

• Match them by drawing lines between them?

Column A

casket

push up the daisies

little girls’ room

spend a penny

on the heavy side

physically handicapped

not all there

after a long illness

in the family way

tired and emotional

pest economical with the truth

let you go

A Column B

B Cancre

C Mentally subnormal

D Drunk

E Rat catcher

F Lie

G Crippled

H Dismiss

I Fat

J Pregnant

K Be dead

L Go to the lavatory

M Coffin

N toilet

Unit 8: From a Primitive Tribe to a Global VillageUnit 8: From a Primitive Tribe to a Global Village

• Activity 1:primitive forms

• Match the following expressions with their Chinese translation ；

inquiring minds

intriguing

scientifically-inclined naturalists

a blue bird of paradise

take leave of its sense

plums all of a quiver

accomplish the impossible

A 蓝色极乐鸟

B 乐于探索的人

C 失去理智

D 令人迷惑不解的

E 羽毛抖成一团

F 做不可能做的事

G 有科学头脑的自然主义者

• Topics for group discussion ；• 1.How can animals communicate

without language?

• 2.How can baby herring gulls peck at the red spot on the tip of their parents bill.

• Activity 2:paper and printing • Question: can you recall the sort of book

s Mr.Dongguo carried in his bag?• The books were bamboo slates.• As early as 100 BC, paper was used to re

cord history in China .The method was introduced to Europe 1000 years later.

• Later in Han dynasty the technique of printing was invented.

• In the middle of the 15th century movable type was invented.

• In the 17th century news sheet appeared,and eventually newspapers and magazines followed.

• In the 19th century steam power ws used in printing

• In 1884 typesetting machine were patented.

Review Review

• Communication Analysis

The following are three different cases of cross--cultural communication. In each of the cases there are some problems. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication. In your analysis try to explain all problems of communication youcan find which are caused by differences in language and cultural backgrounds of t he communicators.

Case 1: Case 1:

Lijuan, a Chinese lady in her forties, is from China and now a visiting

scholar in London. She is meeting

Robert Holmes, a young English gentleman

who has just been introduced to her by a friend.

Robert has offered to show Lijuan

around during his lunch hour and has suggested that they have lunch together.

• Robert: You are very punctual.

• Lijuan: The traffic is very smooth today.

• Robert: Are you hungry?

• Lijuan: No, not rea1ly.

• Robert: Shall I show you around?

• Lijuan: Yes, please.

• After touring around the place, Lijuan feels like• eating and expects Robert to take her to a resta

urant now. • Robert: Would you like to have something to dri

nk? • Lijuan: Yes. Thank you. • After a drink at a bar. • Robert: Do you want me to show you more place

s? • Lijuan: Yes. Thank you.

• After touring around more p1aces. • Robert: It's time I went back to the offic

e now. I hope you have had a good time. • Lijuan: Yes indeed. Thank you very mu

ch (Wondering why he never mentioned lunch).

•  

Case 2: Case 2:

• Professor Arthur Leach, a famous linguist, has• come to attend a seminar in Peking University

. • There comes Professor Wang Liren, who is • accompanied by his research assistant, Mr. Zh

ao• Ben. Professor Leach has met Professor • Wang several times before.

• Wang Liren: Hi, Arthur! I didn't know that you were here.

• Arthur Leach: Oh, Wang ! How are you these days?

• Wang Liren: Fine. Let me introduce you to Mr. Zhao, my research assistant. This is Zhao Ben, a student of mine. This is Professor Arthur Leach.

• Arthur Leach: How do you do, Mr. Zhao? • Zhao Ben: How do you do, Mr. I}each?

Case 3: Case 3:

• Helen is from Ireland and now studying

• Chinese in China. Wang Hong, a Chinese girl,

• is her tutor. Helen has invited Wang Hong

• to come to her house.

• Helen: Hi! I was just expecting you.• Come in please. Oh, you got a new coat! • You look so pretty in it. • Wang Hong: Not really. It is an ugly,

ugly coat. • I bought it when it was on sale. It is very

cheap. • Helen: Really? Well, it looks marvelous.

• Wang Hong: What a beautiful carpet you've got!

• He1en: It is beautiful, isn't it? It's my birthday present. I love it.

• Wang Hong: It must be very expensive. How much does it cost?

• Helen: I don't know. My sister gave it to me. • Wang Hong: How much do you think it costs?

自测题（二）自测题（二）• Fill in the blanks with the following wor

ds

face to face

misunderstanding interpretation form

conceptual generates

associative assumptions

sexist bias utterance failure

• 1.       There are various degrees of success in

communication, ranging from complete success,

partial success to ____________. • 2.   Words, signs, or symbols alike never mean

anything without human __________. • 3.       In cross--cultural communication,

private goals are difficu1t to detect and are

likely to cause _____________.

• 1.   In _________ communication non-verba1 signals are just as important as verbal message. • 2.An organism is an individual _____________ of life, such as a plant, an animal, a bacterium. • 3. In communication there are three kinds of meaning: ________meaning, speaker meaning an

d hearer meaning. • 4. Communicators use both ________and___________meaning in theircommunication.

• 1.  Speaker's communicative intention plus• conventional meaning __________ speaker's

meaning. • 2.  According to cross-cultura1 theorists, individualism and collectivism are basic clusters of values and____________. • 3.     In recent years criticisms have been voice

d concerning __________ in the Eng1ish language.

Translation Translation

• English is a language particularly rich in

• ynonyms ( 近义词 ). This is partly because

• of the convention, particularly in written

• English, that one should avoid repeating

• the same word over and over again. So instead

• of repeating 'enough' one may substitute '• sufficient', instead of repeating 'everlasting'• one may use 'never--ending'. No two words• are exactly identical, however. It is usually • possible to find some difference between

• them or some context in which one is • appropriate but not the other. Such

differences • can take several forms. It may be a

difference• in regional variety. 'Autumn' and 'fall',

for• example, both refer to the same season,

• but one is used in British English,

• the other in American English. There

• may be stylistic differences. 'Salt' and

• 'sodium chloride' are synonymous, but

• the former is an everyday expression, and

• the latter is technical. There may also• be differences in the emotional

connotations • of words. 'Youths' and 'youngsters' are• synonymous, but youths sound less

pleasant • than youngsters. The emotional

associations

• differ from person to person, so are to • some degree unpredictable. Thus calling • someone a 'republican' may suggest he has • praiseworthy qualities to those in England • who wish to abolish the monarchy, but • connote objectionable characteristics to those

who support it.