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iN kòöéÎK hdK lÆHgI hvhmI Ï fÎHË iHdD hc ]æ<kæD ;Hv;Vn tViÁ+ , xVhpD& ;úT vhf¢I Ï lÎHË hdK n, , j¶ÎÎK ,d|=D iHÏ

tViÁæD xVhpD hsJ# iV ]ÁN nv sHoéHv hféNhdD lÆHgI& xVhpD fI x<v ;„D lN k§V f<nÍ hsJ& gÎ¥K nv hnhlI& kæHÍ ,d|Í fI p΢I Ï

xVhpD lñû<‰ l¶¢< aNÍ hsJ# >=HiD dHtéK hc >oVdK |,iA iHdD ;I nv hdK uVwI w<vè =VtéI hsJ kÎC hc ndæV hiNh [ÁäD

hdK lÆHgI lD fHaN# gBh lD j<hË VsA iHÏ |,iúD hdK jñÆÎR vh ]ÁÎK l¢Vó ;Vn^ -tViÁ+ ]ÎöJ , ]æ<kI lD j<hkN nv föéV

xVhpD j¶VdT a<n?& -j¶HlG lÎHË tViÁ+ , xVhpD hsHsHÚ ]æ<kI hsJ? fVhÏ kÎG fI hiNh dHnaNÍ& hféNh xVhpD , såS tViÁ+

fI x<v uHÊ l<vn ;Á¥Hù rVhv =VtéI hkN jH nhlÁIÏ j¶HvdT , k§VdIiHdD ;I äVhl<Ë >kÈH ,[<n nhvkN& lúòW a<kN# nv hnhlI

uVwIiHÏ iÂå<aHkD )j¶HlG( tViÁ+ , xVhpD lñû<‰ j¶ÎÎK aNÍ& fÎHË iHdD hc ]æ<kæD hvjäH£ léÆHfG >kÈH ÎúÁÈHn aNÍ hsJ#

nv hdK lÆHgI& j<hkHdD j<gÎN& fI haéVhµ =BhvnË , jäHn‰ l¶ÁH fI uÁ<hË lÈÂéVdK p΢I Ï nv,Ë-j¶Hl„D lÎHË >kÈH )tViÁ+ , xVhpD(

aÁHsHdD aNkN# ]ÈHv fÎHË fÁÎHnÏ nvfHã l™HiÎL j¶HlG tViÁ+ , xVhpD l¢Vó aNkN ;I iV d: föéVÏ hc j¶HlG hdK n, vh júVdP

lD ;VnkN# nv kÈHdJ lN‰ iHdD k§VÏ hc j¶HlG tViÁ+ , xVhpD lñû<‰ fÎHË aNÍ hsJ#

,h\Í iHÏ ;„ÎNÏ

tViÁ+& xVhpD& j¶HlG tViÁ+ , xVhpD& lN‰ iHÏ tViÁæD#

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nv xVhpD lñû<‰" hsJ ;I nvnhkúæHÍ fVhdé<Ë hkæ„öéHË nv \hk<dI sH‰ 8002 hc >Ë ntHß aNÍ hsJ#

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hséHndHv =V,Í xVhpD wÁ¶éD& nhkú¥NÍ Ï l¶ÂHvÏ , aÈVsHcÏ& nhkúæHÍ u„L , wÁ¶J hdVhË& jÈVhË& hdVhË#

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kúVdI iÁViHÏ cdäH - iÁViHÏ jíöÂD aÂHvÍ 34 HdÎ__C 9831

`ÎAv,& tViÁ+& xVhpD& j¶HlG tViÁ+ , xVhpD , lN‰iHÏ

tViÁæD j¶ÎÎK lD a<n#

v,ù jñÆÎR

fI x<v o±wI v,ù jñÆÎR nv hdK l¢Hg¶I& fVvsD , lV,v

lÁHfU jÎK aHlG ;éHã iH& kúVdI iHÏ jòûûD& ;éHfîIÏ

lÆHè ;Á™VhkS iH& vsHgI iHÏ n,vÍ iHÏ jñûαè j¥Â΄D&

`HdæHÍ iHÏ hx±uHjD , ,föHdJ iHÏ lVjäX fH l<q<ß tViÁ+ ,

xVhpD hc sH‰ 5791 fI f¶N f<nÍ hsJ# iV ]ÁN s¶D aNÍ

lÈLéVdK lÁHfU l<[<n nv hdK clÎÁI fVvsD a<kN& ,gD

jûÂÎL=ÎVÏ nv l<vn lÁHfU fI hkéòHã kæHvkNÍ w<vè BdVtéI

hsJ# nv ;G 34 lÁäU l<vn l¢Hg¶I rVhv =VtéI hsJ#

|,iA pHqV jÇl„D nhvn fV vhf¢I Ï tViÁ+ , xVhpD ,

]æ<kæD jÇeÎV léÆHfG hdK n, fViL# iV]ÁN hdNÍ Ï h,gÎI Ï j¶HlG

dHnaNÍ fV föéV xVhpD uHÊ a¥G lD =ÎVn& ,gD nv hnhlI fI x<v

hoéûHwD ,hvn p΢I Ï xVhpD lñû<‰ lD a<n# ]ÁÎK fI k§V

lD vsN ;I xVhpD lñû<‰ nv f¢K o<n fH tViÁ+ vhf¢I Ï

uÂÎÆD nhvn# hdK vhf¢I vh lD j<hË hc hféNhdD jVdK lVhpG

hdNÍVnhcÏ jH hkéÈHdD jVdK lVhpG hvcdHfD , >clHdA lñû<̉

xVhpD aNÍ =öéVù nhn# iV ]ÁN fVvsD lÎChË jÇeÎV ÎúÎÁI Ï

tViÁæD xVhpHË fV lñû<‰ xVhpD& iN hdK l¢Hg¶I kä<nÍ

hsJ ,gD jÇeÎV >Ë vh kÂD j<hË nv l¢Hg¶Hè tViÁ+/xVhpD kHndNÍ

=VtJ# fVhsHõ >kîI uÁ<hË aN& p΢IÏ ;Hv;VnÏ lÆHgIÏ

85

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xVhpD t¶HgÎéD lÎHË-vaéI hÏ1

hsJ ;I iNtA fÈä<n tVÊ ,

hséHdG sHoéI iHÏ hköHkD fH aÁHsHdD fÈéVdK hvcù , u„¥Vn

fVhÏ >kÈHsJ# ,h\ÍÏ xVhp_D fI x<v =öéVnÍhÏ nv lÁHfU

=<kH=<Ë , fH l¶HkD l鶘Nn fI ;Hv vtéI hsJ& hc>Ë [„I iöéÁN›

xVhpD fI lêHfI d: lñû<‰ kÈHdD dH xVhpD fI uÁ<hË d: tVhdÁN#

tVhdÁN l<vnk§V lD j<hkN o˜±rI2

dH hnvh;D-aÁHoéD3

fHaN#

lí„I& sHoéÂHË& [Hv, fVrD dH péD d: ,ã sHdJ iÂæD lDj<hkÁN

lñû<è xVhpD fHaÁN# V ,hqP hsJ ;I nv hdK lÎHË& uäHvè

xVhpD lñû<‰ fI x<v lúòW fI xVhpD d: lñû<‰ tÎCd¥D

haHvÍ lD ;ÁN#

xVhpD fI lêHfI d: tVhdÁN& fI líÂ<uI hÏ hc jûÂÎÂHè >=HiHkI

haHvÍ lD ;ÁN ;I fI ,s΄I Ï xVhó dH xVhó-sHckNÍ hj˜_òHb

lDa<n# >kÈH ;öHkD iöéÁN ;I hvcù , hdNÍ vh nv Î¥VÍ Ï tVÊ

lHnÏ lñû<‰ lD nlÁN# líÂ<uI Ï hdK hvcù iH , hdNÍ iH ;I =HÍ

föÎHv tVh,hË lD fHaÁN hy„F fI ,s΄I Ï u<hl„D j¶ÎÎK lD a<kN

;I oHvì hc lñN,nÍ Ï xVhpD fI xVhó ÌhuÂH‰ lD a<kN# hc [„I Ï

>Ë u<hlG uäHvjÁN hc^ u<hlG h[éÂHuD& tViÁæD& hréûHnÏ&

j¥Á<g<\d¥D& sÎHsD , rHk<kD )4991 ,uoihtatsfE(.fVoD

l¶éÆNkN& xVhpD tVhdÁNÏ hsJ ;I xD >Ë lH fH iN j®ÎÎV aVhdX

l<[<n fI aVhdX l¢„<ã& ÒhuÂHgD vh fI x<v o±rHkI hkíHÊ lD

niÎL# nv clVÍ Ï >kÈH tVhdNlK )8-705 ,3002 ,namdeirF(hdK

l†Â<Ë vh nv`ÎA lD =ÎVn , hqHtI lD ;ÁN^

h;êV j¶HvdT xVhpD nv sI ,d|=D sÈÎL iöéÁN# h,‰&

,h\ÍÏ xVhpD fI d: tVhdÁN haHvÍ lD ;ÁN# n,Ê& >Ë tVhdÁN&

iNtÂÁN hsJ# s<Ê& iN xVhpD& pG löHmG& Hsòæ<dD

fI kÎHciH& fÈä<n aVhdX dH o„R ]ÎCÏ l™ÎN dH jHcÍ hsJ#

j¶VdT ndæVÏ ;I lD j<hË fI j¶HvdT xVhpD hqHtI ;Vn& fHciL

xVhpD vh d: tVhdÁN o˜±rI tV° lD ;ÁN# hdK j¶VdT f<s΄I Ï

líÂU [ÈHkD a<vhiHÏ xVhpD wÁ¶éD4

hvhmI aNÍ hsJ^

xVhpD tVhdÁNÏ o±˜ rI hsJ ;I iNtA jêäÎJ ]ÈVÍ hÏ ]ÁN=HkI

hc haÎHM& oNlHè , sÎöéL iH nv sVjHsV n,vÍ Ï uÂVaHË

lDfHaN# fÁHfVhdK& xVhpD uHlG hw„D )k<>,vhkI ( hköHkD ;VnË

j¥Á<g<\Ï iH , tH;é<v pÎHjD jäHnè tViÁæD , hréûHnÏ hsJ#

iö¥J )2002 ,ttekseH(kÎC nv iÂÎK löÎV pV;J ;VnÍ , fH

köäJ nhnË ÒÛf¶NÏ yÎVtÎCd¥D fI lñû<è xVhpD ]ÁÎK

lD=<dN^ "xVhpD zVtÎéD hköHkD hsJ fVhÏ fV>,vnË

kÎHciHdÂHË& l¶ÁHnhnË fI ckN=ÎÂHË , a¥G niD , sHoJ lñÎX

`ÎVhl<kÎÂHË fæ<kI hÏ ;I iÎ} sHfÆI hÏ fVhÏ >Ë ,[<n kNhaéI

fHaN"#

fV xäR l¢Hg¶Hè DISCIhiÂÎJ fÎúéV fI hdK zVtÎJ hköHkD vh

fHdN hc xVdR sHoéHvÏ& sHclHkD& ;Hv;VnÏ& fÎHkD , v,hfX

hréûHnÏ& fI aVó cdV fI nsJ >,vn^

hvjÆHÏ fÎúéV l<q<ß p™HzJ iHÏ cdöJ lñ΢D , HdNhvÏ

[ÈHkD )ho±rÎHè [ÈHkD(

s<nlÁNÏ , >chnÏ fÎúéV fI ;G [<hlU fúVÏ )]I nv lÆÎHõ

tVnÏ ]I =V,iD(

nvk§V=ÎVÏ hsé™HnÍ ;ÁÁN=HË kÈHdD& j<gÎN;ÁÁN=HË , ÎúæHlHË

fHchv )ho±rÎHè h[éÂHuD(

tVÊ fòúD fI lñû<è& oNlHè , sÎöéL iH nv rHgF fÎHkD

)sÂÎ<jÎ¥D( , nvhvjäH£ fH ÎîÎN=D iHdúHË

pÂHdJ hc =<kH=<kD tViÁæD u„D vyL [ÈHkD sHcÏ )ho±rÎHè

tViÁæD(

j¶VdT dHnaNÍ& fV =<kH=<kD xVhpD , fV föéV =öéVnÍÏ

;Hv;VniHÏ >Ë nv jòûW iHÏ lòé„T jÇ;ÎN lD ;ÁN# fI k§V lDvsN

nvk§V=VtéK kÆúD fCvø jV , lÈL jV nv clÎÁI iHÏ h[éÂHuD ,

tViÁæD fVhÏ xVhpD , fI jäU >Ë fVhÏ xVhpHË& hlVÏ h[éÁHã kHBdV

hsJ# fH hdK pH‰& fÁH fV j¶HvdT hvhmI aNÍ lD j<hË n, k¥éI Ï aHoW

vh fI h[ÂH‰ [ÂU fÁNÏ ;Vn› h,‰& iÎ} j¶VdT [HlU , lHk¶D hc xVhpD

;I iÂæD >Ë vh BdVtéI fHaÁN& ,[<n kNhvn# n,Ê& sÈL , [HdæHÍ

xVhpD nv l<q<uHè yÎVj¥Á<g<\d: ;HlÚ± >a¥Hv f<nÍ& nv lÁHfU

l鶘_Nn fV>Ë jÇ;ÎN aNÍ hsJ )4002 ,hganoDcM dna nostaW(.

nv kÈHdJ& kæHvkNÍ nv ]Hv]<ã hdK lÆHgI& xVhpD vh ]ÁÎK lDnhkN^

,hs¢I hÏ fVhÏ jäHn‰ l¶ÁH , fVrVhvÏ hvjäH£ fV föéV h[éÂHuD-

tViÁæD nv a¥G lñû<‰& oNlHè dH tVhdÁN# nv hdK j¶VdT& hdK

tVqÎI kÎC kÈ™éI hsJ ;I xVhpD lD j<hkN fVhÏ föÎHvÏ hc

jòûWiH& kÆA lÎHkíD vh fHcÏ ;ÁN# iÂîÁÎK& lVhn hc xVhpD nv

hdÁíH iÂHË xVhpD lñû<‰ hsJ# nv hnhlI fVhÏ `ÎæÎVÏ fÈéV

l<q<ß cÊ hsJ fI ,d|=D iHÏ xVhpD ;I clÎÁI Ï j¶HlG fH

jòûW iHÏ ndæV vh tVhiL lD ;ÁN& k§VÏ ht¥ÁNÍ a<n#

1-1( ,d|=D iHÏ xVhpD

nv d¥D hc l¢Hg¶Hè hkíHÊ aNÍ nv fHvÍ Ï k§VdI iHÏ xVhpD&

xVhpD fI aA p<cÍ Ï cdV jÆöÎL aNÍ hsJ )04 ,1002 ,namdeirF(:

u„<Ê xäζD

u„<Ê hköHkD

u„<Ê h[éÂHuD , vtéHvÏ

oNlHè , ÌpÒV hköHkD

iÁViHÏ ;HvfVnÏ , o±˜ rI

j¥Á<g<\Ï , lÈÁNsD

fÁH fV k<ß xVhpD& lÂ¥K hsJ d: dH jÂHÊ hdK p<cÍ iH nvfV =VtéI

a<n# hc>kíHdD ;I nv hdK l¢Hg¶I fV ,d|=D iHÏ tViÁæD xVhpD

jÇ;ÎN oHü ,[<n nhvn& lD j<hË >Ë vh fH u„<Ê hköHkD , u„<Ê

h[éÂHuD-vtéHvÏ& fÎúéV nv j¶HlG ndN# fH nvk§V =VtéK lHiÎJ

]ÁN-vaéI dD xVhpD ;I fH h;êV p<cÍ iHÏ dHnaNÍ tûG lúéVµ

nhvn& fHdN aHiN lñû<jD f<n ;I fHv tViÁæD , l¶ÁHdD rHfG

l±p§IhÏ nhvkN )4002 ,namroN ;2002 ,ttekseH ;2002 , la te

htrowsllE ;9991 ,tnaD ;9991 ,hcsztoG ;7991 ,ttarraJ dna

ikswokiwolS ;7991 ,nadroJ ;2791 ,esucraM(.fI x<vkÂ<kI& o<nv,

lÎÁD ;<V vh ;I kÂHn niI Ï 06 lαnÏ fòû<ü nv fVdéHkÎH f<n&

kÂD j<hË jÁÈH d: lñû<‰ jû<v ;Vn# nv ,hrU& lÎÁD ]ÎCÏ fÎA hc

d: o<nv, f<n ;I lD j<hköJ hy„F [ÁäI iHÏ tViÁæD , h[éÂHuD

a¥G ckN=D >Ë clHË fVdéHkÎH vh lÁ¶¥S ;ÁN )jû<dV 1(# [ÁäI iHdD

;I fV w„P =öéVnÍ Ï [ÈHkD& vhpéD , >sHdA iÂæHkD& fVhfVÏ ,

fÈVÍ fVnhvÏ d¥öHË hc lÁHfU , nv ;G k<uD j<nÍ =VhdD jÇ;ÎN nhaJ#

lÎÁD& o<nv, ;<]: , hvchkD fH lûV pNhrG , t†HÏ ;HtD fVhÏ

d: oHk<hnÍ ]ÈHv k™VÏ& d: lñû<‰ hdNÍ >‰ f<n fVhÏ [<hkHË ,

lÎHköHË >Ë clHË fVdéHkÎH#

jû<dV1- lÎÁD ;<V kÂHn niI Ï 06 fVdéHkÎH

, sÂäG tViÁæD , h[éÂHuD >Ë clHË#

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hvcù iHÏ kÂHndÁD nv hvjäH£ iöéÁN ;I nv lÁHfU lòé„T xVhpD& fH

hsHlD , uäHvè iHÏ =<kH=<Ë l<vn haHvÍ rVhv=VtéI hkN# l<hvnÏ

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dna nostaW(.iÂæD hdK hvcù iH fV ,d|=D hÏ hc xVhpD jÇ;ÎN

lD;ÁÁN ;I fI uÁ<hË ,d|=D iHÏ yÎVj¥Á<g<\d:11

xVhpD l¶V,tÁN#

,hjö<Ë , l: nhk< l¶éÆNkN& "u„¥Vn ndæV jÁÈH uHlG l<tÆÎJ

lñû<‰ fI aÂHv kÂD v,n"# >kÈH nv hnhlI lD htChdÁN^ "lNjÈHsJ ;I

xVhpD tÆX nv l<vn lñû<‰ wñäJ kÂD ;ÁN& f„¥I fñê_A fVsV

jíVfI Ï hsé™HnÍ ;ÁÁNÍ hsJ" )iÂHË& 01(# >kÈH hc ,h\Í Ï lHt<Ø

u„¥Vn=VhdD21

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hsé™HnÍ lD ;ÁÁN ;I fI

kÎHciHÏ lH,vhÏ u„¥Vn lD Vnhcn , l<q<uHjD iÂî<Ë hpöHõ&

uHx™I , jíVfI iHÏ lVjäX fH ndNË& oVdNË , hsé™HnÍ Ï lñû<‰ vh

<aA lD niN#

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u±,Í fV oû<wÎHè ;Hv;VnÏ , zHiVÏ lñû<è& fI k§V

lD vsN hy„F >kÈH nhvhÏ l¶HkD kÂHndÁD iöéÁN ;I jHfU

rVhvnhniHÏ kHk<aéI Ï h[éÂHuD iöéÁN# nv kéÎíI& fVoD hc

hdK lñû<è l<[F fVhkæÎòéK ht¥Hv& hpöHsHè ,

jNhuDiHdD kCn d: k™V lD a<kN ;I lD j<hkN fI ]ÎCÏ hx±Ø

;ÁN# hdK l¶ÁHÏ j<htR aNÍ Ï tViÁæD haÎHM fI tVn h[HcÍ

95fÎHË iHdD ÎVhl<Ë aÁHoJ j¶HlG tViÁ+ ,

xVhpD )lñû<‰(

kúVdI iÁViHÏ cdäH - iÁViHÏ jíöÂD aÂHvÍ 34 HdÎ__C 9831

jû<dV3- l¶ÁHÏ j„: haÎHM hc lÁ§V i<dJ& j„: haÎHM

fI uÁ<hË kÂHn i<dJ#

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j<lHõ lHgN,kHn, )652-842 ,0002 ,odanodlaM(nv lÆHgI Ï

o<n jñJ uÁ<hË hdNÍÏ vhpéD42

;I nv ;éHã hdNÍ Ï xVhpD52

>lNÍ hsJ& fÎHË lD ;ÁN^ "haÎHM kI jÁÈH pöD hc i<dJ vh a¥G

lDniÁN& f„¥I vtéHv hköHkÈH vh kÎC jÁ§ÎL lD ;ÁÁN› hv[HuD ,d|Í

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[Hl¶I aÁHõ fH nvk§V=VtéK oHséæHiD tViÁæD fVhÏ haÎHM&

l<vn jÇ;ÎN rVhv =VtéI hsJ# h, nv ;éHã tViÁ+ haÎHM nv nkÎHÏ

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lD ;ÁN^

haÎHM kúHkI Ï l<r¶ÎJ h[éÂHuD , i<dJ iöéÁN&

haÎHM lÎé<hkÁN pHlG hvcù iHÏ cdäHdD aÁHoéD fHaÁN&

haÎHM hfChv pÂG l¶ÁH f<nÍ& uHlG j¶Hn‰ tViÁæD lÎHË

tViÁ+iHÏ lé™H,è iöéÁN&

haÎHM lD j<hkÁN fI h[ChÏ >dÎK iH , vs<Ê jäNdG a<kN&

haÎHM fÎHkæV a¥G ckN=D , i<dJ htVhn iöéÁN&

, haÎHM fòúD hc l¶„<lHè , hdNÍ iH vh a¥G lD niÁN#

nkJ nv ,hrU fI xÎT =öéVnÍ jVÏ hc haÎHM xVhpD lD Vnhcn

lDniN& i<déA vh hc xVdR lñû<è fÎHË ;VnÍ& fH

ndæVhË jäHn‰ ;ÁN , nv ;G& jû<dV l¢„<fD hc o<n fI [HÏ

fæBhvn# fI u±,Í& [HdæHÍ h[éÂHuD htVhn vh kÎC lúòW

;VnÍ& oû<wÎHè tVnÏ >kÈH vh fI kÂHdA lD =Bhvn#

jû<dV )2( hdK l<q<ß vh fH hsé™HnÍ hc n, n,]VoI fH l¶HkD

lÁéöF lòé„T& fò<fD fÎHË lD ;ÁN# iV n, nv zHiV nhvhÏ

u„¥VnÏ fI köäJ lúHfI f<nÍ& sHoéHvÏ kCnd: fI iL nhvkN# fH

hdK pH‰& nv pHgD ;I n,]VoI Ï l<[<n nv sÂJ ]~ lÁéöF fI

tViÁ+ g<-vhdNdÁ+81

hsJ& ndæVÏ nv sÂJ vhsJ& jNhuD;ÁÁNÍÏ

;Hv91

, d: n,]VoI Ï yÎVj™VdñD hsJ# hdÁÈH vh lD j<hË hc

oû<wÎHè fHvcÏ ;I nv h[ChÏ Î¥VÍ Ï iV ;NhÊ ,[<n nhvn&

nvdHtJ# fÁHfVhdK& xäζD hsJ ;I iV d: hc n,]VoI iH hvcù iHÏ

oHü o<n vh hc xVdR tVÊ aHË jNhuD ;ÁÁN#

nv l<hvnÏ kÎC& l™È<Ê xVhpD =öéVnÍ jV aNÍ , péD l¶Hn‰

i<dJ tV° aNÍ hsJ# fVhÏ lêH‰& fH[I Ï l¶V, j„™K uÂ<lD

aÈV gÁNË ;I fI ,s΄I Ï sV[Hd„C =΄äVè hs¥Hè02

hkæ„ÎöD nv

7291 xVhpD aN& nhvhÏ dI iHdD hc i<dJ tViÁæD uûV

o<dA f<n )8791 ,nerraW(.hdK dI iHÏ tViÁæD ]ÁHË r<Ï

f<nkN ;I lD j<hË >kÈH vh nv jCmÎÁHè& <séI& [CmÎHè& vk+&

hkéòHã l<hn& v,ù sHoJ , aÎ<Í Ï kûF lúHiNÍ ;Vn )2991

,smailliW-yesredlA(.hdK fH[I iH nv sVjHsV fVdéHkÎH , nv lÎHË

fVdéHkÎHdD iH ), pé˜_D sHdV l„G( fN‰ fI kÂHn aÁHoéI aNÍ hÏ

aNÍ ;I l¶˜_V >Ë ;ú<v kÎC hsJ# ndéÂHv )2991 ,ramttiD(fVhÏ

i<dJ& [ÁäI Ï ndæVÏ kÎC nvk§V lD =ÎVn , lD htChdN^ "j„˜_:

haÎHM12

lD j<hkN sÂäG i<dJ fHaN& [„<Í hÏ fÎHkD hc hdÁ¥I lH ]I

iöéÎL"# hdK vh lD j<hË nv n, k<ß nséI fÁNÏ ;Vn^ j„_:

l<q<uD22

, j„_: o<n-fÎHkD32

# j„_: l<q<uD&

hkéöHã fI d: =V,Í , [HdæHÍ h[éÂHuD vh j¶ÎÎK lD ;ÁN nv

pHgÎ¥I& o<n-fÎHkD fV ;ΙÎJ& hvcù iH& jHvdO , v,hfX ngJ

lD ;ÁN )jû<dV 3(#

06

jû<dV 2- vhsJ& n,]VoI Ï yÎV j™VdñD& jÁÈH ;Hv vh jNhuD lD ;ÁN# ]~^ n,]VoI Ï j™VdñD g<vhdNv&

l¶HkD fÎúéVÏ vh jNhuD lD ;ÁN#

lHoB^ )33 ,8002 ,ieazetroM(

;I fH l™HiÎL l¶ÁHdD nvhvjäHxÁN# nv iÂÎK vhf¢I& lD j<hË fI

k§VdIhÏ haHvÍ ;Vn ;I l¶éÆN hsJ& ;ΙÎJ iHÏ kÂHndK82

lñû<è xVhpD aNÍ fH tViÁ+ kÆH£ haéVhµ nhvkN# iÂÎK

l<q<ß clÎÁI Ï fVvsD iHÏ tViÁæD >kÈH vh lÂ¥K lD sHcn# fI

x<v ;„D xVhpD j<hkHdD hkéÆH‰ l™HiÎL tViÁæD vh nhaéI , kÎC

lDj<hkN fH sHc,;HviHÏ tViÁæD fÎHË a<n# nvuÎK pH‰& fVhÏ dHtéK

j¶HlG fHgÆ<Í lÎHË tViÁ+ , xVhpD& fVvsD iHÏ uÂÎR jV nv p<cÍÏ

tViÁ+ kÎHc hsJ#

2( tViÁ+

fVhÏ nvµ fÈéV tViÁ+& |,iúæVhË fVsV n, l<q<ß hj™HØ k§V

nhvkN› h,‰& tViÁ+ jÁ<ß , =<kH=<kD j<gÎN lD ;ÁN# n,Ê& tViÁ+ fI

x<v xäζD nv jÂHlD vtéHviHÏ hköHkD kÂ<n nhvn )4002 ,lhaD(.hdK

l<q<uHè fVhÏ nvµ l™È<Ê ]ÁN,[ÈD , ]ÁNa¥„D tViÁ+ ;Hl±Ú

hsHsD hsJ# hcs<dD ndæV& ,d¥é<v HHk: )5891 ,kenapaP(nv

;éHã l¶V,tA& xVhpD fVhÏ nkÎHÏ ,hr¶D92

& hdK fñE vh `ÎA

lD;úN ;I iÂI Ï hköHË iH fI k<uD xVhó iöéÁN# l<qU HHk:

hdK fñE vh jÆ<dJ lD ;ÁN ;I hsHsHÚ tViÁ+ , xVhpD& ;ΙÎJ iHÏ

lúHfÈD vh fI haéVhµ lD =BhvkN , hdK o<n clÎÁI Ï l¢Hg¶I Ï fÈéV

j¶HlG lÎHË tViÁ+ , xVhpD vh tVhiL lD ;ÁN#

1-2( tViÁ+ ]ÎöJ?

tViÁ+ l<q<ß `ÎîÎNÍhdöJ# lD j<hË >Ë vh hc lÁ§V

fÁÎHnÏ03

lê±Ú tViÁ+ lHnÏ& l¶VtJ aÁHsD dH hÎöéÂ<g<\d:13

lHkÁN tViÁ+ nhkA-fÁÎHË l<vn l¢Hg¶I rVhvnhn# tViÁ+ nv ;G&

j턘_D sä: , aÎ<Í Ï ckN=D d: =V,Í h[éÂHuD hsJ , aHlG

jÂHlD lÁHsäHè h[éÂHuD , l¶„<lHjD lD a<n ;I hc d: köG fI köG

ndæV lÁéÆG lD =Vnn )5 ,2002 ,ddiK(.hdK j¶VdT fI kòöéÎK j¶VdT

u„ÂD tViÁ+ ;I nv 1781 fI ,s΄I Ï lVnÊ aÁHõ fVdéHkÎHdD& hdD

fD j΄<v23

hvhmI aN& kCnd: hsJ^ "tViÁ+ uäHvjöJ hc oÛ_„R

,o<dD ;I fI j<sX lVnÊ d: [Hl¶I ;öF lD a<n"# j΄<v hqHtI

lD ;ÁN^

tViÁ+& >Ë ;G ÎîÎNÍ hÏ hsJ ;I aHlG l¶„<lHè& huéÆHnhè& iÁV&

pÆ<Ø& ho±rÎHè& >nhã , vs<Ê& , iV =<kI rHf„ÎJ , oû„éD hsJ

, fI ,s΄I Ï lVnÊ )fI uÁ<hË u†<Ï hc [Hl¶I( jñûÎG lD a<n

)2-1 ,9991 ,enyaP detic 2591 ,nhohkculK dna rbeorK(.

j¶VdT j΄<v hc n‰ uÁHwVÏ fVlD >dN ;I lHiÎJ ]ÁNvaéI dD ,

]ÁN=HkæD tViÁ+ vh >a¥Hv lD ;ÁÁN# nv lÁHfU hoÎV& fI n, [ÁäI Ï

tViÁ+ haHvÍ aNÍ hsJ^ [ÁäI Ï h[éÂHuD , [ÁäI Ï iÁVÏ tViÁ+#

nv j¶Vd™D ;I fI ,s΄I Ï ;ÎN )2002 ,ddiK(l¢Vó aNÍ hsJ hc

[ÁäIÏ h[éÂHuD tViÁ+ wñäJ fI lÎHË >lNÍ hsJ› jÂHlD hgæ<iH&

lÁHsäJ iH& vs<Ê& hvcù iH , sä: ckN=D d: kÈHn h[éÂHuD# nv

kæHiD iÁVÏ fI j¶VdT tViÁ+& >Ë vh fHjVdK , ,hjVdK >eHv

v,aÁ™¥VÏ o„R aNÍ nv uûV o<dA& j<wÎT ;VnÍ hkN# hdNÍ Ï

]ÁÎK kæHiD& fI d¥D hc ÎúV,hË l¢Hg¶Hè tViÁæD fVlD =Vnn ;I

j¶äÎVù hc tViÁ+& tViÁ+ ,h33

f<n# hc k§V léá< >vk<gN43

&

tViÁ+ d¶ÁD^ "jÂHõ , jÆHfG nhmL fH fÈéVdK iHÏ hkNdúI , =™éHv

clHË o<dA" )2891 ,llorraC(.

nv ckN=D hlV,c tViÁ+ ,h vh lD j<hË hsé™HnÍ hc lñû<è

hkñûHvÏ , ndChdÁV ;I fVhÏ xäÆI Ï oHwD yÎV hc uÂ<Ê lVnÊ&

nvk§V =VtéI aNÍ hkN& fI pöHã >,vn# hw¢±ó lé†Hn >Ë tViÁ+

u<hÊ53

hsJ ;I nvhvjäH£ fH uÂ<Ê lVnÊ , ]ÎCiHÏ ;L hiÂÎJ jV

)lHkÁN l턘_I iHÏ cvn( lD fHaN# fI j¶äÎVÏ ndæV tViÁ+ u<hÊ

d¶ÁD^ "iV >kîI j<nÍ Ï lVnÊ hc >Ë gBè lD fVkN" )0002 ,ybnroH(.

vdÂ<kN ,d„ÎHÊ63

;öD f<n ;I fI tViÁ+& pöD iÂæHkD ,

yÎVhkñûHvÏ nhn )nv jÆHfG fH hdNÍ Ï tViÁ+ fI lêHfI j<gÎN

fÈéVdKiHÏ d: [Hl¶I(# h, läNß hw¢±ó "tViÁ+& ]ÎCÏ l¶Â<gD

hsJ"& f<n# h, hdK ;Hv vh fH lÆHgI hÏ fI iÂÎK kHÊ nv 8591 hkíHÊ

nhn , fI lNhtU j¶HvdT läéÁD fV [ÁäI Ï h[éÂHuD tViÁ+ fN‰

=úJ )iÂHË& 465-565(# nv j¶VdT ndæVÏ ;I hc [΄C ,

lÎNgé<Ë)42 ,9991 ,notelddiM dna seliG(hvhmI aNÍ hsJ fV [ÁäIÏ

[NdNÏ hc tViÁ+ jÇ;ÎN aNÍ hsJ^

tViÁ+ d¶ÁD j<gÎN , =Vnù l¶ÁH# tVhdÁNÏ ;I tViÁ+ nv >Ë

j<gÎN aNÍ , a¥G lD =ÎVn# tViÁ+ kI >Ë fVo<vn sHnÍ fH

hpöHsHè dH aÎ<Í Ï ckN=D hsJ# tViÁ+& sÎöéL l¶HkD

lúéVµ lÎHË lVnÊ& =V,Í iH , kÈHniHsJ#

kæHÍ [΄C , lÎNgé<Ë& vdúI nv l¢Hg¶Hè hsé<hvn iH‰73

nhvn# fI

uÁ<hË d¥D hc fÁÎHkæBhvhË vaéI Ï nhkúæHiD l¢Hg¶Hè tViÁæD nv

fVdéHkÎH hc sH‰ 1791& iH‰ l¶éÆN f<n^

tViÁ+ líÂ<uI hÏ hc ]ÎCiH lHkÁN haÎHM& k<aéI iH&

jû<dVsHcÏ iH& fVkHlI iHÏ j„<dCd<kD , ;ÂÎ: kÎöJ& f„¥I

líÂ<uI hÏ hc huÂH‰ hsJ# tViÁ+ fÎúéV fH j<gÎN , jäHn‰

l¶ÁH , nhnË , =VtéK >Ë nv hvjäH£ hsJ# j<gÎN , jäHngD lÎHË

hu†HÏ d: =V,Í dH [Hl¶I .)2 ,7991 ,llaH(..

>kîI iH‰ , ndæVhË fI x<v qÂÁD fI >Ë haHvÍ nhaéÁN&

hw¢±pD nv l¢Hg¶Hè tViÁæD hsJ fI kHÊ fHckÂHdD83

# fHckÂHdD

d¥D hc ;„ÎNÏ jVdK huÂHgD hsJ ;I j<gÎN l¶ÁH lD ;ÁN )65 ,9991

,notelddiM dna seliG(.fI uäHvè ndæV& tVhdÁNÏ ;I fI haÎHM& l¶ÁHÏ

,d|Í lD fòúN )7991 ,nooL naV dna radraS(.nv uÎK pH‰& aHdN

fé<hË tViÁ+ vh fI j¶äÎV ndæVÏ fHckÂHdD [¶D hÏ nhköJ ;I

lÁéÈD fI nvµ lúéVµ aNÍ& o<n fI a¥G niD [<hlU ;Â: lD ;ÁN

)9991 ,notelddiM dna seliG(.hgäéI fI >Ë w<vè kÂD j<hË >Ë vh

l¶Hn‰ [Hl¶I nhköJ ,gD l<hvnÏ iÂî<Ë kÂHniH& kúHË iH& l¶HkD&

cfHË , huéÆHnhè vh <aA lD niN# hdK j¶äÎV iL tVn=VhdHkI , iL

[ÂU =VhdHkI hsJ , jñJ jÇeÎV hréûHn& sÎHsJ , sHclHË iHsJ#

]ÁÎK n,vkÂHdD hc xVdR k§VdI iHÏ lñƘ_ÆHË s<sÎHgÎöL h[éÂHuD

iÂî<Ë n,v;ÈHdL93

& ,d„ÎHlC04

, ÎV,hË l¥éF tVhk¥™<vè nkäH‰

16fÎHË iHdD ÎVhl<Ë aÁHoJ j¶HlG tViÁ+ ,

xVhpD )lñû<‰(

kúVdI iÁViHÏ cdäH - iÁViHÏ jíöÂD aÂHvÍ 34 HdÎ__C 9831

fDsäF kÎöJ ;I uÎÁÎJ nv vhséHÏ j¶VdT iÁVÏ tViÁ+ nhköéI

a<n# l¢Hg¶IsÏ lñû<è fVhÏ dHtéK hjûH‰ , hvjäH£ >kÈH fH

oVnÍ tViÁ+ iH , tViÁ+ iHÏ ,d|Í hlVÏ aNkD fI k§V lD vsN

)lê±Ú l¢Hg¶I Ï >Ï Hn fVhÏ D fVnË fI tViÁ+ [<hË iH(# hdK ;Hv

fDaäHiJ fI j±ù fHséHË aÁHsHË fVhÏ aÁHoJ tViÁ+ jÂNË iHÏ

fHséHkD hcxVdR fVvsD haÎHM lNt<Ë kÎöJ# jÁÈH j™H,è nv hdK

hsJ ;I lñƘ_ÆHË uVwI Ï xVhpD )nv kÆA fHséHË aÁHsHË( h;êVhÚ

fI oHgÆHË hdK >eHv nséVsD nhvkN! ns<ch , nd|hË )4 ,9991 ,naejeD

dna azuoS eD(nv hdK vhf¢I j<qÎP lD niÁN^

tViÁ+ vh péD lD j<hË fV v,Ï lñû<è hköHË-sHoJ

kÎC lúHiNÍ ;Vn# aHdN hdK ng΄D fHaN fV hdK l¢„F ;I ]Vh

tViÁ+ iHÏ lòé„T nv fVo<vn fH lú¥±è , lñN,ndJ iHÏ

lúHfI )dH péD iÁæHÊ hsé™HnÍ hc v,ù iHÏ lúHfI( , vtU

kÎHciHÏ iÂöHË fI HsO iHÏ lé™H,jD lD vsÁN#

fVvsD iHÏ kæHvkNÍ nv fHã kÆA biÁÎJ , uÎÁÎJ nv tViÁ+ ,Ï

vh fI sÂéD s<Ø nhn ;I h[ChdD vh nv nvµ hdK j¶HlG aÁHsHdD ;ÁN#

jû<dV 4 lN‰ sHnÍ hÏ vh hc j¶HlG lÎHË tViÁ+ , xVhpD fI kÂHdA

lD =Bhvn#

jû<dV4- lN‰ sHnÍ hÏ hc j¶HlG tViÁ+ fH xVhpD#

lHoB^ )8002 ,ieazetroM(

fV hsHõ lN‰ dHnaNÍ ;HköåJ iHÏ biÁD , hgÈHlHè läéÁD fV

tViÁ+ nv s¢<ó lòé„T j¶Hl„D nhmÂHÚ fH nkÎHÏ fÎV,Ë hc biK jäHn‰

lD a<kN# l<hvnÏ lHkÁN cfHË , lûV =VhdD hc >Ë nséI iöéÁN#

nv [VdHË hdK >lN , aN& ;HköåJ iHÏ biÁD fI lñû<è tÎCd¥D

xVhpD jäNdG lD a<kN , [„<Í iHÏ biÁD tViÁ+ fI rHgF iHdD

l„Â<õ fN‰ lD =VnkN# hköHË nv hdK lN‰ iL fI xVhpHË haHvÍ

lD;ÁN , iL ;HvfVhË# ngÎG kÎC >köJ ;I iÂI Ï xVhpHË nvuÎK pH‰

o<n ;HvfV dH hsé™HnÍ ;ÁÁNÍ iL iöéÁN#

fVnhaéD hdÁîÁÎK nv l<vn j¶HlG tViÁ+ , xVhpD vh lD j<hË hc

l¢Hg¶Hè ns<ch , nd|hË kÎC hséÁäH£ ;Vn# >kÈH l¶éÆNkN^

tViÁ+ , )lñû<è( xVhpD fI iL ,hföéI hkN# hdK d:

tVhdÁN vtJ ,fV=úéD hsJ# tViÁ+ fV hkéòHã lñû<‰&

lD aN ;I lNuD f<nkN j<gÎN l¶ÁH& ÎHlN lûV nv [Hl¶I hsJ ,

l¶ÁH o<n uHlG tViÁ+ , nvkéÎíI [Hl¶I hsJ )38-08 ,9991

,kciwgdeS dna ragdE(.

fI x<v o±wI lD j<hË =™J ;I tViÁ+ fH dI iHÏ lòé„™D hc

h[éÂHß nv hvjäH£ f<nÍ& o<n nhvhÏ s¢<pD hsJ# tViÁ+ htVhn

[Hl¶I vh fI pV;J ,hnhaéI& >kÈH vh iNhdJ lD ;ÁN# iÂîÁÎK l<[F

j¶HlG , hvjäHxHè lÑeV lÎHË >kÈH lD =Vnn# hdK j¶äÎV nv lVhpG f¶N

l<vn hsé™HnÍ rVhv lD =ÎVn#

3( j¶HlG lÎHË tViÁ+ , xVhpD

tViÁ+ l<q<uHè lÈÂD vh nvfVlD =ÎVn ;I hc aH;„_IÏ

hfÈHÊ>lÎC , ÎîÎNÍ hù kúÇè lD =ÎVn# fI tViÁ+ hc c,hdHÏ lòé„T

, fH l†HlÎK , lñé<hiHÏ =<kH=<Ë lD j<hË VnhoJ# fVhÏ j¥ÂÎG

jû<dV tViÁ+ nv hdK lÆHgI& fñE j¶HlG tViÁ+ , xVhpD fV HdI Ï

htVhn& haÎHM , hvcù iH l<vn fVvsD rVhv =VtéI hsJ# nv hdK líH‰&

j±ù aNÍ hsJ fI n,lÎK VsA hféNhdD& läÁD fV ]æ<kæD j¶HlG

tViÁ+ , xVhpD& HsO nhnÍ a<n# ]ÈHv =™éHvÏ ;I nv hnhlI lD >dN

fÎHË iHdD hc j¶HlG tViÁ+ , xVhpD fI nsJ lÎNiÁN#

1-3( biÁÎJ , uÎÁÎJ› lñN,nÍ hÏ fVhÏ j¶HlG

tViÁ+ vh lD j<hË nv jÁÈH lñN,nÍ Ï biK jû<v ;VnÍ& >Ëvh fI

j¶VdT [Hl¶I aÁHsHkI hù kCnd: ndN# nv hdK w<vè& tViÁ+

nvfV=ÎVkNÍ Ï jÂHlD >Ë lÁHsäJ iHÏ h[éÂHuD hsJ ;I fV lHiÎJ

biÁD f<nË >Ë jÇ;ÎN fÎúéVÏ nhvkN# nviÂÎK pH‰& [΄C , lÎNgé<Ë

fV jÇeÎV uHlG tVnÏ fV biÁÎJ14

hwVhv nhvkN^

h=V]I ha¥H‰ , huÂH‰ tViÁæD ;I nv iV [Hl¶I hÏ j<gÎN lD a<n

fI ,s΄I Ï sHoéHv >Ë [Hl¶I a¥G lD =ÎVkN& ,gD fI ,s΄I Ï

biÁÎJ iHÏ l<[<n nv ht¥Hv lVnhË , ckHË nhvhÏ kÆA h[éÂHuD kÎC

rHgF vdCÏ lD a<kN#

fÁHfVhdK& uÁHwV jÇeÎV=Bhv iÂ<hvÍ fV lH v,aK kÎöéÁN# biÁÎJ&

aHlG hpéÂHjD lD a<n ;I fVoD hgÂHË iH dH HgS iH vh hc lÁ§V

biÁD t¶H‰ ;ÁN# [VdHË iHdD ;I lH vh fI pV;J ,hlÎNhvkN fN,Ë >k¥I

fI x<v >=HiHkI nvµ a<kN )6991 ,nosnhoJ(.kÆA ndæV tViÁ+ vh

fHdN nv uÎÁÎJ24

[öéí< ;Vn# ;ÎN )11 ,2002 ,ddiK(hdK fñE vh

l¢Vó lD ;ÁN ;I uÎÁÎJ nv tViÁ+ fH haÎHM& sä: iHÏ vkæHvk+&

yBh& gäHõ , lñû<è sV,;Hv nhvn# hdK o<n jÇ;ÎNÏ hsJ fV

,[<n uÎÁÎJ nv tViÁ+# uÎÁÎJ haHvÍ hÏ nhvn qÂÁD fV lÁúHM

hköHkD tViÁ+ ;I fI uÁ<hË [ÁäI Ï ndæV tViÁ+ aÁHoéI lD a<n#

uÎÁÎéD ;I o<n lD j<hkN fòúD hc biÁÎJ fHaN# péD lD j<hË

tV° vh ]ÁÎK fÁH kÈHn ;I uÎÁÎJ t¶HgÎJ biÁD-t¥VÏ hÏ hsJ ;I

jí˜_„D iHÏ tViÁæD vh nv tVÊ iHÏ uÎÁD líö˜_L lD ;ÁN# fÁHfVhdK

aHdN l¢Hg¶I Ï lûHndR uÎÁD tViÁ+ fé<hkN vhi¥Hv lÁHsäD fHaN

nv [ÈJ ;úT biÁÎJ iHÏ tViÁæD >kö<Ï haÎHM# fNdK jVjÎF

26

]æ<kæD hsé™HnÍ , tÈL >Ë jÇeÎV lD =Bhvn# nv iÂÎK pH‰&

lñû<‰ fV tViÁ+ heV léÆHfG nhvn› >kÈH fHuE j®ÎÎV nv uHnèiH&

hvcù iH , aÎ<Í Ï j<gÎN l¶ÁH lD =VnkN )iÂHË& 31(#

fH jÂHÊ hdK h,wH& kÂD j<hË lÎHË biÁÎJ , uÎÁÎJ tViÁæD lVc

lúòûD vh rHmG aN& ]Vh;I l<q<uHè `ÎVhl<Ë hköHË& lHiÎéD

köäD nhvkN# nv hdK l¢Hg¶I& fI uÁ<hË d¥D hc vhÍ iHÏ j¶HlG tViÁ+ fH

xVhpD iV n, kæHÍ fI tViÁ+ lNk§V f<nÍ hkN#

2-3( sV]úÂIÏ nhköéIiH nvj¶HlG tViÁ+-xVhpD

nv ;ÁHv fVvsD biÁÎJ , uÎÁÎJ tViÁæD& sV]úÂI Ï nséÎHfD fI

nhköéI iHÏ tViÁæD kÎC fI uÁ<hË föéV ndæVÏ fVhÏ fVvsD j¶HlG

tViÁ+ , xVhpD rHfG l¢Hg¶I iöéÁN# tViÁ+ sV]úÂI iHÏ tVh,hkD

nhaéI& bhjD lé®ÎV nhvn# hc nv,Ë j¶HvdT iÁVÏ , h[éÂHuD tViÁ+

n, l™È<Ê rHfG hséÁéHì hsJ^ l™È<Ê kÈ™éæD34

, >a¥HvÏ44

# hdÁ¢<v

=™éI lD a<n ;I nhköéI iHÏ tViÁæD dH fI x<v kÈ™éI nv hköHË ,[<n

nhvn& dH hköHË >=HiHkI , v,aK >kÈH vh tVh lD =ÎVn# V,hqP hsJ ;I

jV;ÎäD hc iV n, kÎC föÎHv lñéÂG hsJ^

kÈ™éæD^ fI >Ë "tViÁ+ nv aòW54

" kÎC =™éI lD a<n , hdK jÂHÊ

>Ë ÎúÎÁI iHÏ tViÁæD hsJ ;I d: tVn nv o±‰ jíVfI iHdA nv

ckN=D ;Hv , hvjäHxHè fI x<v yÎV löéÆÎL , =HÍ kHo<hséI fI

nsJ lD >,vn )1002 ,oH(. =HiD fI >Ë nhkA uÂÎR dH qÂÁD64

kÎC =™éI lD a<n#

>a¥HvÏ^ fI >Ë "aòW nv tViÁ+74

" iL =™éI lD a<n ,

v,ùiHdD >=HiHkI , o<no<hséI fVhÏ >l<oéK föéViHÏ

tViÁæD vh aHlG lD a<n )lHkÁN lúHiNÍ h Ï ;I d: |,iúæV

fVhÏ aÁHsHdD uHnhè tViÁæD d: =V,Í oHü hkíHÊ lD niN(#

kÈ™éæD fòúD hc biÁÎJ hsJ ;I nv j¶HlG fH nkÎHÏ oHvì jÆ<dJ

lDa<n )jû<dV 4(# hköHË dHn lD =ÎVn nv l<r¶ÎJ iHÏ lòé„T

]æ<kI vtéHv ;ÁN# iÂÎK l<q<ß föÎHvÏ hc vtéHviHÏ v,clVÍ hköHË

vh lD sHcn# hdÁ¢<v kÆG lD a<n ;I kÈ™éæD h,gÎK lÁäU hgÈHÊ hköHË

nv fVo<vn fH löHmG hsJ# sHË )61 ,7991 ,noswaL(nv ;éHã

l¶V,tA fH kHÊ "xVhpHË ]æ<kI t¥V lD;ÁÁN?84

"lêHgD vh hc

]æ<kæD hgÈHÊ aÈ<nÏ =V,iD hc nhkúí<dHË l¶ÂHvÏ hvhmI lD ;ÁN

;I fI >kÈH =™éI aNÍ f<n d: hdæ„<94

)oHkI hs¥ÎÂ<iH( vh fN,Ë iÎ}

xVó dH kÆúI Ï hc ÎA j¶ÎÎK aNÍ hÏ& föHckN# nv hdK lÎHË& kæVhkD

hw„D >köJ ;I fVo<vn aÈ<nÏ fV `HdI Ï biÁÎJ& fúNè fVhÏ

löHmG xVhpD kHl¢ÂáK , kHiÂæ<Ë hsJ#

nv hdK lÎHË& >a¥HvÏ lD j<hkN hc xVdR uÎÁÎJ zÈ<v ÎNh ;ÁN# nv

|,iA iHÏ föÎHvÏ fVhÏ j¶ÎÎK hséVhj|Ï hc hgæ<Ï uÎÁÎJ-

>a¥HvÏ hsé™HnÍ lD a<n jH köäJ fI xVhpD iHÏ [NdN fé<hkÁN ndN

tViÁæD fÈéVÏ )f<d|Í nv fHchviHÏ kHaÁHoéI( `ÎNh ;ÁÁN# ,déÁD

)3002 ,yentihW(fI j¶NhnÏ v,ù iHÏ jñÆÎR haHvÍ lD ;ÁN ;I

xVhpHË fVhÏ >=HiD dHtéK köäJ fI kÎHciHÏ hsé™HnÍ ;ÁÁN=HË hc >kÈH

fÈVÍ lD fVkN# v,ù jñÆÎR tViÁ+-lNhv& lñû<‰-lNhv , t¶HgÎJ-

lNhv sI l<vn hc >kÈH iöéÁN# fI x<v lêH‰& `„<C nv clVÍÏ

lñû<è xVhpD aNÍ fV `HdI Ï tViÁ+ hsJ ;I hc nv,Ë

|,iúD fH v,d¥Vn >a¥Hv fI tViÁ+ fÎV,Ë >lNÍ hsJ# |,iúD ;I

uHnè iHÏ lVnÊ oH,v n,v vh fH yBh o<vnË Î<kN lD cn# „<C

vtéHviHÏ tViÁæD lVnÊ >Ë ;ú<viH vh nv vhf¢I fH >lHnÍ sHcÏ&

xäO , wV yBh kÂHdHË lD ;Vn#

h=V hdÁ¥Hv fV föéV xVhpD hkíHÊ a<n& lD j<hË fI kéÎíI Ï

lúHfÈD nv vhf¢I fH l¶„<lHè tViÁæD kÎC nsJ ÎNh ;Vn# hdöéÂK

)1002 ,namtsaE(l¶éÆN hsJ ;I lñN,nÍ Ï hw„D jÂV;C& nvµ

xVhó hc nkÎHÏ xVhpD hsJ ;I iÂHË xVhpD , föéVù hsJ# fVhÏ

j<s¶I Ï hdK nkÎHÏ xVhpD& xVhó hc lÁHfU lé¶NnÏ hgÈHÊ lD =ÎVn

, hx±uHè l<vn kÎHcù vh jÇlÎK lD ;ÁN# lÁHfU nkÎHÏ fÎV,kD

iÂî<Ë haÎHM `ÎVhl<Ë& lúHiNÍ& hx±uHè ;NfÁNÏ aNÍ )lê±Ú

;éHãiH& ,ã iH , jVsÎÂHè( , lÁHfU nv,kD ;I líÂ<uI Ï >l<cÍ iH

, jíVfI iHÏ ÎúÎK tVn vh aHlG lD a<n )jû<dV 5(#

jû<dV5- ;HköåJ iH , föéViHdD ;I nv biK xVhó vh lú®<‰ lD ;ÁÁN nv

xD clHË , fH fÈVÍ hc l¶„<lHè , jíVfI iHdD ;I xVhó ÎúéV hc lÁHfU oHv[D

;öF ;VnÍ hsJ& a¥G lD =ÎVkN#

lHoB^ )1002 ,namtsaE(

hdöéÂK )iÂHË& 5( [CmÎHè fÎúéVÏ vh fI aVó cdV fÎHË lD;ÁN^

lÁHfU nv nkÎHÏ fÎV,kD& hx±uHè vh hc ;NiHÏ lé™H,jD jÈÎI

lD ;ÁÁN# ;éHã iH fH ,h\Í iH ;N=BhvÏ aNÍ hkN )nv l†HlÎK

, lñé<hiHÏ lòé„T( , vdHqÎHè fH tVl<‰ iH )lHkÁN [äV ,

iÁNsI(# nkÎHÏ tÎCd¥D nv rHgF jûH,dV , ndæV tVÊ iHÏ

l„Â<õ& hx±uHè aHlG jVsÎÂHèlòé„T )lHkÁN ±Ë&

lÆHxU , sI kÂHiHÏ l¥HkÎ¥D , hg¥éVd¥D( , sHdV Ûw_<v

hkV\Ï hc ndæV lÁHfU oHv[D iöéÁN# xVhó hc hdK lÁHfU fI

tVh=ÎVÏ lD Vnhcn , sHoéHv rNvjÂÁNÏ hc ;N=BhvÏ vh

hkíHÊ lD niN# fVoD hc l¶„<lHè xVhpHË uÎÁD , ,hr¶D

hsJ )lêG hkNhcÍ , oû<wÎHè l<hn(& fVoD uHnÏ )lHkÁN

tVhdÁNiHÏ sHoJ , j<gÎN( , fVoD lVp„I dD , tVhdÁNÏ

)lHkÁN ]æ<kæD hsé™HnÍ hc DAC, ,ã( , fVoD yVdCÏ ,

jíVfD )lHkÁN ]æ<kæD wNhÏ l<j<v o<nv,Ï aÂH ,réD

nvsJ ;Hv lD ;ÁN(#

36fÎHË iHdD ÎVhl<Ë aÁHoJ j¶HlG tViÁ+ ,

xVhpD )lñû<‰(

kúVdI iÁViHÏ cdäH - iÁViHÏ jíöÂD aÂHvÍ 34 HdÎ__C 9831

lñN,nÍ Ï SLlÎHË n, lñ<v kÈ™éæD , biÁÎJ rVhv nhvn# hdK

lñN,nÍ fòúD hc biK vh hvhmI lD ;ÁN ;I fH l<q<uHè nv,kD ,

yÎVlHnÏ lVjäX hsJ# hdK lñN,nÍ hÏ hsJ ;I fH l¶„<lHè ÎúÎK&

`ÎA tV° iH& sHfÆI , jíVfI sV,;Hv nhvn , [HdD hsJ ;I h,gÎK

u¥S hg¶ÂG iHÏ hköHË hc >Ë kúÇè lD =ÎVn#

;HköåJ iHÏ biÁD ;I pHwG líÂ<uI hÏ hc v,ù iH iöéÁN nv

lñN,nÍ Ï ESkÂHdHË lD a<kN#v,ù iH , j¥ÁÎ: iHÏ cdHnÏ ,[<n

nhvkN ;I l™HiÎL kÈ™éI vh fI pÆHdÆD >a¥Hv jäNdG lD ;ÁÁN# nv föéV

xVhpD fI x<v lêH‰& hdK v,ù iH aHlG hkíHÊ nhnË d: ÎÂHdA& hdNÍ

VnhcÏ fVhÏ pG d: lú¥G xVhpD , fÈVÍ =ÎVÏ hc hk<hß léNiHÏ

jñÆÎR lD fHaN# ,d|=D hdK lñN,nÍ& p†<v , o<hsJ >=HiHkI nv

=Bhv hc kÈ™éæD fI >a¥HvdöJ#

lñN,nÍ Ï HsO iHÏ >kD lH fI löHmG xVhpD& l¶V, fI LO

hsJ# iV]ÁN uÎÁD ,gD hdK HsO iH fV lÁHfU ÁÈHË l¶„<lHè , biÁÎJ

tVn hsé<hv hsJ# lêH‰ dHnaNÍ nv l<vn xVhpD , sHoJ aÈ<nÏ

hdæ„<& nv lñN,nÍ Ï LOrVhv lD =ÎVn# ,réD ;HköåJ iHÏ biÁD fI

tVÊ iH , ha¥H‰ tÎCd¥D jäNdG lD a<kN& lñN,nÍ hÏ vh lÎHË lñ<v

htÆD )>a¥HvÏ( , lñ<v uÂ<nÏ )uÎÁÎJ( jú¥ÎG lD niÁN ;I vfU

]ÈHvÊ hsJ )lñN,nÍ Ï OE(.

jÂHlD haÎHÏ tÎCd¥D , nsJ sHoéI iHÏ >=HiHkI nv hdK lñN,nÍ

rVhv lD =ÎVkN#

lN‰ ]ÈHv`HvhnhdÂD fVhÏ nvµ fÈéV vhf¢I Ï tViÁ+ , xVhpD

föÎHv fHhiÂÎJ hsJ# fH ;Â: hdK lN‰ ]æ<kæD pV;J hc lñN,nÍ Ï

SLfI OElúòW lD a<n# nv pÆÎÆJ hdK lN‰ [HfíHdD hc

lñN,nÍÏ kÈ™éæD-biÁÎJ vh fI lñN,nÍ Ï >a¥HvÏ-uÎÁÎJ lí˜_öL

lD ;ÁN# hdK hlV fI nvµ uÎÁD tViÁ+ , hsé™HnÍ Ï lÑeVjV hc >Ë ;Â:

lD ;ÁN# kæHvkNÍ fV hdK fH,v hsJ ;I lN‰ ]ÈHv`HvhnhdÂD ÎúÁÈHnÏ

l„Â<õ fI xVhpHkD hsJ ;I fI nkäH‰ fÈVÍ =ÎVÏ hc tViÁ+ nv xVóiHÏ

o<n iöéÁN› lÁä¶D yÁD fVhÏ j<gÎN l¶ÁHÏ lúéVµ tViÁæD#

4-3( lñû<è tViÁæD› pHwG j¶HlG

>oVdK fÎHË j¶Hl„D ;I nv hdK l¢Hg¶I fI >Ë VnhoéI aNÍ hsJ fI

d¥D ndæV hc uVwI iHÏ Vvk+ tViÁ+ , xVhpD d¶ÁD lñû<è

tViÁæD05

haHvÍ lD ;ÁN# uäHvè lñû<è tViÁæD& l™È<Ê

=öéVnÍhÏ vh nv l¢Hg¶Hè tViÁæD nvfVlD =ÎVn# nhlÁI Ï xVhpD nv

vhf¢I fH hdÁæ<kI lñû<è föÎHv fHc hsJ# sHfÆI Ï hdK uäHvè vh

fHdN nv l¢Hg¶Hè [Hl¶I aÁHsD nkäH‰ ;Vn# [HdD ;I lñû<è

tViÁæD iÁ<c iL fI >eHv o±rI Ï [<hl¶D haHvÍ lD ;ÁN ;I hy„F nv

p<cÍ iHÏ iÁV& sÎÁÂH& t΄L& kÂHdA& l<sÎÆD , vsHkI iH j<gÎN

lDa<n# fNdK jVjÎF >kÈH vh fHdN kéÎíI Ï t¶HgÎJ iHdD nhköJ ;I fH

>tVdÁA sV,;Hv nhvkN )9991 ,la te enyaP(.sHclHË tViÁ+& vsHkI ,

,vcù fVdéHkÎH15

& t¶HgÎJ iH , wÁHdU lVjäX fH >tVdÁA vh ]ÁÎK

j¶VdT lD ;ÁN^

>Ë nséI hc t¶HgÎJ iHdD ;I vdúI nv o±rÎJ& lÈHvè ,

hsé¶Nhn tVnÏ NdN>,vkN=HkúHË nhvkN# iÂîÁÎK j<hË fHgÆ<ÍÏ

jäNdG aNË fI eV,è , ;Hv>tVdÁD vh hc xVdR j<gÎN , j<cdU

pÆ<Ø lHg¥ÎJ iHÏ l¶Á<Ï nhvh lD fHaÁN#

hdK zÈ<v nv,kD , fÎV,kD fI uÁ<hË d¥D hc ]ÁNdK tVÊ iHÏ

j¶HlG tViÁ+ , xVhpD nv hdK l¢Hg¶I nvk§V =VtéI lD a<n# fHhdK

pH‰& d¥D hc uÂNÍ jVdK kæVhkD iHÏ l<[<n& jÇeÎV `ÎúÎÁI Ï

tViÁæD o<n xVhó fV kéÎíI Ï xVhpD hsJ# iHtöéN )1002

,edetsfoH(iÂÎK l<q<ß vh nv föéVÏ lé™H,è ]ÁÎK fÎHË lD ;ÁN^

d¥D hc l<q<uHè ;„ÎNÏ nv u„<Ê h[éÂHuD fÎK-tViÁæD , fI

xäU >Ë v,hkúÁHsD fÎK-tViÁæD& jÇeÎV tViÁ+ o<n |,iúæV

hsJ fV kéÎíI Ï l¢Hg¶HjA )fH nvk§V=VtéK hdK k¥éI ;I xVhpD d:

hlV |,iA-lñ<v kÎC iöJ(#

fH hdK h,wH& fVvsD hdK uHlG lÈL )fVvsD ÎúÎÁI Ï tViÁæD

xVhó( [C, hiNh hdK l¢Hg¶I kä<nÍ , fI >Ë VnhoéI kúNÍ hsJ#

3-3( kÂ<nhv ]ÈHvHvhnhdÂD› fÎHË sHnÍ hÏ hc j¶HlG

fVnhaJ ndæVÏ hc j¶HlG tViÁ+-xVhpD vh lD j<hË fV hsHõ

d: lN‰ ]ÈHv`HvhnhdÂD j<s¶I nhnÍ& hvhmI ;Vn# lÁ§<v hc HvhnhdL&

hgæ<iHÏ lÆHdöI dD iöéÁN# fòúD hc hdK lN‰& j¶HlG iHdD vh

nvfVlD =ÎVn ;I ÎúéV fNhË iH haHvÍ aN# nvuÎK pH‰ fV hsHõ

lN‰ jñ„΄D f<v‰ , l<v=HË )9791 ,nagroM dna lerruB(nv u„<Ê

h[éÂHuD& lN‰ ]ÈHv`HvhnhdÂD a¥G lD =ÎVn# hdK lN‰ kéÎíI Ï nvµ

kæHvkNÍ hc j¶HlG tViÁ+-xVhpD hsJ )jû<dV6(# nv iV vfU lN‰

d: HvhnhdL [HÏ lD =ÎVn# ]ÈHv`HvhnhdL lN‰ uäHvè o<hiÁN f<n hc^

1# HvhnhdL kÈ™éæD-biÁÎJ )lñN,nÍ SL(

)mgidarap evitcejbuS-tnetaL(

2# HvhnhdL >a¥HvÏ-biÁÎJ )lñN,nÍ ES(

)mgidarap ticilpxE-evitcejbuS(

3# HvhndL kÈ™éæD-uÎÁÎJ )lñN,nÍ LO(

)mgidarap tnetaL-evitcejbO(

4# HvhnhdL >a¥HvÏ-uÎÁÎJ )lñN,nÍ OE(

)mgidarap evitcejbO -ticilpxE(

jû<dV 6 - lN‰ tViÁæD ]ÈHv`HvhnhdÂD& fVnhaJ hc lN‰ f<v‰ , l<v=HË

)9791(#

46

l¶ÂHvÏ , wÁHdU nséD fI iÂVhÍ xVhpD wÁ¶éD nv clVÍ Ï >Ë

t¶HgÎJ iHÏ o±rI hÏ iöéÁN ;I nv j¶VdT haHvÍ aNÍ [HÏ lD =ÎVkN#

fÁHfVhdK& xVhpD fI uÁ<hË d: t¶HgÎJ o±rI dH fI uäHvjD& wÁ¶J lVjäX

fH >tVdÁA& rHf„ÎJ j<gÎN lñû<è tViÁæD vh nhvn# fH hdK hséN‰& iV

aDM xVhpD lD j<hkN fI lêHfI d: aDM tViÁæD r„ÂNhn a<n# >Ë aDM

pHwG löéÆÎL o±rÎJ d: tVn )xVhó( fI aÂHv lD >dN#

lñû<è tViÁæD nv p<cÍ Ï xVhpD lD j<hkÁN ]ÁHË jû<dV

a<kN ;I j<hkHdD hkéÆH‰ lÑeV l™HiÎL& kÂHniH& l¶HkD , pé˜_D sä: ,

sÎHØ ckN=D vh nhaéI fHaÁN# >kÈH lD j<hkÁN fòúD hc tViÁ+ iHÏ

l<[<n f<nÍ& dH o<n& tViÁ+ k< vh hdíHn ;ÁÁN# jû<dV7 ;I fV HdI Ï

lN‰ haHvÍ aNÍ nv jû<dV4 lD fHaN& j±ù nhvn =öéVù hlV,cdK

,v,nÏ iHÏ tViÁæD d: aDM vh fVhsHõ j¶HlG tViÁ+-xVhpD fI

kÂHdA fæBhvn#

jû<dV 7- nvµ kæHvkNÍ hc j¶HlG tViÁ+- xVhpD , l™È<Ê lñû<è tViÁæD ,

[HdæHÍ >kÈH#

nv lN‰ dHnaNÍ& aHi¥HviH , haÎHÏ iÁVÏ fúNè o<n vh tViÁæD

l¶VtD lD ;ÁÁN# nvpHgÎ¥I ;ÂéV u„¥VnÏ iöéÁN ,gD föÎHv kÂHndK fI

pöHã lD >dÁN# rVhvnhnË hdK lN‰ nv ;ÁHv l™È<lD ;I ,dÈÂH )06.P

,5991 ,amhiV(fVhÏ haÎHdD ;I ;HvfVn s<yHjD , iNdI nhvkN& k§V

kæHvkNÍ vh jÆ<dJ lD ;ÁN^

s<yHè , iNhdH& kÂ<kI Ï lñû<jD iöéÁN ;I hvcù iHÏ

u„¥VndúHË nv nv[I n,Ê hiÂÎJ rVhv nhvkN )nsJ ;L nv iÁæHÊ

nhnË , fI dHn>,vnË(# fVhÏ lêH‰& s<yHè hy„F nhvhÏ l¶ÁHÏ

kÂHndK föÎHv lÑ;NÏ iöéÁN ;I nv l¢Hg¶Hè <göHkS

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