Address : shughnan press 1 اصری ن خالدار ویرایش توسط :

هشتم ماه

Address : shughnan press 2 اصری ن خالدار ویرایش توسط :

Present Perfect Progressive Tense

زمان حال کامل جاری

Structure: ساختمان A. F= S + Have / has + been + V ing + Complement.

Q. F= Have/Has + S + been +V ing + Complement?

N.F= S + Have/Has + Not + been + V ing + Complement.

N.I.F= Have/Has + S + Not + been + V ing + Complement?

Ex. She has been cooking lunch.

Ex. Has she been cooking lunch?

Ex. She has not been cooking lunch.

Ex. Has she not been cooking lunch?

Usage موارد استعمال

1. Present Perfect Progressive Tense is used to show the duration of an

action which started in the past, continue to present and still continuing.

برای بیان جریان عمل استعمال میگردد که در گذشته آغاز شده تااکنون ادامه یافته و در زمان حال کامل جاری:

حال حاضر ادامه دارد.

Ex. Ahmad has been filling the application form since 1:00 o’clock.

Ex. We have been playing chess since noon.

Note: The present perfect progressive tense is usually followed by since and for.

می شود. همراهی (since and for)معموالً با :زمان حال کامل استمرار )جاری( نوت:

2. The Present Perfect Progressive Tense is also used for an action that

already finished and this continuity of the activity is emphasized as an explanation

of something.

EX. Why are your cloths so wet? I have been watering the garden.

Address : shughnan press 3 اصری ن خالدار ویرایش توسط :

Past Perfect Progressive Tense

زمان گذشته کامل استمراری

Structures ساختمان A.F= S + Had + Been + Ving + Complement.

Q.F= Had + S + Been + Ving + Complement?

N.F= S + Had + Not + Been + Ving + Complement.

N.I.F= Had + S + Not + Been + Ving + Complement?

Ex. The people had been celebrating Eid.

Ex. Had the people been celebrating Eid?

Ex. The people had not been celebrating the Eid.

Ex. Had the people not been celebrating Eid?

Usage موارد استعمال

The past progressive Tense shows the duration of an action which was in progress

before another action in the past.

داللت به جریان عملی می کند که قبل از کار دیگری در زمان گذشته در حال :زمان گذشته استمراری کامل

انجام بوده است.

Ex. They had been living in Kabul, before they came to Mazar.

Future Perfect Progressive Tense

زمان آینده کامل استمراری یا جاری

Structure ساختمان

A.F= S + Shall/Will + Have + Been + Ving + Complement.

Q.F= Shall/Will + S + Have + Been + Ving + Complement?

N.F= S + Shall/Will + Not + Have + Been + Ving + Complement.

N.I.F= Shall/Will + S+Not + Have + Been + Ving + Complement?

Ex. I will have been watching the TV.

Address : shughnan press 4 اصری ن خالدار ویرایش توسط :

Ex. Will I have been watching the TV?

Ex. I will not have been watching the TV.

Ex. Will I not have been watching the TV?

Usage

موارد استعمال

Future Perfect Progressive Tense: Shows the duration of an action which will be

continuing before another action or before some specified time in the future.

یا جاری: برای بیان جریان عملی استعمال می شود که قبل از عمل دیگری و یا قبل از :زمان آینده استمراری

در زمان آینده در حال انجام خواهد بود. وقت معینی

Ex. They will have been painting the house by Friday.

Adverbقیــــــد

Adverb is a word which is used to add something to the meaning of adverb, adjective

and other adverb.

ر را کامل می سازد. دیگ قید است که معنی فعل، صفت و قید کلمهً

Ex. Ahmad is very clever.

Ex. She spoke quite correctly.

Ex. She writes correctly.

Kinds of Adverb اقســـام قــــــید

Simple Adverbs are those which are used extensively in daily activity.

زندگی روز مره مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند. آن دسته قیودی هستند که وسیعاً در ساده: قیود

The simple adverbs are divided into eight parts.

A. Adverbs Of Manners قیود حالت و چگونگی

B. Adverbs Of Time قیود زمان

C. Adverbs Of Place مــــکان قیود

D. Adverbs Of Reason قیود علت و نتیجه

E. Adverbs Of Numbers قیود اعداد

F. Adverbs Of Intensive تاًکیدیقیود

G. Adverbs Of Affirmation and Negation و انکار تاًکیدیقیود

a. Adverb of Manner قیود حالت و چگونگی

Address : shughnan press 5 اصری ن خالدار ویرایش توسط :

Adverbs of Manners are those which show how an action happens?

یک عمل اتفاق می افتد.آن دسته قیودی هستند که نشان میدهند که چگونه قیود حالت و چگونگی:

Like: Bravely, Fast, Crowdly….etc

Ex. He has done his duty bravely.

b. Adverbs Of Time قیود زمان Adverbs of time are those which show when an action happened.

تاد.آن دسته قیودی هستند که نشان میدهند که یک عمل چه وقت اتفاق اف :قیود زمان

Like: Today, Yesterday, Now…..etc

Ex. I saw him yesterday.

c. Adverbs of Place قیود مکان Adverbs of place are those which show where an action happened.

. ه استکه یک عمل در کجا اتفاق افتاد نشان میدهد،قیود مکان

Like: Here, There, inside……etc

Ex. I saw her there.

d. Adverbs of Reason و نتیجه علتقیود

Adverbs of reason are those which show why an action happened.

نشان میدهد که چرا یک عمل اتفاق افتاد. :و نتیجه علتقیود

Like: Therefore so far…..etc

Ex. He was lazy; therefore he failed in the exam.

e. Adverbs Of Numbers قیود اعداد

These adverbs show how often an action happened.

که چند بار اتفاق افتاده است. انجام یک عمل را نشان میدهند :ادداعقیود

Adverbs of numbers are divided into two parts.

a. Definite Numeral Adverb نمعی عددیقیود

b. Indefinite Numeral Adverb نامعین یدعدقیود

1. Definite Numeral Adverbs are those which show exact number.

آن دسته قیودی هستند که تعداد دفعات دقیق را نشان میدهند.قیود عددی معین:

Like: Once, Twice, Again, Firstly……etc

Ex. I come to course twice a week.

2. Indefinite Numeral Adverbs are those which show inexact number.

میکنند. داللتات نامعین عهستند که به تعداد د ف قیودی آن دسته :نقیود عددی نامعی

Like: Sometimes, Often, Usually, Never…..etc

Address : shughnan press 6 اصری ن خالدار ویرایش توسط :

Ex. I never go there.

f. Intensive Adverbs تاًکیدیقیود

Intensive Adverbs are those which show emphasizing on an action.

را باالی یک عمل نشان میدهند. تاًکیدیآن دسته قیودی هستند که

Like: Just, Even, Too…..Etc

Ex. I just saw her.

g. Adverb Of Affirmation and Negation و انکار تاًکیدیقیود

These adverbs show agreement or disagreement with speaker.

Like: Yes, No, Of course, perhaps…..etc

Ex. Did you succeed in the exam, Yes I did.

Formation of Adverb طرز تشکیل قید

Most of adverbs are formed by adding (ly) at the end of adjectives.

در آخر صفات تشکیل می شوند. (Ly)با عالوه نمودن بسیاری از قیود

Like: Polite, Politely, Crowd, Crowdly…..etc

Rules: 1. Adjective ending in (Y) change (Y) into (I) and add (Ly).

عالوه می گردد. (Ly)تبدیل و (I)آنها به (Y)ختم شده (Y)صفاتیکه به

Like: Happy, Happily, Gay, Gaily

2. Adjective ending in (Ible) or (Able) drops (e) and add (Y).

Like: Capable, Capably, Probable, Probably, Possible, Possibly.

Note: Some adjective and adverb are the same form.

بعضی از صفات و قیود عین شکل را دارا اند.

Like: Early, Hard, Fast, Deep…..etc

Prepositions ف اضافه وحر

Preposition: is a word which is used to show the relationship between two persons or

things.

است که برای نشان دادن رابطه میان دو شخص و یا دو شی استعمال می شود. کلمهً :حرف اضافه

Address : shughnan press 7 اصری ن خالدار ویرایش توسط :

Ex. Ahmad is walking on the street.

Ex. The chair is near the door.

Kinds of Prepositions اقسام حروف اضافه

The prepositions are divided into two parts.

A. Simple Prepositions حروف اضافه ساده

B. Compound Prepositions حروف اضافه مر کب A. Simple Prepositions are the standard class of preposition which shows the

relationship among people or things.

آن دسته از حروف ربطی هستند که به شکل استندرد استعمال شده و رابطه میان اشخاص :حروف اضافه ساده

و اشیارا نشان میدهد.

They are consisting in: At, for, on, off, until, till, within, with, out, since, up, above, over, below, about, along,

as, under…..etc

Ex. Ahmad is in the class.

Ex. The book is on the table.

B. Compound Preposition: Usually contain more than one syllable and show the

relationship between two persons or things.

معموالً دارای بیشتر از یک هجا بوده و رابطه میان دو شی و دو شخص را نشان میدهد. افه مرکب:حروف اض

They are consisting in:

In order to, Become of, by the way, of, for sake of, in front of, in spite of, due to, on a

count of…….etc

Ex. I did it for the sake of my friend.

Ex. There is a car in front of the door.

Phrase

Definition: The combination of words that makes sense, but not a complete sense is

called phrase.

Ex. On behalf of

Ex. As likely as not.

Address : shughnan press 8 اصری ن خالدار ویرایش توسط :

Clause

Definition: Clause is a group of words which form part of a sentence, and contain

subject and predicate.

Clauses are classified here:

Clause

1.Independent Clause: An independent or main clause is a complete sentence it can

stand alone- it contains the main subject and verb of a sentence.

2. Subordinating Clause: A subordinating or dependent clause is not a complete

sentence it cannot stand alone. It must be jointed to an independent clause to complete

its meaning.

There are three kinds of subordinating clauses:

1. Noun clause

2. Adjective clause

3. Adverb clause

Noun Clause

Definition: A noun clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a

predicate of its own, and does the work of a noun.

e.g: I don't know what she wants. Main Clause Noun Clause

Adjective or relative clause: A clause, which identifies modifies or gives further

information about the antecedent which is a noun or pronoun is called an adjective

clause.

Independent (Main or principle) Subordinating (Dependent)

Noun Clause Adjective Clause Adverb Clause

Address : shughnan press 9 اصری ن خالدار ویرایش توسط :

e .g: I don't remember the house where I was born. Adj – Clause

Adjective clause is also called relative clause for it is introduce by a relative pronoun. Adjective clauses (Relative clauses) Relative pronouns or conjunction words, they are the words which are used to relate or

introduce a dependent clause which are used to relate or introduce a dependent clause.

Adverb Clause

Definition: Adverb clause is a subordinating clause that functions the same as an

adverb and may modify some verbs, adjectives or adverbs in the independent

clause.

e.g. When I called him, he wasn’t at home.

There are many kinds of adverb clauses and could be as follow:

Adverb clause of time

Adverb clause of condition

Adverb clause of concession ( supposition)

Adverb clause of place

Adverb clause of cause or reason

Adverb clause of result or consequence

Adverb clause of purpose

Adverb clause of comparison

Adverb clause of circumstance

Set Words

No Word Meaning No Word Meaning

1 Hair 37 مو Nerve عصاب، عصب

2 Eye 38 چشم Larynx حنجره،حلقوم

3 Eyebrow 39 ابرو Esophagus مری

4 Eyeball 40 مردمک چشم Hand دست

5 Eyelid 41 پلک Arm بازو

Address : shughnan press 10 اصری ن خالدار ویرایش توسط :

6 Pupil 42 مردمک چشم Elbow آرنج

7 Upper lid 43 پلک باال Palm کف دست

8 Lower lid 44 پلک پائین Finger انگشت

9 Eyelash 45 مژه Nail ناخن

10 Orbit 46 کاسه چشم Wrist مچ دست

11 Cheek 47 کومه Buttock سرین، پت

12 Jaw 48 عالشه Thigh انر

13 Lip 49 لب Knee عینک زانو

14 Upper lip 50 لب باال Skin جلد، پوست

15 Lower lip 51 لب پائین Ankle بجلک پا

16 Gum 52 بیره Sole کف پا

17 Chin 53 ذنخ Underfoot کوری پای

18 Moustache 54 بروت Toe انگشت کالن

19 Beard 55 ریش Calf ساق پا

20 Ear 56 گوش Palate کام

21 Face 57 روی Earlobe نرمه گوش

22 Temple 58 شقیقه Crown فرق سر

23 Neck 59 گردن Small finger انگشت خورد

24 Shoulder 60 شانه Ring finger انگشت، انگشتری

25 Breast 61 سینه،پستان Middle Finger انگشت وسطی

26 Chest 62 قفس سینه Index finger شهادت انگشت

27 Pelvis 63 لگن خاصره Pancreas پانقراس

28 Cranium 64 جمجمه،کاسه سر Vein ورید، رگ های خورد

29 Joint 65 مفصل Rib قبرغه

30 Throttle 66 کچوگگ Artery شریان

31 Spleen 67 طحال، تلی Capillary عروق شعریه

32 Muscle 68 عضله،ماهیچه Spine ستون فقرات

33 Bone 69 استخوان Blood خون

34 Adam's Apple 70 قانقرتک White blood cells کرویات سفید خون

35 Eardrum 71 پرده گوش Red blood cells کرویات سرخ خون

36 Waist 72 کمر Thumb شست

71 Abdomen 77 شکم Forehead پیشانی

72 Liver 78 جگر Armpit جای آستین،زیر بغل

73 Intestine 79 روده Armhole بغل

Address : shughnan press 11 اصری ن خالدار ویرایش توسط :

74 Small intestine 80 روده کوچک Heart قلب

75 Large intestine 81 روده بزرگ Face روی

76 Lung 82 شش Mouth دهن

Professions

83 Lawyer 104 حقوق دان Architect مهندس

84 Philosopher 105 فایلسوف Police officer افسر پولیس

85 Professor 106 پروفیسور Author مولف، نویسنده

86 Teacher 107 استاد، معلم Translator ترجمان، مترجم

87 Judge 108 قاضی Merchant تاجر

88 Doctor 109 داکتر Goldsmith زرگر

89 Engineer 110 انجینیر Worker کارگر

90 Clerk 111 کاتب Blacksmith آهن گر

91 Secretary 112 رترمنشی، سک Grocer بقال

92 Porter 113 جوالی Broker دالل، کمیشن کار

93 Cotton beater 114 لذاف Baker نانوا

94 Mason 115 گل کار Barber سلمان

95 Carpenter 116 نجار Cobbler پینه دوز، موچی

96 Shopkeeper 117 دوکان دار Driver درایور

97 Shoe maker 118 بوت ساز Carter کراچی بان

98 Druggist 119 دواساز، دوافروش Postman پوسته رسان

99 Charmer 120 مداری Soldier عسکر

100 Archer 121 تیر انداز cook آشپز

101 Tailor 122 خیاط Waiter گارسون

102 Tinsmith 123 حلبی ساز Waitress دائیه، قابله

103 Watch maker 124 ساعت ساز

Address : shughnan press 12 اصری ن خالدار ویرایش توسط :

Month

No Word Meaning No Word Meaning

1 Quiver 39 لرزیدن،تکان خوردن Recall بخاطر آوردن

2 Maladjustment 40 ناسازگاری Favoritism طرفداری

3 Addict 41 معتاد Haggle چنه زدن،اصرار کردن

4 Foe 42 دشمن،مخالف No end of بی حد

5 Layer 43 طبقه بندی کردن Unnatural غیر طبیعی

6 Tolerable 44 قابل تحمل Hex جادوگر،جادو کردن

7 Weep 45 اشک ریختن Proclaim اعالن کردن

8 Blasphemous 46 کفر آمیز،کفرگوینده Innumerable بیشمار

9 Blasphemy 47 کفر،ناسزا گویی Pickpocket کیسه بر

10 Revive 48 به حالت عادی برگشتن Document سند

11 Lick 49 لیسیدن Sigh آه کشیدن،افسوس کردن

12 Peasant 50 دهاتی Misfortune بد بختی،بیچارگی

13 Revolution 51 انقالب Manual کاردستی

14 Nourishing 52 مقوی Turn جفت،دوتا

15 Deny 53 انکار کردن Routine کار های عادی روزانه

16 Tolerance 54 تحمل Spree عیاشی،خوش گذرانی

17 Confirm 55 تصدیق کردن Misery بیچارگی

18 Violently 56 به شدت Contented قانع

19 Wage 57 دستمزد Measure اندازه ،اندازه گرفتن

20 Interrelationship 58 خویشاوندی Owe مدیون کسی بودن

21 Interrogate 59 تحقیق کردن Listless بی میل،بی توجه

22 To my regret 60 باکمال تاسف Brick خشت

23 At least 61 حد اقل Tuition حق التدریس

24 Abuse 62 ناسزاگفتن،سواستفاده Coffin تابوت

25 knead 63 خمیرکردن Sponsor ضامن،صمانت کردن

26 Yeast 64 خمیرترش Aspire آرزو داشتن

27 Dough 65 خمیر Purpose قصد،قصد داشتن

Address : shughnan press 13 اصری ن خالدار ویرایش توسط :

28 Merrily 66 ازروی خوشی Waterfall آبشار

29 Make hands meet 67 امرار معاش کردن Inspect

بازرسی کردن،سرکشی کردن

30 Urge 68 توصیه کردن Moralist نتیجه اخالقی گرفتن

31 Decorate 69 تز ًین کردن Moody بد اخالق

32 Elegant 70 باسلیقه Merchandise نبه بازار عرضه کرد

33 back breaking 71 کمرشکن Panic وارخطا شدن

34 Tormentor 72 زجردهنده،عزاب دهنده Civility نزاکت،نجابت ورفتارخوب

35 Civil service 73 خدمات اجتماعی Civilization متمدن کردن،متمدن شدن

36 Recover 74 بخود آمدن،بهبود یافتن Civilized متدن شدن،پیشرفته

37 Vision 75 طرن فکر،بینش،دید Vital حیاتی،اساسی

38 Reverse 76 معکوس،معکوس کردن Papery کاغذی

77 Bend 92 کج شدن Paradise بهشت

78 Exaggerate بزرگ جلوه دادن،مبالغه

پارامان،مجلس شورا Parliament 93 کردن

79 Artificial 94 ساختگی،مصنوی Partial طرفدار

80 Summon 95 ه دادگاهاحضاری Participatory مشارکتی

81 Will وصیت نامه،وصیت

طرفداری Partisanship 96 کردن

82 Scholar 97 دانشمند Partnership مشارکت

83 Fancy 98 خیال،تصور کردن Partook شرکت کردن

84 Fanciful 99 خیالی،تصوری Screech چیغ زدن،فریاد زدن

85 Regime 100 رژیم، روش حکومت Sedition فاتنه جویی،شورش

86 Red cross 101 صلیب سرخ Scope هدف،منظور

87 Sensibility 102 حساسیت Resistance پایداری،ایستادگی

88 ِ Salvation 103 لجات،رهایی Sash کمر بند

89 Satanic 104 شیطانی ِ Squeeze فشاردادن،فشردن

90 Sensationalism پیروی از مسایل

سوزاندن Scorch 105 گیزشوران

91 Sensitive 106 حساس ِ Sahib آقا