中国远程教育面临的机遇与挑战中国远程教育面临的机遇与挑战Distance Education in China: Opportunities and ChalleDistance Education in China: Opportunities and Challe

ngesnges

黄荣怀 北京师范大学黄荣怀 北京师范大学Prof. Ronghuai HUANG, Beijing Normal UniversityProf. Ronghuai HUANG, Beijing Normal University

Research Center of Knowledge Engineering, Beijing Normal University

北京师范大学知识工程研究中心

ContentContent

1. 1. 如何理解远程教育？如何理解远程教育？

What is Distance Education (DE)?What is Distance Education (DE)?

2. 2. 信息技术发展为远程教育提供技术支撑信息技术发展为远程教育提供技术支撑

Popularization of technology (technology potential for delivering system)Popularization of technology (technology potential for delivering system)

3. 3. 中国高等教育的发展和远程教育的巨大需求中国高等教育的发展和远程教育的巨大需求

Status of HEIs in China mainland and potential needs of DEStatus of HEIs in China mainland and potential needs of DE

4. 4. 中国远程教育发展现状中国远程教育发展现状

Status of DE in HEIsStatus of DE in HEIs

5. 5. 中国远程教育面临的挑战中国远程教育面临的挑战

Challenges of DEChallenges of DE

1. 1. 如何理解远程教育？如何理解远程教育？What is Distance Education?What is Distance Education?

““ 远程教育是指学与教通常不在同一地点远程教育是指学与教通常不在同一地点 (/(/ 时间时间 )) 的教育形式，的教育形式，因此需要专门的课程设计技巧、专门的教学方法、采用电子和因此需要专门的课程设计技巧、专门的教学方法、采用电子和其他技术的专门交流方法、以及专门的组织与管理。”其他技术的专门交流方法、以及专门的组织与管理。”

““Distance education is planned learning that normally occurs Distance education is planned learning that normally occurs in a in a

different placedifferent place from teaching and as a result requires special te from teaching and as a result requires special te

chniques of course design, special instructional techniques, spechniques of course design, special instructional techniques, spe

cial methods of communication by electronic and other technolcial methods of communication by electronic and other technol

ogy, as well as special organizational and administrative arranogy, as well as special organizational and administrative arran

gements".gements".

(by Michael Moore, the director of The American Center for the Study of DE, 1996)(by Michael Moore, the director of The American Center for the Study of DE, 1996)

远程学习的三个组成部分远程学习的三个组成部分Three Components of Distance LearningThree Components of Distance Learning

资源Sources

设计Design

传送Delivery

交互Interaction

学习环境LearningEnvironment

•学生需求 Student Needs

•组织 Organizations

•理论 / 历史 Theory/History

•哲学 Philosophy

•教学设计 Instructional

Design

•媒体 Media

•计划 Program

•评估 Evaluation

•印刷品 Print

•音频 / 视频录音，广播/ 电视 Audio/Video

Recordings ， Radio/TV

•计算机软件 Computer Software

•音频 / 视频会议 Audio/Video conferencing

•计算机网络 Computer Networks

•教师 Instructors

•辅导老师 Tutors

•顾问 Counselors

•行政人员 Administrative

Staff

•其他学习者 Other Students

•工作地点 Workplace

•家庭 Home

•教室 Classroom

•学习中心 Learning Center

Michael Moore 1996

传送系统（技术）传送系统（技术）Delivering systemDelivering system

(technology)(technology)

学习支持（人员和环境）学习支持（人员和环境）Learning supportingLearning supporting

(staff & env)(staff & env)

学习资源（材料）学习资源（材料）Learning packetLearning packet

(material)(material)

• 远程教育的远程教育的学习资源学习资源包含需求分析、教学设计、媒体、评估等方面，核心是课程资包含需求分析、教学设计、媒体、评估等方面，核心是课程资源源

Learning packetLearning packet of distance education involves requirement analysis, instructional desi of distance education involves requirement analysis, instructional desi

gn, media, evaluation, etc. with the core of course resourcesgn, media, evaluation, etc. with the core of course resources

• 远程教育的远程教育的传送系统传送系统由印刷品、视频音频、广播、电视、教学软件、远程会议和互由印刷品、视频音频、广播、电视、教学软件、远程会议和互联网等组成联网等组成

Delivering systemDelivering system of distance education consists of print, audio/video, radio, TV, instru of distance education consists of print, audio/video, radio, TV, instru

ctional software, video conference, and Internetctional software, video conference, and Internet

• 远程教育的远程教育的支持系统支持系统包括人员服务和学习环境两部分，人员支持涉及教师、导师、包括人员服务和学习环境两部分，人员支持涉及教师、导师、顾问、行政管理人员和其他学习者，学习环境可以是家庭、学校、工作单位或远程顾问、行政管理人员和其他学习者，学习环境可以是家庭、学校、工作单位或远程学习中心学习中心

Learning supportLearning support of distance education includes staff and environment. Instructors, tu of distance education includes staff and environment. Instructors, tu

tors, counselors, administrators belong to supporting staff. Environment can be home, tors, counselors, administrators belong to supporting staff. Environment can be home,

school, workplace, or off-campus learning centersschool, workplace, or off-campus learning centers

2. 2. 信息技术发展为远程教育提供技术支撑信息技术发展为远程教育提供技术支撑

Technology DevelopmentTechnology Development

• 计算机网络计算机网络 CERNETCERNET 已建成已建成 2000020000 公里的公里的 DWDM/SDHDWDM/SDH 高速传输网，覆盖全国近高速传输网，覆盖全国近 33

00 个主要城市，主干总容量达个主要城市，主干总容量达 40Gbps40Gbps

CERNET has the high-speed network of DWDM/SDH over 20,000kms in 30 major citCERNET has the high-speed network of DWDM/SDH over 20,000kms in 30 major cit

ies, the total volume being 40Gbpsies, the total volume being 40Gbps

• CERNETCERNET 高速主干网已经升级到高速主干网已经升级到 2.5Gbps2.5Gbps ，接入速度，接入速度 155Mbps155Mbps ，连接，连接 3535 个重点城个重点城市市

CERNET high-speed network has upgraded to 2.5Gbps with speed of 155 Mbps connCERNET high-speed network has upgraded to 2.5Gbps with speed of 155 Mbps conn

ecting 35 major citiesecting 35 major cities

• 全国已有全国已有 100100 多所高等学校以多所高等学校以 100-1000Mbps100-1000Mbps 速率接入速率接入 CERNET CERNET

Over 100 higher education institutes in China has connected to CERNET with speed Over 100 higher education institutes in China has connected to CERNET with speed

of 100-1000 Mbpsof 100-1000 Mbps

• CNCN 下注册的域名数和网站数分别达到下注册的域名数和网站数分别达到 43 43 万多和万多和 66.8 66.8 万多万多 URL names and websites registered under CN has reached over 430,000 and 668,000 rURL names and websites registered under CN has reached over 430,000 and 668,000 r

espectivelyespectively

-------- 中国互联网络发展状况统计报告（中国互联网络发展状况统计报告（ 20052005 年年 77 月） 月）

2799 3257

7597.5 10576.5 9380

18599

27216

53941

74429

82617

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

M

2000.12 2001.06 2001.12 2002.06 2002.12 2003.06 2003.12 2004.06 2004.12 2005.06

数据来源：中国互联网络信息中心（CNNIC）

中国互联网的国际出口带宽中国互联网的国际出口带宽 International Bandwidth of China’s InternetInternational Bandwidth of China’s Internet

单位 ( 兆字节 )

—— 中国互联网络发展状况统计报告（ 2005 年 7 月）

五年内国际出口带宽扩展了 30 倍！

International Bandwidth of China’s Internet has reached more than 80,000 MegabytesInternational Bandwidth of China’s Internet has reached more than 80,000 Megabytes

30 times that five years ago30 times that five years ago

相当于连续 5 年每年翻一番！

Double every year for 5 continuous years!

3089

146350

650892 1002

1254

1613

2083

2572

74. 754. 229. 90

800

1600

2400

3200

4000

97. 10 98. 7 99. 1 99. 7 00. 1 00. 7 01. 1 01. 7 02. 1 02. 7 03. 1 03. 7 04. 1

上网计算机总数

上网计算机数达到上网计算机数达到 4560 4560 万台万台45.6 million computers to con45.6 million computers to connect to Internetnect to Internet

7950

68005910

4580

33702650

22501690

890400210117. 562

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

97. 10 98. 7 99. 1 99. 7 00. 1 00. 7 01. 1 01. 7 02. 1 02. 7 03. 1 03. 7 04. 1

上网用户总数

中国已经拥有超过中国已经拥有超过 11 亿网民亿网民Internet users > 100 millionInternet users > 100 million ！！

中国教育电视台中国教育电视台China Education TVChina Education TV

• 中国教育电视台成立于中国教育电视台成立于 19861986 年，直属国年，直属国家教育部领导家教育部领导

As the only specialized national TV station ChinAs the only specialized national TV station Chin

a Education TV (CETV) was founded in 1986 una Education TV (CETV) was founded in 1986 un

der the direct instruction of the Ministry of Educder the direct instruction of the Ministry of Educ

ation (MOE)ation (MOE)

• 全国全国 8585 ％的省级和地方有线电视都播放％的省级和地方有线电视都播放教育电视台一套节目教育电视台一套节目

Over 85% provincial and local cable TV are relaOver 85% provincial and local cable TV are rela

ying the program of CETV-1ying the program of CETV-1

• 在教育部领导下，教育电视台于在教育部领导下，教育电视台于 19991999 年年建立起包括电视、语音和建立起包括电视、语音和 IPIP 数据广播的数据广播的最大的最大的远程学习交互平台远程学习交互平台，并于，并于 20002000 年年投入使用投入使用

Under the instruction of MOE, CETV has establUnder the instruction of MOE, CETV has establ

ished the biggest and ished the biggest and interactive Distance Learniinteractive Distance Learni

ng Platformng Platform that includes TV, FM and IP service that includes TV, FM and IP service

in 1999 and started in 2000in 1999 and started in 2000

APSTAR-1ASino-1

CETV-2

CETV-1

CETV-3

Beijing

China & Asia Pacific area

3. 3. 中国高等教育的发展和远程教育的巨大需求中国高等教育的发展和远程教育的巨大需求

Status of HEIs in China mainland and potential Status of HEIs in China mainland and potential

needs of DEneeds of DE

现有高中学生现有高中学生 22392239 万人，中职学生万人，中职学生 13671367 万人，万人， 20202020 年计划基本普及高年计划基本普及高中和中职教育，中和中职教育， 65006500 万人左右 万人左右 净增净增 30003000 万万

22.39 million senior middle school students, 13.67 million middle-level vocat22.39 million senior middle school students, 13.67 million middle-level vocational students, ional students, expected to reach 65 million in 2020expected to reach 65 million in 2020

我国现有在校大学生我国现有在校大学生 20002000 万人（万人（ 20042004 年底），年底）， 20202020 年计划达到年计划达到 35003500 ～～40004000 万人万人 净增 净增 15001500 万～万～ 20002000 万人万人

20 million 20 million undergraduate students (to the end of 2004), undergraduate students (to the end of 2004), expected to reach 35~expected to reach 35~40 million in 202040 million in 2020

20042004 年我国的大学毛入学率仅有年我国的大学毛入学率仅有 1919 ％ ％ 40% (2020)40% (2020) College enrollment rate in 2004 about College enrollment rate in 2004 about 19%19%

继续教育（在职人员学历提升、行业、企业培训）和终身学习继续教育（在职人员学历提升、行业、企业培训）和终身学习 Continuing education (for professional development and on-the-job training) aContinuing education (for professional development and on-the-job training) a

nd life-long learningnd life-long learning

• 如果按照传统的方式，现有大学规模需扩大一倍，甚如果按照传统的方式，现有大学规模需扩大一倍，甚至我们需要再建至我们需要再建 10001000 所大学！所大学！We would build the other 1000 universities if the Higher EWe would build the other 1000 universities if the Higher E

ducation develops in the traditional way!ducation develops in the traditional way!

• 出路在哪里？大力发展远程教育与出路在哪里？大力发展远程教育与 e-Learning!!!e-Learning!!!

Where should we go? To develop Distance & e-Learning!!!Where should we go? To develop Distance & e-Learning!!!

4. 4. 中国远程教育发展现状中国远程教育发展现状

Distance Education CollegesDistance Education Colleges

• 中国已经批准中国已经批准中央广播电视大学中央广播电视大学和和 6767 所远程教育院校所远程教育院校，，发展现代远程教育发展现代远程教育China has approved China has approved CRTVUCRTVU (Central Radio and TV University) an (Central Radio and TV University) an

d other d other 67 higher colleges and universities67 higher colleges and universities as pilots to develop mod as pilots to develop mod

ern distance educationern distance education

• 300300多万多万学生接受高等远程教育学生接受高等远程教育 More than More than 3 million3 million students of Distance Higher Education students of Distance Higher Education

学习中心与专业学习中心与专业Learning Centers and MajorsLearning Centers and Majors

• 学习中心总数（除中央广播电视大学外）达到学习中心总数（除中央广播电视大学外）达到 20002000 多多个个

More than More than 2,0002,000 off-campus learning centers (excludes those of CRT off-campus learning centers (excludes those of CRT

VU)VU)

• 各个层次的专业数量达到上百个各个层次的专业数量达到上百个 Over 100 majors at different levelsOver 100 majors at different levels

教学资源教学资源Teaching ResourcesTeaching Resources

• 课程资源总数达课程资源总数达 85578557 门门 Total number of courses: 8,557Total number of courses: 8,557

• 可使用的课件数可使用的课件数 36093609 门门 Number of courseware can be used: 3,609Number of courseware can be used: 3,609

• 建成建成 1.81.8 万门网络课程万门网络课程 18,000 web-based courses18,000 web-based courses

5. 5. 中国远程教育面临的挑战中国远程教育面临的挑战

Challenges of DE in ChinaChallenges of DE in China

挑战之一：学习者转变学习习惯和提高学习能力的困难挑战之一：学习者转变学习习惯和提高学习能力的困难Challenge 1: Lower learning ability and difficulties in the Challenge 1: Lower learning ability and difficulties in the

change of learning habit about learnerchange of learning habit about learner

习惯于教师讲课的学生如何在网上进行探索式的自主学习I am accustomed to listen a lecture in classroom!

在网上学习时“迷航” I like games and chatting with people instead of learning online!

计算机操作技能欠缺的学生如何通过多媒体光盘或网络进行学习？It is difficult to learn through CDs or Internet!

……

挑战之二：具备远程教育经验和能力的合格师资匮乏挑战之二：具备远程教育经验和能力的合格师资匮乏 ChCh

allenge 2: Lack of staff/teachers with experience and knowallenge 2: Lack of staff/teachers with experience and know

ledge in Distance Educationledge in Distance Education

让学生进行在线自学Let the students learning online by themselves!

课程录音，学生点播Record the lectures of teacher, then students could watch the

m on demand!

只讲解专业知识，不负责技术培训Focus on content of the course, not caring technical difficulti

es!

……

挑战之三：校内外资源共享与经验共享挑战之三：校内外资源共享与经验共享Challenge 3: How to share experience and resources betweChallenge 3: How to share experience and resources betwe

en campus and off-campusen campus and off-campus

防火墙

校内On-campus

传统！ Tradition

al!

课堂讲授！Lecture! Lecture!

And lecture!

校外Off-campus

新模式！？New mode!?

自己学！Study by themselves!

Alone ! And Alone!

沟通与平衡Bridge and Balance

挑战之四：适合学习者的学习资源匮乏 挑战之四：适合学习者的学习资源匮乏 Challenge 4: Lack of learning resources fit for learner)Challenge 4: Lack of learning resources fit for learner)

? ? ?

授课点播！Lectures on demand!

电子书？eBooks ？

在线课件！？Courseware online!?

结语结语ConclusionConclusion

中国远程教育需要中国远程教育需要真正真正的研究，为解决实的研究，为解决实际问题提供依据。际问题提供依据。

It needs It needs trulytruly research concerning Distance e research concerning Distance e

ducation and e-Learning!ducation and e-Learning!

Welcome to Welcome to International Conference on Computers in EducationInternational Conference on Computers in Education

Beijing, November 24-26,2006Beijing, November 24-26,2006Http://www.icce-2006.orgHttp://www.icce-2006.org

Organized by APSCEOrganized by APSCE Hosted by BNUHosted by BNU Supported by CCAISupported by CCAI