shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.inshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/37167/4/thesi… · Web viewआकाश, नीले ... an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role

(- : 1.0 1.1 : 1.2 1.3 1.4 : 1.5 )

1.0 :

, , - , , , , , ,

- - - - , - ( ), ( ), (), (), () , (proper adjective)

- , - 1300 . (Thomas of Erfurt) (Scholastic Grammar) , (inherent gender) , (terms) (Jesperson; 1024:92) (criteria) (criteria) - possessive suffixes Comparative and Superlative ,

1.1 :

, , , -

1.1.1 :

,

:, , :, :, :,

, ,

, , ,

, , , - , -

: : ( )

: : ( - )

( )

: : ( )

:, :, , (: :, :, ) , - ,

1.1.2 :

(1920: 97) - ; - , , , , ,

- , ,

(1950: 203) - ; - - - , , , , , , - , - , , , ,

, , - . ; ; , , , ; ; ( 1920: 97)

, , - ,

1.1.3 :

(1970)

John Estwood: Oxford Practice Grammar An adjective describe something (it tells us what something is like).

Encyclopedia In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified. Adjectives are one of the traditional eight English parts of speech, though linguists today distinguish adjective from words such as determiners that were formally considered to be adjectives.

-

The definition of adjectives as a part of speech in (Picallo, 2002: 1643) is based on semantic and pragmatic properties:

The adjective is the part of speech which is used to attribute properties to an entity or to classify, in different ways, concrete or abstracts objects, events, processes, states, or actions which nouns denote. One of the main objectives of the use of the adjective is to contribute to delimit the class or kind of entity that the noun designates.

An adjective is an essential part of speech, which helps to modify a noun in any particular sentence. It has two main roles in a sentence. While predicative adjectives modify a noun that follows it and is linked by a verb, attributive adjectives modify a noun as a part of the noun phrase. (Kamp, 1975:153)

R. M. W. Dixon - I suggest that a district word class adjective can be recognised for every human language. In some languages, adjective have similar grammatical properties to nouns, in some to verbs, in some to both nouns and verbs, and in some to neither. I suggest that there are always some grammatical criteria- sometimes rather subtle- for distinguishing the adjective class from other word classes.

-

, + (function)

(, , ) , , ,

, , ,

- ,

1.2

1.2.1 - -

() - , - , , ,

() - , - (+), (+), (+) -

+- - + = , + =

+- - ,

+- - + = , + =

+- - + = , + =

+- - ,

- - -, -

1.2.2 - -

() (Declinable Adjectives) : , () , , (lemma) (singular direct) , - , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

() (Indeclinable Adjectives) : , - , , , , , , - , , , , ,

1.2.3 :

, , , -

1. : ( ) , , -, -, -, - -

- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

- , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

- , , , , , , , , , ,

- , , , , , , , , , , ,

- , , , ,

- , , , , , , ,

-

() - , - , , ,

() - , , , , , , , , , , ( )

() - , - , ,

() - , , , ,

(.) - - -, -, -, -

2. : , , , -

() - , , , ... , , , , ,

() - , , , , , ,

() - , , , , , ,

() - , , , ( ) , ,

() () - , , , , ...

, , - ,

() - , , , , ... , , -

3. : , -

(1) - , - , , ,

(2) - , - , , , , , , , , , , ,

4. :

, , - , , , , , , , -

-

(1) - , , , , -

(2) - , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , -

- , -

-

-

(3) - , , () , , - , , () , , , -

,

,

,

,

,

(4) / - /-/-; /-/-; /-/-; /-/- , - , , ?

5. : (, 2012: 127) ; , - ,

// (varieties) , -

(+)

(- / )

, , // , + -

// -

(1) // +

(2) // - - (veriety)

, -

:

+, +

Sohans brother

+, -

Watch of Ramesh

+, +

Rams aunt

+, -

My brothers chair

+, -

My uncles house

+, -

Existence of woman

+, -

Story of faries

: 1.1

(-) : // (variety) , -

-,-

Gold ring

-,-

Wooden horse

-,-

Mustard oil

-,-

Soil house

-,-

Wooden door

-,-

Coconut oil

-,-

Glass of plastic

: 1.2

1.2.4 :

-

-

- / , - , ,

, - - , -

, - ,

R.M. Dixon -

1. noun-like adjectives- , (noun-like adjectives)

() noun-noun like adjective- - (noun-noun like adjective)

1.3

1.3.1 (word) (word classes) :

(parts of speech) 8 , , , , , ,

(word) : , , , -

(1) (Phonemic properties) : (monosyllabic words), - , , , (Polysyllabic words), - , , ,

(2) : (Inflectional words), - , , , (Derivational words), - , , (Declinable) (Indeclinable)

(3) : (General words), - , - (Technical words), - ,

(4) : (loan words), - , , , , , , , , , (native words), - , , , ,

(word classes) : Syntactic Category (term) ( , - , , (refer) )

- () , - there - , - ,

() , -

1.3.2 : -

(1) - -

() (Major Word Classes)- , , , -

() (Miner Word Classes)- , , ,

, , , - (Lexical Category) , , , (Functional Category)

(Content words and Functional words) :

(Content words)- (text frequency) (Functional words) (close) (small) (syllable) (text frequency) -

(Content words)

(functional words)

, , ,

, ,

(Open)

(Closed)

(Large)

(Small)

(Concrete), (Specific)

(Abstract), (none)

(Low)

(High)

:1.3 (Content words) (functional words)

(Content word) (text frequency) ,

(, ) ( )

,

, - , , , , () ,

(form) (function) , - ,

/ , -

, - , (prototypical basis)- (a) (b) ,

, - - , - - the idea needing to eat, is expressed-

By the adjective (word class)

By the noun hunger in English and by the noun faim in French;

By the verb bhookh lagana in Hindi.

By the verb

, - lengthen length long

Long (root) Length (stem) Lengthen (derived)

Adj. Noun Verb

1.1

(- ) , ,

(2) - The lexical roots in every language can be arranged in number of semantic types. Certain types have prototypical association with a given word class, while others vary in their word class associations. (Dixon, 1991)

Semantic types with concrete reference are always linked to the noun class- these includes (Dixon, 1991)-

(Human)- - , , ,

(Parts of the Body)- - , , , ,

(Flora)- - , , ,

(Fauna)- - , , , , ,

(Celestial)- - , , ,

(Environment)- - , ,

(Artifacts)- - , , , ,

:

(Mental States), - , , ,

(Physical States), - , ,

- (Activities), - ,

(Speech Acts), - , ,

- (Concepts) (Coded)

(Semantic Types) - :

(Motion); - , ,

(Rest), - , ,

(affect), - , ,

- (giving), - , ,

(attention), - , ,

(speaking), - , ,

, -

(referring to weather), - , , ,

(linking), - , ,

(annoying), - , ,

(comparing), - ,

( )

(Semantic Types) (large) (small) (typically associated) -

(dimension- , , , ,

(age)- , , ,

/ (value)- , , , ,

(color)- , , ,

(peripheral) , -

1. (physical property)- , , , , , , , (corporeal properties), - , , ,

2. (human propensity)- , , , , , , , ,

3. (speed)- , ,

-

(human propensity)

-

, Blackwell (2000) , , , , ; ,

, -

- , ,

- /, , ,

- , , , ,

- , , , , , , ,

- , ,

- , , ,

1.3.3 :

- - - - , - - , , -

1.3.3.1 : (, 2012: 131) - , , - , -

() - , , , , , -

() - , , - , , -

- , - - , ,

, , , -

1.3.3.2 (Degree of Comparison) : , - (different degrees) , - , , - , , , -

, , -

. + ( / ), - () () -

.....

(), ()

(//)

()

()

()

()

1.4

+++(//)+ , -

/

/

/

-

, (gradation) , - , , - , - ,

, - , , , , - / ,

, -

, , ,

( ) , , -

, -

1.3.3.3 : :

1.3.3.3.1 : , - , , -

1.3.3.3.2 : , - , ,

()

()

()

()

1.3.3.3.3 : (participle forms) , , , -

(, 2009: 412) -

- - , ,

- , - , ,

, -

- , ,

- , - , , ,

-

() (factors) attributive function

1.4

- -

, , , - , , ,

, , -

1.4.1 :

(, 1920) (, , ) - , ,

1.4.2 :

(, 1999)

1.4.3 :

(signs) (characters) (terms)

(computer) (on) (off) () () (combination) (computer scientists) (characters) (terms) , (programming languages) (programs)

(orders) (high level languages)

: , (explicit)

- - , , /, , , () : -

,

- , /, , , () (Logical Form) ,

1.5

-

/

()

- , //

()

, , /

(- - 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 : 2.4 2.5 )

2.0 :

,

2.1 :

-

: - , , , ,

, , ,

+- , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

+- , , , , , , , ,

- , , ,

- , , ,

, , , , , - , , , , , , , , - , , -

- ( ) , , - , ,

- , ,

- ; () - , - , , , , () - (- , - ) , - , , , , - ,

() : - -, -, -, -, -, -, - + , , -, -, -

2.2 :

(Inflection)- , () , , , - , , , -

2.1

(singular direct) , , , - , , , , , , , , , , , , , , -

-aa ()

-e ()

-ii ()

X

............

Y

: 2.1

: , , - , , , , - , , , , , , - , , , , ,

- -

:

()

()

()

: 2.2

, , , -

:

()

()

()

: 2.3

, , , -

: -

(Derivation) :

-

:

...

: 2.4

, -

, , , , ,, , , , , ,

, , , , , , , ,

,

: 2.5

-

+ :

:

: 2.6 +

+ :

()

()

: 2.7 +

- ? - , ,

, - += , , - ()+ = , ()+ =

, , , , -

+ =

+ =

+ =

+ +

+ =

+ =

+ =

, -

+ =

+ =

+ =

+ =

+ =

+ =

+ =

2.3 :

-

(1) : , () , , -

- () Subs (Substantive), Adj (Adjective), Sing (Singular), Plu (Plural), Masc (Masculine), Fem (Feminine), -aa, ii e -

If Subs = Sing, Masc Then

Adj = -aa

If Subs = Sing, Fem Then

Adj = -ii

If Subs = Plu Then

Adj = -e

- () Subs (Substantive), PtrAdj (Participial Adjective), Sing (Singular), Plu (Plural), Masc (Masculine), Fem (Feminine), -aa, ii e -


PtrAdj = -aa


PtrAdj = -ii

If Subs = Plu Then

PtrAdj = -e

- () Subs (Substantive), WalAdj (Participial Adjective), Sing (Singular), Plu (Plural), Masc (Masculine), Fem (Feminine), -aa, ii e -


WalAdj = -aa


WalAdj = -ii

If Subs = Plu Then

WalAdj = -e

(2) () : , ,

(Proper Noun) PN

(Common Noun) CN

(Abstract Noun) AN

+ - >

-

, , - , , ,

, , , , , - , , , ,

, , , , , , - , , , ,

-

:

> +PN, +PN and +CN

> -PN, +AN and CN

> -PN, +AN and -CN

> -PN, +AN and -CN

> -PN, +AN and CN

> -PN, +AN and CN

:

> -PN, +AN and -CN

> -PN, +AN and -CN

> -PN, +AN and -CN

> -PN, +AN and -CN

> -PN, +AN and CN

> -PN, +AN and CN

2.4 :

2.4.1 -

-

1. - + -

+ , - , , ,

+ , - , ,

+ , - ,

+ , - - , -

+ , - ,

2. - (, 2000: 156) - / +/ + , -

. . ..

.. .. ..

- + ///+ , -

1.4.2 (, , ......)

(non-compositional) , , - -

: - ( , , - , , , , ) ; , , - ,

, , - , , , , , , , ,

, - , , ( )

: , - , , - () (), - ,

- , - , - , (, +, +) +, +

:

+ - 1 2

2.2

- (concrete noun) , (), (), (), (), () (perceive) + - + -

- (Abstract Noun) , (), (), (), (), () (perceive) , , - , :, , , +

- - 1 ( , - , , ) 2 ( , - , , , , )

: -

2.3

2.5 (Adjective vs. Noun Ambiguity) :

, , , , , - (1) (2)

(1) (2)

- - , , , , , ; - ?

- - , - , , , , , ;

(Disambiguate) , , (Morph-Syntactic Approach)

-1: -

- 2: -

- 3: - ,

, , , , , , , , , , -

, , -

(- ) , -

.

88

, ,

, -

- ,

2.6 :

, - - , --

(- - 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 )

3.0 :

- (, , , , , , , , )

1000 . - - , , - - , - -- (SOV) -- (SVO) . , --+()

3.1 :

,

: (+), -

: (+), -

-

(+)

(+)

3.1.1 :

, - , , , -

(1) : - - , , ,

(2) (restrict) : - , , , , , , ,

(3) : - , , , - , , - , , , ,

() : - , , , , , , ( , )

3.1.2 :

, (copula) / , -

. - , (to be) {In effect, the predicative adjective is an adverb. It appears like an adjective only with the auxiliary verb hona, to be. (Bahri 1985:183)}

, -

3.1.3 :

, - -

,

, , -

, -

* ( )

, -

, -

3.2 :

, - , , -

3.2.1 :

, , - , (Constituency-base tree) , , - , PSG tree -

NP

AP N

: 3.1

: -

+, - ()

+//+, - (), ()

+, -

+/+, - (), ()

++, - ()

+, - ()

{ ()}, { ()}, {- ()}, { ()}, { (), , ()}

, , -

, -

, , , - ,

3.2.2 : (Head Final Adjective Phrase) , - ,

AP

Adv A

: 3.2

{ : 1. , , ,

2. -

A = Adjective ()

Adv = Adverb ()

AP = Adjective Phrase ( )

N = Noun/Pronoun (/) }

3.2.3 : , ( ) , , - + , - , , - David Kemmerer et al. (2008) Knowledge of semantic constraints on adjective order can be selectively impaired - >> > (value>size>dimension>various physical properties>color)

(>> >) + (- ) + (- ) ( ) -

:

+

+

+ **

+

+

+ **

+

+

: 3.1

** -

: , -

[ (+) + ]

-

[ (+ ) + ]

3.2.4 : , - , , , -

(1)

(2)

(1) -

( )

( )

(2) -

( )

( )

,

,

3.3

- , -

3.5.1 :

- (Intra-phrase) (Inter-phrase) (Sleator and Temperley, 1991). , (Intra-phrase)

(Link Grammar System) :

(assign) + - + - , - man - man: D - & (O - or S +)

. - English Noun Phrases (NPs) typically consists of a noun/pronoun, called the "head" of the NP. It may further have the following optional constituents [Singh, 2003]:

(Determiners): - 'the', 'an', 'this', 'all', 'one', 'some' and also genitive cases.

(Pre-modifiers): - ( adjectives), ( participles)

(Post-modifiers): - preposition phrase, to-infinitive.

(determiners) - the, a, an ( articles ) , , , , (, 2008:88) ,

(Sleator and Temperley, 1991) / (Pre-modifiers) , -

A : (modify) , - "He ate a big apple", "I like the sleeping baby" and "Rotten apples are harmful". A *

AN : , - "This lady doctor is good", 'lady' 'doctor' AN *

EA: , - "He has done a very good job", EA link connects 'very' and 'good'.

G: , - "The president of India is Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam". In this sentence, the italicized words are connected by 'G' links. * . . . .

GN: , , - "The famous painter Anjolie will come tonight", 'GN' link connects the common noun 'painter' with the proper noun 'Anjolie'. *

/ (Post-modifiers) -

M: M connects nouns to various kinds of post-nominal modifiers without commas, such as prepositional phrases, participle modifiers, prepositional relatives, and possessive relatives. Although 'M' link is used for most kinds of post-nominal modifiers, relative clauses are exception (Relative clauses use 'R' and 'B' link.). Different suffixes after 'M' link are used to distinguish between different types of modifiers: 'p' is used for prepositional phrases, 'a' is used for adjectives, 'v' and 'g' are used for participle modifiers etc. As an illustration consider the following sentences: "The girl in the garden is beautiful", "People unhappy about the economy are angry", "The apple eaten by the child was sweat" etc. In these sentences, italicized words are connected through appropriate 'M' link.

MX: MX connects nouns to post-nominal noun modifiers surrounded by commas. Similar to 'M' connective, the 'MX' connectors have different subscripts depending on the kind of modifying phrase.

TH: TH connects words that take "that [clause]" complements with the word "that". These include verbs, nouns and adjectives. In this work, we consider only noun "that" clause. For example, in the sentence "Your assertion that I knew her was wrong", 'assertion' is connected to 'that' with 'TH' link.

There are several other links like R, RS, B, C etc. which are used for English Noun Phrases. However, space limitation prohibits us from discussing all those links.

, - (president designate), (the girl in the room), (the train bound for Delhi), relative clause (e.g., the house where I was born).

: (H-link)

(Intra-phrase)

(Genitive Links): +//+ // (varieties) , -

( )

(- / )

() () , // , + -

G and g: H- G + / g

D1: // H- D1 m f () s (, ) j () , -

: 3.1 D1

+H, -H - -

(1) // +

(2) // - -

-

+ :

G = +HN + // + +HN and G = +HN +// + -HN

: 3.2 -1

: 3.3 -2

- :

g = -HN +// + -HN

: 3.4

( : -HN = -Human Noun, +HN = +Human Noun)

: -

A: H- A+ H- , ; -

: 3.5 -

PT1: // // PT1 // (morpho-word) // -

: 3.5 -

AR: -

: 3.6 -

AV: AV H- // , -

: 3.7 -

AS: (Unique) // AS // // ,

: 3.8 - -

- (Post-Modifier Links for Hindi) :

- , , -

( )

( )

( )

( )

, () (, 2000, 156) , -

, , -

* .....

*----

- (, , )

3.5.2 (Constraint Grammar formalism) :

(Fred Karlson, Helsinki University) 1990 , - , , , , , (Constraint Grammar , (interpretation) )

Constraints ? (readings) , - (manually tagged corpora) (fix)

, - ,

3.6

-

( - 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 )

4.0 :

+ ,

4.1 :

- -

4.1.1 - -

(number of table)

(Short name)

(Description)

1

RAtbl

Root Adjective table

2

DRAtbl

Derived Adjective table

3

PRAtbl

Participial Adjective table

: 4.1

4.1.2 (fields) - ID - -

(RAtbl)- -

(numbers of fields)

(fields name)

(data types)

(Description)

1

RTAdj

Text

Root Adjective

2

Smftr

Text

Semantic Feature

3

Rnftr

Text

Related Noun Feature

: 4.2

(DRAtbl)- -

(numbers of fields)

(fields name)

(data types)

(Description)

1

DERadj

Text

Derived Adjective

2

Smftr

Text

Semantic Feature

3

Rnftr

Text

Related Noun Feature

: 4.3

(PRAtbl)- -

(Description)

1

Rtv

Text

Root verb

2

Sfx

Text

Suffixes

3

PRTsfx

Text

Participial suffixes

: 4.4

4.1.3 - -

(DRAtbl) (PRAtbl) (RAtbl)

(RTsfx) (fx) (tv) (nftr) (mftr) (ERadj) (TAdj) (mftr) (nftr)

: 4.1

4.2 :

.. 2007 Blank Database (save) create RAtbl (Root Adjective table) -

RAtbl

ID

RTAdj

Smftr

Rnftr

1

+, -, -

2

+, -, -

3

+, -, +

4

+, -, +

5

+, -, +

6

-, +, +

7

+, -, +

8

-, -

9

+, -,

10

+, -, +

11

+, -

12

+, +

13

+, -

14

+, -, +

15

-, +, -

16

+, +, -

17

+, +

18

+, -, +

19

+, -, +

20

+, -, +

: 4. : 4.5

1 ID -

RTAdj: (Root Adjective)

Smftr: (Semantic Feature)

Rnftr : (Related noun feature) +, -, +

DRAtbl (Derived Adjective table) -

DRAtbl

ID

DERAdj

Smftr

Rnftr

1

-, -

2

-, -

3

-, -

4

-, -

5

-, -

6

+, -, -

7

-, +

8

-, -

9

-, -

10

-, -

: 4.6

2 1 ID -

DERAdj : (Derived Adjective)

Smftr : (Semantic Feature)

Rnftr : (Related noun feature) +, -, +

PRAtbl (Participial Adjective table) -

PRAtbl

ID

Rtv

Sfx

PRTsfx

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

: 4.7 :

3 1 ID -

Rtv : (Root verb)

Sfx : (Suffixes) 10

Parsfx : (Participial suffixes)

4.3 :

4.3.1 :

, , 800 (300 500 )

:

-

(1) - , , - , , , , , , ,

(2) - , , , - , , , , , ,

, , - , , , , -, -, -, -

:

(Semantic Feature Unification) , +, - +

4.4

, , (modification)

(- 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 )

5.0 :

(Logical Expressions) (Computational Grammatical Framework) - , - - (assemble) (System) () Accuracy (assemble) (Systems) (Accuracy) - (Accuracy)

- - (Corpus-based Method) - (Rule-based Method) - - , ( - ) :

5.1 :

(Automatic Hindi Adjective Recognizer), (Components) - (Input), (Processing) (Output) '' '' (Input and Output Components) (Interface) (User) (Program) (Data) (Information) - (Processing Component) / (Segmentation), + , (Morphological analysis)

-

( (Input)/ (Sentence/Text))

( Database) ( (Segmentation))

Processing

( (Logical Rules))

( (Output) (Recognition))

5.2 :

:

:

:

: array

: Array words W

: : If W = DB RTadjF1 is true then show W as Adj.

(RTAdj= tale1, F1= field 1 of table 1)

: - if W-1= . adj ph=W-1+W

: If W = DB RTadjF1 is false then move to next condition.

: If W = DB RTadjF1 is No then, next condition- if Wlch= / = True then Adj W= W-lch+; if Adj W= DB RTadjF1 is True then Show W as Adj

: Else if Wlch= / is False then move to the next condition

: if W= / is True then AdjPh= W-1+W if W-2= is True then AdjPh= W-3+W-2+W-1+W

: -

If W = DB DRadjF1 is true then show W as Adj.

: (stop)

5.3 :

( ) ( ) (If W = DB T1RTfield) (N) ( DB ) (Y) (Elseif Wlch= /) (N) (Y) (Y) (N) (Y) (Adj=W) (If W = DERAdj) (Adj ph= W-1+W) (Adj W= W-lch+ ) (If w-1= .) ( : ) (Array word= ) (Array Word W )

(AdjPh=W-1+W) (N) (Y) (If AdjW =RTAdjF1) (If W-2 = ) (Y) ( If W= / ) (Show W as Adj) (N) (Y)

(Y)

(AdjPh=W-3+W-2+W-1+W)

( Stop)

: 5.1

5.4 :

: 5.1

:

1. 3 - ,

2. 2 -

3. 3 -

4. 6

:

: 5.2

5.5 :

(1)

twds = intx.Text.Split(' ');

foreach (string wd in twds)

for (int j = 0; j < MxRws1; j++)

{

DataRow dtRowcmpd = ds1.Tables["RAtbl"].Rows[j];

adj = dtRowcmpd.ItemArray.GetValue(0).ToString();

string lch = wd.Substring(wd.Length - 1, 1);

string rstWd = wd.Substring(0, wd.Length - 1);

if (adj == wd) //for mool vishesan

{

.Items.Add(wd);

}

(2)

//check in derived table



{

DataRow dtRowcmpd2 = ds2.Tables["DRAtbl"].Rows[j];

string Dradj = dtRowcmpd2.ItemArray.GetValue(1).ToString();

if (Dradj == wd) //for derived vishesan

{

.Items.Add(wd);

}

}

(3) ()

if ((lch == "") || (lch == "")) //ii, e roop for aakarant vishesan

{

string prRtAdj = rstWd + "";

if (adj == prRtAdj)

{

.Items.Add(wd);

}

}

}

(4)

public void verbAnalysis()

{

string Vrbadj, Sfadj;



{

DataRow dtRowcmpd3 = ds1.Tables["PRAtbl"].Rows[j];

Vrbadj = dtRowcmpd3.ItemArray.GetValue(1).ToString();

Sfadj = dtRowcmpd3.ItemArray.GetValue(2).ToString();

string sfch = wd.Substring(wd.Length - 1, j);

string rstWd = wd.Substring(0, wd.Length - sfch.Length);

if ((Vrbadj == rstWd) || (sfch == Sfadj)) //ii, e roop for aakarant vishesan

{

string prRtAdj = rstWd + Sfadj;

if (adj == prRtAdj)

{

.Items.Add(wd);

}

}

}

}

(5) / :

// checking wala/wali and parasarg

string[] prsrg = new string[] { "", "", "", "", "", "" };

for (int i = 0; i < twds.Length; i++)

{

string prAux = "";

if ((twds[i].ToString() == "") || (twds[i].ToString() == "") || (twds[i].ToString() == ""))

{

prAux = twds[i + 1].ToString(); //prAux = probable Auxiliary

string prAdj = twds[i - 1].ToString();

if (prAux == "" || prAux == "" || prAux == "" || prAux == "" || prAux == "" || prAux == "" || prAux == "")

{

//to check wala as not adj

}

else

{

.Items.Add(prAdj + " " + twds[i].ToString()); //to add wala as adjevtive

}

}

if ((twds[i].ToString() == "") || (twds[i].ToString() == "") || (twds[i].ToString() == ""))

{

string prAdj = twds[i - 1].ToString();

.Items.Add(prAdj + " " + twds[i].ToString());

foreach (string pr in prsrg)

{

if (twds[i - 2].ToString() == pr)

{

string prAdj2 = twds[i - 2].ToString();


.Items.Add(prAdj3 + " " + prAdj2 + " " + prAdj + " " + twds[i].ToString());

}

}

}

}

//check in derived table



{


string Dradj = dtRowcmpd2.ItemArray.GetValue(1).ToString();

if (Dradj == wd) //for derived vishesan

{

.Items.Add(wd);

}

}

}

(6) / :

//for 4 wds

foreach (string pr in prsrg)

{

if (twds[i - 2].ToString() == pr)

{

string prAdj2 = twds[i - 2].ToString(); //prAdj = Pre Adjective


.Items.Add(prAdj3 + " " + prAdj2 + " " + prAdj + " " + twds[i].ToString());

}

}

//cheking third wd as adjective


{



if (twds[i - 2].ToString() == adj)

{

string prAdj2 = twds[i - 2].ToString(); //prAdj = Pre Adjective

.Items.Add(prAdj2 + " " + prAdj + " " + twds[i].ToString());

}

}

(7) :

private void _SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)

{

string slecWord = .SelectedItem.ToString(); string Dradj;


{




Dradj = dtRowcmpd2.ItemArray.GetValue(1).ToString();

string f1 = dtRowcmpd.ItemArray.GetValue(3).ToString();

string f2 = dtRowcmpd.ItemArray.GetValue(2).ToString();

string df1 = dtRowcmpd2.ItemArray.GetValue(3).ToString();

string df2 = dtRowcmpd2.ItemArray.GetValue(2).ToString();

string lch = slecWord.Substring(slecWord.Length - 1, 1);

string rstslecWord = slecWord.Substring(0, slecWord.Length - 1);

if (adj == slecWord) //for mool vishesan

{

f1tx.Text = f1;

f2tx.Text = f2;

}

else if ((lch == "") || (lch == "")) //ii, e roop for aakarant vishesan

{

string prRtAdj = rstslecWord + "";

if (adj == prRtAdj)

{

f1tx.Text = f1;

f2tx.Text = f2;

}

}

else if (Dradj == slecWord) //for mool vishesan

{

f1tx.Text = df1;

f2tx.Text = df2;

}

}

}

5.6 :

-

:

:

: 5.3

, -

: 5.4

-

: 5.5

:

: 5.6

: -

: 5.7

1. :

(Recognize)

: 5.8

: 5.9

:

: 5.10

:

: 5.11

-

: 5.12

5.7 :

, , (Recognize) , (Recognition)

()

- -

, , - - , , - ,

, - , - ,

, - , , , , - (, ), (, ) (, ) - . - , . - (functional role) , - , , , , , , ,

-

, - ,

/ , - ,

() , - ,

- , // , -

, - , ,

()

, - , ,

, - += , +=

, - (- , , ), (- , ) (- -), (- -, -) (- )

-

, ,

(Automatic Hindi Adjective Recognizer) ,

, , -

(Semantic Feature) (Related Noun Feature)

, - (PoS tagging) chunk - (Parsing System) - (Query Expansion)

, - (Accuracy) , - , , - , , - , , ,

(- )

:

(1) , (1995), , ,

(2) , (1980), , ,

(3) , (2007), , ,

(4) , (1920), , ,

(5) , (1997), , ,

(6) , (2012), , ,

(7) , (1984), , ,

(8) , (2009), , ,

(9) , ( ) (2009), , ,

(10) , (2010), , ,

(11) , , (2010), ,

(12) , (2012), . , ,

(13) , (2011), --, ,

(14) , (2011), , ,

(15) (1998), , ,

(16) , (2006), , ,

(17) , (2002), , ,

(18) , (2010), , ,

(19) , ( ) (1966), , ,

(20) , (1950), , ,

(21) , (1983), ,

(22) , (2007), , ,

(23) , (2003), - , ,

(24) , (2000), ,

:

(25) Agnihotri, Ramakant (2006), Hindi an Essential Grammar, Routledge Publication, New Delhi.

(26) Buillon, Pierrette at el. (1999), The Description of Adjectives for Natural Language Processing: Theoretical and Applied Perspective, New Mexico State University Computing Research Laboratory Las Cruces, USA.

(27) Dixon, R. M. W. (2004), Adjectives Classes A Cross-Linguistic Typology, Oxford University Press, London.

(28) Kachru, Yamuna, Hindi (2006), John Benjamin Publishing Company, Amsterdam.

(29) Kaul, Omkar N. (2008), Modern Hindi Grammar, Dunwoody Press, USA.

(30) Madhyastha, Harsha V. at el. (2006), (research paper), Event Information Extraction Using Link Grammar, IIT, Madras.

(31) Muischnek, Kadri (2007), Automatic Analysis of Adjective in Estonian, University of Tartu.

(32) Ruskin, Victor and Nirenburg (1998), Sergei, An Applied Ontological Semantic Microtheory of Adjective Meaning for natural Language Processing, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.

(33) Shapiro, Michael C. (2000), A Prime of Modern Standard Hindi, Motilal Banarasidas Publication, New Delhi.

(34) Sharma, Aryendra (1972), A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi, Motilal Banarasidas Publication, New Delhi.

(35) Steator, D.K. Daniel at el. (1991), Parsing English with a Link Grammar, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh.

(36) Torrent, Gemma Boleda (2006), Automatic Acquisition of Semantic Classes for Adjectives (2006), Pompeu Fabra University.

/ :

(37) Broda, Bartosz at.el (2009),Recognition of Structured Collocations in An Inflective Language, Wrocaw University of Technology, Poland.

(38) Kemmerer , David at. el. (2008), Knowledge of the semantic constraints on adjective order can be selectively impaired, Purdue University, United States

(39) Huong , Nguyen Thi Thanh at. el. (2008), Grammatical and semantic features of some adjectives denoting happiness - the feeling of pleasure, Vietnam National University, Hanoi.

(40) Peters, Ivonne, at. el. (2010), The Treatment of Adjectives in SIMPLE: Theoretical Observations, University of Sheffield, UK.

WEBSITES

http://learn101.org/hindi_adjectives.php

http://hindilanguage.info/hindi-grammar/adjectives/

http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/adjectives-personality/

http://www.linguanaut.com/hindi_adjectives.htm

http://learn101.org/hindi_adjectives.php

http://hindilanguage.info/hindi-grammar/adjectives/

http://semantics.uchicago.edu/kennedy/docs/routledge.pdf

http://ocw.nctu.edu.tw/upload/classbfs1210053553158114.pdf

http://www.Idc.upen.edu/annotation

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet_grammar/adjective/stative.htm

http://www.pune.cdac.in/html/gist/research-areas/nlp.aspx

http://www.language.org/hindi/grammar.asp

www.tdil.mit.gov.in

http://www.mylanguge.org/hindi-adjectives.php

http://search.raftaar.in/HindiWeb.aspx

http://learnenglish.byexamples.com/concrete-nouns-vs-abstract-nouns

http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-abstract-class-and-vs-concrete

( )

RAtbl

ID

RTAdj

smftr

Rnftr

1

+, -, -

2

+, -, -

3

+, -, +

4

+, -, +

5

+, -, +

6

-, +, +

7

+, -, +

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-, -

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+, -,

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+, -

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+, +

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+, -, +

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-, +, -

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+, +, -

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-, +,

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-, +

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-, +

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-, +

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+, -

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-, -

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42

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44

-, -

45

+, -, -

46

-, +

47

+, -

48

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49

+, -, +

50

+, -

51

+, -, -

52

+, -, -

53

+, -

54

+, -

55

-, -

56

+, -, -

57

-, -

58

-, -

59

-, -

60

+, -, -

61

+, -, +

62

+, -, -

63

+, -, -

64

+, -

65

+, -, -

66

+, -, -

67

+, -

68

+, -, +

69

+, -, -

70

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71

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72

+, -, +

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+, -, -

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-, -

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+, -

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-, -

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78

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+

84

-, -

85

+, -

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+

87

-, -

88

+, +

89

+, -

90

+, -, -

91

-, -

92

+, -

93

-, +

94

+, -

95

-, -

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-, -

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-, -

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+, -, -

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-, -

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-, -

102

-, -

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-, -

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-, -

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-, -

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+, -, -

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-, -

120

+, -, -

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+, +

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-, -

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+, -, -

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-, -

125

-, -

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-, -

127

-, -

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-, -

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-, -

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-, -

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-, -

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-, +

133

-, +

134

-, -

135

-, -

136

-, -

137

-, +

138

-, -

139

-, -

140

-, -

141

-, -

142

-, -

143

-, -

144

-, -

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-, -

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-, -

147

-, -

148

-, -

149

-, -

150

+, -, -

151

-, -

152

-, -

153

-, -

154

+, -, -

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-, -

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-, +

157

-, -

158

-, -

159

-, -

160

+, -, -

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+, -, -

162

+,-, -

163

+, -, -

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+, -, -

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+, -

168

+, -

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+, -, -

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-, +

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-, -

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-, -

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-, -

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+

187

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191

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192

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194

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195

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+, -

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+, -

198

+, -

199

-, -

200

+, -, -

201

+, -, -

202

+, -

203

+, -

204

+, -

205

+, -, +

206

+, -, -

207

-, -

208

-, -

209

+, -, -

210

+, -

211

+, +

212

+, -

213

+, -, +

214

+, -, -

215

+, -, -

216

+, -, -

217

+, -, -

218

+, -, -

219

+, -, -

220

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221

+, -, -

222

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223

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224

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225

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226

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230

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231

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232

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233

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234

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236

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238

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240

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241

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242

+, -, -

243

+, -, -

244

+, -, -

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248

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250

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252

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255

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256

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257

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258

+, -, -

259

+, -, -

260

+, -, -

261

+, -, -

262

+, -, -

263

+, -, -

264

+, -, -

265

+, -, -

266

+, -, -

267

+, -, -

268

+, -, -

269

+, -, -

270

+, -, -

271

+, -, -

272

+, -, -

273

+, -, -

274

+, -, -

275

+, -, -

276

+, -, -

277

+, -, -

278

+, -, -

279

+, -, -

280

+, -, -

281

+, -, -

282

+, -, -

283

+, -, -

284

+, -, -

285

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286

+, -, -

287

+, -, -

288

+, -, -

289

+, -, -

290

+, -, -

291

+, -, -

292

+, -, -

293

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297

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298

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299

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300

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310

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311

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313

-

+, -

314

-

+, -, -

315

-

+, -, -

316

-

-, -

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

DRAtbl

ID

deradj

smftr

Rnf

2

-, -

3

-, -

4

-, -

5

-, -

6

-, -

7

+, -, -

8

-, +

9

-, -

10

-, -

11

-, -

12

-, -

13

+, -

14

+, -

15

-, -

16

-, -

17

+, -

18

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21

+, -

22

-, -

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-, -

24

+, +

25

+, -

26

+, -

27

+, +

28

+, +

29

-, -

30

+, -

31

+, -

32

+, -

33

+, -, -

34

-, -

35

+, -

36

+, -

37

-, -

38

-, -

39

+, -

40

+, -

41

-, -

42

+, -

43

-, -

44

-, -

45

-, -

46

-, -

47

-, -

48

-, -

49

-, +

50

-, -

51

+, -

52

+, -

53

+, -

54

-, -

55

-, -

56

+, +

57

+, -

58

+, +

59

+, -

60

+, -

61

+,-, -

62

-, -

63

-, -

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+, -

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+, +

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-, -

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-, +

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-, -

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-, -

78

-, -

79

-, -

80

-, -

81

-, -

82

+, +

83

-, -

84

-, -

85

+, +

86

+, -

87

+, -

88

-, -

89

+, -

90

+, -, -

91

-, -

92

-, +

93

+, -

94

-, -

95

+, -

96

-, -

97

+, -

98

+, -

99

-, -

100

+, -

101

-, -

102

-, -

103

+, -

104

-, -

105

-, -

106

-, -

107

+, -

108

-, -

109

-, -

110

-, -

111

-, +

112

-, -

113

-, +

114

+, -

115

-, -

116

-, -

117

+, -

118

-, -

119

+, -

120

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121

-, -

122

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123

-, -

124

+, -

125

+, -

126

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127

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130

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131

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132

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133

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-, -

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142

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-, +

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+, -

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-, -

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+, -, -

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+, -, +

149

+, -

150

+,+

151

-, -

152

+, -

153

+, -

154

+, -

155

+, -

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+, -

157

+, -

158

-, -

159

+, -

160

+, -

161

+, -

162

+, -

163

+, -, -

164

-, -

165

+, -, -

166

+, -

167

+, -

168

-, -

169

+, -, -

170

+, -

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+, -

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+, -, -

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+, -

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+, -

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+, -

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+, -, -

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+, -

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+, -

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-, -

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+, -

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-, -

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-, -

183

-, -

184

+, -

185

+, -

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+, -

187

+, -

188

+, -

189

+, -

190

+, -, -

191

+, -

192

-, -

193

-, +

194

+,

195

-, -

196

+, -

197

+, -

198

+,-

199

+, -

200

-, -

201

-, -

202

+, -

203

+, -

204

-, -

205

+, -

206

-, -

207

-, -

208

-, -

209

+, -, -

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+, -

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+, -

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+, +

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-, -

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+, -

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+, -, -

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-, -

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+, -

234

-, -

235

-, -

236

+, -

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-, -

239

+, +

240

-, -

241

-, -

242

-, -

243

-, -

244

-, -

245

-, -

246

+, -

247

-, +

248

-, -

249

-, -

250

-, -

251

-, -

252

-, -

253

+, +

254

-, -

255

+, -

256

-, -

257

-, -

258

-, -

259

-, +

260

+, -, -

261

-, -

262

+, -

263

-, +

264

+, -

265

-, -

266

-, -

267

+, -

268

+, +

269

-, +

270

-, -

271

+, -, -

272

+, -

273

-, -

274

-, -

275

-, -

276

+, -

277

+, -

278

-, +

279

+, -

280

+, -

281

+, -, -

282

-, -

283

+, -

284

-, -

285

+, -, -

286

-, -

287

-, -

288

-, -

289

-, +

290

+, -, -

291

+, -, -

292

+, -

293

+, -, -

294

+, -, -

295

-, -

296

+, -

297

+, -, -

298

+, -

299

+, -

300

+, -, +

301

+, -

302

+, -

303

+, -, -

304

+, -

305

-, -

306

-, -

307

+, -

308

-, -

309

-, +

310

-, -

311

+, -

312

+, -

313

-, +

314

-, -

315

+, -

316

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318

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319

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320

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321

-, -

322

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323

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324

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325

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326

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327

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328

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329

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330

-, -

331

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332

-, -

333

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334

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335

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336

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337

-, -

338

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339

-, -

340

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341

-, +

342

-, -

343

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344

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345

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346

-, -

347

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348

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349

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350

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351

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357

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359

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-, +

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-, -

365

-, -

366

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367

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370

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372

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375

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380

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391

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-, -

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-, -

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418

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-, -

420

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+, -

423

+, -

424

-, +

PRAtbl

ID

rvt

sfxs

Prt

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

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36

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Documents

shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.inshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/37167/4/thesi… · Web viewआकाश, नीले ... an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role