-
Echo Cancellation In Large-Scale VoIP Conferencing
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Outline ()1.1 Large-Scale VoIP1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 VoIP1.6 1.7
-
1.1 Large-Scale VoIP(conference)MOS4.0
-
1.2 delayecho epidemic()
-
1.2
-
1.2 echo epidemicxn(1x)n1010%35%
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1.3 (PSTN)PSTN
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1.4 echo cancellation
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1.5 VoIP-VoIP(listener)(A)
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1.5 VoIP-/Echo GeneratorEcho Generator
-
1.5 VoIP-/Echo GeneratorEcho Generator Talker->Echo
Generator->Talker EchoS'(A) Talker->Echo
Generator->healthy ListenerEchoS(A)+S'(A)
Echo GeneratorInfected Conference(Conference)Echo Generator
-
1.5 VoIP-/Echo GeneratorEcho Generator
-
1.5 VoIP-/Echo GeneratorSpeaker A ->Echo Generator A &
Echo Generator BEcho Generator A -()->Speaker A & Echo
Generator BEcho Generator B -()->Speaker A & Echo Generator
AEcho Generator A -()->Speaker A & Echo Generator BEcho
Generator B -()->Speaker A & Echo Generator A..Loop
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1.5 VoIP-Proximity ProblemProximity Problem
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1.5 VoIP-Proximity Problem
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1.6Echo GeneratorListener Echo
CancellationConferenceNodeNodeNodeHealthy ListenerDirect EchoTalker
Indirect EchoConferencelistenerTalker Infected ConferenceEcho
GeneratorEchoconference call
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1.7 delayconferenceInfected Conference
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Outline () 2.1 2.1.1 VoIP2.1.2 VoIP2.2 Listener Echo
Cancellation2.3 Talker Echo Cancellation2.4
-
2.1.1 VoIPNLMS(Normalized Least-Mean-Square)
()(filter)delay()
-
2.1.2 VoIPG. PeriakarruppanPBEC(Packet Based Echo Canceller)VoIP
GatewayVoIP
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2.2 Listener Echo CancellationListener Echo Cancellation ()Far
End Echo Cancellation
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2.2 Listener Echo CancellationListener Echo Cancellation
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2.3 Talker Echo CancellationTalker Echo Cancellation ()Near End
Echo Cancellation
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2.3 Talker Echo CancellationTalker Echo
CancellationTalkerdelay300ms
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2.3 Talker Echo CancellationTalker/+(transmition &
propagation)+0.5~200ms()
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2.4
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Outline () VAD 3.1 3.2 3.3 VAD3.4 3.5 3.6 MET VAD
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3.1 Listener Echo CancellationDirect EchoIndirect Echo
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3.2 Listener Echo CancellationVAD(Voice Activity
Detection)VAD
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3.3 VAD VAD(Voice Activity Detection)(speech)(non-speech)
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3.3 VAD VAD(energy)(threshold)(ACTIVE)(INACTIVE)
EjkErIF (Ej> k Er) where k > 1 frame is ACTIVEELSE frame
is INACTIVE
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3.4 Listener Echo Cancellation
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3.4 Listener Echo CancellationVAD
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3.4 Listener Echo CancellationVAD
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3.4 VAD
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3.4 (amplitude)time domain energy-basedVADVAD
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3.5 time domain energy-based VADLED (Linear Energy-Based
Detector)LED
ENsampleS[k]ksample
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3.5 VADLED
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3.5 LED
EdnewEdoldE p
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3.5 pp0.2p=0.2
Chart1
126126
152131.2
106126.16
176136.128
375183.9024
83163.72194
78146.57756
430203.26205
191200.80965
25165.64772
54143.31818
50124.65454
27105.123634
1503384.6989
180803923.759
6732216603.408
3667420617.527
1360319214.621
164615700.897
176112912.918
1025912382.135
888511682.708
1142211630.567
999811304.054
1045311133.844
2229813366.676
4305619304.541
1677318798.232
1038117114.785
696115084.028
668513404.223
294311311.978
44009929.582
24468432.865
10086947.8926
5355665.314
3954611.2515
28124251.4014
56544531.921
94285511.1367
78635981.51
89336571.808
69636650.047
45356227.0376
18485351.2305
11394508.784
12393854.8274
10293289.662
6652764.7297
382219.384
611787.7072
1111452.3657
17051502.8926
17481551.9141
39102023.5312
47302564.8252
56083173.46
34723233.168
44223470.9346
19423165.1477
8152695.1182
2852213.0945
2681824.0756
19681852.8605
27042023.0884
30152221.4707
58552948.1768
60903576.5415
37573612.6333
28643462.9067
46543701.1255
25983480.5005
6002904.4004
1502353.5203
431891.4163
181516.733
221217.7865
75989.2292
62803.7834
11645.22675
7517.5814
3414.66516
2332.13214
3266.30573
7214.44458
0171.55566
0137.24454
0109.79563
087.83651
070.26921
457.01537
145.812298
036.649837
530.31987
3431.055897
127752579.8447
312678317.275
3028012709.82
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2342313713.463
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48516109.89
14285173.512
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31163497.97
52073839.776
77474621.2207
139596488.7764
54966290.221
38275797.577
45385545.662
64925734.9297
59875785.3438
16454957.275
18314332.02
19503855.616
2403132.493
2262551.1943
38292806.7554
55633358.0044
61173909.8037
22473577.243
7413009.9944
3222472.3955
1011998.1163
1271623.8931
10981518.7145
40662028.1716
39012402.7373
34992621.9897
32332744.192
21762630.5535
3302170.4429
2191780.1544
26581955.7236
184075245.979
266449525.584
Energy
Threshold
Frame Number
Energy
vad_result
EnergyThresholdSPEECH
1261260
152131.21
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375183.90241
83163.721940
78146.577560
430203.262051
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50124.654540
27105.1236340
1503384.69891
180803923.7591
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1360319214.6210
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4305619304.5411
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27042023.08841
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28643462.90670
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431891.41630
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221217.78650
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3414.665160
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0171.555660
0137.244540
0109.795630
087.836510
070.269210
457.015370
145.8122980
036.6498370
530.319870
3431.0558971
127752579.84471
312678317.2751
3028012709.821
1684713537.2571
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562213581.6850
814012493.3480
645711286.0790
2342313713.4631
413211797.1710
1036011509.7370
25969726.990
2027821.9920
11096479.39360
28655756.5150
90976424.61231
48516109.890
14285173.5120
25734653.410
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11823593.46240
31163497.970
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77474621.22071
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54966290.2210
38275797.5770
45385545.6620
64925734.92971
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18314332.020
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1011998.11630
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32332744.1921
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vad_result
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Energy
Threshold
Frame Number
Energy
-
3.5 LEDpp
-
3.5 10%~15%()PCenergy-based VAD(1ms)VAD
-
3.6 MET VADVADVAD(Maximum Energy Tracking
VAD)10(ACTIVE)(INACTIVE)10%10%10095%
-
3.6 MET VAD
START
Input Frame energy
Threshold has been initialized?
Energy Threshold?
Threshold =95%
Threshold= Energy*p
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
-
3.6MET VADPseudo Code
-
Outline () 4.1 VAD 4.1.14.1.24.2VoIP4.2.14.2.24.3 Proximity
Problem4.3.1
-
4.1 VAD time domain VAD Indirect Echo
-
4.1.1
-
4.1.1
-
4.1.1
LED VADWFD(Weak Fricatives Detector)MET
VAD10p=0.15/0.2/0.25()15~60/20~55/25~50p=0.05 /0.1/0.15
()10095%
-
4.1.2a.LED VAD
Chart1
126126.00001
152129.90001
106126.31501
176133.76776
375169.9526
83156.90971
78145.07326
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191188.29044
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Sheet1
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Energy
Threshold
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LED VAD p=0.25
Sheet1
EnergyThreshold
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Chart1
126126
152131.2
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Energy
Threshold
Frame Number
Energy
LED VAD p=0.2
Sheet1
EnergyThreshold
126126
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-
4.1.2b.WFD
Chart2
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63
60
67
52
62
52
47
45
60
53
55
61
63
61
51
57
41
29
29
23
23
13
13
1
7
13
31
49
49
54
56
64
50
44
38
59
67
72
72
74
62
65
67
70
75
65
71
54
59
60
66
61
62
54
46
60
44
59
62
43
49
32
33
34
57
53
47
42
47
43
49
54
38
48
68
70
29
39
26
44
9
29
59
59
62
57
48
35
30
35
30
24
44
59
45
44
38
60
53
57
62
66
61
53
56
53
72
71
73
72
68
56
64
51
74
74
76
84
66
64
50
53
69
59
48
30
19
5
32
38
17
1
13
Zero Cross
Frame Number
Zero Cross Number
LED
EnergyThresholdSPEECH
1261260
152131.21
106126.160
176136.1281
375183.90241
83163.721940
78146.577560
430203.262051
191200.809650
25165.647720
54143.318180
50124.654540
27105.1236340
1503384.69891
180803923.7591
6732216603.4081
3667420617.5271
1360319214.6210
164615700.8970
176112912.9180
1025912382.1350
888511682.7080
1142211630.5670
999811304.0540
1045311133.8440
2229813366.6761
4305619304.5411
1677318798.2320
1038117114.7850
696115084.0280
668513404.2230
294311311.9780
44009929.5820
24468432.8650
10086947.89260
5355665.3140
3954611.25150
28124251.40140
56544531.9211
94285511.13671
78635981.511
89336571.8081
69636650.0471
45356227.03760
18485351.23050
11394508.7840
12393854.82740
10293289.6620
6652764.72970
382219.3840
18949039673.5081
17373566485.8051
17766988722.4451
180416107061.161
190611123771.1251
218904142797.71
191109152459.971
157823153532.581
121535147133.060
118919141490.250
109625135117.20
80261124145.970
99476119211.980
194307134230.981
278534163091.61
306574191788.081
307326214895.671
313251234566.751
256036238860.611
232898237668.10
167410223616.480
181550215203.190
176356207433.750
172076200362.20
186223197534.380
207257199478.91
200911199765.331
168289193470.060
126936180163.250
122637168658.020
114731157872.620
75893141476.70
84451130071.570
183315140720.251
245870161750.21
301910189782.161
316485215122.731
307215233541.191
261528239138.561
215250234360.860
47918197072.280
1157658.030
0126126.430
5100902.150
3480728.5160
1277567137.810
3126759963.650
3028054026.9180
1684746590.9340
2370942014.5470
562234736.0350
814029416.8280
645724824.8630
2342324544.490
413220461.9920
1036018441.5940
259615272.4760
20212258.3810
110910028.5050
28658595.8050
90978696.0441
48517927.03560
14286627.22850
25735816.3830
23685126.70650
11824337.7650
31164093.4120
52074316.131
77475002.3041
139596793.64361
54966534.1150
38275992.69240
45385701.7540
64925859.8031
59875885.24271
16455037.19430
18314395.95560
19503906.76440
2403173.41160
2262583.92920
38292832.94341
55633378.95461
61173926.5641
22473590.65110
7413020.7210
3222480.97680
1012004.98140
1271629.38530
10981523.10820
40662031.68651
39012405.54931
34992624.23951
32332745.99171
21762631.99340
3302171.59470
2191781.07580
26581956.46071
184075246.5691
266449526.0561
112829877.2451
43618773.9960
10977238.59670
10886008.47750
10105008.7820
2354054.0260
7643396.02080
3702790.81670
5772348.05320
4291964.24270
13961850.59420
25361987.67551
13011850.34060
31482109.87261
10341894.69810
47722470.15871
35612688.3271
5462259.86160
4111890.08920
2121554.47140
1451272.57710
25151521.06181
70192620.64941
47983056.11961
16272770.29570
2132258.83670
4221891.46940
9301699.17550
7441508.14050
11731441.11240
21441581.69011
25431773.9521
65402727.16161
20812597.92920
2822134.74340
4111789.99480
7721586.39590
22561720.31671
15141679.05330
44762238.44261
71993230.55421
73774059.84331
23553718.87480
30193578.90
14383150.720
21702954.5760
33893041.4611
41863270.36871
48523586.69481
133045530.15621
59595615.9251
159687686.341
3382612914.2711
2418615168.6171
1521615178.0941
777613697.6760
546412050.940
542510725.7530
12608832.6030
7227210.4820
1625800.78560
7824797.02830
302449886.4231
5754319417.7381
4973425480.991
1612723610.1930
1468021824.1540
2552722564.7251
604119259.9790
901117210.1840
1114615997.3480
818714435.2780
322512193.2230
320710395.9790
60889534.3830
55738742.1060
2498011989.6861
3921417434.5491
2276418500.441
1132117064.550
2110817873.241
1656817612.1930
450914991.5550
151812296.8440
213910265.2750
14268497.4210
13887075.5370
36086382.030
14585397.2240
24664810.97950
13644121.58350
4303383.26680
8392874.41360
41043120.3311
20902914.2650
2712385.61180
13752183.48950
41052567.79151
38362821.4331
15072558.54640
46072968.23731
29112956.78980
30462974.63181
27982939.30570
14132634.04470
9002287.23580
3141892.58870
731528.6710
1471252.33690
201005.869570
12807.09570
49655.476560
996723.58131
35401286.8651
25031530.0921
11141446.87370
25071658.89891
214275612.5191
2891710273.4151
2072712364.1331
601311093.9060
20539285.7250
33478097.97950
29397066.18360
19216037.1470
14795125.51760
4804196.4140
6193480.93140
6232909.34520
11542558.27640
12352293.6210
12102076.8970
54162744.71781
139414983.9741
153487056.77931
13295911.2230
51755763.97850
71136033.7831
78386394.6271
31735750.3020
7584751.8420
2533852.07350
30223686.0590
54364036.04741
17553579.8380
12223108.27030
7392634.41630
982127.1330
5371809.10640
51812483.485415181
65873304.188516587
84224327.75118422
13483731.80100
1813021.640900
1312443.512700
52533005.410215253
45043305.128214504
7782799.702600
11182463.362300
3922049.089800
6531769.871800
3341482.697500
1871223.558100
2501028.846400
14651116.077111465
21721327.261712172
29121644.209512912
74632807.967517463
34672939.77413467
91034172.41919103
211777573.335121177
146898996.468114689
91349023.97519134
45838135.7800
31357135.62400
30726322.899400
4945157.119600
3154188.69600
31653983.956800
115425495.5654111542
140487206.0527114048
93947643.642619394
84007794.91418400
2993512222.932129935
1840413459.1455118404
1456013679.316114560
1254813453.05300
1043412849.24200
196410672.19300
15148840.55500
4587164.04400
27646284.03500
209909225.229120990
4404716189.584144047
2130617212.867121306
2805319380.895128053
1870919246.51600
1374218145.61300
847316211.09100
691114351.07300
208211897.25900
9269703.00800
5647875.20600
4786395.76500
1725151.01200
374128.2100
