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生態影響評估Ecological Impact Assesstment
生態影響評估Ecological Impact Assesstment
鄭先祐 (Ayo)國立 臺南大學 環境與生態學院 院長生態科學與技術學系 教授E-mail ： [email protected]
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Wood, Christopher (1995) Environmental impact assessment. A comparative review. Longman Group Limited.
Wood, Christopher (2002) Environmental impact assessment. A comparative review. 2nd ed. Longman Group Limited.
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Environmental impact Assessment
Preface 1. Introduction 2. EIA in the United States 3. The European Directives on EIA 4. EIA in the United Kingdom 5. EIA in the Netherlands, Canada, the
Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand 6. Legal Basis of EIA Systems 7. Coverage of EIA Systems 8. Consideration of Alternatives 9. Screening of Actions 10. Scoping of Impacts
A comparative review
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11. EIA Report Preparation 12. EIA Report Review 13. Decision Making 14. Monitoring and Auditing of actions
(Impacts) 15. Mitigation of Impacts 16. Consultation and Participation 17. Monitoring of EIA Systems 18. Benefits and Costs of EIA Systems 19. Strategic Environmental Assessment 20. Conclusions (Improving EIA) References. Index
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Features
1. Provides a unique introduction to the nature and history of EIA.
2. Explores the nature of best practice in EIA.
3. Describes national EIA procedures in detail.
4. Indicates the direction of future development in EIA.
5. Covers strategic environmental assessment.
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Preface
EIA, born in the US, 25 years old in 1995.
EIA has been widely seen as a panacea( 萬靈藥 ) to environmental problems.
However, EIA is an anticipatory, participatory, integrative environmental management tool which has the ultimate objective of providing decision-makers with an indication of the likely consequences of their decisions.
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Effective EIA alters the nature of decisions or of the actions implemented to reduce their environmental disbenefits and render them more sustainable( 更可持續的 ).
If it fails do this, EIA is a waste of time and money.
Numerous EIA systems in existence worldwide.
While all differ in detail, their basic principles are very similar and demonstrate many common problems.
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Each EIA system is evaluated against a set of criteria which enables comparisons to be made easily.
The EIA processes is analyzed step-by-step in a succession of chapters.
EIA is interdisciplinary and involves large numbers of different practitioners.
Students of land use planning, law, geography, environmental studies, development studies and engineering.
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Chap. 1 Introduction
1. Nature of EIA2. Diffusion and evolution of EIA3. Elements of the EIA process4. EIA system effectiveness5. Evaluation of EIA system
effectiveness6. Comparative review of EIA systems7. Structure of the book
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1. Nature of EIA
EIA is a systematic and integrative process, first developed in the US as a result of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969(NEPA), for considering possible impacts prior to a decision being taken on whether or not a proposal should be given approval to proceed.
The EIA process should supply decision-makers with an indication of the likely consequences of their actions.
In principle, EIA should lead to the abandonment of environmentally unacceptable actions and to the mitigation of the accepted actions.
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The objective of the Californian EIA system
1. The significant environmental effects of proposed activities. (to 官方與民間 )
2. To avoid or reduce environmental damage.
3. Implementation of feasible alternatives or mitigation measures.
4. Disclose to the public reasons for agency approvals of projects with significant environmental effects.
5. To foster interagency coordination.6. To enhance public participation.
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EIA as Science or art
EIA as ‘science’ or a planning tool has to do with the methodologies and techniques for identifying, predicting, and evaluating the environmental impacts associated with particular development actions.
EIA as ‘art’ or procedure for decision-making has to do with those mechanisms for ensuring an environmental analysis of such actions and influencing the decision-making process.
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Caldwell (1989) the significance of EIA
1. The protection and improvement of the environmental quality of life.
2. To discover and evaluate the effects of activities on environment (natural and social).
3. In an integrated inter-disciplinary manner, evaluating relationships.
4. Regarded as an integral part of project planning.
5. Be part of decision-making processes.6. Focus on the important or critical issues.
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2. Diffusion and evolution of EIA
California was the first states to introduce an effective NEPA, 1970.
By the United Nations conference on the environment in Stockholm in 1972.
The Commonwealth of Australia announced an EIA policy in May 1972 and passed the Environment Protection Act in December 1974.
Canada approving a federal cabinet directive on EIA in 1973.
New Zealand in 1974; Columbia and Thailand in 1974 and 1975; France and West German in 1976; Netherlands in 1979.
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2. Diffusion and evolution of EIA
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) recommended that member government adopt EIA procedures and methods in 1974.
In 1985, the Council of the European Communities required member states to implement formal EIA procedures by 1988.
The World Bank ruled in 1989 that EIA should normally be undertaken by the borrower country under the Bank’s supervision.
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3. Elements of the EIA process
1. Consideration of alternative means of achieving objectives.
2. Designing the selected proposal.3. Whether an EIA is necessary4. Scoping5. Preparing the EIA report6. Reviewing the EIA report7. Making a decision8. Monitoring the impacts of the
proposal if it is implemented.
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4. EIA system effectiveness
EIA will be most effective where environmental values (1) are implicit and consensual in the national culture and (2) are explicit in public law and policy.
EIA effectiveness is associated with changing political regimes and with the changing level of support for the EIA process among courts, chief executives, and senior agency managers that this implies.
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5. Evaluation of EIA system
1. An integrated approach to the broad range of environmental considerations and to dedicated to achieving local, national and global sustainability.
2. Must apply clearly and automatically to planning and decision making
3. Be aimed at identifying best options4. Be established in law and be specific,
mandatory and enforceable.5. Be open, participative and fair.
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Box 1.1 eight basic principles for evaluating EIA processes.
6. Terms and conditions of approvals must enforceable, and approvals must be followed by monitoring of effects and enforcement of compliance in implementation.
7. Be designed to facilitate efficient implementation.
8. Include provisions for liking assessment work into a larger regime including the setting of overall biophysical and socioeconomic objectives and the management and regulation of existing as well as proposed new activities.
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5. Evaluation of EIA system effectiveness
Be considered effective if Information generated in the EIA contributed to
decision making. Predictions were accurate Proposed mitigatory and compensatory measure
achieved approved management objectives
Efficiency criteria are satisfied if EIA decisions are timely relative to economic and
other factors determine project decisions Costs of conducting EIA can be determined and are
reasonable.
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Fairness criteria are satisfied if All interested parties (stakeholders) have equal
opportunity to influence the decision before it is made
People directly affected by projects have equal access to compensation.
Ayo 台南站 http://mail.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/ 國立臺南大學 環境與生態學院 Ayo 院長的個人網站
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