生態學 Ecology

關永才 ( 介紹環境及個體生態 )林良恭 ( 族群生態及種間互動 4/1)孫義方 ( 群聚生態及生態系 5/13)

Chapter 1: The nature of Ecology

Overview of Ecology

• Ecology: Study of relationships between organisms and the environment.

– Simple definition does not convey the extreme breadth of this discipline.

Organisms interact with the environment in the context of the ecosystem

Biotic factors

Abiotic factors

Ecologists use scientific methods

• Ecology: Study of relationships between organisms and the environment.

– Wide variety of approaches.• Large temporal and spatial scales.

– Field– Lab– Observational – Manipulative

• 實驗性研究分兩類 :

– 相關性分析 (Correlation analysis)

– 操縱性實驗 (Manipulative experiment)

• 相關性分析 (Correlation analysis)

– 研究兩個或更多變數 (variables) 的相關性

• 例 : 期中考成績和溫習功課時間的關係

• 例 : 期中考成績和吃零食多寡的關係

期中考成績和溫習功課時間的關係

溫習功課時間 (小時 )

成績

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期中考成績和吃零食多寡的關係

吃零食量 (包 )

成績

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。 。。

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相關 不一定等於 因果 !!!!!!

相關 不一定等於 因果 !!!!!!

• 操縱性實驗 (Manipulative experiment)

– 設控制組及實驗組

– 儘量維持兩組的條件相同，只留下一個可改變的條件

個案 1: Ecology of Bumblebees

Ecology of Bumblebees

• Bumblebees live in many cool regions.– Heinrich estimated energy budget of

individuals foraging on different flowers and under different temperatures.• Energy Gain / Loss

– Energy Intake - Energy Expenditure.

個案 2: Ecology of Forest Birds

Robert H. MacArthur

Ecology of Forest Birds

• MacArthur studied ecology of five species of warblers in spruce forests in N.A.– Theory predicted two species with identical

ecological requirements could not coexist indefinitely.

Warbler Feeding Zones

個案 3: Forest Nutrient Budget: A watershed ( 集水區 ) approach

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest

Forest Nutrient Budgets

• Likens and Bormann estimated 90% of nutrients in a New Hampshire forest were locked up in soil organic matter.– Approximately 9.5 % was tied up in

vegetation.– Streamflow output amounted to < 1%.

個案 4 ： Vegetation Change: Pollen Records

• Many environmental changes occur over large spatial or temporal scales.

• Davis monitored plant pollen deposited in lake sediments in the Appalachian Mtns. – Documented large temporal changes to

nearby plant communities.

Vegetation History from Pollen Sediments

古海洋生態學研究：矽藻

(彰化師大 王瑋龍攝 )

(彰化師大 王瑋龍攝 )

個案五 : Landscape Ecology 地景生態學

破碎化棲地（ fragmentation of habitats):

八卦山台地

Review• 個案１： Ecology of Bumblebees• 個案２： Ecology of Forest Birds• 個案３： Forest Nutrient Budgets• 個案４： Vegetation Change• 個案５： Landscape Ecology

生態學萬歲 !

謝謝 !

Hypothesis testing