• Презентация «ENVIRONMENHTAL LAW»

• подготовлена студентами четвертого курса факультета

• иностранных языков специальности «Английский язык» при

• изучении темы «Прогрессивные движения и общественно-политические

• события современности» под руководством ст. преподавателя Гуд В.Г.

• Данная творческая работа может быть в дальнейшем использована в

• ходе изучения дисциплины «Общественно-политический дискурс»

• студентами 4 курса ф-та иностранных языков при ознакомлении с

• темой «ОБЩЕСТВЕННО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ АКЦИИ И СОБЫТИЯ».

Environmental LawEnvironmental Law

• Environmental law - or "environmental and natural resources law" - is a collective term describing the network of treaties, statutes,regulations, and common and customary laws addressing the effects of human activity on the natural environment.

  During the "During the "GreatGreat StinkStink" of 1858, the dumping of " of 1858, the dumping of sewerage into the sewerage into the RiverRiver ThamesThames began to smell so  began to smell so ghastly in the summer heat that Parliament had to be ghastly in the summer heat that Parliament had to be evacuated. Ironically, the evacuated. Ironically, the MetropolitanMetropolitan CommissionCommission ofof SewersSewers ActAct 1848 1848 had allowed the Metropolitan  had allowed the Metropolitan Commission for Sewers to close Commission for Sewers to close cesspitscesspits around the  around the city in an attempt to "clean up" but this simply led city in an attempt to "clean up" but this simply led people to pollute the river. In 19 days, Parliament people to pollute the river. In 19 days, Parliament passed a further Act to build the passed a further Act to build the LondonLondon seweragesewerage systemsystem. London also suffered from terrible air . London also suffered from terrible air pollution, and this culminated in the "pollution, and this culminated in the "GreatGreat SmogSmog" of " of 1952, which in turn triggered its on legislative 1952, which in turn triggered its on legislative response: the response: the CleanClean AirAir ActAct 1956 1956.  . 

But ,the strong influence of environmental law But ,the strong influence of environmental law on natural resource laws, did not occur until on natural resource laws, did not occur until about the 1960s. about the 1960s. 

By the end of the twentieth century By the end of the twentieth century environmental law had been established as a environmental law had been established as a component of the legal landscape in all component of the legal landscape in all developed nationsdeveloped nations of the world, many  of the world, many developing onesdeveloping ones, and the larger project of , and the larger project of international lawinternational law..

Regulatory SubjectsRegulatory Subjects Air quality. Air quality. Air quality laws govern the emission Air quality laws govern the emission

of of air pollutantsair pollutants into the  into the atmosphereatmosphere. . Water quality.Water quality. Water quality laws govern the  Water quality laws govern the 

release of pollutants into water resourcesrelease of pollutants into water resources, , including including surface watersurface water, , ground waterground water, and stored , and stored drinking waterdrinking water. .

Waste management.Waste management. Waste management laws Waste management laws govern the transport, treatment, storage, and govern the transport, treatment, storage, and disposal of all manner of disposal of all manner of wastewaste, including , including municipal solid wastemunicipal solid waste, , hazardous wastehazardous waste, and , and nuclear wastenuclear waste, among , among many other typesmany other types. .

Regulatory SubjectsRegulatory Subjects Chemical safety. Chemical safety. Chemical safety laws govern Chemical safety laws govern

the use of the use of chemicalschemicals in human activities,  in human activities, particularly man-made chemicals in modern particularly man-made chemicals in modern industrial applications. industrial applications. 

Water resources, Mineral resources, Forest Water resources, Mineral resources, Forest resourcesresources laws govern  the ownership and use laws govern  the ownership and use of of water resourceswater resources, mineral and forest resources., mineral and forest resources.

Wildlife and plantsWildlife and plants Fish and gameFish and game

Global and regional environmental issues are Global and regional environmental issues are increasingly the subject of increasingly the subject of internationalinternational lawlaw. . Debates over environmental concerns implicate Debates over environmental concerns implicate core principles of international law and have been core principles of international law and have been the subject of numerous international agreements the subject of numerous international agreements and declarations.and declarations.

MultilateralMultilateral environmentalenvironmental agreementsagreements sometimes  sometimes create an International Organization, Institution or create an International Organization, Institution or Body responsible for implementing the agreement. Body responsible for implementing the agreement. Major examples are the Major examples are the ConventionConvention on on InternationalInternational TradeTrade inin EndangeredEndangered SpeciesSpecies ofof WildWild FaunaFauna andand FloraFlora (CITES) and the International  (CITES) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

The The International Union for International Union for Conservation of Nature Conservation of Nature (IUCN)(IUCN) is an international  is an international organization working in the field organization working in the field of nature conservation and of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural sustainable use of natural resources. resources.

It was established in 1948. In the It was established in 1948. In the past, it has been called the past, it has been called the International Union for Protection International Union for Protection of Nature (1948-1956) and the of Nature (1948-1956) and the World Conservation Union (1990 World Conservation Union (1990 - 2008). - 2008).

IUCN's missionIUCN's mission is to "influence, encourage and is to "influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of natural nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.” resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.”

It has a membership of over 1200 governmental and It has a membership of over 1200 governmental and non-governmental organisations.  IUCN employs non-governmental organisations.  IUCN employs approximately 1000 full-time staff in more than 60 approximately 1000 full-time staff in more than 60 countries. countries.

Its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland. Its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland. It has been involved in establishing the World Wide It has been involved in establishing the World Wide

Fund for Nature and the World Conservation Fund for Nature and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Monitoring Centre.

IUCN’s headquarters in GlandIUCN’s headquarters in Gland

  IUCN has observer and consultative status at IUCN has observer and consultative status at the United Nations, and plays a role in the the United Nations, and plays a role in the implementation of several international implementation of several international conventions on nature conservation and conventions on nature conservation and biodiversity. It is best known to the wider biodiversity. It is best known to the wider public for compiling and publishing the IUCN public for compiling and publishing the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which Red List of Threatened Species, which assesses the conservation status of species assesses the conservation status of species worldwide.worldwide.

The 10 Most Polluted Countries The 10 Most Polluted Countries in the Worldin the World

10. Kuwait10. Kuwait Kuwait is the fourth largestKuwait is the fourth largestoil exporter among the OPECoil exporter among the OPECcountries. Their oil industrycountries. Their oil industryaccounts for half their GDP.accounts for half their GDP.Its large oil refineries andIts large oil refineries andindustrial plants areindustrial plants arecontaminating the air atcontaminating the air atincredible speed whileincredible speed whiledevelopment in the country isdevelopment in the country isstill very slow for moststill very slow for mostcitizens.citizens.

99. . NigeriaNigeria

Nigeria is one of the most Nigeria is one of the most populated countries in the populated countries in the world, with over 155 world, with over 155 million people. Its rapid million people. Its rapid urbanization and industrial urbanization and industrial growth has lead to a lack of growth has lead to a lack of planning in terms of an planning in terms of an ecological point of view, ecological point of view, which has resulted in high which has resulted in high levels of pollution.levels of pollution.

88. . IranIran

Iran has oil reserves and Iran has oil reserves and natural gas reserves larger natural gas reserves larger than most countries in the than most countries in the world. But its industry is world. But its industry is not as developed; not as developed; therefore, nationally therefore, nationally produced gas has caused a produced gas has caused a lot of air pollution. lot of air pollution.

77. . United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates UAE is the world’s fourth UAE is the world’s fourth

biggest oil exporter and a very biggest oil exporter and a very developed Middle Eastern developed Middle Eastern country. Its high production of country. Its high production of waste per capita, water waste per capita, water consumption and carbon consumption and carbon emission sets them up at number emission sets them up at number seven on our list. The problem seven on our list. The problem with UAE is that their economic with UAE is that their economic structure is based on oil refineries structure is based on oil refineries and oil money which has and oil money which has increased over the years. increased over the years.

66. . EgyptEgypt

Egypt’s biggest sources of Egypt’s biggest sources of pollution are factories pollution are factories notorious for polluting the notorious for polluting the air with lead, gases and air with lead, gases and cement dust. In addition to cement dust. In addition to that, vehicle exhaust that, vehicle exhaust fumes are a major fumes are a major problem in big cities like problem in big cities like Cairo.Cairo.

5. Saudi Arabia 5. Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is the world’s Saudi Arabia is the world’s

largest producers and largest producers and exporters of petroleum. It also exporters of petroleum. It also the second largest oil producer the second largest oil producer and holds one-fifth of the and holds one-fifth of the world’s oil reserves. Oil, world’s oil reserves. Oil, power, desalination and other power, desalination and other industrial activities near the industrial activities near the coast have led to sewage coast have led to sewage outflows, and oil and chemical outflows, and oil and chemical plumes. plumes. 

4. Senegal4. Senegal

Senegal’s problem is Senegal’s problem is similar to Nigeria’s. These similar to Nigeria’s. These two countries have two countries have experienced rapid growth experienced rapid growth and urbanization, and a and urbanization, and a lack of planning has lead lack of planning has lead to carbon emissions rising.to carbon emissions rising.

3. India 3. India India has a particular India has a particular

problem because of its problem because of its gigantic population and gigantic population and rapid urbanization. Carbon rapid urbanization. Carbon emissions are out of control. emissions are out of control. New Delhi has ranked New Delhi has ranked among the most polluted among the most polluted cities in the world together cities in the world together with Shanghai, China.with Shanghai, China.

2. Pakistan 2. Pakistan

Political instability, Political instability, corruption and a lack of corruption and a lack of government measures to government measures to curb carbon emissions curb carbon emissions have led to a cloak of have led to a cloak of thick smoke over major thick smoke over major cities.cities.

1. Mongolia1. Mongolia

Mongolia is home to one of the world’s most Mongolia is home to one of the world’s most polluted cities — Ulaanbaatar. This city’s polluted cities — Ulaanbaatar. This city’s population has expanded by 70 percent over population has expanded by 70 percent over the last 20 years with the city’s infrastructure the last 20 years with the city’s infrastructure unable to keep up with the growth. The unable to keep up with the growth. The number of premature deaths, cases of chronic number of premature deaths, cases of chronic bronchitis and respiratory related hospital bronchitis and respiratory related hospital admissions are on a rapid rise. admissions are on a rapid rise. 

Top 10 Cleanest CountriesTop 10 Cleanest Countries

1.1. SwitzerlandSwitzerland2.2. LuxembourgLuxembourg3.3. AustraliaAustralia4.4. SingaporeSingapore5.5. Czech RepublicCzech Republic6.6. GermanyGermany7.7. SpainSpain8.8. AustriaAustria9.9. SwedenSweden10.10. NorwayNorway