PERCEPTION(اإلدراك)

Perception* Giving meaning to a sensation (i.e. getting to know the environment by the use of senses.)

على داللة و معنى تعطى التى المعرفية العملية ( ) أى ) ، بها نحس التى المثيرات المنبهات

) فهمها من تمكنا بطريقة الحسية تفسيرالمنبهات We receive signs ( عالمات and (نستقبل

perceive meanings ( معانى .(ندرك Signs= environmental stimuli

Signs (عالمات) are of two types:1. Symbols (رموز):

Stimuli (مثيرات)which stand for(ترمز) an object (لألشياء)e.g.: a name of any one stands for the person named., or a word “FIRE”

2. Signals (إشارات):Stimuli received from the object e.g. smoke (الدخان) is a

signal (إشارة) for fire (حريق). We perceive objects and relations between them

3. We perceive sounds, distance and time.4. We perceive ideasأفكار conclusionsإستنتاجات and

concepts مفاهيم which are our tools of thinking.5. We perceive our body(body image, e.g. in relation to

space “spatial” where is my toe ) & some bodily functions. e.g. sense of micturition )

6. We perceive our psyche and its functions like emotions and thoughts. and our motives

Perceives: positionالوضع, category of objectالتصنيف, plasticityالمرونة, movementالحركة, capacityالقدرة (for me to use, of it on me),

Gestalt laws*l. sum is greater than its parts الكل

أجزاؤه مجموع من أكبرll. figure ground relationsأو األرضية و الشكلالخلفية

lll. grouping tendenciesالتجميع الى الميل قانون

(Competition and cooperation )

In every stimulus pattern, the elements of stimulus have some degree of proximity , similarity, continuity etc. At a time all kind of grouping tendencies are at work.

Factors affecting perception

1) Figural األشكالfactors (Objective Factors)

2) Subjective األشخاص factors (Personal Factors)

Figural factorsاألشكال:

1. Similarity (التشابه) :Similar stimuli tend to be grouped together.

2.Proximity (التقارب) :Proximate objects tend to be grouped together.

3.Closure (اإلغالق) :Stimuli tend to be grouped together in order to perceive a defective whole as a closed one.

4.Symmetry التناسق :For example asymmetric triangles are liable to be perceived as symmetrical ones.

5. Approximation (بالتقريب):There is a tendency to perceive the poor figure as if they were exact and good.

6. Good continuation : (التكملة )In the figure we see how we tend to continue lines to make rectangles instead of perceiving lines separately.

7. Context (السياق) :

Subjective(Personal) factorsشخصية *

1. Mood (emotion) المزاجOur mood influences markedly our perception e.g. when you are sad you

perceive every thing as bad2. Need: اإلحتياج when we are hungry we selectively perceive(smell) odors of food.3. Interests: اإلهتماماتevery one perceives what he is interested in more than any other thing.4. Mental set: الذهنى اإلستعدادas much as you are prepared to do something or to find something, it is likely

to do it or find it and to overlook other things5. Habit &Familiarity األلفة و التعودhabit is based on past experience. ….E.gYou read AMATONY as ANATOMY out of

habit.6. Aesthetic factors جمالية عوامل (the same as good form in figural factors): The pleasant figure will be

perceived where as an irregular figure will be overlooked.

lV. Perceptual Constancy*=Relatively stable

perception of an objectDefinition: An object will be perceived

as the same one, In spite ( من of (بالرغم

different stimuli which it sends to you under different conditions

e.g. illumination on it, position (angle) from which it is viewed or the distance at which it appears.

Constancy depends largely on age and learning, therefore it is less apparent in children

Disturbed constancy is an early phenomena in psychosis.

1) Color constancy Tendency to see the colour of a

familiar object as the same regardless of the actual light conditions

2) Shape constancy Tendency to see an object’s shape

as unchanging regardless of the viewing angle (despite the shape of the retinal image)

3) Size constancy Tendency to see an object as

having the same size regardless of distance

4) Location constancy Tendency to see an object as

retaining its same position even if we move around