近代生物科學思維的變遷 - 史學與哲學考察 Historical and Philosophical

Aspects of the Dynamics of Modern Biology

第一部份 , 生物學的文化形式。 第二部份 , 舉例說明實證科學之興

起與發展。 第三部份 , 微歷史的練習。

2008

生物科學史

課程目標及內容：

每個人對於知識的理解不必然都會相同，知識份子應該也能回顧自己，建立自己的歷史價值。

以切身的經驗，結合歷史發展的眼光來認識生物學發展的議題。

透過歷史事件的陳述來呈現生物科學知識的累積推進中人如何發揮理智。

上課資料 http://myweb.ncku.edu.tw/~y1357/course/biohistry.html

(http://myweb.ncku.edu.tw/~y1357/yang.html)

善用網路資源

http://www.timelinescience.org/index.php : 在這個網址可以查到 one thousand years of scientific thought 。

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/evolution.html : 提供許多演化論的原始資料。

很多電子書： http://www.esp.org/books/ 台灣有醫療與社會聯合教學網站： http://sts.nthu.edu.tw/

medicine/html/his.htm 北大有科學史的網站： http://www.phil.pku.edu.cn/hps/

article.php?op=cat2top&cid=3

補充閱讀資料

完整的讀一本書 楊倍昌 : 科學之美：生物科學史閱讀手記。巨流出版 , 2012 。 史蒂芬‧薛平 《科學革命：一段不存在的歷史》 (Shapin, Steven. The

Scientific Revolution. London: The University of Chicago Press, 1996.) ，許宏彬、林巧玲譯，左岸文化出版。

蘇珊‧桑塔格《疾病的隱喻》 (Illness as Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors.) ，刁筱華譯，大田出版， 2000 。

卡爾‧齊默 《演化：一個觀念的勝利》（ Evolution: the triumph of an idea ） , 唐嘉慧譯 , 時報出版 , 2004 。

若伊‧波特 《醫學簡史》（ Blood and Guts: A short history of Medicine ） , 王道還譯 , 商周出版 , 2005 。

麥爾《看！這就是生物學》（ This is biology ） , 涂可欣譯 , 天下文化出版 , 2003 。

范燕秋《疫病、醫學與現代性 - 日治台灣醫學史》 , 稻鄉出版 , 2010 。 陽照《還原演化論》 , 麥田出版 , 2009 。

Sydney BrennerLetter to Max Perutz 5 June, 1963

Dear Max, These notes record and extend our discussions on the possible expansion of research activities in the Molecular Biology Laboratory. First, some general remarks. It is now widely realized that nearly all the "classical" problems of molecular biology have either been solved or will be solved in the next decade. The entry of large numbers of American and other biochemists into the field will ensure that all the chemical details of replication and transcription will be elucidated. Because of this, I have long felt that the future of molecular biology lies in the extension of research to other fields of biology, notably development and the nervous system………

http://elegans.swmed.edu/Sydney.html

生物學的文化形式

生命現象裡的機械性：近代科學對於生物的定義及其取代型式。

討論主軸 : 立足點決定人的價值

楊倍昌

文藝復興之前印歐文明對生命的認知 (由實踐而論述 )。

陳恒安

口述史研究法簡介。 王秀雲

歷史中的疾病 ( 隱喻 ) 。 王秀雲

課程安排 : part 1

實證科學之興起與發展

生命綿延的數學性：遺傳學三部曲。 討論主軸 : 科學知識為什麼會被遺忘

楊倍昌

生物體的基本構成：細胞論，跳躍式的歸納法則。討論主軸 : 新工具對生物科學的影響

楊倍昌

病菌：由未可知到可知。 討論主軸 : 突破科學典範的要件

楊倍昌

近代處理疾病的三種思考進路：免疫學、公共衛生及抗生素。

討論主軸 : 評議科學策略

楊倍昌

達爾文演化論的生物性與哲學性。 討論主軸 : 科學新視野的機會與危險

楊倍昌

台灣國家政策與科學研究的轉型。 翁裕峰

課程安排 : part 2

2003 年十大科學新聞 (by Science)

1. Dark energy2. Genetics for mental illness3. Global warming4. micro RNA on gene regulation 5. Molecular imaging6. γ-ray bursts7. Stem cells to germ cells 8. Left handed material9. Complete sequence of Y-chromosome10. Antiangiogenesis drug 

For lecture only, Rewritten by BC Yang, Ph.D

Nobel prize topics 1997-2008

2008: HIV and human papilloma viruses 2007: Gene knockout technology for creating animal models of human

disease in mice. 2006: RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA 2005: Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. 2004: Odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system 2003: Magnetic resonance imaging. 2002: Genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death. 2001: Key regulators of the cell cycle. 2000: Signal transduction in the nervous system. 1999: Protein transport and localization in the cell. 1998: Nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system. 1997: Prions - a new biological principle of infection

http://www.almaz.com/nobel/medicine/http://www.medlib.ncku.edu.tw/resources/giant.htm ( 成大圖書館 )

TOP 11 MEDICAL STORIES OF THE CENTURY

Presented by: The AAPA’s Clinical and Scientific Affairs Council

A selection of somebody

http://www.aapa.org/clinissues/TopTen2000/sld001.htm

Number 1 – Development of the PA Profession

Number 2 – Discovery of Penicillin Number 3 – Discovery of Insulin Number 4 – HIV Number 5 – Organ Transplantation Number 6 – Oral Contraceptives Number 7 - Surgeon General’s Report On

Smoking Number 8 – Discovery of the Polio Vaccine Number 9 – Eradication of Smallpox Number 10 – Development of CT/MRI Number 11- Discovery of DNA

For lecture only, Rewritten by BC Yang, Ph.D

Number 1 – Development of the PA Profession

Dr. Hu and Mrs. Avanelle Myers devoted the end of their professional carriers to establishing the first baccalaureate PA program in the country at Alderson-Broadus College in Philippi, WV. The AB PA program was featured on NBC’s Today Show on October 20, 1971.

For lecture only, Rewritten by BC Yang, Ph.D

Number 2 – Discovery of Penicillin

Set the framework for development of other antibiotics.

Opened the era for therapeutic use of antibiotics.

Changed the way medicine was practiced in Western country.

For lecture only, Rewritten by BC Yang, Ph.D

Number 3 – Discovery of Insulin

Drs. Banting and Best discovered insulin in the summer of 1921

Gave us a better understanding of diabetes.

Insulin changed the live of millions of people.

In the pre-insulin period diabetes was a wasting disease coupled with starvation treatment.

For lecture only, Rewritten by BC Yang, Ph.D

http://www.endo-diabasel.ch/images/BANTING%20&%20bEST.jpg

Number 4 - HIV

1981, December, CDC reports infant

develops a deficiency after a blood

transfusion.

1984, January, transmission of the

disease can occur before patient has

symptoms; October, Dr. Robert Gallo

finds genetic variations.

1987, AZT is released.

For lecture only, Rewritten by BC Yang, Ph.D

"First came God, then came Gallo"-- Dr. F. Wong-Staal, AIDS researcher

http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/index/rgallo.htmhttp://aids-info.net/micha/hiv/aids/unsichtbar.htm

For lecture only, Rewritten by BC Yang, Ph.D

World War I: Allografts for skin transplantation.

1946: The first adrenal gland transplant.

1954: The first renal transplant on monozygotic twins.

1960: The first corneal transplant 1962: The first limb. 1967: The first allogenic heart

transplant. 1968: The first allogenic liver

transplant. 1978: The first allogenic bone

marrow replantation. Modern cannibal

Number 5 – Organ Transplantation

For lecture only, Rewritten by BC Yang, Ph.D

A wood panel painting (circa 1500) depicting the limb transplantation miracle by Saints Cosmos and Damian. 

Number 6 – Oral Contraceptives

1950: Drs. Katherine McCormick and

Margaret Sanger collaborate to promote

development of a physiologic

contraceptive for women.

1958: Searle applies for FDA approval for

contraceptive indication.

1959: FDA approves Enovid, the first oral

contraceptive.

For lecture only, Rewritten by BC Yang, Ph.D

http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/1240/context/ourdailylives

Number 7 - Surgeon General’s Report On Smoking

1905: In exchange for tobacco-state support of the 1st federal Food and Drug Act, tobacco was removed from the US Pharmocopeia, and thus from FDA regulation.

1957: American Cancer Society followed 200,000 people for 44 months. Smokers had a 68% increased mortality. Of the 448 lung cancers, all but 15 smoked.

1965: The FTC required tobacco companies to place warning labels on cigarette packages and on ads 6 months later.

For lecture only, Rewritten by BC Yang, Ph.D

Number 8 – Discovery of the Polio Vaccine

Summer of 1916: epidemic struck New York City; 27,000 people paralyzed; 9,000 people dead.

Jonas Salk , an American research scientist, develops vaccine from inactivated poliovirus grown in monkey kidney tissue; April 1954: Massive field trial of Salk vaccine.

April 12, 1955: Announcement of successful field trials.

For lecture only, Rewritten by BC Yang, Ph.D

Number 9 – Eradication of Smallpox

In 1796, Dr. Edward Jenner, an English physician, observes that milkmaids with cowpox rarely get smallpox; Inoculated a boy with fluid from pustular cowpox lesion. Six weeks later no response to inoculation from pustular smallpox.

1967: World Health Organization initiates campaign to eradicate smallpox (10-15 million cases/year worldwide).

1980: World Health Assembly declares global eradication; First time a disease vanquished.

For lecture only, Rewritten by BC Yang, Ph.D

人痘的記錄葛洪的《肘後方》就有天花「建武中於南陽擊虜所得，乃呼為虜瘡」

Number 10 – Development of CT/MRI

CT: (computerized tomography)

Godfrey Hounsfield, introduced CT, 1972 (Nobel prize with Allen Cormack, 1979).

CT measures the attenuation of X-Rays in tissue from hundreds of angles, image re-constructed by computer.

For lecture only, Rewritten by BC Yang, Ph.D

http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1979/hounsfield-autobio.html

Number 10 – Development of CT/MRI

MRI Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in bulk

matter. Felix Block & Edward Purcell [1952 Nobel

Prize]. Raymand Damadian, 1971 (relaxation

constants of water [T1 and T2] longer in malignant rat tissue.

Paul Lauterbur, 1973 (resolution and spatial discrimination determined by magnetic field).

Richard Ernst, (mathematics of Fourier transforms allow imaging of data from 2 dimensions).

1982, MRI becomes exam of choice for CNS.

1990’s functional (fast) MRI research tool.

For lecture only, Rewritten by BC Yang, Ph.D

http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/physpicnobel.html

Number 11- Discovery of DNA1861, Virchow: cells arise from

other cells.1866, Haeckel: nucleus contains

hereditary factors.1889, Altman: isolated nucleic

acids.1953, Watson & Crick: structure

of DNA.1985: The Santa Cruz

Workshop/1988 :OTA report, Mapping our Genes.

2001: the human genome in Nature Magazine.

For lecture only, Rewritten by BC Yang, Ph.D