ميحجلا نم رّفم لا HUMAN RIGHTS...2019يناثلا نوناك/رياني ISBN: 978-1-6231-37014 ميحجلا نم ر فم لا ايبيل يف نيرجاهملا قحب

H U M A N

R I G H T S

W A T C H ايبيل يف نيرجاهملا قحب تاكاهتنالا يف مهاست يبوروألا داحتالا تاسايس

ميحجلا نم رفم ال

ال مفر من الجحيممنتهاكات بحق المهاجرين في ليبيااالاالتحاد األوروبي تساهم في سياسات

Copyright © 2019 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-37014 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez

40

https://www.hrw.org/ar

2019 الثاني يناير/كانون ISBN: 978-1-6231-37014

ال مفر من الجحيم نتهاكات بحق المهاجرين في ليبيااالاالتحاد األوروبي تساهم في سياسات

i ......................................................................................................................... خريطة

1 ............................................................................................................... ملخص تنفيذي

7 ........................................................................................................ ةالتوصيات األساسي

8 ..................................................................................................................... المنهجية

I10 ....................................................................... . المهاجرون وطالبو اللجوء والالجئون في ليبيا

13 ...................................................................................................................................... االحتجاز

.II 18 ........................................................... التعاون بين االتحاد األوروبي وليبيا في مجال الهجرة

19 .................................................................................................................. دعم حرس السواحل الليبي

24 ..................................................................................................... دات اإلنسانية في مراكز االحتجازالمساع

27 ................................................................................................................... اإلجالء واإلعادة إلى الوطن

.III31 ............................................................................... االنتهاكات في مراكز االحتجاز الليبية

31 .................................................................................................................................... االنتهاكات

33 ................................................................................................................................ مصراتة

36 ................................................................................................................................... زوارة

39 ................................................................................................................................ تاجوراء

45 ............................................................................................................................... عين زارة

48 ......................................................................................................................... األطفال المحتجزون

. IV51 ..................................................................... معرفة االتحاد األوروبي وإيطاليا باالنتهاكات

.V53 ......................................................................................................... اإلطار القانوني

53 ................................................................................. لة في االنتهاكات الحقوقية بموجب القانون الدوليتواطؤ الدو

54 ............................................................................................................................ احتجاز المهاجرين

55 ............................................................................................... وسوء المعاملة بحق المحتجزينحظر التعذيب

57 ................................................................................................................... التوصياتت

57 .......................................................................................................................... إلى السلطات الليبية

58 ........................................................................................................ إلى مؤسسات ودول االتحاد األوروبي

59 ........................................................................................................................ إلى الحكومة اإليطالية

60 .................................................................................................................منظمة الدولية البحريةإلى ال

60 ................................................................................................ إلى مفوضية األمم المتحدة لشؤون الالجئين

60 ................................................................................................................. إلى المنظمة الدولية للهجرة

61 ................................................................................................................ شكر وتنويه

خريطةة

4 .

2019 الثاني يناير/كانون | ووتش رايتس هيومن 1

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المهاجرون وطالبو اللجوء والالجئون في ليبيا. I

1 8 10

680 2

55,912 20183

2011 42

20143 – –

2014

4

1 : 2016

https://www.hrw.org/ar/report/2006/09/12/255403 : 2009

https://www.hrw.org/ar/report/2009/09/21/255978 2 31 2018S/2018/807U.N. Doc.

http://undocs.org/ar/S/2018/807 517 20199 3 12-19 2018

https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNHCR%20Libya%20Flash%20Update%2019%20October%202018%20Ar.pdf 17 2019

431 October 2016, -Eunavfor Med Operation Sophia Six Monthly Report. Reporting period 1 January 2016 http://statewatch.org/news/2016/dec/eu-council-eunavformed-jan-oct-2016-report-restricted.pdf 26

20187


5 200 6

7

2018

26 2018100 500 8

9

10 10 23

400 3 2017 2018

521 2018

https://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2018/03/21/316018 6, IOM Displacement Tracking August 20118-Round 21, July Libya’s Migrant Report,ion, International Organization for Migrat

Matrix, August 2018, http://www.globaldtm.info/libya/ 7 human smuggling business and Libya’s political end game,” Institute for-Mark Micallef and Tuesday Reitano, “The anti

Security Studies, December 2017, https://issafrica.org/research/north-africa-report/the-anti-human-smuggling-business-and-libyas-political-end-game 3 2018

8 1 2018https://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2018/09/01/322069

9release, September 7, 2018, urgently needed,” MSF news “Evacuation of refugees and migrants out of Libya is https://www.msf.ie/article/evacuation-refugees-and-migrants-out-libya-urgently-needed 13

2018 10 20062009s Plan Endangers Foreigners in ’EU/NATO: Europe

Libya (2016), Saving Lives at Sea (2017).


11

12

2018

13

14 20186

15

2018

16

11 5 2018 12

https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FS36_ar.pdf 19 2019United States Department of State 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report, Libya chapter,

https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2018/282694.htm 26 2016 13”Report of the Panel of Experts Established Pursuant to Resolution 1973 (2011) Concerning Libya, Interim“United Nations,

14Reuters, “Human smugglers in Libya have links to security forces: U.N. report,” February 8, 2018,

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-libya-un/human-smugglers-in-libya-have-links-to-security-services-u-n-report-idUSKBN1FR3BQ 14 2018

15UN News, “As Security Council imposes sanctions on six human traffickers in Libya, UN chief calls for more accountability,” June 8, 2018, https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/06/1011751 14 2018

16lhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d02314.htmUNHCR, Position on Returns to Libya (Update II), September 2018, 7 2018


االحتجاز– –

17

5

2018.18

20188,672

16 5,200 19 9,300 20

17 19 2010 66 1987

2 2004 18 8 2018 19 12 2018AFP,

Number of migrants detained in Libya down sharply: government, April 16, 2018, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-5622777/Number-migrants-detained-Libya-sharply-government.html

13 2018 20, July 18, 2018, The Guardianspike in arrivals, Karen McVeigh, Libya migrant centres near breaking point after

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/jul/18/libya-migrant-centres-close-to-breaking-point-spike-new-arrivals?CMP=share_btn_tw 13 2013


42

30121

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21 8 2018 22December 2017, p. 9.” Libya: The Arbitrary and Inhumane Detention of Migrants, Refugees and Asylum Seekers,“MSF,


23 59 107 4 2018

31 2017

2016

24 25 8 25

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26

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23https://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/lby, August 201824 -17 –Libya –UNHCR Flash Update 7

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28 16 2017

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29 16 Aquarius MV 12

2017 30 12 2018 31 29 2018 32 9 2018Refugees and migrants arriving in

Europe and at Europe’s borders January-August 2018, September 2018, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/65373.pdf 7 2018


33

5 2018 34

33 34 2

2018https://twitter.com/cochetel/status/1058330616327036928 6 2018

https://www.unhcr.org/ar/news/press/2018/12/5c0931814.html 17 2019


II. التعاون بين االتحاد األوروبي وليبيا في مجال الهجرة

2015

2016

2018

2015

35

36

–

– 37

2018

35-https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/pressEU Council Conclusions, June 28, 2018,

releases/2018/06/29/20180628-euco-conclusions-final/ 19 2018 36-lex.europa.eu/legal-https://eurf the European Union, articles 4, 18, and 19, Charter of Fundamental Rights o

content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:12012P/TXT&from=EN; Directive 2013/32/EU of the European Parliament and the European Council of 26 June 2013 on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection (recast),

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32013L0032&from=en; European Court of Human Rights [Grand Chamber judgment], Hirsi Jamaa and Others v. Italy, February 23, 2012https://www.sprar.it/wp-

content/uploads/2016/06/Corte_EDU_Hirsi_e_altri_c__Italia_23-2-2012.pdf; see also European Court of Human Rights, Factsheet—Collective expulsion of aliens, September 2018,

https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Collective_expulsions_ENG.pdf. 37denunciar, il nostro assillo è agire.” Marco Minniti difende i progressi della strategia sui Huffington Post, “Non basta

migranti in Libia, November 15, 2017, https://www.huffingtonpost.it/2017/11/15/non-basta-denunciare-il-nostro-assillo-e-agire-marco-minniti-difende-i-progressi-della-strategia-in-libia_a_23278163/ 19 2018


38

266 20

39

السواحل الليبي حرسدعم

EUNAVFOR MED – – 2016

2018213

3,385 40 2018

2011 2012

41

38 25 2018

https://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2018/07/25/320864 39relations between Libya and the European Union, January 2018, nal Action Service, Factsheet on the European Union Exter

https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/19163/EU-Libya%20relations 13 2018

40 SHADE MED2018EUBAM Libya Revised Mapping Report on Border “EEAS, Management, Law and Criminal Justice Systems in Libya,” EU restricted document, April 2018, p. 61.

41EEAS, “EUBAM Libya Revised Mapping Report on Border Management, Law and Criminal Justice Systems in Libya,” EU

restricted document, April 2018, p. 61.


42

2014 43

20174 2008

2018 12 1,370,000 44

2018 27 45

2020

46

EUNAVFOR MED 47

2018

42 2006

https://www.hrw.org/ar/report/2006/09/12/255403 43 201823,055

1,182 https://data2.unhcr.org/ar/situations/mediterranean 17 2018

44Italian Chamber of Deputies D.L. 84/2018: Conversione di unità navali alla Libia, August 6, 2018, https://temi.camera.it/leg18/temi/cessione_di_unit__navali_alla_libia.html 29 2018

45 https://twitter.com/ItalyinLibya/status/1054015828977426433 46 11

2018 47January 2018, EEAS -Monitoring of Libyan Coast Guard and Navy Report October 2017 –EUNAVFOR MED Op Sophia

6961/18, March 9, 2018.


48

201812,490

2018 41 49 2018 15,235

50

2018

2018

51

52

2017

53

48 7 2018

12 2018 49 -criminology/centreborder-groups/centre-subject-https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research

criminologies/blog/2018/09/outsourcing 50-2019-january-11-4-libya-update-https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/unhcr11, 2019, -UNHCR, Update Libya January 4

enar?utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=shared&utm_source=twitter.com 15 2015 51 19 2018 52 53 19 2018

https://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2017/06/19/305168


54 3

55

56 57 20

201880 10

58 11 3

50 29

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Nuestra Madre de Loreto10 11

2 2018

18 201842 59

54 25 2018

https://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2018/07/25/320864 October 3, ” Save The Aquarius, Save Lives,“Human Rights Watch, .lives-save-aquarius-https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/10/03/save2018,

55 Open Arms ProactivaWatch-SeaMediterranea Saving Lives 56 3 Sedefthe 2018alassVos Thathe

2018the Nivin 2018the Sedef the Vos Thalassathe Nivin

the Nivin 57 25 2018

https://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2018/07/25/320864 58 21 2018

https://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2018/11/21/324515 59 3

2018https://www.unhcr.org/ar/news/press/2018/9/5b8ce39c4.html 16 2019


2017 201820 11

2018 564 60

7 61 6 31 2018 –

15 – 62

25 32

180

5

63

34 170

10 2018

60http://missingmigrants.iom.int/region/mediterranean?migrant_route%5B%5D=1376IOM Missing Migrants Project,

19 2018 61vities in the iMatteo Villa, “Outsourcing Border Control: Recent Trends in Departures, Deaths and Search and Rescue Act

Mediterranean,” September 11, 2018, https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/centre-criminology/centreborder-criminologies/blog/2018/09/outsourcing 14 2018

62 63 10 2018


64

26 2018 11

2 2

65

7

66

67

اإلنسانية في مراكز االحتجاز المساعدات

64 10 2018 65 10 2018 66-people-rescued-105-release-https://sosmediterranee.com/press/pressase, May 9, 2018, SOS MEDITERRANEE, news rele

en-route-to-a-safe-port-in-italy-after-3-days-of-bureaucratic-stand-off-on-the-high-seas/ 30 2018

67 11 2018


68 2 7

3 4.2 69

– –

70

12

6

68 11 2018EU

-libya-https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/euLibya Relations,” Updated January 22, 2018, -Libya Factsheet, “EU, p. 2; European Parliament, “Answer to Written Question: Answer Given by Mr. Hahn on Behalf of 2018_.pdf-01-2relations._2

the Commission,” October 5, 2017, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document//E-8-2017-004251-ASW_EN.html 29 2018

2016Patrick Kingsley, “MSF rejects EU funding in protest at refugee deal,” The Guardian, June 17, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/17/refugee-

crisis-medecins-sans-frontieres-rejects-eu-funding-protest 15 2018 69, December 7, 2017, Vitatrare in azione,” Daniella Biella, “Libia, ecco le sette ong italiane pronte a en

http://www.vita.it/it/article/2017/12/07/libia-ecco-le-sette-ong-italiane-pronte-a-entrare-in-azione/145370/ 15 2018Daniella Biella, “ONG in Libia, nuovo bando per intervenire in 5 centri di detenzione,” Vita, March

18, 2018, http://www.vita.it/it/article/2018/03/15/ong-in-libia-nuovo-bando-per-intervenire-in-5-centri-di-detenzione/146262/ 15 2018

1 2018 70


27 2018

71

20 29

72

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201874

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250 75

71 9 2018 72 8 2018 73

https://www.msf.org/ar/stop-arbitrary-detention-refugees-and-migrants-disembarked-libya

17 2019 74

9 2018https://www.unhcr.org/ar/news/press/2018/9/5b94e0cfd.html 17 2019

75 10 2018


اإلجالء واإلعادة إلى الوطن

2017

20182,069 312 95 76 16

77

2017 2018860 7

104

20189 3,886 78

19691951

1991

76 2500

23 2018https://www.unhcr.org/ar/news/press/2018/11/5bfa4b1e4.html 17 2019

77 18 2018 https://www.unhcr.org/ar/news/press/2018/10/5bc8817b4.html 17 2019

78iger situation, November 19, 2018, N-UNHCR Resettlement update #6, Libya https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/66929.pdf 3 2018


9

3,700 2018 79

3 –

– 80

201730 81

82

21

7917. Desperate journeys, p. 80 - 26 2018 81“UN Migration Agency Helps More Than 30,000 Migrants Return Safely to Over 30 Countries,” August 14, 2018, IOM,

https://www.iom.int/news/iom-un-migration-agency-helps-more-30000-migrants-return-safely-over-30-countries-origin 16 2018

82 - 30 2018


50 83

31

84

85

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83 9 2018 84 9 2018 853 2018 86 9 2018 87https://twitter.com/unmigration/status/1060185365804408832 13 2018


88

89

13 5 2018

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91 2018660

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88https://twitter.com/cochetel/status/1060531172026077184 13 2018 89 30 2018 90 5 2018 91 30 2018 92 26 2018


III. االنتهاكات في مراكز االحتجاز الليبية

3

- 26 10 2018

20148 9

93 2018

االنتهاكات

20184

94

93 22 2014

https://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2014/06/22/254210 94

2016https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/DetainedAndDehumanised_ar.pdf 17


1.5 10 7 95

2019Refugees International, “Hell on Earth: Abuses against Refugees and Migrants Trying to Reach Europe from

Libya, May 2017, https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/2017/libya Patrick Wintour, “German report details Libya abuses amid pressure to end migrant flows,” The Guardian, January 30, 2017,

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/30/german-report-libya-abuses-pressure-migrant-flows 30 2018

95 10 201820190.3

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111 9 2018 112 113 800 4 2018

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121

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121 8 2018 122Ahmed Elumami and Aidan Lewis, “Armed force claims victor in Libyan migrant smuggling hub,” Reuters, October 6,

2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-sabratha/armed-force-claims-victory-in-libyan-migrant-smuggling-hub-idUSKBN1CB15B UNHCR Flash Update Libya (9-18 October 2017), https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/unhcr-flash-

update-libya-9-18-october-2017 19 2018 123 124 26 2018


4

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141 1,200 142

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138 30 2018

13 2018 139 29 2018

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140 31 2018 141 2017

https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/AR_UNICEF_Central_Mediterranean_Migration.pdf 17 2019

142Desperate Journeys, p. 25. 143 5 2018

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145 20 2018 18 146

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4 5,500 147

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146 https://data2.unhcr.org/ar/situations/mediterranean/location/5205 1 2019

147 10 2018 148 5 2018 149 9 2018


201836 150

4 151

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152 8 8 17 16

2018

2018 7

153

154

155

150 5 2018 151 8 2018 152Protection for Children on the Move in Libya,” IOM news release, April 27, 2018, “IOM, UNICEF, UNHCR Step Up

libya-move-children-protection-step-unhcr-unicef-https://www.iom.int/news/iom 16 2018 153 154 11 2018

13 26 2018 155


IV. معرفة االتحاد األوروبي وإيطاليا باالنتهاكات

2017

156 2017 :

157

158 2018

159

160

156, September 8, 2017, Euractivling migrant abuses in Libya,” lSF accuses EU of fue“M

https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/msf-accuses-eu-of-fuelling-migrant-abuses-in-libya/ 17 2017

157, November 24, 2017, Euractiv“EU working without ‘letup’ to help migrants in Libya,” https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/eu-working-without-letup-to-help-migrants-in-libya/

17 2017 158 Reuters, September 14, 2017, ” EU sticks to Libya strategy on migrants, despite human rights concerns,“

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-libya-italy/eu-sticks-to-libya-strategy-on-migrants-despite-human-rights-concerns-idUSKCN1BP2CQ 17 2017

13 2017https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/37290/speech-federica-mogherini-european-parliament-

plenary-session-situation-migrants-libya_en 17 2017 1591, 2018, , AugustEU Observer» “EU Commission: Libya unfit for migrant disembarkation,

https://euobserver.com/migration/142504 17 2017 160 27

201813 20185 2018

11 201828 201828

2017


2018 – – 161

162 2017

163

161 26 2018https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9RmJo_d_A0E

17 2018 162

2016https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/DetainedAndDehumanised_ar.pdf 10

2017Refugees International, “Hell on Earth: Abuses against Refugees and Migrants Trying to Reach Europe from Libya, May 2017, https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/2017/libya–

22 2014https://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2014/06/22/254210 2017

https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1975612017ARABIC.PDF 6 2017 https://www.msf.org/ar/libya-open-letter-european-

governments-are-feeding-business-suffering MSF, Turning a blind eye: How Europe ignores the consequences of eye.pdf.-blind-a-https://www.msf.org.uk/sites/uk/files/turningtsourced migration management, November 2015, ou

Patrick Wintour, “German report details Libya abuses amid pressure to end migrant flows,” The Guardian, January 30, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/30/german-report-libya-abuses-pressure-migrant-flows 30

2018 163 14

2017https://www.ohchr.org/AR/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22393&LangID=A 17 2019


V . اإلطار القانوني

الدولي القانون الحقوقية بموجب في االنتهاكات الدولة تواطؤ

16

164

165

166

167

164 2001

http://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/rsiwa/rsiwa_a.pdf 29 201816 165 2001

http://legal.un.org/ilc/publications/yearbooks/arabic/ilc_2001_v2_p2.pdf 29 201866-67

166 6 2005CRC/GC/2005/6 200527

32017222017CMW/C/GC3-CRC/C/GC/22 16

201733 167inhuman or degrading treatment, UN Doc A/HRC/37/50, Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel,

https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Torture/A_HRC_37_50_EN.pdf, February 2018 29 201856-59Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen and James C. Hathaway, “Non-Refoulement in a World

of Cooperative Deterrence,” University of Michigan Law School, Scholarship Repository,


168

1951

17 2017

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rapporteur-nils-melzer 10 2018 169Eyal Weizman, “‘It’s An of Murder:’ How Europe Lax, and -Charles Heller, Lorenzo Pezzani, Itamar Mann, Violeta Moren0

Outsources Suffering as Migrants Drown,” https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/12/26/opinion/europe-migrant-crisis-mediterranean-libya.html 11 2019

170 20122


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173

174

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4 4 2013U.N. Doc.

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2016 178 3714 1990

29 2

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2019


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1951

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شكر وتنويه

ميحجلا نم رفم الايبيل يف نيرجاهملا قحب تاكاهتنالا يف مهاست يبوروألا داحتالا تاسايس

hrw.org

،ةراز نيع زاجتحا زكرم يف ضاحرم جراخ فقي زجتحم.8102 زومت/ويلوي 5 ،سلبارطشتوو ستيار نمويه ©

كمي ،معدلا لالخ نم .ايبيل يف ءوجللا يبلاطو نيرجاهملا دض ةريطخلا تاكاهتنالا نم ةقلح يف يبوروألا داحتالا تاسايس مهست

يبوروألا داحتالا ن فارطألا هذه ملع عم ،ايبيل نم ةرحبملا قراوزلا ضارتعا نم "ينطولا قافولا ةموكح" ـل عباتلا "يبيللا لحاوسلا سرح" ـل ءاضعألا لودلاو ايلاطيإو.ىمسم ريغ لجأ ىلإو افسعت كلذ دعب نوزجتحي ءوجللا يبلاطو نيرجاهملا نأ اهعيمج

زاجتحال ةيبيل زكارم ةعبرأل تارايز ىلإ "ايبيل يف نيرجاهملا قحب تاكاهتنالا يف مهاست يبوروألا داحتالا تاسايس :ميحجلا نم رفم ال" ريرقت دنتسي ريغ فورظلاو ،ديدشلا ظاظتكالا تقثوو ،نيزجتحم ءوجل بلاطو رجاهم 001 نم رثكأ ىلإ "شتوو ستيار نمويه" تثدحت ،زكارملا هذه يف .نيرجاهملل .فنعلا نم ىرخأ لاكشأو ،دلجلاو ،برضلا هيف امب ،سارحلا لبق نم فينعلا ءادتعالا كلذكو ،ةيفاكلا ةيحصلا ةياعرلا بايغو ،ةيذغتلا ءوسو ،ةيحصلا.نيرجاهملا ةاناعم نم فيفختلا يف ركذي رثأ ضرألا ىلع ءاضعألا لودلاو يبوروألا داحتالا دوهجل نكي مل

طرتشت نأ يبوروألا داحتالا تاموكحل يغبني .ةلادعلا ىلإ نيئيسملا سارحلا ميدقتو ،نيرجاهملا قحب يفسعتلا زاجتحالا ءاهنإ ةيبيللا تاطلسلل يغبني يبلاطو نيرجاهملل ةنمآلا تاراسملا ةدايز اهل يغبني امك ،ةسوملم تانيسحتو تاحالصإ ءارجإ ،يبيللا لحاوسلا سرح عم اهنواعت يف ،ايبيل ىلع.ايبيل جراخ ءوجللا