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临临临临临临临 临临 Introduction to Preclinical Courses PhD 临临临临临临临临临临临 临临临临临临 C 临 518 临 临临88208252 Email [email protected]

临床前课程概论:绪论 Introduction to Preclinical Courses

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临床前课程概论:绪论 Introduction to Preclinical Courses. 夏 强, PhD 浙江大学医学院生理学系 医学院科研楼 C 座 518 室 电话: 88208252 Email : [email protected]. 学习要求. 掌握临床前课程与临床医学课程的分类和内容,以及临床前课程与临床课程的关系 了解以问题为基础的学习的设计理念、基本过程和基本实施方式 掌握临床前课程概论的主要内容和教学目标 熟悉教育部和卫生部联合颁布的 《 本科医学教育标准 —— 临床医学专业 》 的基本内容. 我国临床医学专业的课程设置. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: 临床前课程概论:绪论 Introduction to Preclinical Courses

临床前课程概论:绪论Introduction to Preclinical Courses

夏 强, PhD浙江大学医学院生理学系医学院科研楼 C 座 518 室电话: 88208252Email : [email protected]

Page 2: 临床前课程概论:绪论 Introduction to Preclinical Courses

学习要求• 掌握临床前课程与临床医学课程的分类和内容,以及临床前课程与临床课程的关系• 了解以问题为基础的学习的设计理念、基本过程和基本实施方式• 掌握临床前课程概论的主要内容和教学目标• 熟悉教育部和卫生部联合颁布的《本科医学教育标准——临床医学专业》的基本内容

Page 3: 临床前课程概论:绪论 Introduction to Preclinical Courses

我国临床医学专业的课程设置我国第一部由教育部和卫生部联合发布的临床医学专业《本科医学教育标准》( 2008 年 9月)中推荐的课程设置:

– 思想道德修养课程– 自然科学课程(通常包括数学及物理、化学等)– 生物医学课程– 行为科学、人文社会科学以及医学伦理学课程– 公共卫生课程– 临床医学课程

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几个国际医学教育标准和要求• 世界医学教育联合会 2003 年版本的《本科医学教育全球标准》( http://www2.sund.ku.dk/wfme/)• 世界卫生组织西太平洋地区《本科医学教育质量保障指南》( https://www.amc.org.au/amewpr/home.asp)• 国际医学教育组织《全球医学教育最基本要求》( http://www.iime.org/)

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临床前的课程类别和目的• 生物医学课程:通常包括人体解剖学、组织学与胚胎学、生物化学、生理学、分子生物学、细胞生物学、病原生物学、医学遗传学、医学免疫学、药理学、病理学、病理生理学等课程的内容,还包括体现这些生物医学内容的整合课程等形式的课程。目的:为医学生学习临床专业课程打下坚实的生物医学基础• 行为科学、人文社会科学以及医学伦理学课程:通常包括心理学、社会医学、医学社会学、医学伦理学、卫生经济学、卫生法学、卫生事业管理等学科的内容。人文素质教育课程通常包括文学艺术类、医学史等知识内容。目的:使医学生适应医学科学的发展和医疗卫生服务的需求• 公共卫生课程:通常指预防医学和(或)卫生学等课程,涵盖流行病学、卫生统计学、健康教育、初级卫生保健以及劳动卫生与职业病学、卫生毒理学、环境卫生学、营养与食品卫生学、儿少卫生学、妇幼保健学等有关内容。目的:培养学生的预防战略和公共卫生意识,使其掌握群体保健的知识和技能

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怎么学习医学课程?• 以学科为基础 discipline based• 以器官系统为基础 organ or system based• 以问题为基础 problem based• … …

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以学科为基础的课程体系• 优点:

– 体现医学科学系统性、基础性、完整性,循序渐进教学,方便教学实施与管理,节省财力• 缺点:

– 以教师讲授为中心、以学科为中心,学科界限分明,各学科之间、基础学科与临床学科之间缺乏必要的联系

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以器官系统为基础的课程体系• 优点:

– 按照人体解剖结构,按某一器官系统把相关的解剖、生理、病理、疾病的临床表现,乃至诊断和治疗原则综合起来组织课程,以加强学科间的联系和减少课程间的重复,使基础与临床结合得到较好的解决• 缺点:

– 课程结构不稳定,教学难度大

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以问题为基础的课程体系• 优点:

– 打破了传统课程体系,围绕临床问题综合组织相关学科内容为课程,加强了基础医学与临床的联系,精简课程,使学生早期接触临床,直接从临床工作实际出发,提高学生独立学习和解决问题能力• 缺点:

– 缺乏基础知识的系统性

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北美国家医学院校教育特点全球大多数 top 医学院在北美

–早期接触临床– 基础和临床渗透– 使用标准化病人和模拟病人– 以问题为基础的学习( problem based learnin

g )

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PBL 的起源• PBL : problem-based learning ,基于问题的学习由美国神经病学教授 Barrows 于 1969年在加拿大 McMaster University首先建立• 指导理念:

–成年人教育以自我引导为基础的特点– 推进以学生为中心的教育方式– 培养学生终生学习技能

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PBL 的主要目标• 通过问题进行学习,实现知识的整合和应用• 促进自我导向的学习,达到认知目标• 通过小组学习,促进团队合作

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7步法 PBL 基本过程

第二步:界定问题第二步:界定问题第一步:弄清不熟悉的术语第一步:弄清不熟悉的术语

第三步:头脑风暴第三步:头脑风暴第四步:重新结构化问题

第五步:界定学习目标第五步:界定学习目标第六步:收集信息和个人学习第六步:收集信息和个人学习

第七步:共享学习到的信息

第一次课

第二次课独立学习

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目前我国高等医学教育人才培养模式的主要不足• 课程体系仍然以生物医学学科为主,以学科为中心,以传授知识为宗旨。课程门数多,学生负担重• 教学内容滞后,人文社会科学、新兴学科、边缘学科少• 教学计划安排基本是基础、临床、实习三段式,基础与临床割裂,理论脱离实际• 教学方法和手段落后,以教师、课堂、书本为中心,以注入式为主,缺乏创造力、自学能力培养和个性发展,现代化教学技术手段运用不足• 评价方法落后,评价质量标准低,以考知识记忆、认知能力为主,缺乏对实践能力考核的现代方法

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“临床前课程概论”课程的产生• 八年制学习进程的需要• 为 PBL 教学模式做好准备• 为基于系统的模块化教学做好准备

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“临床前课程概论”教学目标• 导航课程• 通过“临床前课程概论”的学习,使未接触医学课程的学生能了解和熟悉临床前课程(包括生物医学、行为科学、人文社会科学以及医学伦理学、公共卫生的主要相关课程)的基本知识和构架,为以后按照

PBL 教学模式和器官系统模块化学习医学课程打下坚实的知识框架结构基础,保证 PBL和模块化课程教学新模式的顺利进行

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“临床前课程概论”的内容• 主要介绍涉及生物医学、行为科学、人文社会科学以及医学伦理学、公共卫生的主要相关课

程 15门:– 生物医学类: 11 ( 13 )门,医学细胞生物学、医学遗传学、人体解剖学、组织学与胚胎学、生理学、生物化学、医学分子生物学、医学免疫学、医学微生物学、人体寄生虫学、病理生理学、病理学、药理学– 行为科学、人文社会科学以及医学伦理学类: 3门,医学心理学、医学伦理学、卫生法学– 公共卫生类: 1门,预防医学

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学科归属• 学科门类:理学

– 一级学科:生物学– 二级学科:

• 植物学• 动物学• 生理学• 水生生物学• 微生物学• 神经生物学• 遗传学• 发育生物学• 细胞生物学• 生物化学与分子生物学• 生物物理学• 生态学

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学科归属• 学科门类:医学

– 一级学科:基础医学–二级学科:

• 人体解剖和组织胚胎学• 免疫学• 病原生物学• 病理学与病理生理学• 法医学• 放射医学• 航空、航天与航海医学

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学科归属• 学科门类:医学

– 一级学科:临床医学– 二级学科:

• 内科学• 儿科学• 老年医学• 神经病学• 精神病与精神卫生学• 皮肤病与性病学• 影像医学与核医学• 临床检验诊断学• 护理学• 外科学• 妇产科学• 眼科学• 耳鼻咽喉科学• 肿瘤学• 康复医学与理疗学• 运动医学• 麻醉学• 急诊医学

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学科归属• 学科门类:医学

– 一级学科:公共卫生与预防医学–二级学科:

• 流行病与卫生统计学• 劳动卫生与环境卫生学• 营养与食品卫生学• 儿少卫生与妇幼保健学• 卫生毒理学• 军事预防医学

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学科归属• 学科门类:医学

– 一级学科:药学–二级学科:

• 药物化学• 药剂学• 生药学• 药物分析学• 微生物与生化药学• 药理学

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学科归属• 学科门类:教育学

– 一级学科:心理学–二级学科:

• 基础心理学• 发展与教育心理学• 应用心理学

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学科归属• 学科门类:哲学

– 一级学科:哲学– 二级学科:

• 马克思主义哲学• 中国哲学• 外国哲学• 逻辑学• 伦理学• 美学• 宗教学• 科学技术哲学

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学科归属• 学科门类:法学

– 一级学科:法学– 二级学科:

• 法学理论• 法律史• 宪法学与行政法学• 刑法学• 民商法学(含:劳动法学、社会保障法学)• 诉讼法学• 经济法学• 环境与资源保护法学• 国际法学(含:国际公法、国际私法、国际经济法)• 军事法学

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医学细胞生物学 Medical Cell Biology• 细胞生物学是从细胞的显微、亚显微和分子三个水平对细胞的各种生命活动开展研究的科学(卫生部规划教材《医学细胞生物学》,陈誉华主编)• 细胞生物学( Cell biology )旧称细胞学( Cytology ),是研究细胞的形态结构、生理机能、发育、生活史,以及各种胞器及讯息传递路径的学科。研究范围专注在生物学的微观与分子层次(维基百科)• 医学细胞生物学是以医学的角度,从细胞水平,显微水平,亚显微水平研究细胞形态,功能的科学(维基百科)• Cell biology (also called cellular biology or formerly cytology, from the Greek kytos,

“container”) is an academic discipline that studies cells – their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level. Cell biology research encompasses both the great diversity of single-celled organisms like bacteria and protozoa, as well as the many specialized cells in multicellular organisms like humans ( Wikipedia )

• The study of the internal workings of cells at the microscopic and molecular level - it is closely linked to molecular biology ( cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/ )

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医学遗传学 Medical Genetics• 医学遗传学是用人类遗传学的理论和方法来研究遗传病从亲代传至子代的特点和规律、起源和发生、病理机制、病变过程及其与临床关系(包括诊断、治疗和预防)的一门综合性学科(卫生部规划教材《医学遗传学》,左伋主编)• 医学遗传学(英文: medical genetics )是将遗传学应用于医学的科学,研究领域涵及临床遗传学( clinical genetics )、生化遗传学( biochemical genetic

s )、细胞遗传学( cytogenetics )、分子遗传学( molecular genetics )、常见疾病的遗传学(例如神经管缺陷)、遗传咨询( genetic counseling )等学科(维基百科) • Medical genetics is the specialty of medicine that involves the diagnosis and

management of hereditary disorders. Medical genetics differs from Human genetics in that human genetics is a field of scientific research that may or may not apply to medicine, but medical genetics refers to the application of genetics to medical care. Genetic medicine is a newer term for medical genetics and incorporates areas such as gene therapy and personalized medicine ( Wikipedia )

• The study of the aetiology, pathogenesis, and natural history of human diseases which are at least partially genetic in origin ( cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/ )

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人体解剖学 Human Anatomy• 人体解剖学是阐述正常人体器官的形态结构、生理功能及其生长发育规律的科学(卫生部规划教材《系统解剖学》,柏树令主编)• 人体解剖学( anthropotomy 或 human anatomy )是研究正常人体形态结构的科学。广义的解剖学包括宏观解剖学( gross anatomy ,以肉眼观察的解剖学)、组织学(微观的以显微镜观察的解剖学)、细胞学和胚胎学(加上时间轴的解剖学)。解剖学又可分为系统解剖学和局部解剖学。系统解剖学着重在人体构成的各系统分析,而局部解剖学注重在于人体部分区域的分析,因而与外科学联系紧密(维基百科) • Human anatomy, which, with physiology and biochemistry, is a

complementary basic medical science is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, which includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues), and cytology (the study of cells) ( Wikipedia )

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组织学与胚胎学 Histology and Embryology

• 组织学是研究机体微细结构及其相关功能的科学。胚胎学主要是研究从受精卵发育为新生个体的过程及其机制的科学(卫生部规划教材《组织学与胚胎学》,邹仲之,李继承主编)

• 組織學( Histology)是一門生物組織的微觀研究,研究它們的形成、構造和功能。胚胎学是研究活着的有机体的形成、早期发育和发展的生物学的分支(维基百科) • Histology (from the Greek ἱστός = 'tissue') is the study of the microscopic anatomy

of cells and tissues of plants and animals. It is performed by examining a thin slice (section) of tissue under a light microscope or electron microscope. The ability to visualize or differentially identify microscopic structures is frequently enhanced through the use of histological stains. Histology is an essential tool of biology and medicine. ( Wikipedia )

• Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, “unborn, embryo”; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of the development of an embryo. An embryo is defined as any organism in a stage before birth or hatching, or in plants, before germination occurs. Embryology refers to the development of the fertilized egg cell (zygote) and its differentiation into tissues and organs. After cleavage, the dividing cells, or morula, becomes a hollow ball, or blastula, which develops a hole or pore at one end. ( Wikipedia )

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生理学 Physiology• 生理学是研究生物体及其各组成部分正常功能活动规律的科学(卫生部规划教材《生理学》,朱大年主编)• Physiology (from Greek φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -

logia) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. Physiology has traditionally been divided between plant physiology and animal physiology but the principles of physiology are universal, no matter what particular organism is being studied. ( Wikipedia )

• The science concerned with the normal vital processes of animal and vegetable organisms, especially as to how things normally function in the living organism rather than to their anatomical structure, their biochemical composition, or how they are affected by drugs or disease. ( http://www.stedmans.com)

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Physiology: the study of the logic of life

LifeLogicStudy

生理学

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Exercise Physiology

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Aviation, high-altitude, and space physiology

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Diving and Hyperbaric physiology

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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) (Italian)

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生物化学 Biochemistry• 生物化学是研究生物体内化学分子与化学反应的科学,从分子水平探讨生命现象的本质(卫生部规划教材《生物化学》,周爱儒主编)• Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in

living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules. ( Wikipedia )

• Biochemistry is the chemistry of living organisms and of the chemical, molecular, and physical changes occurring therein. ( http://www.stedmans.com)

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Simplistic overview of the chemical basis of love, one of many applications that may be described in terms of biochemistry.

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医学分子生物学 Medical Molecular Biology

• 分子生物学是一门从分子水平研究生命现象、生命的本质、生命活动及其规律的科学。医学分子生物学是分子生物学的一个重要分支,是从分子水平研究人体在正常和疾病状态下生命活动及其规律的一门科学(卫生部规划教材《医学分子生物学》,药立波主编)• Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular

level. The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry. Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis as well as learning how these interactions are regulated. ( Wikipedia )

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Signalling pathways that regulate cyclins

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医学免疫学 Medical Immunology• 医学免疫学是研究人体免疫系统的结构和功能的科学(卫生部规划教材《医学免疫学》,金伯泉主编)• Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers

the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with, among other things, the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. ( Wikipedia )

• The science concerned with the various phenomena of immunity, induced sensitivity, and allergy. ( http://www.stedmans.com)

• Study of the structure and function of the immune system. (http://www.stedmans.com)

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Main features of tuberculosis: from infection to host defence

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Inflammatory and immune cells involved in asthma

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医学微生物学 Medical Microbiology• 医学微生物学主要研究与医学有关的致病性微生物的生物学特性、致病和免疫机制以及特异性诊断、防治措施,以控制和消灭感染性疾病和与之有关的免疫损伤等疾病,达到保障和提高人类健康水平的目的(卫生部规划教材《医学微生物学》,李凡,刘晶星主编)• Medical microbiology is a branch of microbiology which deals with

the study of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites which are of medical importance and are capable of causing diseases in human beings. It includes the study of microbial pathogenesis and epidemiology and is related to the study of disease pathology and immunology. ( Wikipedia )

• The science concerned with microorganisms, including fungi, protozoa, bacteria, and viruses. ( http://www.stedmans.com)

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Bacteria display a large diversity of cell morphologies and arrangements

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Escherichia coli: Scaning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli, grown in culture and adhered to a cover slip

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Contrary to the rash in smallpox (天花) , the rash in chickenpox (水痘) occurs mostly on the torso, spreading less to the limbs.

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Poliomyelitis (小儿麻痹症)

Denervation of skeletal muscle tissue secondary to poliovirus (脊髓灰质炎病毒) infection can lead to paralysis.

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人体寄生虫学 Human Parasitology

• 人体寄生虫学是研究与人体健康有关的寄生虫的形态结构、生活活动、生存繁殖规律,阐明寄生虫与人体和外界环境因素相互关系的一门科学(卫生部规划教材《人体寄生虫学》,李雍龙主编)

• Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. ( Wikipedia )

• One of the largest fields in parasitology, medical parasitology is the study of those parasites which infect humans. ( Wikipedia )

• The branch of biology and of medicine concerned with all aspects of parasitism. ( http://www.stedmans.com)

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Malaria (疟疾)

Anopheles albimanus mosquito feeding on a human arm. This mosquito is a vector of malaria and mosquito control is a very effective way of reducing the incidence of malaria.

The life cycle of malaria parasites in the human body.

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病理生理学 Pathophysiology• 病理生理学是一门研究疾病发生、发展、转归的规律和机制的科学(卫生部规划教材《病理生理学》,金惠铭,王建枝主编)• Pathophysiology is the study of the disturbance of

normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease, or resulting from a disease or abnormal syndrome, or condition that may not qualify to be called a disease. ( Wikipedia )

• Derangement of function seen in disease; alteration in function as distinguished from structural defects. (http://www.stedmans.com)

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Brain herniation (脑疝) types : 1) The brain squeezes under the falx cerebri in cingulate herniation 2) The brainstem herniates caudally 3) The uncus and the hippocampal gyrus herniate into the tentorial notch 4)The cerebellar tonsils herniate through the foramen magnum in tonsillar herniation.

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Illustration of the Parkinson disease by Sir William Richard Gowers from A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System in 1886

Dopaminergic pathways of the human brain in normal condition (left) and Parkinson's disease (right). Red Arrows indicate suppression of the target, blue arrows indicate stimulation of target structure.

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病理学 Pathology• 病理学是研究疾病的病因、发病机制、病理变化、结局和转归的医学基础学科(卫生部规划教材《病理学》,李玉林主编)• Pathology (from Greek πάθος, pathos, "fate, harm"; and -

λογία, -logia) is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, bodily fluids and whole bodies (Autopsy). The term also encompasses the related scientific study of disease processes, called General pathology. ( Wikipedia )

• The medical science, and specialty practice, concerned with all aspects of disease, but with special reference to the essential nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes that result from the disease processes. ( http://www.stedmans.com )

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A renal cell carcinoma (chromophobe type) viewed on a hematoxylin & eosin stained slide

This mastectomy specimen contains an infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. A pathologist will use immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in-situ hybridization to detect markers which determine the optimal chemotherapy regimen for this patient.

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Adenocarcinoma, colon, gross pathology

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Rheumatic heart disease, gross pathology

Aortic stenosis rheumatic, gross pathology

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Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, gross pathology

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药理学 Pharmacology• 药理学是研究药物与机体(含病原体)相互作用及作用规律的学科(卫生部规划教材《药理学》,杨宝峰主编)• Pharmacology (from Greek φάρμακον, pharmakon, "drug";

and -λογία, -logia) is the study of drug action. More specifically it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and exogenous chemicals that alter normal biochemical function. ( Wikipedia )

• Pharmacology /phar·ma·col·o·gy/ (-kol´ah-je) the science that deals with the origin, nature, chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs; it includes pharmacognosy, pharmocokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, and toxicology. ( http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pharmacology )

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A variety of topics involved with pharmacology, including neuropharmacology, renal pharmacology, human metabolism, intracellular metabolism, and intracellular regulation.

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Illustration of differential coupling mechanisms of A1 and A2a receptor subtypes to Adenylyl Cyclase (AC) showing the effects of receptor agonist adenosine and the non-selective anatagonist caffeine upon wakefulness and sleep in mice.

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医学心理学 Medical Psychology• 医学心理学是研究心理变量与健康或疾病变量之间的关系及其在疾病发生、预防、诊断治疗和护理中相互作用规律的科学(卫生部规划教材《医学心理学》,姜乾金主编)• Medical psychology is that branch of psychology that

integrates somatic and psychotherapeutic modalities into the management of mental illness and emotional, cognitive, behavioral and substance use disorders.( Wikipedia )

• The branch of psychology concerned with the application of psychological principles to the practice of medicine.( http://www.answers.com/topic/medical-psychology )

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MRI image of head (single slice)

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Temporal Sequence of FMRI scans (single slice)

Three Dimensional Image of Brain Activation

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Who needs Pinocchio's nose to find a lie? The FMRI scan on the right detects a brain processing a false statement; the less colorful brain on the left corresponds to someone in the middle of a truthful statement.

fMRI scan Lie Detector

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医学伦理学 Medical Ethics• 医学伦理学是一门应用伦理学学科,研究医疗实践和医学科学研究活动中人们之间的道德关系及道德规范(卫生部规划教材《医学伦理学》,丘祥兴,孙福川主编)• Medical ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics, the

study of moral values and judgments as they apply to medicine. ( Wikipedia )

• The principles of proper professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the physician, patients, and fellow practitioners, as well as the physician‘s actions in the care of patients and in relations with their families. ( http://www.stedmans.com )

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英科学家要培植人兽胚胎引发医学伦理争议

湖南人鱼儿引发医学伦理纷争

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Terri Schiavo case( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terri_Schiavo )

美国女植物人夏沃No higher resolution available

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卫生法学 Health Law• 卫生法学是研究卫生法律规范及其发展规律一门法律科学,是自然科学和社会科学相互渗透交融的一门新兴边缘交叉学科• Health Law is the federal, state, and local law, rules,

regulations and other jurisprudence affecting the health care industry and their application to health care patients, providers and payors, and vendors to the health care industry, including without limitation the (1) relationships among providers, payors and vendors to the health care industry and its patients; and (2) delivery of health care services; all with an emphasis on operations, regulatory and transactional legal issues. ( Wikipedia )

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预防医学 Preventive Medicine• 预防医学是医学的一门应用学科,以个体和确定的群体为对象,目的是保护、促进和维护健康,预防疾病、失能和早逝(卫生部规划教材《预防医学》,傅华主编)• Preventive medicine or preventive care is measures

taken to prevent illness or injury, rather than curing them. ( Wikipedia )

• The branch of medical science concerned with the prevention of disease and with promotion of physical and mental health, through study of the etiology and epidemiology of disease processes. ( http://www.stedmans.com )

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国家临床执业医师资格考试大纲( 2011 年)

• 包括两大部分:实践技能与医学综合• 实践技能考试

–采用多站测试的方式– 主要内容:

• 职业素质• 病史采集• 病例分析• 体格检查• 基本操作• 辅助检查

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国家临床执业医师资格考试大纲( 2011 年)

• 医学综合笔试:– 全部采用选择题形式,总题量约为 600 题– 分为三部分:

• 基础综合:生物化学,生理学,医学微生物学,医学免疫学,病理学,药理学,医学心理学,医学伦理学,预防医学,卫生法规• 专业综合:

– 症状与体征– 疾病(按照人体系统排列):呼吸系统,心血管系统,消化系统,泌尿系统(汗含男性生殖系统),女性生殖系统,血液系统,内分泌系统,精神神经系统,运动系统,儿科,传染病与性传播性疾病,其他

• 实践综合(临床情景,症状或体征,常见病和多发病)

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课程安排主要内容、学时与授课教授:• 1. 绪言 1 学时 夏强• 2. 医学细胞生物学 2 学时 周天华• 3. 医学遗传学 3 学时 张咸宁• 4. 生理学 4 学时 夏强• 5. 生物化学 2 学时 徐立红• 6. 医学分子生物学 2 学时 许正平• 7. 医学免疫学 4 学时 陈玮琳• 8. 医学微生物学 3 学时 严杰• 9. 人体寄生虫学 2 学时 毛亚飞• 10. 病理生理学 3 学时 邵吉民• 11. 病理学 6 学时 周韧• 12. 药理学 5 学时 魏尔清• 13. 医学心理学 3 学时 沈晓红• 14. 医学伦理学 4 学时 施卫星• 15. 卫生法学 2 学时 施卫星• 16. 预防医学 18 学时 朱益民,朱心强,王菁,姚耿东

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课程评价• 形成性评价:网络在线作业和 JC , 30% or

40%• 终结性评价:期末考试,开卷, 70% or

60%

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课程网站• 临床前课程概论课程网站: http://

10.71.121.158• 网址: http://10.71.121.158/G2S/Template/

View.aspx?action=view&courseType=0&courseId=27125

• 在临床前课程概论课程网站上,可以浏览、下载课件和扩展学习资源• 如要完成作业和在课程网站论坛发贴和答疑等,则需要在医学院课程中心登录后才能完成

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谢谢大家!