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ჯორჯ სოროსიჩემი
ფილანთროპია
ჩემი ფილანთროპიაჯორჯ სოროსი
© fondi „Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelo“, 2014 w.
jorj sorosis esse „Cemi filanTropia“ wignidan „jorj sorosis filanTropia: Ria sazogadoebis mSenebloba~, Cak sudetiki
The Philanthropy of George Soros: Building Open Societies, Chuck Sudetic
mTargmneli: erekle uruSaZe
redaqtori: ana WabaSvili
dizaineri: Tornike lorTqifaniZe
stamba: Sps `sezani~
publikacia gamoica fond „Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos“
20 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT.
ISBN: 978-9941-0-7175-1
yvela ufleba daculia. fond „Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos“
werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe raime formiT am publikaciis an
misi romelime nawilis reproduqcia an gavrceleba dauSvebelia.
egoistica var da egocentristic da sulac ar
meuxerxuleba amis aRiareba. Tumca bolo oc-
daaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi farTo filanTropi-
uli qseli Sevqmeni _ Ria sazogadoebis fondebi
_ romlis wliuri biujeti adre daaxloebiT 500 mil-
ioni dolari iyo, axla ki miliards uaxlovdeba (1979
wlidan daxarjuli mTliani Tanxa daaxloebiT 8 mil-
iardi dolaria). Ria sazogadoebis fondebis saqmianoba
msoflios yvela kuTxeSi vrceldeba da sakiTxebis iseT
farTo speqtrs moicavs, rom Tavadac gaocebuli var.
cxadia, me ara var erTaderTi egoisti da egocentristi,
radganac adamianebis umravlesoba aseTia. ubralod, me
mzad var, rom es vaRiaro. msoflioSi mravali WeSmariti
qvelmoqmedia, magram mxolod maTi mcire nawili axerx-
ebs iseTi simdidris moxveWas, romelic filanTropi-
isTvis aris aucilebeli.
filanTropias yovelTvis eWvis TvaliT vuyurebdi.
Cemi azriT, filanTropia ar aris adamianis bunebrivi
Tviseba, amitom xSirad farisevlobis wyaroa da mraval
paradoqssac warmoSobs. SemiZlia, ramdenime magaliTi
moviyvano: filanTropiis mizani sxvebisTvis sargeblis
motana unda iyos, magram filanTropebi metwilad saku-
Tar sargebelze fiqroben xolme; filanTropiis mizani
adamianebis daxmareba unda iyos, magram is xSirad ada-
mianebs daxmarebaze damokidebulebs xdis da qvelmoq-
medebis obieqtebad aqcevs; aplikantebi fondebs imas
4 5ჯორჯ სოროსი
eubnebian, ris gagonebac maT surT, xolo Semdeg imas
akeTeben, rac Tavad undaT.
ratom vuTmob Cemi simdidrisa da energiis aseT did naw-
ils filanTropias, Tuki filanTropiis mimarT kriti-
kulad var ganwyobili? am kiTxvaze pasuxi nawilobriv
Cems pirad gamocdilebasa da istoriaSi Zevs, agreTve
im konceptualur CarCoSic, romliTac mTeli cxovre-
bis manZilze vxelmZRvanelob, nawilobriv ki ubralo
SemTxveviTobaa.
* * *
Cems cxovrebaze yvelaze didi gavlena 1944 wels ger-
maniis mier ungreTis okupaciam moaxdina. ebraeli
viyavi da im dros 14 welic ar Semsruleboda. iolad
SeiZleboda, holokostis msxverpli gavmxdariyavi an
xangrZlivi Sedegebis mqone fsiqologiuri travma
mimeRo, rom ara mamaCemi, romelic safrTxeebs kargad
xedavda da sxvebze ukeT umklavdeboda maT. mamaCemi
momzadebuli Sexvda meore msoflio omis ambebs, radgan
pirveli msoflio omis dros ramdenadme msgavsi isto-
ria gadaxda Tavs.
miyvars moyola, Tu rogor Caewera igi avstria-un-
greTis armiaSi moxalised da rogor Cauvarda tyved
rusebs. maT cimbirSi gagzavnes, rogorc samxedro tyve.
tyveTa banakSi igi xelnaweri literaturuli Jurnalis
4 5ჩემი ფილანთროპია
redaqtori gaxda. Jurnals ficarze akravdnen da mas
asec ewodeboda _ „ficari“. statiebis avtorebi ficris
ukan ikribebodnen da mkiTxvelebis komentarebs is-
mendnen. Sin dabrunebulma mamaCemma xelnaweri gverde-
bi Tan Camoitana da maxsovs, rogor vaTvalierebdi maT
bavSvobaSi. „ficris“ wyalobiT igi Zalze popularuli
gaxda da patimrebis warmomadgenlad airCies. rodesac
mezobeli banakidan tyveTa nawili gaiqca, im banakis pa-
timarTa warmomadgeneli daxvrites. mamam gadawyvita,
ar dalodeboda, rodis ganmeordeboda es mis banakSi,
Sekriba tyveebis jgufi da gaqceva moawyo. Sekres tivi
da okeaneSi gacurvas apirebdnen, magram geografia main-
cdamainc kargad ar icodnen da imaze ar dafiqrebulan,
rom cimbiris yvela mdinare CridloeT yinulovan okea-
neSi Caedineba. rodesac TavianT Secdomas mixvdnen, tivi
datoves da taigis gavliT daubrundnen civilizacias.
gzad ruseTis revoluciis qaosSi mohyvnen da Tavs ar-
aerTi Semzaravi ambavi gadaxdaT. am ambavma gadamwyveti
gavlena moaxdina misi xasiaTis Camoyalibebaze.
sabolood mamam ungreTSi CamoaRwia, magram Sin Secvli-
li dabrunda. rodesac armiaSi moxalised Caewera, ambi-
ciuri axalgazrda iyo. ruseTSi Tavs gadamxdari ambebis
Sedegad ambiciebi dakarga da cxovrebisgan mxolod si-
amovnebis miRebaRa undoda. misi erT-erTi mTavar siam-
ovnebaTagani ori Svilis aRzrda iyo. amis gamo Zalian
kargi mama gamodga. sxva adamianebis daxmareba da maTT-
vis rCevebis micemac uyvarda, Tanac ucxoebTan urTier-
Tobis damyarebac exerxeboda. sakuTar mosazrebebsa da
6 7ჯორჯ სოროსი
dakvirvebebze didi warmodgena hqonda, magram sxva mx-
riv namdvilad arc egoisti iyo da arc egocentristi.
rodesac germanelebma 1944 wlis martSi ungreTis ok-
upacia moaxdines, mamaCemma zustad icoda, Tu ra unda
eqna. mixvda, rom aranormalur droSi vimyofebodiT da
safrTxe emuqreboda yvelas, vinc normaluri wesebiT
cxovrobda. man yalbi dokumentebi moipova ara mxolod
Tavisi ojaxis wevrebis, aramed adamianebis ufro far-
To wrisTvisac. maT, visac amis saSualeba hqonda, fuls
_ zogjer karga did Tanxas _ axdevinebda, sxvebs ki ufa-
sod exmareboda. manamde arasdros minaxavs ase gulm-
odgined momuSave. es misi cxovrebis saukeTeso momenti
iyo. gadarCnen rogorc misi ojaxis wevrebi, ise maTi um-
ravlesobac, visac rCeva misca da daexmara.
germanuli okupaciis welma (1944) gadamwyveti gavle-
na Cems Camoyalibebazec moaxdina. imis nacvlad, rom
beds davmorCilebodiT, winaaRmdegobas vuwevdiT
borot Zalas, romelic Cvenze bevrad Zlieri iyo da
gavimarjveT. aman didi STabeWdileba moaxdina Cemze
da warmoudgeneli masStabis ubedureba Tavbrudamx-
vev Tavgadasavlad aqcia.1 am ambavma riskis mada aRmiZra
da mamaCemis brZnuli rCevebis daxmarebiT masTan gam-
klaveba viswavle _ SesaZleblobebis zRvris dadgena am
1 mamaCemma gamorCeulad sainteresod sakiTxavi memuarebi dawera im Tavgadasavlebis Sesaxeb, romlebic 1944 wels gamoviareT. Tivadar sorosi, Masquerade: Dancing around Death in Nazi-Occupied Hungary (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2011 and 2010).
6 7ჩემი ფილანთროპია
zRvarze gadaubijeblad. namdvilad msiamovnebs pirquS
realobasTan Sejaxeba da erTi SexedviT gadauWrel
problemebTan SeWidebac mizidavs. sxvebisTvis dax-
marebis gaweva yovelTvis keTil saqmed mimaCnda, magram
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi amis SesaZlebloba iSviaTad me-
Zleoda.
omis mRelvare Tavgadasavlebsa da omis Semdgom peri-
ods ungreTSi mosawyeni cxovreba mohyva. qveyana ok-
upirebuli iyo ruseTis armiis mier da komunisturi
partia Tavis Zalauflebas amyarebda. qveynidan wasvla
msurda, rac mamaCemis daxmarebiT movaxerxe. 1947 wlis
seqtemberSi inglisSi gavemgzavre saswavleblad.
londonSi cxovrebam imedi gamicrua. Cvidmeti wlisas
fuli cota mqonda da TiTqmis aravis vicnobdi da ami-
tom martosuli da sevdiani viyavi. kolejis damTavreba
mainc SevZeli, magram sasiamovno gamocdileba namd-
vilad ar mimiRia. yvela students, visi mSoblebic in-
glisSi cxovrobdnen, sagrafos sabWosgan stipendiis
miReba SeeZlo. me gamonaklisi viyavi, radgan Cemi mS-
oblebi CemTan ar iyvnen. gaZleba da kolejis damTavre-
ba ioli ar yofila, magram aucilebeli iyo.
im rTul periodSi filanTropiasTan orjer momi-
wia Sexeba da Cemi Semdgomi damokidebuleba qvelmoq-
medebis mimarT swored am orma SemTxvevam gansazRvra.
londonSi Casvlidan maleve finansuri daxmarebisTvis
ebrael meurveTa sabWos mivmarTe. uari miTxres, radgan
8 9ჯორჯ სოროსი
maTi wesebi gulisxmobda ara studentebis mxardaW-
eras, aramed im axalgazrdebisa, romlebic raime xelo-
bas swavlobdnen. mogvianebiT, rodesac ukve londonis
ekonomikis skolis studenti viyavi, Sobas matareblis
gamcileblis samuSao viSove droebiT da fexi movi-
texe. saavadmyofo yavarjnebze Semdgarma davtove da
vifiqre, SeiZleba ebrael meurveTa sabWosgan fuli
miviRo-meTqi. yavarjnebiT ori sarTuli aviare da maT
droebiTi daxmareba vTxove. Tavisi mantra gaimeores,
romlis Tanaxmadac mxolod Segirdebs exmarebodnen,
magram uari mainc ver miTxres. sami funti momces, rac
erT kvirasac ar meyofoda. ase grZeldeboda ramdenime
kviris manZilze. fulisaTvis kibeze asvla miwevda ya-
varjnebiT.
amave dros, Cemma oTaxis mezobelma Cemi ambavi gaigo
da gadawyvita, rom ebrael meurveTa sabWoSi misuliyo
da eTqva, mzad var xelobis Sesaswavlado. arc erT sam-
saxurSi, romelic maT uSoves, didxans ar gaCerebula,
magram isini mainc agrZelebdnen misTvis fulis gadax-
das. mogvianebiT sawarmoo travmebis sabWoSi moisurves
Cemi gagzavna, magram vuTxari, iq ver mival, radgan ara-
legalurad vmuSaob da Cemi studenturi vizis dakargva
ar msurs-meTqi. es tyuli iyo. rkinigzaze Cemi droebiTi
samuSao sruliad legaluri iyo, magram maT es ar icod-
nen. Cems Sesamowmeblad socialuri muSaki gagzavnes,
magram man veraferi gaarkvia. amrigad, rodesac Semdgom
daxmarebaze uari miTxres, gadavwyvite, rom sakmarisi
moraluri safuZveli mqonda imisaTvis, rom sabWos Tav-
8 9ჩემი ფილანთროპია
mjdomarisTvis mimewera mgznebare werili, sadac vam-
bobdi, Tavs ki gavitan, magram sevdas mgvris imaze fiqri,
rom sabWos, romlis Tavmjdomarec Tqven brZandebiT,
ar surs daexmaros axlagazrda ebrael students, ro-
melmac fexi moitexa da daxmareba sWirdeba-meTqi. aman
sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo. Tavmjdomarem izruna, rom
kviraSi sami funti fostiT mimeRo, raTa kibeze asv-
la aRar damWirveboda. mas Semdeg, rac uyavarjnebod
siaruli daviwye da safrangeTis samxreTSi avtostopiT
mogzaurobac movaswari, Tavmjdomares mivwere, Tqveni
daxmareba aRar mWirdeba-meTqi da madloba gadavuxa-
de. marTalia, fondi movatyue, magram vfiqrobdi, Cemi
saqcieli moralurad gamarTlebuli iyo, radganac maT
Cemi ambavi Seiswavles da, wesiT, Tanaxma unda yofili-
yvnen, rom damxmarebodnen.
filanTropiasTan momdevno Sexeba im dros mqonda,
roca dRisiT vswavlobdi, RamRamobiT ki oficiantad
vmuSaobdi Ramis klubSi. Cemma saswavlo xelmZRvanelma
amis Sesaxeb rom Seityo, kvakerebs mimarTa, romlebmac
kiTxvari gamomigzavnes. rodesac kiTxvari Sevavse, maT
ormoci funtis Ceki gamomigzavnes yovelgvari pirobis
gareSe. aman Cemze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina da vi-
fiqre, adamianebs swored ase unda daexmaro-meTqi. 2008
wlis finansuri krizisis Semdeg movaxerxe, rom mil-
ionamde niu-iorkel skolis moswavles, romelTa ojax-
ebic socialur daxmarebas an kvebis talonebs iRebdnen,
yovelgvari kiTxvis gareSe orasi dolaris Ceki mieRo.
niu-iorkis Statis saxeliT am xarjebis 20 procenti
10 11ჯორჯ სოროსი
gaviRe, raTa Stats federaluri mTavrobisgan ekono-
mikis stimulirebis paketis farglebSi grantis miRe-
bis piroba daekmayofilebina. kvakerebis guluxvobam
uzarmazari Sedegi gamoiRo samoci wlis Semdeg da es
kmayofilebiT aRmavsebda, miuxedavad „niu-iork pos-
tis“ Tavdasxmebisa, romelic amgvar „socialur mowy-
alebas“ gmobda.
kolejis damTavrebis Semdeg cxovrebaSi Cemi adgi-
lis povna gamiWirda. inglisSi ramdenime warumatebe-
li wamowyebis Semdeg niu-iorkSi gadavsaxldi, sadac
jer birJaze aqciebis gadamyidvelad, Semdeg fasiani
qaRaldebis analitikosad da instituciur movaWred,
bolos ki erT-erTi pirveli hej-fondis mmarTvelad
vmuSaobdi. im periodSi gamorCeuli filanTropi ar
viyavi. erTaderTi wamowyeba, romelic xsenebad Rirs,
centraluri parkis aRdgenis mcdeloba iyo. broker
da investor dik gilderTan erTad Sevqmeni „centra-
luri parkis sazogadoebrivi fondi“, magram is gansa-
kuTrebiT warmatebuli ar aRmoCnda. sxva organizaciam,
„centraluri parkis konservaciam“, parkis administra-
ciasTan mWidro samuSao urTierToba daamyara da gac-
ilebiT did progress miaRwia parkis aRdgenis mxriv.
Cemi yvelaze didi miRweva Cveni organizaciis gauqmeba
da warmatebul organizaciasTan misi Serwyma iyo. am
procesis dros aRmovaCine, rom saqvelmoqmedo organi-
zaciebs Tavisi cxovreba aqvT, romelic maTi Tavdapir-
veli misiisgan gansxvavdeba, da rom saqvelmoqmedo or-
ganizaciis Seqmna bevrad advilia, vidre misi daxurva.
10 11ჩემი ფილანთროპია
* * *
jer kidev maSin, rodesac londonis ekonomikis skola-
Si vswavlobdi, xolo Semdeg niu-iorkSi cxovrebisas,
ganvaviTare konceptualuri CarCo _ refleqsiurobis
Teoria _ romelic CemTvis gzamkvlevad iqca, rogorc
hej-fondis marTvisas, ise mogvianebiT, rodesac fuls
vxarjavdi, rogorc filanTropi. vecdebi, mokled Se-
vajamo misi ZiriTadi komponentebi, radganac man metad
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Cems cxovrebaSi da mis
gareSe SeuZlebelia Cemi, rogorc hej-fondebis mmarT-
velisa da filanTropis, karieris gaazreba.
Cemi Teoriis mizani azrovnebasa da realobas Soris kav-
Siris axsnaa. is erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs adamianebTan
dakavSirebul xdomilebebsa da bunebriv movlenebs. maT
Soris gansxvaveba is aris, rom pirvel kategorias moaz-
rovne monawileebi hyavs, meores ki _ ara. adamianebTan
dakavSirebul xdomilebebSi monawileTa azrovneba
ormag rols asrulebs: adamianebi, erTi mxriv, cdilo-
ben, gaiazron situacia, romelSic monawileoben. es
kognitiuri funqciaa. meore mxriv, maTi gadawyvetile-
bebi swored am gaazrebas emyareba da es ukanaskneli,
amrigad, maTi qmedebebis saSualebiT gavlenas axdens
movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobaze. es mizezobrivi, an manip-
ulaciuri, funqciaa. es ori funqcia azrovnebasa da re-
alobas erTmaneTTan sapirispiro mimarTulebebiT aka-
vSirebs da SexebaSi modis erTmaneTTan maSin, rodesac
isini erTdroulad mimdinareobs. kognitiuri funqci-
12 13ჯორჯ სოროსი
is farglebSi realobam unda gansazRvros monawileTa
warmodgenebi realobis Sesaxeb, mizezobrivi funqcia
ki gulisxmobs, rom monawileTa qmedebebi movlenebis
Tanamimdevrobas ganapirobebs. Tumca ase mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu realoba, romlis gaazrebasac
kognitiuri funqcia cdilobs, damoukidebeli mocemu-
lobaa, da ara maSin, rodesac movlenebis Tanamimdevro-
ba damokidebulia monawileTa warmodgenebze realobis
Sesaxeb. rodesac orive funqcia erTdroulad operi-
rebs da erTi funqciis TiTqosda damoukdiebeli cvla-
di meore funqciis damokidebuli cvladia, WeSmaritad
damoukidebeli cvladi arc erT funqcias ar gaaCnia,
xolo misi ararsebobis pirobebSi mkafio Sedegs arc
erTi funqcia ar iZleva: monawileTa warmodgenebi re-
alobas ar Seesabameba, xolo maTi gadawyvetilebebis Se-
degi maTi molodinis Sesabamisi ar iqneba. ori funqciis
Sejaxebas refleqsiurobas vuwodeb.
amisgan gansxvavebiT, bunebriv movlenebs moazrovne
monawileebis nacvlad mxolod gare damkvirveblebi
hyavs. amrigad, ar arsebobs manipulaciuri funqcia,
romelic kognitiur funqcias xels SeuSlida. Sede-
gad, realoba damoukidebel kriteriums warmoadgens,
romlis mixedviTac gare damkvirveblis mosazrebebis
Sefaseba SeiZleba, xolo kognitiuri funqcia mkafio
Sedegebs iZleva. es imas ki ar gulisxmobs, rom damk-
virveblebis mosazebebi aucileblad sworia, aramed
mxolod imas, rom arsebobs damoukidebeli kriteriumi
maTi gancxadebebis simarTlisa Tu sizustis Sesafaseb-
12 13ჩემი ფილანთროპია
lad. damoukidebeli kriteriumis arsebobam sabunebi-
smetyvelo mecnierebebs TvalsaCino Sedegebis miRwevis
saSualeba misca.
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis warmatebam mecnierebs
ubiZga, rom maT amgvari mkafio SedegebisTvis adamianebis
qcevis Seswavlis drosac mieRwiaT, magram maTi mcdelo-
bebi warmatebuli ar yofila. discplina, romelmac am
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze met progress miaRwia, gaxlavT
ekonomika, magram amisTvis rom mieRwia, kvlevis sagnis
mimarT Zaladoba gamoiyena. realobis Seswavlis nacvlad
ekonomikam Seqmna garkveul postulatebze damyarebuli
hipoTezuri CarCo. es meTodi evklidem SemoiRo geomet-
riis Seswavlisas, magram evklides postulatebi, dedami-
wis zedapiris simrudis ignorirebis gamoklebiT, Zalze
axlo iyo realobasTan, ekonomika ki sul ufro da ufro
scildeba realobas. aucilebeli gaxda evaraudaT, TiTqos
monawileTa azrovnebiT gamowveuli gaurkvevloba ar ar-
sebobs. ekonomika Tavdapirvelad srulyofili codnis
varauds emyareboda, sabolood ki racionaluri molo-
dinis Teoriamde mivida: gamogonil samyaromde, sadac
monawileTa varaudebi iseTi momavliskenaa mimarTuli,
romelic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi dadgeba, Tu monawileTa
mosazrebebi mis garSemo moiyris Tavs. amis yvelaze axlo
analogi Sua saukuneebis Teologiaa, romlis farglebSic
imis Sesaxeb kamaTobdnen, Tu ramdeni angelozi daeteva
nemsis wverze. mTeli es ekonomikuri sistema 2008 wlis
krizisis dros daimsxvra.
14 15ჯორჯ სოროსი
aqtorebis gadawyvetilebebi realobas ki ar emyareba,
aramed realobis inetrpretacias am aqtorebis mier,
rac arasdros aris erTi da igive. codnis mopoveba Ses-
aZlebelia _ da sabunebsmetyvelo mecnierebebi amis
saukeTeso magaliTia _ magram codna mTel realo-
bas ver moicavs, radgan adamiani samyaros nawilia da
rodesac am samyaros gaazrebas cdiloben, uwevT real-
obis gamartiveba: analogiebis, metaforebis, CarCoe-
bis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis wesebisa da sxva msgav-
si meTodebis daxmarebiT. es gamartiveba Tavad xdeba
realobis nawili. Sedegad, realoba yovelTvis ufro
kompleqsuri iqneba, vidre Cveni warmodgena mis Sesaxeb.
miuxedavad amisa, adamianebs moqmedebis valdebuleba
aqvT. radganac srulyofil codnas ar floben, cod-
nasTan erTad isini Tavisi emociebiTa da iluziebiT
xelmZRvaneloben da maTi qceva movlenebis Tanamimdev-
robas gaurkvevlobis elements sZens. arasrulyofili
codna an Secdomebisken midrekileba gaurkvevlobis
erTaderTi mizezi ar aris, Tumca mniSvnelovani mize-
zia _ gansakuTrebiT adamianebis qcevis Seswavlisas _ da
socialur situaciebs bunebrivi movlenebisgan ganasx-
vavebs. am gansxvavebas vukavSireb princips, romelsac
„adamianuri gaurkvevlobis princips“ vuwodeb.
radganac srulyofili codna miuRwevelia, gansa-
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania adamianebis mcdari warmod-
genebis xarisxi da masStabi. rac ufro axloa maTi in-
terpretacia realobasTan, miT ufro didia albaToba,
rom maTi gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi axlos iqneba maT
14 15ჩემი ფილანთროპია
molodinTan. am kriteriumis mixedviT Secdomebisken
midrekilebisa da refleqsiurobis _ Cemi konceptual-
uri CarCos ori sayrdenis _ aRiareba didi nabiji iqne-
boda adamianebis qcevis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT.
samwuxarod, kacobriobas es nabiji jer ar gadaudgams.
nacvlad amisa, ganmanaTleblobis epoqidan moyole-
buli, igi cdilobs, rom codnas daeuflos. swored
amis Sedegad daiwyo sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis
meTodebis gamoyeneba adamianebis qcevis kvlevisas. es
logikuri nabiji iyo, magram am mimarTulebiT Zalian
Sors wavediT. amas ganmanaTleblobis Secdomas vu-
wodeb.
ganmanaTlebloba miiCnevda, rom goneba realobisgan
damoukideblad arsebobs, rogorc farani, romelic
realobas anaTebs. realobisgan gonebis gancalkeveba
swori iyo ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, rodesac amdeni
ram iyo aRmosaCeni: Tavad dedamiwac ki ar iyo srulad
Seswavlili. es Secdoma ki iyo, magram TvalsaCino Sede-
gebi Sva. ganmanaTleblobam dakvirvebebi ganacalkeva
im faqtebisgan, romlebTanac isini iyo dakavSirebuli
da, amrigad, SesaZlebelia sabunebismetyvelo mecnier-
ebebis ganviTareba. es midgoma gamosadegia bunebrivi
movlenebis, magram ara adamianebis qcevis Seswavlisas.
Secdomebs, romlebic Rirebul Sedegebs warmoSobs,
nayofier Secdomebs vuwodeb da vfiqrob, rom civili-
zaciebi swored nayofier Secdomebzea agebuli. imis
16 17ჯორჯ სოროსი
Tqma rodi msurs, rom nebismieri codna mcdaria. mx-
olod imas vgulisxmob, rom Cveni codna SezRudulia
da rodesac samyaros ukeT Secnobas veswrafviT, xSirad
metis miRwevas vcdilobT, vidre Cveni SezRuduli cod-
niT aris SesaZlebeli. swored es SeemTxva ekonomikis
Teorias. ganviTrebis adreul etapebze man faseuli
dakvirvebebi Sva, xolo mcdar gzas mxolod im period-
Si daadga, rodesac koleji davamTavre. Cemi ganaTleba
jon meinard keinsis naSromebs emyareboda da fren nai-
tis fuZemdebluri wigni „riski, gaurkvevloba da mo-
gebac“ wavikiTxe. makroekonomikis Teoretikosebma da
finansuri sistemebis Semqnelebma mogvianebiT es wigni
daiviwyes.
kolejSi swavlisas Cemi konceptualuri CarCo ar iyo
ise ganviTarebuli, rogorc dResaa. Tumca ukve mqoda
Zireuli ideebi, romlebic mxolod ekonomikaze ki ar
vrceldeboda, aramed politikasa da, zogadad, adami-
anebis qcevazec. Cems azrovnebaze didi gavlena moaxdi-
na avstriaSi dabadebulma filosofosma karl poperma
_ Tavdapirvelad Tavisi wigniT „Ria sazogadoeba da
misi mtrebi“, xolo Semdeg Tavisi TeoriiT samecniero
meTodebis Sesaxeb. sabakalavro kursebi adre davas-
rule da xarisxis miRebamde erTi weli Tavisufali
mqonda. Cems saswavlo xelmZRvanelad karl poperi
avirCie da misTvis erTi-ori ese davwere. kolejis Sem-
deg Tavi unda merCina, magram azrovnebasa da realobas
Soris arsebuli rTuli kavSirisadmi interesi ar da-
mikargavs. kolejis damTavrebidan ramdenime wlis Sem-
16 17ჩემი ფილანთროპია
deg popers warvudgine ese saxelwodebiT „cnobierebis
tvirTi“. es Cemi konceptualuri CarCos pirveli for-
mulireba iyo da dRevandlisgan didad ar gansxvavdebo-
da, Tumca ki sruli ar iyo.
biznesSi Cemi kariera rTuli gziT midioda mravali
warumatebeli wamowyebiTa da SecdomiT, magram sab-
olood erT-erTi pirveli hej-fondis mmarTveli gavx-
di niu-iorkSi. hej-fondis marTva iseTi saqme iyo, rome-
lic sxva arafrisTvis dros ar mitovebda. es saqme 1969
wels 3 milioni dolariT daviwye. 1979 wlisTvis fondis
kapitalma 100 milion dolars miaRwia, rac metwilad
daunawilebel Semosavlebze modioda. am Tanxidan
daaxloebiT 40 milioni dolari Cemi sakuTreba iyo.
vgrZnobdi, rom es fuli sakmarisze meti iyo Cemi da Cemi
ojaxisTvis. kreditebiT dafinansebul riskian pro-
eqtebze muSaoba uzarmazar daZabulobas gulisxmobda.
erTxel britaneTis mTavrobis axlad gamoSvebuli ob-
ligaciebis Zalze didi raodenobis Sesyidvas movawere
xeli ise, rom amisaTvis saWiro dafinansebaze winaswar
ar mizrunia. londonis siTis erTi kuTxidan meoreSi
davrbodi, sakredito xazs veZebdi da lidenhol stri-
tze moZraobisas vifiqre, gulis Seteva mewyeba-meTqi.
„am riskze gamarjvebis gulisTvis wavedi, _ vuTxari
Cems Tavs, _ magram, Tu axla movkvdi, im qveynad damarcx-
ebuli waval. fulis saSovnelad sicocxlis sasworze
Segdeba uazrobaa“. swored maSin gadavwyvite, rom Cemi
fuliT raime Rirebuli gamekeTebina da fondi Sevqmeni.
didxans vifiqre, ra iyo CemTvis marTlac mniSvnelo-
vani. Cemi sakmaod abstraqtuli konceptualuri CarCo-
18 19ჯორჯ სოროსი
Ti vixelmZRvanele da Ria sazogadoebis koncefciaze
SevCerdi, romelic am CarCos erT-erTi qvakuTxedia.
ramdenadac vici, termini „Ria sazogadoeba“ pirvelad
frangma filosofosma anri bergsonma gamoiyena wignSi
„zneobisa da religiis ori wyaro“. erTi wyaro traibal-
uri iyo da daxurul sazogadoebas Sobda, meore ki uni-
versaluri da Ria sazogadoebasTan iyo asocirebuli.
karl poperma aRniSna, rom Ria sazogadoebebi daxurul
sazogadoebebad SeiZleba gadaaqcion universalurma
ideologiebma, romlebic uzenaesi WeSmaritebis flo-
bas iCemeben. radanac es tyuilia, aseT ideologiebs
gamarjveba mxolod iZulebis meTodebis gamoyenebiT
SeuZliaT. amisgan gansxvavebiT, Ria sazogadoebebi aR-
iareben, rom adamianebs sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi da in-
teresebi aqvT. isini adamianebis mier Seqmnil kanonebs
aweseben, raTa maT SeZlon mSvidobianad Tanacxovre-
ba. poperis ideebma Cemze didi STabeWdileba moaxdi-
na, radganac ungreTSi nacistebisa da komunistebis
mmarTvelobis dros cxovrebis gamocdileba mqonda.
Cemi fondis misia ganvsazRvre, rogorc (1) daxuruli
sazogadoebebis gaxsna, (2) Ria sazogadoebebis sicocx-
lisunarianobis amaRleba da (3) kritikuli azrovnebis
waxaliseba. es 1979 wels moxda.
* * *
fondma muSaoba mZimed daiwyo. vicodi filanTropi-
is maxeebisa da paradoqsebis Sesaxeb da maTTvis Tavis
aridebas vcdilobdi. praqtika gaviare „helsinki uoC-
18 19ჩემი ფილანთროპია
Si“ _ adamianis uflebebis dasacavad momuSave axlad
Seqmnil organizaciaSi, romelic mogvianebiT „hiuman
raiTs uoCi“ gaxda. oTxSabaTobiT veswrebodi dilis
Sexvedrebs, sadac mimdinare movlenebsa da saqmianobas
ganixilavdnen. garda amisa, faqtebis damdgeni vizitiT
salvadorsa da nikaraguaSi gavemgzavre, sadac im dros
samoqalaqo omebi mZvinvarebda. bevri ram viswavle, ma-
gram me TviTon TiTqmis arafers vakeTebdi. marTalia,
urTierToba davamyare rus devnil vladimir bukovski-
sTan, romelic aqtiurad muSaobda avRaneTis Temaze,
magram gadavwyvite, ar damefinansebina saqmianoba,
romlis Sedegadac SeiZleba adamianebi daRupuliyvnen
an TviTon moeklaT sxvebi. mogvianebiT aseve faqtebis
damdgeni vizitiT gavemgzavre ruseTSi, sadac axlo
urTierToba davamyare adamianTan, romelsac qveynis
datoveba akrZaluli hqonda da Sveicariis aviaxazebis
stiuardesas daxmarebiT sxva rusi disidentebisTvis
gasanawileblad misTvis fulis gagzavna daviwye. Cemi
fondi TandaTanobiT dafinansebis mniSvnelovan wy-
arod iqca aRmosavleT evropis disidenturi moZrao-
bebisTvis.
pirveli seriozuli wamowyeba, romelsac damou-
kideblad SeveWide, samxreT afrikaSi ganxorcielda.
niu-iorkSi myavda zulusi megobari herbert vilaka-
zi, romelic koneqtikutis universitetSi leqciebs
kiTxulobda. is samxreT afrikaSi dabrunda da muSaoba
transkeis universitetSi daiwyo, romelic aparTeidis
sistemis farglebSi Seqmnil erT-erT teritoriul
20 21ჯორჯ სოროსი
erTeulSi mdebareobda. mas 1980 wels vewvie da samx-
reT afrikaSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba uCveulo kuTxiT
davinaxe. es daxuruli sazogadoeba iyo, romelsac gan-
viTarebuli qveynis yvela instituti hqonda, Tumca es
institutebi miuwvdomeli iyo mosaxleobis didi naw-
ilisTvis maTi rasobrivi kuTvnilebis gamo. daxuruli
sazogadoebis gaxsnis ukeTes SesaZleblobas sxvagan
Znelad Tu mivagnebdi. Sevxvdi keiptaunis universite-
tis vice-kancler stiuart sonderss, romelsac surda,
rom universitetis kari Savkaniani studentebisTvisac
gaeRo. universitetSi moxvedrili yvela studentis
swavlis safasurss saxelmwifo ixdida. gadavwyvite,
aparTeiduli saxelmwifos resursebis gamoyenebis Ses-
aZleblobiT mesargebla amave saxelmwifos gasaxsne-
lad da SevTavaze, rom oTxmoci Savkaniani studentis
cxovrebis xarjebs gaviRebdi.
samxreT afrikaSi momdevno welsac gavemgzavre, ma-
gram is viziti naklebad warmatebuli iyo. afrikuli
xelovnebisa da kulturis mxardaWera msurda, amitom
literaturis dargSi nobelis premiis momaval lau-
reat nadin gordimers vTxove afrikelTa kulturis
wreebis liderebTan Sexvedris organizeba am mxardaW-
eris saukeTeso gzebis gansaxilvelad. magram Sexvedra
warumatebeli aRmoCnda. Cemi vinaoba im droisTvis ukve
cnobili iyo da yvelam icoda, rom niu-iorkidan Camo-
suli mdidari filanTropi viyavi, amitomac Sexvedris
monawileebi ise miyurebdnen, rogorc oTaxis Suagul-
Si mdgom oqroTi savse skivrs da mxolod am oqros ga-
20 21ჩემი ფილანთროპია
nawilebaze surdaT saubari. gadavwyvite, Cems proeqtze
uari meTqva, ris gamoc yvela imedgacruebuli darCa.
keiptaunis universitets vewvie da aRmoCnda, rom Savka-
niani studentebis ricxvi oTxmociT ar gazrdiliyo,
radganac „Ria sazogadoebis“ stipendiebidan zogi uni-
versitetSi adre miRebul studentebs misces, an, Ses-
aZloa, imis gamoc, rom studentebis nawilma swavlas
Tavi daaneba. studentebi, romlebsac Sevxvdi, Zalze uk-
mayofiloni iyvnen. isini grZnobdnen, rom maTi univer-
sitetSi yofna sxvebs ar siamovnebdaT, diskriminacias
ganicdidnen da iZulebuli iyvnen, ecxovraT ucxo kul-
turaSi, Tanac akademiuri moTxovnebis dakmayofile-
bac uWirdaT. universitetis mecnier-TanamSromlebsac
Sevxvdi da isini gacilebiT naklebad gonebagaxsnilebi
aRmoCndnen, vidre vice-kancleri.
gadavwyvite, am sqemis ganxorcieleba Semewyvita, Tum-
ca studentebis pirvel jgufs bolomde davxmarebo-
di. axla vfqirob, rom es gadawyvetileba mcdari iyo.
vice-kanclerma Savkaniani studentebisTvis Savkani-
ani mentori miiwvia _ romelic Cemi megobari herbert
vilakazi aRmoCnda _ ris Semdegac isini gacilebiT
ukeT swavlobdnen. Zalian kargi iqneboda, aparTeidis
sistemis gauqmebisas universiteti met Savkanian stu-
dents rom hqonoda damTavrebuli. Tumca im dros,
rodesac es gadawyvetileba miviRe, aparTeidis sistema
myarad fesvgadgmuli Canda. ramdenime sxva proeqtis
ganxorcielebac vcade, magram iseTi SegrZneba gamiCnda,
22 23ჯორჯ სოროსი
rom rac ar unda meRona, sistemas mainc ver Sevcvlidi.
saqmianobis saSualebas mxolod TavianTi toleranto-
bis demonstrirebis mizniT maZlevdnen. nacvlad imisa,
rom aparTeiduli saxelmwifo gamomeyenebina, ise ga-
movida, rom aparTeiduli saxelmwifo miyenebda. axla
vfqirob, rom ufro daJinebuli unda vyofiliyavi. am
gamocdilebam maswavla, rom brZola TiTqosda uimedo
miznebis misaRwevadac Rirs.
Cemi momdevno seriozuli wamowyeba Cems mSobliur un-
greTSi iyo. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ungreTis ko-
munistur reJims saerTaSoriso savaluto fondsa da
msoflio bankSi gawevrianeba surda, ris wyalobiTac
SesaZlebloba momeca, rom ungreli disidentebis jgu-
fi erTi wliT niu-iorkis universitetSi Camomeyvana.
maT qveynis datovebis ufleba misces. amis Sedegad un-
greTis Sesaxeb garkveuli codna SeviZine, romelsac
Cemi Semdgomi saqmianoba daeyrdno.
1984 wels ungreTis mTavrobas iq fondis Seqmnis wina-
dadebiT mivmarTe da, Cemda gasaocrad, dadebiTi pasuxi
miviRe. daviwyeT xangrZlivi molaparakebebi, romelTa
mimdinareobisas Cemi disidenti megobrebis rCevebiT
vxelmZRvanelobdi. SevTanxmdiT, rom Cemi fondi zoga-
dad ungrul kulturas dauWerda mxars da ara mxolod
disidentebs. Cems partniorad ungreTis mecniereba-
Ta akademia SearCies, romelic im dros politikuri
policiis mkacri kontrolis qveS imyofeboda.
22 23ჩემი ფილანთროპია
qveyanas ramdenjerme vewvie da SevarCie adamianebis
jgufi, romlebsac vendobodi da romlebic mTavro-
bisTvisac misaRebi iyvnen. akademiis vice-prezident-
Tan erTad isini Cveni erToblivi proeqtis sameurveo
sabWos wevrebi unda yofiliyvnen. es yvelaferi kargi
iyo, magram mTavroba daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom sabWos
gadawyvetilebebi politikuri policiis kontrolqveS
myof samdivnos ganexorcielebina, rasac verafriT
davTanxmdebodi. kulturis dargSi komunisturi parti-
is mTavar Cinovniks, georg aczels vewvie, raTa mecnobe-
bina, rom CixSi SevediT. „imedia, nawyeni ar dagvtoveT“,
miTxra man. „verafers vizam, radganac saqmes amdeni Zala
Sevalie“, vupasuxe me. ukve karTan viyavi, rodesac miTx-
ra: „ra aris saWiro imisTvis, rom saqme gaagrZeloT?“.
„damoukidebeli samdivno“, vupasuxe me. SevTanxmdiT,
rom ori mdivani gveyoleboda, romelTaganac erTs ak-
ademia daasaxelebda, meores _ me. nebismier dokuments,
imisaTvis, rom Zala hqonoda, orive maTganis xelmowera
dasWirdeboda.2 swored ase gaCnda ungruli fondi. Cemi
pirveli TanamSromeli, ungreli emigrantic aviyvane
niu-iorkSi mdebare ofisSi, romelic mogvianebiT Ria
sazogadoebis fondebis Stab-bina gaxda. manamde mTeli
Stati Cemi meuRlis, siuzen veberisgan Sedgeboda.
ungreTSi fondi gamarTulad muSaobda. is daculi iyo
yvela problemisgan, romlis winaSec idgnen Cveule-
2 vfiqrob, rom aSS-s mTavrobam swored es formula unda gamoiyenos daxmarebis ganawilebis dros pakistansa da sxva qveynebSi, romelTa bolomde ndoba ar SeuZlia.
24 25ჯორჯ სოროსი
brivi fondebi, radganac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba mas
Tavisianad miiCnevda. vmoqmedebdiT martivi wesiT, ro-
melic karl poperis Ria sazogadoebis koncefciidan
gamoviyvane: saxelmwifo dogma, romelsac mmarTveli
komunisturi partia amkvidrebda, yalbi iyo, xolo misi
siyalbis gamomzeureba alternativis SeqmniT SegveZlo.
amitomac fondi mxars uWerda yvela kulturul ini-
ciativas, romelic oficialuri dogmis gamovlineba ar
iyo _ citraze damkvrelTa klubebiT dawyebuli da fer-
merebis kooperativebiT damTavrebuli. gacemuli Tanx-
ebi Zalze mcire iyo, radganac iniciativebis umetesoba
saxelmwifo nagebobebs iyenebda da maTi monawileebic
saxelmwifosgan iRebdnen xelfasebs. saxelmwifos mis-
ive resursebis gamoyenebiT vuTxridiT Zirs.
am jildoebisTvis saWiro ungrul forintebs kul-
turuli da saganmanaTleblo institutebisTvis
grantebis dolarebSi gacemis gziT vSoulobdiT. maT
ungruli forinti bevri hqondaT, magram ucxouri
valuta uWirdaT, amitom Tanaxmani iyvnen, rom ungru-
li fondisTvis Semowirulobebi oficialurze ukeTesi
gacvliTi kursis mixedviT SemoetanaT. Cveni yvelaze
warmatebuli nabiji maTTvis qseroqsis aparatebis mi-
wodeba iyo, rasac ormagi mizani hqonda. garda imisa, rom
amis Sedegad ungreTis fondma ungruli valuta miiRo,
SesaZlebeli gaxda iseTi informaciis gavrceleba, ro-
melic manamde rTulad mosapovebeli iyo. segedis uni-
versiteti, magaliTad, qseroqsis aparatebs aralegalu-
ri disidenturi literaturis dasabeWdad iyenebda.
24 25ჩემი ფილანთროპია
fonds misi resursebis dauflebis msurveli aplikan-
tebisgan Tavis dacva ar uwevda, radganac mas isini
icavdnen, visac fondi exmareboda. darRvevebis Sesax-
eb is adamianebi gvatyobinebdnen, vinc fonds sakuTar
organizaciad miiCnevda. magaliTad, fondma uari Tqva
usinaTloTa asociaciis mier xmovani wignebis damza-
debisa da gavrcelebis mxardaWeraze mas Semdeg, rac ga-
frTxileba miiRo, rom es organizacia korumpirebuli
iyo. aseTi sainformacio qselis wyalobiT fondi Zalze
efeqtiani gaxda. weliwadSi 3 milioni dolaris odeno-
bis biujetis pirobebSi is realurad iqca kulturis
saministros alternativad, Tumca saministros biuje-
ti gacilebiT didi iyo. Cven marTlac kulturis alter-
natiul saministrod mogvixseniebdnen. Cveni erT-erTi
yvelaze warmatebuli iniciativa studentebis mier mar-
Tuli damoukidebeli kolejebisa da studentebis da-
moukidebeli kavSiris mxardaWera iyo. es ukanaskneli
mogvianebiT ungreTis erT-erTi ZiriTadi politikuri
partiis, fidesis, birTvi gaxda.
cxadia, fondis saqmianoba uproblemo ar yofila: mag-
aliTad, man Sva daxmarebis miRebas miCveuli klientu-
ra, ris gamoc sabolood farTo sazogadoebisTvis imaze
naklebad gaxsnili gaxda, vidre unda yofiliyo. miuxe-
davad amisa, fondma mainc SeZlo Tavis arideba mravali
iseTi naklovanebisTvis, romelic fondebs axasiaTebs
xolme. misma warmatebam Cems molodins gadaaWarba.
swored am iRblianma SemTxvevam aRmiZra filanTropi-
is mada, rac, Tavis mxriv, sakmarisi motivacia iyo imi-
26 27ჯორჯ სოროსი
saTvis, rom hej-fondis marTva da fulis Sovna gamegr-
Zelebina.
1986 wels fondi CineTSi davaarse. ufro adre, ungreTis
fondma CineTsa da ungreTs Soris ekonomistebis metad
warmatebuli gacvliTi programa ganaxorciela. maTi
Cineli partniori, ekonomikuri reformis instituti,
CineTSi Cemi partnioric gaxda. Cems warmomadgenlad
Cineli emigranti liang hengi SevarCie. mas im droisTvis
kargi gamoxmaurebis mqone avtobiografiuli nawarmoe-
bi „revoluciis Svili“ hqonda dawerili, xolo mogvi-
anebiT perioduli gamocema „Cineli inteleqtuali“
daaarsa. CineTs ramdenjerme vewvie da piradi kontaqti
davamyare premier-ministr Jao JianTan da misi aparatis
ufros bao tongTan. am ukanasknelma fondis Seqmnis
nebarTva piradi xelmoweriT daadastura da amrigad
agvarida mravali sxvadasxva uwyebidan xelmowerebis
Segrovebis saWiroebas. mogvianebiT es Zvirad daujda.
fonds grantebi yvelaze Rirseuli kandidatebisTvis
unda mieca da ara imaTTvis, visac ukeTesi kavSirebi
hqonda. es ucnauri midgoma iyo CineTSi, sadac kavSirebi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani ram aris, da araerTi uTanxmoeba
gamoiwvia Cvens instituciur partniorTan, romelic
mudmivad sakuTar TanamSromlebs aniWebda upirateso-
bas. CineTSi gavrcelebuli iyo midgoma, romelsac
„gonebriv feodalizms“ vuwodebdi: daxmarebis mimReb-
ni Tavs davalebulad Tvlidnen daxmarebis gamwevisgan,
xolo es ukanaskneli Tavis valdebulebad miiCnevda,
26 27ჩემი ფილანთროპია
ezruna imaTze, visac exmareboda, radganac maTi bedi
misi gavlenis sazomi iyo. axla vfiqrob, rom fondisT-
vis ucxo midgomis daZaleba Secdoma iyo. ajobebda, rom
ubralod davxmarebodi Cems instituciur partniors,
romelic ekonomikuri da politikuri reformebis
avangardSi imyofeboda.
CineTSi Cems fonds iRbali ar swyalobda, radganac is
komunistur partiaSi sxvadasxva dajgufebas Soris
brZolis mizezi gaxda. xisti politikis momxreebi bao
tongs daupirispirdnen, radganac piradi xelmower-
iT gasca iseTi fondis Seqmnis nebarTva, romelsac
diversiul organizaciad miiCnevdnen. Sida politi-
kuri policiis mier warmoebuli gamoZiebisgan Tavis
dasacavad man da premier-ministrma fondis kontroli
gare politikur policias gadasces. radganac es ori
organizacia Tanabrad gavleniani iyo, maT aRaraferi
emuqreboda, magram fondi amis Sedegad politikuri
Zalis xelSi aRmoCnda. rodesac es gavige, fondi davx-
ure. es tiananmenis moedanze sisxlisRvramde cota xniT
adre moxda. bao tongi mogvianebiT im ramdenime adami-
ans Soris moxvda, vinc cixeSi amoyo Tavi.
CineTSi fondi misi daxurvidan mxolod aTi wlis Tavze
aRdga. amisaTvis 2001 wels pekinSi mTavrobis mier or-
ganizebul konferenciaze mimiwvies, romelic CineTis
momavals eZRvneboda. Cinelebs kvlav eWvebi aReZraT
Cem mimarT 2005 wels, rodesac prezidentma putinma
usamarTlod damabrala „feradi revoluciebis“ dage-
28 29ჯორჯ სოროსი
gmva saqarTvelosa da ukrainaSi. es revoluciebi sax-
alxo ajanyebebi iyo korumpirebuli da mCagvreli re-
Jimebis winaaRmdeg. Cemi fondi marTlac uWerda mxars
mTavrobis kritikas, magram amboxebebis dagegmvasa an
dafinansebaSi monawileoba ar miuRia. mas Semdeg Cveni
urTierTobebi ambivalenturia, rac dasanania, radga-
nac CineTi aRmavlobis gzaze mdgom saxelmwifod mi-
maCnia da vfiqrob, rom CineTisa da danarCeni msoflios
mWidro TanamSromloba Zalze mniSvnelovania.
ungreTis fondis modelis poloneTSi gameoreba 1987
wels vcade. im droisTvis ukve vafinansebdi oqsford-
is universitetSi poloneli mecnierebis mivlinebis
programas da solidarobis kulturul organizacia-
sac vugzavnidi fuls, ase rom, poloneTis samoqalaqo
sazogadoebasTan kargi kavSirebi gvqonda. zbignev
pelCinskis daxmarebiT, romelic oqsfordis programas
xelmZRvanelobda, poloneTis mTavrobis nebarTva mov-
ipoveT.
poloneTis fondis sameurveo sabWom Tavidanve uari
Tqva ungreTis modelis mixedviT muSaobaze. is da-
JinebiT moiTxovda, rom fonds ufro gamiznulad
emoqmeda da ramdenime programul mimarTulebaze yo-
filiyo fokusirebuli, imis nacvlad, rom yvela tipis
winadadebisTvis gaeRoT farTod kari. gadavwyvite, rom
maTTvis dro mimeca, sanam Tavad ar mixvdebodnen saku-
Tar Secdomas, magram sabWo marTali aRmoCnda da po-
lonuri modeli Semdgom sxva qveynebSic davnergeT. es
28 29ჩემი ფილანთროპია
CemTvis gakveTilic iyo. mivxvdi, rom im qveynebis mcx-
ovreblebi, sadac fondebi mqonda, iqaurobas Cemze ukeT
icnobdnen da amitom Semdgom gadawyvetilebebs adgi-
lobrivi sameurveo sabWoebis mosazrebebis gaTvalis-
winebiT viRebdi. Tu maT Sexedulebebs kateoriulad ar
veTanxmebodi, sabWos Semadgenlobas vcvlidi xolme.
* * *
1987 wels fondi sabWoTa kavSirSic davaarse. sabWo-
Ta kavSiris liderma mixeil gorbaCovma 1986 wlis de-
kemberSi uprecedento nabiji gadadga da telefoniT
daukavSirda birTvuli fizikis specialists da ada-
mianis uflebebis damcvel andrei saxarovs, romelic
qalaq gorkiSi (dRevandel niJni-novgorodSi) iyo ga-
dasaxlebuli. gorbaCovma mas moskovSi dabruneba Ses-
Tavaza „patriotuli saqmianobis gasagrZeleblad“. es
ambavi fundamenturi cvlilebis niSnad miviCnie. saqme
Zveleburad rom yofiliyo, saxarovisTvis SeiZlebo-
da sabWoTa kavSiris datovebis neba daerToT, magram
moskovSi dabrunebis uflebas ar miscemdnen. pirvelive
SesaZleblobisTanave moskovSi gavemgzavre.
moskovSi Casvlidan maleve potenciur partniorad
SevarCie axlad Seqmnili kulturis fondi, romelsac
gorbaCovis meuRle raisa mfarvelobda. saxarovs ve-
wvie da vTxove, rom sameurveo sabWoSi Cemi piradi war-
momadgeneli yofiliyo, magram uari miTxra. „verafers
miaRwev, garda imisa, rom suk-is skivrebs dolarebiT
30 31ჯორჯ სოროსი
gaavseb,“ gamafrTxila man. gulubryvilo amerikelad
mimiCnia da meamayeboda, rom marTali ar aRmoCnda. Tum-
ca, kulturis fondis warmomadgenlebi, romlebTanac
urTierToba mqonda, marTlac suk-Tan aRmoCndnen daka-
vSirebuli, rac saidumlod gamandes kidec Ria cis qveS
seirnobisas. saxarovma mainc damisaxela sabWos wevro-
bis savaraudo kandidatebi. im droisTvis ukve mqonda
kavSiri damoukideblad moazrovne novosibirskel so-
ciolog tatiana zaslavskaiasTan. saxarovma rekomen-
dacia gauwia istorikos iuri afanasievs da „znamias“
redaqtor grigori baklanovs. sameurveo sabWos sando
wevrebad aseve SevarCie mwerlebi daniil granini da
valentin rasputini, qarTveli filologi Tengiz bua-
CiZe da kosmosis mkvlevari da religiis filosofiis
specialisti boris rauSenbaxi. ase iSva Cemi sabWoTa
fondi _ „kulturis iniciativa“.
saqmianobas dauyovnebliv SevudeqiT ise, rom oficial-
ur nebarTvas ar davlodebivarT. maxsovda, rogor mi-
yveboda bavSvobaSi mamaCemi ruseTis revoluciis dros
mis Tavs gadamxdar ambebs da ambobda, qartexilebis
dros SeuZlebeli SesaZlebeli xdeba xolmeo. sxva
dasavluri fondebi daJinebiT elodebodnen xelisu-
flebis nebarTvas, vidre muSaobas daiwyebdnen. amrigad,
momdevno erTi-ori wlis manZilze „kulturis inicia-
tiva“ sabWoTa kavSirSi moqmedi erTaderTi ucxouri
fondi iyo, ris wyalobiTac mniSvnelovani Sedegebis
miRweva SegveZlo. Cveni yvelaze warmatebuli proeqti,
SesaZloa, sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis, istoriisa
30 31ჩემი ფილანთროპია
da samarTlis axali saxelmZRvaneloebis momzadeba da
skolebsa da universitetebSi maTi gavrceleba iyo. gar-
da amisa, Cveni daxmarebiT ganagrZobda arsebobas egreT
wodebuli sqeltaniani Jurnalebi _ cnobili liter-
aturuli gamocemebi, romlebic Cveni mxardaWeris ga-
reSe gaqreboda.
sabWoTa ekonomikis reformirebis gegma movamzade. Cemi
winadadeba geografiulad SemosazRvruli Tavisufa-
li vaWrobis zonebis nacvlad, gulisxmobda Tavisufa-
li bazris damkvidrebas sabWoTa ekonomikis zogierT
segmentSi, pirvel rigSi ki sakvebis gadamamuSavebel
mrewvelobaSi, romelsac Tavisufali bazris Canasaxad
ganvixilavdi gegmuri ekonomikis wiaRSi. moviwvie
dasavleli ekonomistebis jgufi, romelsac nobelis
premiis rusuli warmomavlobis laureati vasili le-
ontievi xelmZRvanelobda. Cemda gasaocrad, ministr-
Ta sabWos Tavmjdomarem, nikolai riJkovma sxvadasx-
va saxelmwifo uwyebis xelmZRvanelebs ubrZana, rom
Cvens pirvel Sexvedras daswrebodnen. es imaze mianiS-
nebda, Tu raoden Zlier surda mTavrobas dasavluri
daxmarebis mopoveba. im dros gansakuTrebiT cnobili
ar viyavi, magram yvelaze gavleniani saxelmwifo uwye-
bebis ufrosebi mwkrivad daewyvnen Cem mier Camoyvanil
eqspertebTan Sesaxvedrad. diskusiebi erTxans gagr-
Zelda, magram maleve mivxvdi, rom gegmuri ekonomika
metad daavadebuli iyo imisTvis, rom mis wiaRSi janmr-
Tel Canasaxs earseba.
32 33ჯორჯ სოროსი
dasavleTidan samarTlis specialistebic Camovi-
yvaneT samoqalaqo kodeqsis momzadebis procesSi
dasaxmareblad. Tumca Cemi unari, gavlena momexdina
dasavleTis politikaze, ufro mcire iyo, vidre Cemi
fondis mier miRweuli Sedegebi sabWoTa imperiaSi.
amis mizezi, SesaZloa, aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs So-
ris arsebuli kognitiuri disonansi iyo. aRmosavle-
Ti sistemuri kolafsis mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda,
dasavleTSi ki araferi gansakuTrebuli ar xdeboda.
rodesac 1989 wlis gazafxulze potsdamSi (romelic
im dros jer kidev aRmosavleT germaniis nawili iyo),
gamarTul aRmosavleT-dasavleTis konferenciaze
sabWoTa imperiisTvis axali marSalis gegmis ganxor-
cielebis winadadebiT gamovedi, ubralod damcines
(„frankfurter algemaine“ werda, winadadebam dams-
wreni gaamxiarulao). da es ar yofila dasavleTis
politikaze gavlenis moxdenis erTaderTi Cemi mcd-
eloba, romelic marcxiT dasrulda.
sabWoTa sistema swrafad iSleboda da fonds ar See-
Zlo, rom mxolod sakuTari ZalebiT Casdgomoda sa-
TaveSi daxuruli sazogadoebis Ria sazogadoebad
transformirebis process. amis nacvlad, Tavad fondi
aRmoCnda daSlis procesSi CaTreuli.gavarkvieT, rom
fondis zogierTi moxele korumpirebuli iyo da fon-
dis xelmZRvanelobis reorganizaciaze Zvirfasi dro
davkargeT. vin icis, ras mivaRwevdiT, fonds normalu-
rad rom emuSava.
32 33ჩემი ფილანთროპია
im dros politikuri mRelvarebis SuagulSi viyavi, rac
uCveulo mdgomareoba iyo ucxoelisTvis. me piradad
vmonawileobdi ekonomikuri reformebiT dakavebu-
li pirebis moqiSpe jgufebis dapirispirebaSi. metad
davuaxlovdi grigori iavlinskis, romelic Seecada
praqtikulad ganexorcielebina mamaCemis mosazreba,
rom revoluciur periodSi adamianma SeuZleblis miR-
weva unda scados. igi iyo realuri avtori Satalinis
gegmis da 500-dRiani programisa, romlTa mizani evro-
pis saerTo bazris msgavsi ekonomikuri gaerTianebiT
sabWoTa kavSiris Canacvleba iyo. rodesac mis dasax-
mareblad dasavleli ekonomistebis jgufi Caviyvane,
reformatorTa moqiSpe jgufebma isini xelSi Caigdes
da mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi faqtobrivad datyveve-
buli hyavdaT qalaqgareT mdebare rezidenciaSi. sab-
olood iavlinski msoflio bankis da saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondis yovelwliur Sexvedraze waviyvane
vaSingtonSi, sadac maTi metoqeebi ibrZodnen aRiare-
bisTvis. marTalia, maTTvis specialuri mosmenis orga-
nizeba movaxerxe, magram Sin xelcarielebi dabrundnen
da gorbaCovmac maT programas naklebad radikaluri
programa amjobina. Tavad gorbaCovi maleve CamoaSores
xelisuflebas.
amave dros berlinis kedeli daingra da sabWoTa kav-
Siric daiSala. aRmosavleT evropis komunisturi re-
Jimebis dacemas swrafad gamovexmaure da am qveynebSi
erTimeoris miyolebiT davaarse fondebi. 1989 wlis
Sobamde cota xniT adre vewvie praRas, sadac komunis-
34 35ჯორჯ სოროსი
turi partiis warmomadgenlis, imJamad Cexoslovakiis
premier-ministrisa da prezidentis movaleobis Sems-
ruleblis, marian Calfasgan Sevityve, rom igi vaclav
havelisTvis Zalauflebis mSvidobianad gadacemas
apirebda. havelma amis Sesaxeb ar icoda. buqarestSi 1990
wlis ianvris dasawyisSi Cavedi, komunisti diqtatoris,
nikolae CauSeskus sikvdiliT dasjidan mcire xnis Sem-
deg. buqaresti alyaSemortymul qalaqs hgavda. Semdeg
sofiaSi gaveSure bulgareTis fondis dasaarseblad.
aseve vewvie sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebs da iqauri
fondebi iqamde gavxseni, vidre es respublikebi damou-
kidebeli qveynebi gaxdebodnen.
ukrainaSi Cemi viziti gansakuTrebiT dasamaxsovrebeli
iyo. kievSi qveynis kulturul elitas Sevxvdi da maT
fondisTvis mravali gansxvavebuli idea SemomTavazes.
yvela es idea mizanSeuwonlad momeCvena da asec vuTx-
ari maT. Sexvedris bolos bodiSi movixade aseTi uary-
ofiTi pasuxisTvis, Tumca isini sulac ar iyvnen amis
winaaRmdegni. „ver warmoidgenT, ra sasiamovno siaxlea
adamianTan urTierToba, romelic pirdapir ambobs
aras. Cveni xelisufleba yovelTvis gveTanxmeba da Sem-
deg arafers akeTebs“. CemTvis es gakveTili iyo. amis Sem-
deg uyoymanod vambobdi uars winadadebebze, romlebic
mizanSeuwonlad mimaCnda.
es mSfoTvare da eiforiuli periodi iyo. arastabilu-
ri situaciebis Sesaxeb uCveulo warmodgena mqonda,
romelic ruseTis revoluciis dros mamaCemis mier
34 35ჩემი ფილანთროპია
SeZenil gamocdilebas emyareboda, aseve Cems sakuTar
gamocdilebas ungreTis germanuli okupaciis wlebSi.
aman saSualeba mogvca, rom revoluciuri situacia Cve-
ni miznebisTvis gamogveyenebina.
ojaxi londonSi gadaviyvane, raTa movlenaTa centrTan
ufro axlos vyofiliyavi. fuls raime erTiani gegmis
gareSe gavcemdi. mimaCnda, rom Ria sazogadoeba social-
uri mowyobis ufro kompleqsuri forma iyo, vidre daS-
lis procesSi myofi komunisturi sistema. sistemuri
transformaciisTvis gareSe daxmareba iyo saWiro. yve-
laferi erTdroulad unda gakeTebuliyo. amitomac,
Tu miviRebdi winadadebas, romelic ganxorcielebadi
Canda, rogorc wesi, vTanxmdebodi xolme. swored ami-
tom gaizarda Cemi Ria sazogadoebis fondebis xarjebi
3 milioni dolaridan 300 milion dolaramde sul ram-
denime wlis ganmavlobaSi. yovelive amis gegmis mixed-
viT ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. ubiujetod
vmuSaobdiT da bolos fondebis mTeli qselis saqmiano-
bis kontroli gaZnelda. qaosSi aRmovCndiT Caflule-
bi, Tumca es qaosi Sedegebis miRwevaSic gvexmareboda.
qaosis SuagulSi saswrafod gvWirdeboda raime saxis
wesrigi mainc.
gamimarTla da movaxerxe „hiuman raiTs uoCis“ di-
reqtor arie neieris rekrutireba, romelic 1993 wels
Ria sazogadoebis fondebis prezidenti gaxda. man fon-
debis marTva gadaibara. damoukideblad mogzaurobis
ufleba aRar mqonda _ yovelTvis vinme unda mxleboda
36 37ჯორჯ სოროსი
Tan da yvela Cemi dapireba CaeniSna, sxva SemTxvevaSi
fondi maT ar Seasrulebda. swored am dros daiwyo fon-
debis qselis Camoyalibeba misi dRevandeli saxiT. adgi-
lobrivi xelmZRvanelobis mqone fondi yofili sabWo-
Ta imperiis praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi davaarseT.
Cvens profesiul enaze maT „erovnuli fondebis qse-
li“ vuwodeT. amasTan erTad SevqmeniT egreT wodebuli
„qseluri programebic“, romlebic saxelmwifo saz-
Rvrebs kveTs da iseT konkretul saprogramo sferoebs
moicavs, rogoricaa samarTali, janmrTelobis dacva da
ganaTleba. Sedegad, Seiqmna matrica, romelic erovnu-
li fondebis wyalobiT dagrovil lokalur codnas
qseluri programebis farglebSi arsebul profesion-
alur codnasTan aerTianebs. matrica daxuruli ar iyo:
erovnul fondebs SeeZloT proeqtebis ganxorcieleba
qseluri programebis sferoebs miRma, xolo qseluri
programebis ganxorcieleba iseT qveynebSic SeiZle-
boda, sadac erovnuli fondebi ar gvqonda. sabWoTa
sistemis daSla grZeldeboda, magram Cveni organizacia
TandaTan ufro Sekruli xdeboda. qaosis periodma Tav-
isi daniSnuleba Seasrula. fondebi am qveynebSi Seqmni-
li pirveli msgavsi organizaciebi iyo da maT TiTqosda
ganuxorcielebadi proeqtebis mxardaWeris wyalobiT
garkveuli reputacia Seiqmnes. axla maTi muSaoba ufro
profesionaluri gaxda.
Cveni biujetis daaxloebiT mesamedi bavSvebze foku-
sirebul ganaTlebaze ixarjeboda _ da kritikuli
azrovnebis wamaxlisebeli midgomis damkvidrebaze
36 37ჩემი ფილანთროპია
regionSi, romelic avtoritarul meTodebsa da daze-
pirebiT swavlas iyo miCveuli. davaarse saganmanaTleb-
lo dawesebuleba magistrantebisa da doqtorantebi-
sTvis _ centraluri evropis universiteti, romelic
Tavdapirvelad praRaSi iyo ganTavsebuli, xolo Semdeg
budapeStSi gadavida da filiali varSavaSic aqvs. aseve
Sevqmeni umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxardaWeris programa,
romlis farglebSic daaxloebiT imdenive fuli daix-
arja sxva axlad Seqmnil saganmanaTleblo dawesebule-
bebze. garda amisa, mxars vuWerdiT sistemur reformebs,
rogorc umaRles, aseve zogadi ganaTlebis sistemebSi.
dabolos, SemoviReT programa „nabij-nabij“ skolamde-
li asakis bavSvebisTvis, romelic sabavSvo baRebis pro-
grama „kargi dasawyisis“ modifikacia iyo.
Cveni biujetis mesamedi da, SesaZloa, metic samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis mxardaWeraze ixarjeboda, am terminis
farTo gagebiT. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas vuTmobdiT
samoqalaqo uflebebs da mowyvladi jgufebis dacvas.
gadavwyviteT, rom eTnosi roma, romelsac umravleso-
ba damamcirebel saxel „jifsis“ uwodebda, aRmosavleT
evropaSi eTnikurad motivirebuli socialuri gariyu-
lobis yvelaze mZime SemTxveva iyo. amitomac am prob-
lemis gadaWras sul ufro met fulsa da energias vuT-
mobdiT. Tavdapirvelad maT kulturas vuWerdiT mxars,
Semdgom ki ganaTlebasac. Cveni yvelaze didi miRweva
iyo romas axali, ganaTlebuli Taobis aRzrda, romelic
am eTnosisadmi Tavisi kuTvnilebiT amayobs.
38 39ჯორჯ სოროსი
radganac sabWoTa kavSiris daSla grZeldeboda da mo-
saxleobas sul ufro mZime pirobebSi uwevda cxovreba,
Cveni biujetic izrdeboda. 100 milioni dolari ga-
viRe „mecnierebis saerTaSoriso fondis“ Sesaqmnelad,
romlis mizani sabWoTa mecnierebis saukeTeso nawilis
gadarCena iyo. fondma 500 dolaris odenobis gadaude-
beli grantebi gamouyo sabWoTa kavSiris yvelaze gamo-
Cenil mecnierebs. ukontrolo inflaciis wyalobiT, es
Tanxa ojaxis erTi wlis manZilze sarCenad iyo sakmari-
si. SerCeva martiv da obieqtur kriteriums emyarebo-
da: sami citireba saerTaSoriso masStabiT aRiarebul
samecniero JurnalSi. am moTxovnas 30 aTasze meti mecn-
ieri akmayofilebda. fulis danarCeni nawili kvleviT
programebs moxmarda, romlebsac mecnierebis saer-
TaSoriso Jiuri arCevda kolegebis mier naSromebis
ganxilvis sistemis safuZvelze. es sqema warmoudgen-
lad warmatebuli gamodga: mTeli Tanxa erT weliwad-
Si ganawilda. Cemi mizani mxolod sabWoTa mecnierebis
saukeTeso nawilis gadarCena ki ar iyo, rasac adamianis
inteleqtis umaRles miRwevad miviCnevdi, aramed imis
demonstrirebac, rom ucxouri daxmarebis efeqtianad
marTva SesaZlebelia.
„uol strit jornalSi“ 1992 wels gamoqveynebul sta-
tiaSi gamovTqvi azri, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondis mier gamoyofili daxmareba imave principiT
unda ganawilebuliyo. sabWoTa mTavrobisa da misi mem-
kvidreebisTvis sabiujeto daxmarebis gawevis nacvlad,
daxmareba pensiebisa da umuSevarTa Semweobebis ga-
38 39ჩემი ფილანთროპია
dasaxdelad unda gamoyofiliyo da misi ganawileba mk-
acri zedamxedvelobis qveS unda momxdariyo. es kargi
idea iyo, magram ganuxorcielebeli darCa. zogadad,
ideebi warmatebuli iyo maSin, rodesac maT damoukideb-
lad vaxorcielebdi, xolo rodesac saxelmwifo poli-
tikaze gavlenis moxdenas vcdilobdi, bevrs verafers
vaRwevdi. droTa ganmavlobaSi mdgomareoba Seicvala
da bolo dros ufro warmatebiT vaxerxeb sazogadoe-
brivi mxardaWeris mobilizebas. mtkiced mwams, rom
istoria sxvanairad ganviTareboda, „uol strit jor-
nalSi“ gamoqveynebuli Cemi winadadeba praqtikaSi rom
ganxorcielebuliyo. sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi ada-
mianebi dasavluri daxmarebis praqtikul da xelSesaxeb
sargebels naxavdnen da dasavleTis mimarT maTi damok-
idebulebac sakmaod gansxvavebuli iqneboda. evro-
pa dRes mZime Sedegebs imkis imis gamo, rom gaWirvebis
dros rus xalxs ar daexmara.
am Tavgadasavlebis dros Tavadac bevri ram viswavle.
Tavdapirvelad gatacebuli viyavi im TiTqmis usazRv-
ro SesaZleblobebiT, romlebic sabWoTa sistemis ko-
lafsma Sva, da imdenad msurda istoriaSi Cemi wvlilis
Seatana, rom daufiqreblad vcdilobdi miuRwevlis
miRwevas. SesaZleblisa da SeuZleblis garCeva Tan-
daTanobiT viswavle. ufro frTxili gavxdi da saku-
Tari mniSvnelovnebis mateba ufro naklebad maRelveb-
da, vidre raime Rirebulis miRweva. maxsovs erT-erTi
viziti moskovSi, rodesac orma yvelaze mniSvnelovan-
ma adamianma maT Soris, visac unda Sevxvedrodi, CemTan
Sexvedra gaauqma im politikis gamo, romelsac mxars
40 41ჯორჯ სოროსი
vuWerdi. adre aseTi ambavi mewyineboda, magram amjerad
kmayofili viyavi imiT, rom Cemi pozicia ar davTme.
bolo periodSi, rodesac mekiTxebodnen, putins Sex-
vedrixar Tu arao, gulaxdilad SemeZlo mepasuxa, mas-
Tan Sexvedra ar msurs-meTqi.
Cemi, rogorc sajaro piris, statusi seriozulad
Seicvala 1992 wels. rodesac gaerTianebuli samefos
valuta, funti sterlingi, gacvliTi kursis evropuli
meqanizmidan amoiRes, „inglisis bankis damaqceveli“ mi-
wodes. amis mizezi is iyo, rom am ambavSi Cemi hej-fon-
dis monawileoba ar uarvyavi, xolo Semdeg mediam Cemi
roli gaabuqa. ganzrax ar SevuSale amas xeli, imisaTvis
rom momepovebina tribuna, saidanac sxva sakiTxebze
saubars SevZlebdi. asec moxda. uecrad aRmoCnda, rom
Cems sityvebs bevri usmenda.
im wels iugoslavia omSi aRmoCnda CarTuli da Cemi
tribunidan ganvacxade, rom omis qarcecxlSi gaxveu-
li bosniis mSvidobiani mosaxleobis dasaxmareblad
50 milioni dolaris odenobis fonds vqmnidi. Sobis
dReebSi gakeTebulma am gancxadebam mSvidobiani mosax-
leobis tanjva yuradRebis centrSi moaqcia. Cemi dax-
marebis Tavdapirveli mizani saomar zonaSi humanita-
ruli misiebis personalis Seyvana iyo, rac, Tavis mxriv,
gaero-s samSvidobo jarebs aiZulebda, rom maT dasaca-
vad moqmedebis ufro agresiul wesebze gadasuliyvnen.
sinamdvileSi ase ar moxda. gaero-s jarebma ar aRkveTes
sasaklao srebrenicaSi. Tumca, humanitaruli daxmare-
bis texaselma geniosma fred kanim am fuliT saraevos
40 41ჩემი ფილანთროპია
gazi, eleqtroenergia, wyali da bostneulis mosay-
vani Tesli miawoda. Cemi daxmarebis Tavdapirveli mi-
zani miuRweveli darCa, magram fred kanim Cemi fuli
warmatebiT gamoiyena. gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu vi-
tyviT, rom es fuli saraevos mcxovreblebs gadarCenaSi
daexmara. kani maleve daiRupa CeCneTSi.
saraevoSi 1993 wlis noemberSi Cavedi, rodesac qalaqi
alyaSemortymuli iyo. am vizits uxalisod davTanxmdi,
radgan ar mindoda Tavi safrTxeSi Camegdo. frena sakma-
od saSiSi iyo il-76-iT, romelic msoflioSi erT-erTi
yvelaze didi TviTmfrinavia. iatakze dawyobili gazis
milebis grovis gverdiT visxediT. viraJebisa da daSve-
bis dros ukrainuli ekipaJis wevrebi rigrigobiT uW-
erdnen da uSvebdnen Rvedebs, romlebiTac milebi iyo
Sekruli. Semdeg sul aTi wuTi gvqonda aeroportidan
gasasvlelad.
saraevoSi fred kanis mier aSenebuli wylis gamwmendi
sistemis sazeimo gaxsnaze Cavedi. sistema daSlili Cai-
tanes TviTmfrinaviT da mTaSi gayvanil saavtomobilo
gvirabSi daamontaJes. Tumca, adgilobrivi xelisufle-
ba wylis gaSvebis nebarTvas ar iZleoda. ratom _ CvenT-
vis ucnobi darCa. SesaZloa, viRac bevr fuls Soulob-
da wylis gayidviT, an mTavrobas surda, rom snaiperebs
kvlavac daexocaT wylis rigSi mdgomi adamianebi, raTa
televiziiT maTi fotoebis Cvenebas qalaqis gaWirvebis
mimarT TanagrZnoba aReZra. SesaZloa, orive mizezi re-
aluri iyo. wylis gaSvebis nebarTva mxolod mas Semdeg
42 43ჯორჯ სოროსი
mogvces, rac davemuqre, protests sajarod gamovxat-
av-meTqi.
aRmosavleT evropisa da sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi Se-
qmnil fondebSi Tundac minimaluri wesrigis damyare-
ba mZime amocana iyo, magram ara iseTi yovlismomcveli
da sasiamovno, rogorc Cemi saqmianoba revoluciur
periodSi. Cvenma yovelwliurma xarjebma 600 milion
dolars miaRwia, rodesac fiskaluri discplinis dam-
kvidreba daviwyeT. Cveni mizani xarjebis ganaxevreba
iyo, magram amas ver mivaRwieT, radgan mudmivad Cndebo-
da axali SesaZleblobebi sxvadasxva adgilas.
* * *
rodesac 1994 wels haitize diuvalies reJimi daemxo da
amerikis armiam qveynis okupireba moaxdina, gadavwyvite,
rom iq fondis Seqmna iyo saWiro. arie neieri icnobda
Sesaferis adamians, romelsac fondis xelmZRvaneloba
SeeZlo _ miSel pier-luis. arie karg adamians gvatema-
laSic icnobda. fondi iqac SevqmeniT da misi sameurveo
sabWo unikaluri iyo, radgan qalaqSi mcxovreb liber-
al inteleqtualebsa da soflad mcxovrebi aborigeni
Temebis liderebs aerTianebda. Semdeg samxreT afri-
kaSi aparTeidis sistema gauqmda da nelson mandela
prezidenti gaxda. Cveni principebidan, samxreT afrika-
Si Cveni saqmianobis istoriidan da yofili sabWoTa ka-
vSiris teritoriaze Cveni saqmianobis gamocdilebidan
gamomdinare, Tavi valdebulad CavTvale, rom erovnu-
li fondi samxreT afrikaSic damearsebina. iqidan saqmi-
42 43ჩემი ფილანთროპია
anoba afrikis sxva nawilebzec ganvavrceT da Cveni pro-
gramebis qselma msoflios sxva kuTxeebsac miaRwia.
1995 wlisTvis CavTvale, rom sakmarisi gavakeTeT Cveni
dRis wesrigis pirveli punqtis gansaxorcieleblad,
rac daxuruli sazogadoebebis gaxsnas gulisxmobda,
amitomac SegveZlo meore punqtze gadasvla _ Ria sazo-
gadoebebis sicocxlisunarianobis amaRlebaze. Ria
sazogadoebis fondebis saqmianoba ucxo qveynebSi iyo
koncentrirebuli da dadga dro, rom sakuTar qveya-
naSic gagvekeTebina rame. amerikaSi Ria sazogadoebis
naklovanebebs davufiqrdi da strategiuli gegma mo-
vamzade, romelic Semdeg socialuri filosofiis spe-
cialistebis narCev jgufs gadaveci kritikuli ganxil-
visaTvis.
ori idea siaxle iyo. pirveli _ sabazro Rirebulebebma
iseT sferoebSi SeaRwia, sadac maTi adgili ar iyo _ gan-
sakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavi iyo is, rom maT profesiuli Ri-
rebulebebi Seasustes. iseTi liberaluri profesiebi,
rogorebicaa medicina, samarTali da Jurnalistika, bi-
znesebad gadaiqca. saWiro iyo profesiuli Rirebule-
bebis primatis ganmtkiceba. meore idea gulisxmobda,
rom zogierT sferoSi SiSma kritikuli procesi Sea-
ferxa da yalbi dogmebi Sva, romlebisTvisac tenden-
ciuroba da Seuwynarebloba iyo damaxasiaTebeli da
romlebic Ria sazogadoebis principebs asustebda. ori
aseTi sfero gamovyavi: amerikelebis damokidebuleba
sikvdilis mimarT da amerikis mTavrobis narkopoli-
44 45ჯორჯ სოროსი
tika. am sferoebs saerTo Tviseba aqvT: narkotikebze
damokidebulebac da sikvdilic gadauWreli proble-
mebia, amitomac bunebrivad Cndeba yalbi gamosavlis
Ziebis tendencia, Tumca aseTi gamosavali problemas
kidev ufro amZimebs. orive SemTxvevaSi, aseTi gamosava-
li gadauWreli problemis arsebobis aRiarebaze uaris
Tqmas gulisxmobs: eqimebi nebismier fasad cdiloben
sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebas, xolo narkotikebTan me-
brZolebi nulovan tolerantobas emxrobian. mogvi-
anebiT aRmoCnda, rom am or sferos Soris kavSiri ufro
mWidro iyo: dRevandeli gadasaxedidan „narkotikebTan
omi“ SeiZleba „terorizmTan omis“ winamorbedad gan-
vixiloT.
SeerTebul StatebSi sxva programebi danarCen msofli-
oSi Cven mier ganxorcielebuli programebis gagrZele-
ba iyo: socialuri samarTlianoba, mowyvladi jgufebi,
samoqalaqo uflebebi da sisxlis samarTlis sistema.
strategiam kritikuli ganxilva gaiara da misi ganx-
orcieleba daviwyeT. ZiriTadad Cem mier warmodgeni-
li ori ideiT viyavi dakavebuli, sxva sferoebs ki sia-
movnebiT vuTmobdi arie neiers, romelmac maT Sesaxeb
Cemze meti icoda.
proeqti amerikaSi sikvdilis Sesaxeb, SesaZloa, Cveni
yvelaze warmatebuli saSinao programa iyo. man axali
dargi Sva. sinamdvilis uaryofisadmi amerikelebis mid-
rekileba samedicino profesiis warmomadgenlebisTvi-
sac iyo damaxasiaTebeli da farTo sazogadoebisTvi-
44 45ჩემი ფილანთროპია
sac. mivageniT eqspertTa jgufs, romlebmac momakvdav
pacientebTan muSaoba icodnen. sxvadasxva samedicino
dawesebulebaSi saswavlo stipendiebis dawesebis sa-
SualebiT maT SeZles momakvdav pacientebze zrunvis,
rogorc samedicino disciplinis, gardaqmna. isini aseve
dagvexmaren uSualod farTo sazogadoebis ganaTle-
baSic. yvelaze warmatebuli nabiji bil moiersis mier
momzadebuli gadacemebis seria iyo, romelic xuTi
nawilisgan Sedgeboda da sazogadoebrivi telearxiT
gadaica. es gadacemebi Ria sazogadoebis fondebs ar
daufinasebiaT, magram moiersi metwilad Cven mier daf-
inasebul naSromebs iyenebda. sikvdili tabudadebuli
Tema aRar iyo. Cveni warmateba am sferoSi saqmianobis
SewyvetiT aRvniSneT. Cveni adgili sxva fondebma dai-
kaves. Tumca bolo periodSi am sferos davubrundiT da
Tanadafinanseba gavuwieT axali Taobis proeqtebs, rom-
lebic pirvelma Taobam Sva.
narkopolitikis sferoSi aseT winsvlas ver mivaRwi-
eT. es metad winaaRmdegobrivi sferoa, sadac eqstrem-
istebi dominireben. ar vici, rogori narkopolitikaa
swori, magram is ki vici, rom narkotikebTan omma meti
ziani moitana, vidre Tavad narkotikebma. rodesac nar-
kotikebTan omis winaaRmdeg gamovedi, narkotikebis
legalizebis mcdelobaSi damadanaSaules. marTlac
vfiqrob, rom dRevandeli politikis gagrZelebas
narkotikebis legalizeba ajobebda, magram amis Tqmas
veridebi, radganac es xelsayreli iqneboda eqstrem-
istebisTvis, romlebic cdiloben, rom sakiTxi sul or
46 47ჯორჯ სოროსი
SesaZleblobamde daiyvanon: an narkotkebTan oms uWer
mxars, an narkotikebis legalizebas emxrobi. vfiqrob,
rom narkopolitikas Secdomebis mixedviT politikis
adaptirebis meTodi ufro Seefereba.
Ria sazogadoebis fondebi zianis Semcirebas emxrobian,
Tu zianze saubrisas mxolod narkotikebiT gamowveul
zians ki ar vigulisxmebT, aramed maTi akrZalvis Sede-
gad warmoSobil ziansac. radganac legalizacia sazo-
gadoebisTvis miuRebelia, zianis Semcirebis miznad
dasaxva SesaZlebels xdis sxvadasxva zomis gamocdisa
da Secdomebis mixedviT politikis adaptirebis pro-
cess. ramdenad Sors wava es procesi, sazogadoebrivi
azris evoluciazea damokidebuli. arc is vici, Tu
ramdenad Sors unda wavides procesi, magram, rodesac
aSS-sa da gaero-s ZiriTadi politikiT gamowveul zians
vuyureb, gansakuTrebiT iseT adgilebSi, rogorebicaa
avRaneTi, meqsika, haiti, gvatemala da laTinuri amerik-
isa da afrikis sxva qveynebi, sul ufro metad vrwmunde-
bi, rom procesi rac SeiZleba Sors unda wavides.
narkotikebTan omi warmatebuli ver iqneba, radganac
ekonomikis yvelaze elementarul kanonebs ewinaaRmde-
geba, romelTa diskreditireba 2008 wlis katastrofa-
mac ki ver SeZlo. miwodebis aRkveTa maSin, rodesac
moTxovna elastikuri ar aris (da ra SeiZleba iyos
ufro nakleb elastikuri, vidre narkodamokidebule-
ba?) mxolod fasebsa da mogebis odenobas zrdis. maRali
fasebi miwodebis stimulia, xolo mogebis sidide nar-
46 47ჩემი ფილანთროპია
kotikebiT vaWrobis wamaxalisebelia, rac narkodamok-
idebulebasa da araelastikur moTxovnas warmoSobs.
rac ufro mkacria samarTaldamcvelTa saqmianoba, miT
ufro sastik adamianebs izidavs es biznesi. swored am
maxeSi vimyofebiT axla. sabednierod, amerikaSi damok-
idebuleba am sakiTxisadmi TandaTanobiT icvleba. ada-
mianebi, romlebsac mozardobisas marixuana mouweviaT
da, SesaZloa, ufro seriozuli narkotikic gausinjavT,
axla mSoblebi xdebian da sazogadoebasac esmis narko-
tikebis momxmarebelTa patimrobis uaryofiTi Sede-
gebi da usamarTloba. am process, savaraudod, daaCqa-
rebs saxelmwifo finansebis mosalodneli Semcireba.
vfiqrob, rom radikaluri reformis perspeqtivebi
axla ukeTesia, vidre romelime periodSi mas Semdeg, rac
narkopolitikiT davinteresdi. samwuxarod, avRaneTSi
viTarebis gamosasworeblad reforma SeiZleba dagvi-
anebuli aRmoCndes.
profesiuli Rirebulebebis ganmtkicebis proeqtis Se-
degebi araerTgvarovania. samarTlis profesiis SemTx-
vevaSi, did warmatebebs mivaRwieT sajaro samsaxuris
samarTlis praqtikosebisTvis stipendiebis dawesebis
mxriv, magram mosamarTleTa SerCevisas profesiuli
standartebis damkvidrebis mcdeloba gacilebiT na-
klebad warmatebuli aRmoCnda da es procesi kidev
ufro politizebuli gaxda. Jurnalistikis sferoSi
sagamoZiebo Jurnalistikis ramdenime iniciativa dava-
finanseT, magram sxva mxriv gansakuTrebul progress
ver mivaRwieT im profesiis problemebis gadaWraSi,
48 49ჯორჯ სოროსი
romelic Ria sazogadoebis aucilebeli elementia da
amJamad teqnologiur transformacias ganicdis. medi-
cinis dargSi davaarseT instituti, romlis mizani iyo
samedicino profesiis dacva farmacevtuli industri-
is cdunebebisgan, magram ver SevZeliT im angarebiani
damokidebulebis Secvla, romelic profesiul gaer-
Tianebebsa da zogierT eqims axasiaTebs. bolo periodis
debatebma janmrTelobis dacvis kanonmdeblobis Ses-
axeb TvalnaTliv gamoaCina, Tu ramdenad mwiria sazo-
gadoebis codna janmrTelobis dacvis mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb. amerikuli sistema samedicino procedurebis
Rirebulebis anazRaurebas gulisxmobs da ara janmr-
Telobis dacvas. evropisa da kanadis janmrTelobis
dacvis erovnuli sistemebi, maTi naklovanebebis mi-
uxedavad, ukeTes Sedegebs aRwevs, magram amerikaSi jan-
mrTelobis dacvis erovnuli sistemis gagonebac ki ar
surT, radganac is socializmis gamovlinebad miiCneva.
specialuri interesebis gavlena yvelgan aRwevs da aman
sakanonmdeblo procesic mowamla.
amerikaSi Ria sazogadoebis problemebiT dainterese-
bam da sabWoTa imperiisadmi dasavluri daxmarebis
warumateblobiT gamowveulma SeSfoTebam globalu-
ri kapitalizmis naklovanebebis Seswavlisken mibiZga.
1997 wlis TebervalSi davwere statia Jurnal „atlan-
tik manTlisaTvis“ saTauriT „kapitalizmis safrTxe“,
romelic eWvqveS ayenebda vaSingtonis konsensusis
principebs. ganviTarebadi qveynebis bazrebze 1997 wels
momxdari krizisis Semdeg statia ganvavrce da wig-
48 49ჩემი ფილანთროპია
nad gamoveci, romelsac „globaluri kapitalizmis
krizisi“ erqva. 2000 wels kidev erTi wigni davwere,
„globalizaciis Sesaxeb“, romelSic SemoTavazebuli
iyo mTeli rigi reformebisa, Tumca isini seriozulad
aravin aRiqva. am reformebidan erT-erTis, sesxebis spe-
cialuri uflebebis, seriozuli ganxilva mxolod 2008
wlis finansuri katasrtofis Semdeg daiwyo.
rodesac 1999 wels xelisuflebis saTaveSi putini mov-
ida, Cveni fondi ruseTSi Tavdasxmis obieqti gaxda da
praqtikulad qveynidan gaaZeves. naqiravebi gvqonda
Senoba misi Semdgomi gamosyidvis uflebiT. Tumca Ta-
vdapirvelma mflobelma Senoba erT-erT gangsters
mihyida, romelmac SeZlo sasamarTloSi Senaxuli kon-
traqtis Secvla yalbi asliT, sadac gamosyidvis ufle-
ba naxsenebi aRar iyo, Semdeg ki, rodesac qiris vada
amoiwura, Cvens ofiss daeufla. im dros darwmunebuli
ar viyavi, marTlac erTi konkretuli gangsteris namo-
qmedari iyo es Tu ara, magram axla ufro mzad var davi-
jero, rom yvelaferi mTavrobis xelSewyobiT moxda. ase
iyo Tu ise, davrwmundi, rom ruseTis mTavrobas aRar
surda Cemgan daxmarebis miReba da aRarc imsaxurebda
daxmarebas da amitom fondi davxure.
metad sevdiani dasasruli iyo gabeduli filanTro-
piuli wamowyebisTvis, magram ar vnanob, rom es gad-
awyvetileba miviRe. mxolod am fondis Zalebi ar iyo
sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom ruseTs daxurulidan Ria
sazogadoebad gardaqmnaSi daxmareboda. rogorc adrec
50 51ჯორჯ სოროსი
vTqvi, vfiqrob, rom istoria sxvagvarad ganviTardebo-
da, dasavleTis mTavrobebs fondisTvis rom miebaZaT.
mjera, rom filanTropi ise unda moiqces, rogorc saW-
irod miaCnia, miuxedavad imisa, miaRwevs Tu ara warmate-
bas. swored es aris mTavari gansxvaveba filanTropiasa
da biznesis investiciebs Soris. darwmunebuli var, rom
fondis saqmianoba rusma xalxma daafasa da rom misi gr-
Zelvadiani Sedgebi pozitiuri iqneba, miuxedavad mTe-
li im mtruli propagandisa, romelsac putinis reJimi
mimarTavs mis winaaRmdeg.
erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom prezidenti putini pirad
mtrad mimiCnevs, Cem mier saqarTvelos prezident mix-
eil saakaSvilis mxardaWeraa. Cemi azriT, es metad se-
vdiani ambavia. saqarTveloSi korufciis donem Zalian
imata eduard SevardnaZis prezidentobis dros. refor-
matorebis jgufma, romelsac im dros iusticiis min-
istri saakaSvili da parlamentis Tavmjdomare zurab
Jvania xelmZRvanelobdnen, farTo antikorufciuli
kampania wamoiwyo. kampanias mxars Cemi fondic uWer-
da da piradadac CaverTe masSi. kampanias aseve mxars
uWerda prezidenti SevardnaZec, romelic karg ada-
mianad mimaCnda, magram vfiqrobdi, rom man Tavisi Ses-
aZleblobebi amowura. antikorufciuli programa
kargad Camoyalibebuli da ambiciuri iyo, magram adg-
ilidan ver daiZra. saqarTveloSi Cemi yoveli vizitis
dros prezidenti SevardnaZe mxardaWeras gamoxatavda,
magram realurad verafers akeTebda, radgan korufci-
is ZiriTadi wyaro Sinagan saqmeTa saministro iyo da
50 51ჩემი ფილანთროპია
misi sicocxle pirdapir iyo damokidebuli uSiSroe-
bis samsaxurze. reformatorebis moTmineba bolos da
bolos amoiwura. saakaSvilma da Jvaniam mTavroba da-
toves da Seqmnes politikuri partia, romelic prezi-
dent SevardnaZes daupirispida. maTdami Cemi mxardaW-
era imiT gamovxate, rom 2003 wels centraluri evropis
universitetis saxeliT Ria sazogadoebis jildo ga-
daveci. opoziciam arCevnebSi warmatebas miaRwia. da-
moukidebeli egzitpolis Tanaxmad, romelsac sxvebTan
erTad Cemi fondic afinansebda, maT xmebis umravleso-
ba miiRes, magram oficialuri SedegebiT samTavrobo
partiam gaimarjva. moqalaqeebi egzitpols ufro endo-
bodnen, vidre oficialur Sedegebs, amitom revolucia
moxda da saakaSvili prezidenti gaxda.
aRtacebuli viyavi da yvelafers vakeTebdi, rac SemeZ-
lo, rom warmatebis miRwevaSi davxmarebodi. ramdenime
milioni dolari gaviRe resursebis Seqmnis fondisTvis,
romelic gaero-s ganviTarebis programis iniciativiT
Seiqmna da saakaSvilis kabinetis wevrebs yovelTviurad
aTasi dolaris odenobis saxelfaso danamats uxdida,
xolo policiis personals _ TveSi asobiT dolars. aman
saakaSvils saSualeba misca, rom policiaSi disciplina
daemyarebinda da blokpostebis gauqmebis brZaneba gae-
ca, sadac gamvleli manqanebis mZRolebs qrTams sZala-
vdnen. es realuri antikorufciuli nabiji iyo, romel-
mac didad Seuwyo xeli misi popularobis zrdas. magram
mdgomareoba gauaresda, rodesac saakaSvilis mTav-
robam korufciis braldebiT bevri cnobili biznes-
52 53ჯორჯ სოროსი
meni daapatimra da gaTavisuflebis sanacvlod didi
Tanxebi gamosZala maT. es fuli araformalur fondSi
iricxeboda, romelic ruseTis mosalodneli Tavdasx-
misgan saqarTvelos dasacavad iaraRis SeZenisTvis iyo
gankuTvnili. radganac fondi araformaluri iyo, Semd-
gomSi korufciis wyarod iqca.
saqarTveloSi moqmedi Cemi fondi am ukanono qmedebis
winaaRmdeg gamovida da, radganac qveyanaSi saparlamen-
to opozicia ar arsebobda, axali mTavrobis yvelaze aq-
tiuri kritikosi gaxda. Tavdapirvelad mzad viyavi, rom
mTavrobis mier Cadenil darRvevebs ase Tu ise Sevgue-
bodi, radganac mimaCnda, rom revoluciur situaciebSi
Cveulebrivi wesebi gamousadegaria, magram ufro kri-
tikuli gavxdi, rodesac es qmedebebi ar Sewyvites. xe-
lisuflebaSi mosuli saakaSvili gacilebiT naklebad
erTguli iyo Ria sazogadoebis Rirebulebebisa, vidre
opoziciaSi yofnis dros.
amave dros, rusuli media madanaSaulebda, rom saak-
aSvilis mTavari damfinansebeli viyavi, xolo putinma
centraluri aziis respublikebis mmarTvelebs Cemi
fondebis daxurva urCia. sabednierod, maTma umravle-
sobam es rCeva yurad ar iRo, magram fondebi zewolis
qveS moeqcnen da uaryofiTi Sedegebi msoflios sxva
kuTxeebSic vigrZeniT. am mware gakveTilma maswavla,
rom naklebad gavreuliyavi im qveynebis Sida politika-
Si, sadac Cemi fondebi moqmedebdnen.
52 53ჩემი ფილანთროპია
aseTi daskvnis TeoriaSi gamotana ufro iolia, vidre
praqtikaSi misi ganxorcieleba. strategia, romelsac
calkeul qveynebSi saqmianobisTvis vamzadebT, didad
aris damokidebuli Sida politikur viTarebaze. Cveni
midgoma or mimarTulebas moicavs. erTi mxriv, samoqa-
laqo sazogadoebas vexmarebiT mTavrobis angariSval-
debulebis uzrunvelyofaSi, meore mxriv, vcdilobT
viTanamSromloT mTavrobebTan, romlebic mzad arian,
miiRon Cveni daxmareba, raTa ukeT gaarTvan Tavi Tavi-
anT movaleobebs. Cveni saqmianoba ufro Sedegiani iqne-
ba, Tu orive mimarTulebiT SevZlebT muSaobas, xolo
yvelaze did Sedegebs reJimis demokratiuli cvli-
lebis periodebSi vaRwevT, rodesac axal mTavrobas
ufro Ria sazogadoebis Seqmna surs, magram saWiro re-
sursebi ara aqvs. maTi resursebis gazrda xSirad Cveni
yvelaze mniSvnelovani daxmarebaa. swored es gavakeTeT
sabWoTa sistemis kolafsis dros. ucxoeli eqsperte-
bi CamoviyvaneT da am qveynebis kvalificirebul moqa-
laqeebsac davexmareT finansurad, raTa ucxoeTidan
dabrunebuliyvnen. igive gavimeoreT saqarTveloSi aTi
wlis Semdeg. rodesac am rTul gamocdilebas vixseneb,
ar mgonia, rom raime sxvanairad unda gamekeTebina.
namdvili gakveTili, romelic saqarTveloSi miviRe, is
iyo, rom tranziciis procesSi myofi qveynebis daxmare-
ba rTuli da umaduri saqmea. msgavsi gamocdileba sxva
qveynebSic gvqonia, sadac erTi mTavrobis mier ganx-
orcielebul sistemur reformebs momdevno mTavro-
ba mizanmimarTulad auqmebda. ruseTi amis saukeTeso
54 55ჯორჯ სოროსი
magaliTia. Tavisuflebebi, romlebmac elcinis mmarT-
velobis qaosur wlebSi fexi moikida, putinis dros
praqtikulad mTlianad gaqra. Tumca, arsebobs nakle-
bad TvalSi sacemi gakveTilic. sistemuri reformebis
dafuZneba konkretul partnior mTavrobasTan mWidro
kavSirebze saxifaToa. sistemuri reformebi farTo
sazogadoebriv CarTulobasa da mxardaWeras saWiroebs.
mxolod am SemTxvevaSi iqneba es reformebi Seuqcevadi.
* * *
ocdameerTe saukuneSi Ria sazogadoebis fondebma
globalur masStabs miaRwies. msoflios yvela qveyana-
Si adgilobrivi fondis Seqmna metad rTuli iqneboda,
amitom regionuli fondebis daarseba daviwyeT, ro-
melTagan erTi samxreT afrikaSi Seiqmna da im cxra qvey-
anas moicavs, romelic samxreT afrikis ganviTarebis
TanamegobrobaSi (SADC) Sedis, meore dasavleT afrikis
im Tvrameti qveynisTvis aris gankuTvnili, romlebic
dasavleT afrikis saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri Tana-
megobrobis (ECOWAS) wevrebi arian, xolo mesame aRmo-
savleT afrikaSi moqmedebs da Tavdapirvelad kenias
faravda, xolo Semdeg TandaTanobiT gafarTovda mezo-
bel qveynebSi. indoneziaSi fondi suhartos mTavrobis
damxobis Semdeg SevqmeniT 2000 wels. avRaneTSi amerik-
is armiis Sesvlis Semdeg programebi iqac wamoviwyeT
da pakistanSic. amJamad grantebis mcire raodenobas
eraySic gavcemT. msoflios sxva kuTxeebSi, gansakuTre-
biT axlo aRmosavleTSi, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziasa da
laTinur amerikaSi, Cveni saqmianoba naklebad formal-
54 55ჩემი ფილანთროპია
uri, magram mainc realuria.
sistemasTan erTad, romelic erovnul fondebsa da
qselur programebs aerTianebs, axal ganzomilebasac
davudeT saTave, romelsac „qselebis qsels“ vuwodeb.
es gulisxmobs mWidro TanamSromlobas da mniSvnelo-
van finansur mxardaWeras iseTi damoukidebeli or-
ganizaciebisTvis, rogorebicaa „global uiTnes“ da
krizisebis saerTaSoriso jgufi, bolo periodSi ki
sagareo urTierTobebis evropuli sabWo (ECFR) da ax-
ali ekonomikuri azrovnebis instituti (INET). CemTvis
es axal sferoebSi saqmianobis dawyebis sayvareli for-
mula gaxda, radganac sxvebisgan dafinansebis mopovebis
SesaZlebloba gvaZlevs Sefasebis kvaziobieqtur stan-
darts, romelic ar arsebobs fondebis qselSi, romel-
ic mTlianad Cven gvekuTvnis. idealur SemTxvevaSi, Cve-
ni dafinanseba Cven mier mxardaWerili organizaciebis
saerTo biujetis erT mesameds ar unda aRematebodes,
raTa maT damoukidebloba SeinarCunon.
rodesac Cemi fondebis qsels ganvixilav, am qselSi mim-
dinare Sors mimavali da mravalferovani saqmianobis
saTanadod aRwera ar SemiZlia, radganac am saqmiano-
bas srulad ar vicnob. mogzaurobisas axal proeqtebs
aRmovaCen xolme, rac did kmayofilebas maniWebs. pro-
eqtebi, romelTa Sesaxeb araferi vici, xSirad saukeTe-
so proeqtebia xolme, radganac me, rogorc wesi, prob-
lemuri proeqtebis Sesaxeb matyobineben. saqmianobis
mTel speqtrs mxolod arie neieri icnobs da biujetis
56 57ჯორჯ სოროსი
ganxilvis procesSi CarTuli ramdenime adamiani. biu-
jetis Sedgenis procesi eqvs kviras grZeldeba xolme.
Ria sazogadoebis fondebi organulad izrdebian,
radgan SesaZleblobebze maTi gaCenis paralelurad
reagireben. vfiqrob, rom es swori gzaa. mravali sxva
fondi sakuTari instituciuri saWiroebebis dak-
mayofilebiT aris dakavebuli. vcdilobT, rom Tavi
avaridoT amas. gveamayeba, rom, am TvalsazarisiT
uangaro fondi varT, rac Cveni Zlierebis wyaroa. Sev-
ZeliT, rom sxva fondebTan gveTanamSromla da bevrad
ufro mets mivaRwieT imis wyalobiT, rom ar gvqonda
pretenzia, proeqtebi Cveni saxeliT ganxorcielebu-
liyo. sxva institutebs sakuTari warmatebis xazgasma
sWirdebaT dafinansebis mosapoveblad, Cven ki Cvens
instituciur saWiroebebs realuri Sedegebis miRw-
eviT vikmayofilebT, imisda miuxedavad, aRiarebs Tu
ara vinme Cvens damsaxurebas. rac ar unda ucnauri
iyos, ase meti megobari da mokavSire SeviZineT, vidre
gamudmebiT Cvens warmatebebze saubris SemTxvevaSi
SevZlebdiT.
egoisti adamiani da misi uangaro fondi _ rogor Sei-
Zleba am ori ramis SeTavseba? neba miboZeT, agixsnaT.
fondebis Sesaxeb sakmaod uaryofiTi warmodgena Se-
meqmna im dros, rodesac maTgan fulis miRebas vcdi-
lobdi, da azri arc mas Semdeg Semicvlia, rac Tavad
warmovadgen fonds. altruizms TavisTavad axasiaTebs
garkveuli Sinagani winaaRmdegobrioba, magram fond-
56 57ჩემი ფილანთროპია
ebis umravlesoba amas arc aRiarebs da arc problemis
gadaWras cdilobs. rodesac fuls gascem, fulis mim-
Rebni mliqvnebloben da cdiloben, rom gasiamovnon,
amitom winaaRmdgeobriobas farisevlobis sqeli fena
faravs. swored am mizeziT vekidebi filanTropias
eWviT. fondebi qmnian wesebs da sxvebi iZulebulni ar-
ian, rom am wesebis mixedviT imoqmedon. cxadia, aplikan-
tebs mainc SeuZliaT, rom Tavisi gaitanon: uTxran fon-
debs is, risi gagonebac maT surT, xolo Semdeg Tavad
rac undaT is gaakeTon.
da mainc, me gadavWeri winaaRmdegoba, romelic, erTi
SexedviT, egocentrist filanTropsa da uangaro
fonds Soris arsebobs. cnobiereba sakuTari Tavis Sec-
nobaSi damexmara da isic damanaxva, rom Cemi cnobier-
ebis nayofiT mxolod me, erTi mokvdavi adamiani, ar
unda vsargeblobde. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, me Zalze
didi ego maqvs, romelic warmoudgenlad didia erTi
mokvdavisaTvis. misTvis Sesafer masStabs mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi mivaRwev, Tu kacobriobasTan movaxden
Cemi Tavis identificirebas. Cem garSemo mcxovrebi
ramdenime adamianis daxmareba, rogorc amas mamaCemi
akeTebda, sakmarisi ar aris. Cemi miswrafeba msoflios
ukeTesobisken Secvlaa. swored aq iZens mniSvnelobas
Cemi konceptualuri CarCo. is Cemi uzomod didi egos
wyarocaa da im sistemuri reformebisac, romlebsac
mxars vuWer. Tu raime gansakuTrebul codnas marTlac
daveufle, maSin gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba me-
kisreba, rom es codna kargi miznebis misaRwevad gamovi-
58 59ჯორჯ სოროსი
yeno. pasuxismgeblobis Cems SegrZnebas isic aZlierebs,
rom mdidari var. arian mdidrebi, arian gansakuTrebu-
li codnis mqoneni da isini, visac kacobriobis bedi
aRelvebs, magram samive es maxasiaTebeli iSviaTad iyris
Tavs erT adamianSi. Cems ambicias mxolod maTi kombina-
cia akmayofilebs.
unda avxsna Cems filosofiasa da Cems egos Soris kav-
Siric. Tavdapirvelad isini gadajaWvuli iyo. rode-
sac pirvelad daviwye refleqsiurobis Sesaxeb wera, am
ideas mxolod imitom vebRauWebodi, rom Cemi iyo. mas-
Tan ganSoreba ar SemeZlo. misi artikulirebis mcde-
lobebi sul ufro da ufro CaxlarTuli gamomdioda,
sanam erT dilas ar aRmovaCine, rom Tavad veRar vigebdi
imas, rac wina RamiT davwere. Cemi filosofiisgan Cemi
egos gamijvnas cxovrebis didi nawili movandome da am
mcdelobis warmatebiT orivem ixeira. dRes, Cemi filo-
sofia gamoxatulebas Cems nawerebSic poulobs da Cems
fondebSic, xolo Cems egos SeuZlia, rom maTi cqeriT
datkbes.
radganac Cemi filanTropia egos dakmayofilebis sa-
Sualebaa, vfiqrob, rom am filanTropiisTvis madlobas
ar vimsaxureb. marTlac, mrcxvenoda xolme, rodesac
adamianebi madlierebas gamoxatavdnen. mimaCnda, rom
didi ego, romelic Cemi filanTropiis mizezi iyo, sazo-
gadoebisTvis miuRebeli iqneboda, sajarod rom ga-
momefina, amitomac uxerxuli iyo mis gamo madlobebis
miReba. Tumca, axla ase aRar vfiqrob. vacnobiereb, rom
58 59ჩემი ფილანთროპია
marTlac Zalian bevrs davexmare da adamianebic swored
amas xedaven da ara Cems metismetad did egos, amitomac
bunebrivia, rom CemTvis madlobis Tqma undaT. madlo-
bis miReba viswavle. amave dros, aRar mgonia, rom unda
mrcxvenodes aseTi didi egosi , radganac is sasargeblo
aRmoCnda CemTvisac da bevri sxva adamianisTvisac. Tum-
ca, didi egos dakmayofileba Znelia. radganac filan-
TropiasTan dakavSirebul farisevlobas kargad vic-
nob, qebiTa da mliqvnelobiT veravin damakmayofilebs.
maTdami gulrili var da realuri Sedegebis danaxva
msurs. swored ase Seqmna egoistma adamianma uangaro
fondi.
Tumca, kvlavac maocebs da mawuxebs is, rom Cem Sesaxeb
sxvebis warmodgena didad gansxvavdeba imisgan, Tu vin
var sinamdvileSi. swored es maiZulebs, rom yvelafris
axsna vcado. altruizmi da filanTropia CemTvis mx-
olod movaleoba ki ar aris, aramed siamovneba da kmay-
ofilebis wyarocaa. es fufunebaa, romelzec mdidrebs
miuwvdebaT xeli. filanTropia bevrad mirCevnia, mag-
aliTad, xelovnebis nimuSebis Segrovebas. man sxva
adamianebTan damakavSira da Cemi izolaciis garRvevis
SesaZlebloba momca. xelovnebis nimuSebis koleqci-
iT amas ver SevZlebdi. im dRes, rodesac lidenholis
quCaze panikis Seteva damemarTa, vifiqre, simdidris
dagrovebisTvis sikvdili ar Rirs-meTqi. mas Semdeg ram-
denjerme damemuqra sikvdilis safrTxe Cems fondTan
dakavSirebuli saqmianobis gamo. aseT xifaTs Tavad ar
veZeb, magram mzad var, rom Tvali gavusworo mas. kmayo-
60 61ჯორჯ სოროსი
filebis gancdas maniWebs iseT saqmianobaSi monawileo-
ba, romelic sikvdiladac Rirs.
gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba miWiravs. finansur ba-
zrebze Cemma warmatebam imaze meti damoukidebloba
momapovebina, vidre umravlesobas aqvs. es saSualebas
maZlevs, rom winaaRmdegobriv sakiTxebze principuli
pozicia davikavo, metic _ mavaldebulebs, ase moviqce,
radgan sxvebs es ar SeuZliaT. sakamaTo poziciebis daka-
veba damatebiT siamovnebas maniWebs, romlis wyaro imis
gancdaa, rom gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas mivaRwie.
mokled rom vTqvaT, Cemma filanTropiam gamabedniera.
meti raRa unda moindomos adamianma? Tumca ar vfiqrob,
rom Cemi arCevani sxvebs Tavs unda movaxvio. swored am-
itom ar SevuerTdi bil geiTsis da uoren bafetis kampa-
nias, romlebmac mdidrebs mouwodes, rom qonebis naxe-
vari qvelmoqmedebisTvis gaeRoT. amis mizezi isic iyo,
rom, Cemi azriT, filanTropiaSi mTavari is aris, Tu ro-
gor ixarjeba fuli da ara is, Tu ramdeni ixarjeba.
cxadia, rom wmindani ara var da arc imas vcdilob, rom
gavxde. zogadad verafers vxedav imaze ufro arabune-
brivs da daufasebels, vidre uangarobaa, magram uanga-
ro fondi Zalze Rirebulad mimaCnia.
adamianebis umravlesoba sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi ego-
isturi motivebiT monawileobs. isini mopovebul Za-
lauflebasa da gavlenas ebRauWebian da xSirad Znelia
maTi gverdze gaweva, rodesac isini problemebis gad-
60 61ჩემი ფილანთროპია
aWras uSlian xels. optimalur gadawyvetilebebs ori
dabrkoleba uSlis xels: arasruli codna da special-
uri interesebis gavlena, romlebic sazogadoebriv in-
teresebs upirispirdeba. pirveli dabrkolebis winaSe
uangaro fondic dgas, magram meorisgan daculia da
swored amitom aris ase faseuli.
Cemi principia, rom biznesSi Cemi kerZo interesebis
mixedviT vimoqmedo da mxolod samarTlebrivi da eTi-
kuri SezRudvebi gaviTvaliswino, xolo sajaro in-
teleqtualisa da filanTropis rangSi sazogadoebrivi
interesebiT vixelmZRvanelo. Tu kerZo da sazogadoe-
brivi interesebi erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba, upirateso-
ba sazogadoebrivs unda mieniWos. uyoymanod vuWer
xolme mxars politikas, romelic Cemi biznesis inter-
esebs ewinaaRmdegeba da darwmunebuli var, rom Cveni
demokratia bevrad ukeT imuSavebda, am principis mixed-
viT meti adamiani rom moqmedebdes. Tu adamianebs kar-
gad momuSave demokratia surT, maT am principiT unda
icxovron, imisda miuxedavad, akeTeben Tu ara imaves
sxvebi. ramdenime gambedav sajaro figuras bevri ramis
Secvla SeuZlia.
neba miboZeT, erTmaneTs davupirispiro Cem mier Se-
moTavazebuli refleqsiurobis Teoria da sabazro
fundamentalizmis ideologia, romelic ronald
reiganis prezidentobisa da britaneTSi margaret
TetCeris premier-ministrobis periodidan domini-
rebs. refleqsiurobis Cemi Teoriis mizani imis axs-
62 63ჯორჯ სოროსი
na iyo, Tu rogor funqcionireben finansuri bazrebi
Cemi, rogorc erT-erTi monawilis, interesebisgan da-
moukideblad. sabazro fundamentalizmis ideologia
amis axsnasac gvTavazobs, magram es axsna misi mxar-
damWerebis interesebs emsaxureba. amitomac gasak-
viri ar aris, rom refleqsiurobis Teoria gamiznu-
lad iyo ignorirebuli, vidre finansuri sistema ar
Camoingra. Tu politikis advokatirebaze visaubrebT,
SegiZliaT Cemi saqmianoba Zmebi koukebis an amerikis
savaWro palatis saqmianobas SeadaroT. isini TavianT
biznesinteresebs icaven, me ki sajaro interesebisT-
vis viRvwi im SemTxvevebSic ki, rodesac es Cems bizne-
sinteresebs ewinaaRmdegeba, Tumca, cxadia, rom Sec-
domebi yvelas mogvdis. gasakviri ar aris, rom isini
meti fulis mobilizebas axerxeben.
rodesac fondebis qsels vuyureb, mTlianobaSi kmayo-
fili var, Tumca ori ram metad maSfoTebs. pirveli is
aris, Tu ra moxdeba, rodesac Ria sazogadoebis fond-
ebis prezidenti arie neieri da me aRar viqnebiT. meore
kiTxva ufro mniSvnelovania: kidev ris miRweva Segvi-
Zlia Cveni sicocxlis bolomde?
rodesac Ria sazogadoebis fondebi davaarse, ar msur-
da, rom maT Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac gaegrZelebinaT
muSaoba. sxva institutebis bedma maswavla, rom isini
xSirad Zalze Sordebian maTi damaarseblebis ganzrax-
vebs. Tumca azri Sevicvale, rodesac Ria sazogadoe-
bis fondebma ufro Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo. mivx-
62 63ჩემი ფილანთროპია
vdi, rom Cemi sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi fondebis qselis
gauqmeba ukiduresad egoisturi nabiji iqneboda, daax-
loebiT iseTi, rogoric indoeli maharajis neStTan
erTad misi colebis dawvaa. Ria sazogadoebis fondebis
saqmianobas Tavis cxovrebas araerTi gamorCeuli Sesa-
Zleblobebis mqone adamiani uTmobs da ufleba ar maqvs,
rom maT sayrdeni gamovacalo. kidev ufro mniSvnelo-
vania, rom iseTi sfero gamovavlineT, sadac saqmianoba
Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac unda gagrZeldes da amisTvis
arc aries an Cemi monawileoba iqneba saWiro. es niSa mo-
icavs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZlierebas mTavrobis
angariSvaldebulebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. ameri-
kaSi araerTi instituti arsebobs, magaliTad, amerikis
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis kavSiri, romelTa mizania,
rom mTavrobam yvela adamianis ufleba daicvas da pa-
tivi sces konstituciiT dadgenil saxelmwifo Zalau-
flebis SezRudvebs. sxva qveynebis umravlesobaSi ase-
Ti institutebi ar arsebobs. bevr qveyanaSi mdidrebi
metismetad arian damokidebulni mTavrobaze imisT-
vis, rom aseTi institutebis mxardaWera SeZlon, xolo
ganviTarebad qveynebSi sakmarisi simdidre ar moipov-
eba. swored es qmnis niSas Ria sazogadoebis fondebi-
sTvis. saqmianobis sxva mimarTulebebic gamovavline,
romlebic amave kategorias miekuTvneba, magaliTad
mowyvladi jgufebis dacva da RaribebisTvis samarT-
lebrivi daxmarebis gaweva. es Rirebuli amocanebia da
fondebis qseli maT gadaWras Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac
ecdeba.
64 65ჯორჯ სოროსი
Tu Cemi wasvliT Ria sazogadoebis fondebs raime daak-
ldeba, es iqneba maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli gabeduli da
inovaciuri suliskveTeba. problemebTan gamklavebas
cdisa da Secdomebze swavlis gziT vcdilob xolme. aman
saSualeba momca, rom swrafad memoqmeda da did riskeb-
ze wavsuliyavi. mmarTveli sabWo, romelic Cems adgils
daikavebs, Cemi magaliTis mixedviT ver imoqmedebs fi-
nansuri pasuxismgeblobis tvirTis gamo. misi zogierTi
wevri ecdeba, rom damaarseblis ganzraxvebis erTguli
darCes, sxvebi ki risks moeridebian, Tumca ki damaarseb-
els riski arasdros afrTxobda.
Ria sazoagdoebis fondebis struqtura Zalze rTulia
imisTvis, rom dRevandeli saxiT iqnes SenarCunebuli.
Cveni zrda sruliad daugegmavi iyo. rogorc adrec
vTqvi, swrafi gafarToebis periodSi, rodesac Cveni
xarjebi 3 milionidan 300 milion dolaramde gaizarda,
biujetic ki ar gvqonda. Semdeg arie neieri SemogvierT-
da da am qaosis nacvlad garkveuli wesrigi daamyara.
axla Zalze rTuli sabiujeto procesi gvaqvs, romlis
momzadebas didi dro sWirdeba da romelic biujetis
damtkicebamde didi xniT adre unda daiwyos. es procesi
didad arasdros mainteresebda. warmoqmnili SesaZl-
elobebis Sesabamisad moqmedeba CemTvis bevrad ufro
saintereso iyo. Sedegad, axla Cveni fondebi fondis
or gansxvavebul tips aerTianeben: iniciativebi, rom-
lebSic piradad vmonawileob, Zalze moqnili biujetiT
xorcieldeba, xolo organizacia, romelsac saTaveSi
arie udgas, mkacrad ganszaRvruli biujetis mixedviT
64 65ჩემი ფილანთროპია
muSaobs. rodesac iniciativebi Camoyalibebul saxes
iRebs, isini, rogorc wesi, Cemi xelidan aries xelSi ga-
dadis xolme. amave dros, adamianis uflebebis, samoqa-
laqo uflebebisa da sisxlis samarTlis sferoebs Tav-
idanve mTlianad is marTavda.
Cveni partnioroba Zalze nayofieri gamodga, magram
imavdroulad Sva metad mouwesrigebeli struqtu-
ra, romlis marTva Cvens aryofnaSi SeuZlebeli iqne-
boda. amitom misi reorganizeba iqamde unda movas-
wroT, vidre aq varT. dRevandeli mdgomareobiT axal
prezidents ramdenime weli mxolod organizaciis
gasacnobad dasWirdeboda. minda, rom eqvsidan rvamde
vice-prezidenti davniSno, romlebic organizaciis
calkeul nawilebs Caibareben da axal prezidents an-
gariSebs warudgenen, rac mas saSualebas miscems, rom
strategia Camoayalibos da axali iniciativebi ganix-
ilos. Tumca, nebismier fasad unda aviciloT Tavidan
centralizebuli struqtura. amJamad inovaciuri
ideebis didi nawili qselebis qselis wiaRSi Cndeba
da ara organizaciis saTaveSi. Ria sazogadoebis fon-
debSi momuSave saukeTeso adamianebi gansakuTrebul
interess iCenen maTi saqmianobis sferoebis mimarT
da mudmivad maoceben TavianTi miRwevebiT. am su-
liskveTebis dakargva ar msurs.
esaa mTavari mizezi, ris gamoc centraluri evropis
universitetSi sajaro politikis skolis daarseba ga-
davwyvite. saswavlo instituts SeuZlia, rom movlen-
66 67ჯორჯ სოროსი
ebis ganviTarebas ar CamorCes da ufro swrafad gan-
sazRvros problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebi, vidre
fondis sameurveo sabWom.
sajaro politikis skolaze did imedebs vamyareb. mas
imis potenciali aqvs, rom am tipis institutebs So-
ris wamyvani gaxdes. am skolas SeuZlia gaaerTianos
fondebis qselisa da qselebis qselis praqtikuli ga-
mocdileba, romlebic dRevandelobis TiTqmis yve-
la aqtualuri sakiTxiT arian dakavebulni da, aseve,
universitetSi arsebuli Teoriuli codna. amJamad am
aqtualur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Cven mier warmoe-
buli saqmianoba moculobiT aRemateba Cvens Teoriul
codnas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, fuli meti gvaqvs, vidre
ideebi. meti ideis generireba gvWirdeba, raTa Cveni
fuli ufro efeqtianad davxarjoT. Tu am process sko-
las gadavabarebT, skola sazogadoebriv sikeTeebs Se-
qmnis, romlebic SeiZleba produqtad CaiTvalos. igive
samuSao organizaciis SigniT rom Segvesrulebina, ro-
gorc amas fondebis umravlesoba akeTebs, is zednadebi
xarji iqneboda.
rogorc yvela ideas, nakli amasac aqvs: yvela saukeTe-
so azrs erT adgilas ver ipovi. amitomac skolam Tavad
unda miagnos ideebs. is axali tipis globaluri insti-
tuti unda gaxdes, romelic globaluri problemebiT
iqneba dakavebuli. mas unda hqondes kritikuli masa
budapeStSi, sadac centraluri evropis universite-
ti mdebareobs, magram, amasTan, globaluri wvdomac
66 67ჩემი ფილანთროპია
sWirdeba. es aris rTuli gamowveva, romelsac is unda
gaumklavdes. Teoriuli codnisa da praqtikuli ga-
mocdilebis kombinacia Semdgom SeiZleba Cinebuli
safuZveli aRmoCndes maTTvis, visac am sferoSi saqmi-
anobis dawyeba surs. imas, vinc qselebis qselis muSao-
baSi ukve CarTulia, SesaZlebloba eqneba, rom am skola-
Si samecniero Svebuleba gaataros, Tavisi karieruli
perspeqtivebi gaiumjobesos da monawileoba miiRos
kvlevasa da swavlebaSi. Cemi imedebi rom gaamarTlos,
skolam im gabeduli da siaxleebze orientirebuli su-
liskveTebis institucionalizeba unda moaxdinos, ro-
melic Ria sazogadoebis fondebs axasiaTebs. es Cveni
ZiriTadi Sexedulebebisa da praqtikuli saqmianobis
kritikul ganxilvasac unda moicavdes.
marTalia, fondebis qseli imdenad kargad imarTeba, ram-
denadac misi amJamindeli formis gaTvaliswinebiT aris
SesaZlebeli, es forma mxolod iqamde iarsebebs, vidre
me da arie neieri cocxlebi varT. arie vorkaholikia,
romelic Zalian bevri xalxisagan ibarebs angariSebs.
Cems menejmentis stils mxolod qaosuri SeiZleba ewo-
dos. cdisa da Secdomebze swavlis meTods im masStabiT
viyeneb, rom ver mombaZavs verc erTi sameurveo sabWo,
romelsac axsovs Tavisi finansuri pasuxismgebloba.
arc erT Cvengans ar sjera programebis Sefasebis ra-
odenobrivi meTodebisa. piradad me gamiWirdeba Rire-
bulebaTa im sistemis aRwera, romelsac sxvadasxva al-
ternatividan erT-erTis SerCevisas viyeneb.
68 69ჯორჯ სოროსი
inovaciebi miyvars, magram mdgradobisa da Tanamim-
devrulobis mniSvnelovnebasac vaRiareb. amitomac
vcidlob, rom am or elements Soris wonasworoba da-
vicva. Sedegad viReb imas, rasac „memkvidreobiTi“ da
„inovaciuri“ programebis nazavs vuwodeb. asec unda
iyos. Tanamimdevruli muSaobis gareSe bevri imedismom-
cemi iniciativis srulad realizeba ver moxerxdeboda.
warmatebiT vaxerxebT, rom movlenebis centrSi viyoT.
yovel qveyanaSi Cven saqmianobas kritikuli azrovnebis
an disidenturi saqmianobis mxardaWeriT viwyebT da
swrafad vmoqmedebT, rodesac axal mTavrobas kargi
miznebi aqvs, magram maT misaRwevad saWiro resursebi
ar gaaCnia. Tanac, Cven ufro Tanamimdevrulebi varT,
vidre daxmarebis gamwevi oficialuri saagentoebi da
qveynebSi kidev didxans vrCebiT mas Semdeg, rac isini
ufro saintereso adgilebSi gadainacvleben xolme. ig-
ive SeiZleba iTqvas globaluri mmarTvelobis sakiTx-
ebzec: Cven yovelTvis ar viyaviT pirvelebi, vinc am
sakiTxebs yuradRebas aqcevda, magram, Tu raime sakiTxi
Cveni TvalTaxedvis areSi moeqceva, bolomde saqmis
erTgulni varT, iqneba es SidsTan, tuberkulozTan da
malariasTan brZolis globaluri fondi, narkopoli-
tika Tu klimatis cvlileba.
CvenTvis yvelaze rTuli erovnuli fondebis qselisa
da „memkvidreobiTi“ programebis moZvelebis Tavidan
acileba aRmoCnda, radganac es TiTqmis iseTive Zalisx-
mevas moiTxovs, rogorc axali fondebisa da programe-
68 69ჩემი ფილანთროპია
bis Seqmna. Tumca, me mainc inovaciuri wamowyebebisken
maqvs midrekileba da swored am mxriv veli daxmarebas
sajaro politikis skolisgan. misi daniSnuleba axali
mijnebis Ziebaa, ris wyalobiTac memkvidreobiTi pro-
gramebis aqtualurobis uzrunvelyofa Cems aryofna-
Sic unda SeZlos.
samomavlod upiratesobas qselebis qselis formats
vaniWeb. formalurad TviTmmarTveli institutebis
qselis mxardaWera, romelTa biujetis mxolod erTi
mesamedi modis Cven mier gaweul daxmarebaze, sa-
Sualebas gvaZlevs, aviciloT mmarTvelobis prob-
lemebi, romlebsac wavawydebodiT, iniciativebi
mTlianad Cvens dafinansebaze rom iyos damokidebu-
li. Cveni bolodroindeli iniciativebis umravle-
soba qselebis qselze modis, miuxedavad imisa, rom
Cveni daxmarebis maTi biujetis mesamedamde dayvana,
an ufro metad Semcireba ver SevZeliT. Tumca mTli-
anad qselebis qselad gardaqmna ar SegviZlia, radga-
nac mravali Rirebuli iniciativa sxva wyaroebidan
ver dafinansdeba da maTi ignorireba ar SegviZlia.
es arsebul qselsac exeba da samomavlo iniciativeb-
sac, da gulisxmobs, rom mouwesrigebeli struqtur-
is pirobebSi muSaoba kidev ganusazRvreli periodis
ganmavlobaSi mogviwevs.
veZeb inovaciur meTodebs, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes
mouwesrigebeli struqturis marTva. magaliTad, zo-
gierT qveyanaSi, maT Soris tailandsa da malaiziaSi,
70 71ჯორჯ სოროსი
eqsperimentis saxiT mxolod adgilobriv mrCevel-
Ta sabWoebs vqmniT srulfasovani fondebis gareSe.
sabWoebs SeuZliaT rCevebis SemoTavazeba adgilobrivi
mdgomareobis Taobaze, xolo programebs an damoukide-
beli grantis mimRebebi ganaxorcieleben, an romelime
Cveni qseluri programa. amrigad SesaZlebelia adgi-
lobrivi da programuli codnis SenarCuneba Zvirad Ri-
rebuli adgilobrivi organizaciebis arsebobis gareSe,
romlebic metwilad TavianTi mudmivi klientebisTvis
fulis darigebiT arian dakavebulni. Tu es eqsperimen-
ti warmatebuli gamodgeba, arsebuli erovnuli fon-
debi SeiZleba axali formatis mixedviT gardaiqmnas.
meore variantia, rom isini qselebis qsels SeuerTdnen,
gansakuTrebiT, Tu sxva wyaroebidan dafinansebis mop-
ovebas SeZleben.
radgan gadavwyvite, rom Ria sazogadoebis fondebma
Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac unda iarsebon, yvelafers
vakeTeb, rom isini Cems aryofnas momzadebulebi Sex-
vdnen. Tumca Cemi es mcdeloba bolomde warmatebuli
rom yofiliyo, mcdari aRmoCndeboda Cemive rwmena,
rom adamianebis mier Seqmnili arc erTi struqtu-
ra srulyofili ar aris. amitomac Cems memkvidreebs
vandob Cem mier datovebuli nebismieri sistemis ga-
dasinjvas imave suliskveTebiT, romliTac Tavad
Sevqmeni isini.
70 71ჩემი ფილანთროპია
* * *
gvrCeba meore kiTxva: kidev ris miRweva SeuZliaT Ria
sazogadoebis fondebs Cems sicocxleSi? vfqrob, rom
axla ufro farTo SesaZleblobebi gvaqvs, vidre war-
sulSi. marTalia, msoflios mraval kuTxeSi bevri
mteri da wilismwamebeli gvipirispirdeba, magram Cveni
saqmianobiT davamtkiceT, rom marTlac kacobriobis
keTildReobaze vzrunavT, Tanac aqtiurad vmonawile-
obT dRevandelobis mravali mwvave sakiTxis ganxilvaSi.
axla SesaZlebelia Cveni saqmianobis masStabis gazrda,
rac gulisxmobs, rom Cemi fulis Cemsave sicocxleSi
daxarjva jobia fondis rezervis gadidebas. amasTan,
vfiqrob, rom kacobrioba dRes ufro didi problemebis
winaSe dgas, vidre odesme warsulSi.
SesaZleblobebi metwilad Sida faqtorebis gamoa Sez-
Ruduli. Cvens saqmianobas dRevandeli mimarTule-
bebiT ver gavafarToebT, radganac ukve resursebis zR-
varze vmuSaobT. metic, Cveni amJamindeli Zalisxmevis
didi nawili advokatirebaze modis, xolo advokatire-
bas ideebi ufro sWirdeba, vidre fuli. ar miyvars ad-
vokatirebaze bevri fulis xarjva. mirCevnia, rom fuli
iseTi momsaxurebisTvis gamovyo, romelsac realuri
adamianebisTvis moaqvs sargebeli, rogoricaa stipend-
iebi, Spricebis ufasod darigeba an ufaso advokatebi.
sistemuri reformebis advokatirebaze daxarjuli
fuli SeiZleba mTlianad wyalSi gadayrili aRmoCndes.
adamianebis daxmarebaze daxarjuli fuli, sul mcire,
am daxmarebis mimRebT mainc moutans sargebels da is
72 73ჯორჯ სოროსი
sistemuri reformis advokatirebis kargi platforma-
caa.
Cemi azris sailustraciod Zvel sabWoTa xumrobas vix-
seneb xolme batis RviZlis paStetis Sesaxeb. sabWoTa
moxele ambobs, rom batis RviZlis mcire deficiti war-
moiqmna, amitom mas cxenis xorci unda daematos. Tum-
ca, Tanafardoba sakmaod STambeWdavia: erTi cxeni erT
batis RviZlze. advokatirebac ase unda SevazavoT re-
aluri adamianebis daxmarebaze gaTvlil momsaxurebas-
Tan: erTi cxeni yovel batis RviZlze. Tumca, mxolod
momsaxurebaze daxarjuli fulis odenobis zrda ver
damakmayofilebs, radganac kargad vacnobiereb uprec-
edento problemebs, romelTa winaSec dgas axla Cveni
civilizacia da vfiqrob, rom, fondebis qselis dRevan-
deli SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, is am proble-
mebis gadaWriT unda iyos dakavebuli.
vfiqrob, rom kacobriobis unari, axnas da akontrolos
bunebis Zalebi, bevrad aRemateba Cvensave unars, rom
Cveni Tavi vmarToT. Cveni ekonomika globaluri gaxda,
mmarTveloba ki _ ara. Cveni momavali da, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, Cveni gadarCena, imazea damokidebuli,
SevZlebT Tu ara saTanado globaluri mmarTvelobis
Seqmnas. es sxvadasxva sferos exeba: globaluri daT-
boba da birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba yvelaze aSka-
ra magaliTebia, Tumca imave kategorias ganekuTvneba
terorizmis safrTxe da infeqciuri daavadebebi, aseve
globaluri finansuri bazrebi. 2008 wlis finansuri
72 73ჩემი ფილანთროპია
krizisis Semdeg mxolod finansuri bazrebis stabili-
zacia da gadatvirTva sakmarisi ar aris. Cven xelaxla
unda SevqmnaT globaluri finansuri sistema, romel-
mac kraxi ganicada. radganac es gaazrebuli maqvs, ar
SemiZlia, rom araferi gavakeTo am problemebis gada-
saWrelad. swored aq moqmedebs Cemi movaleobis Seg-
rZneba.
ori mTavari prioriteti maqvs. pirveli piradia, meore
ki Cems fondebs exeba. pirovnul doneze Cemi mTavari
interesi Cemi konceptualuri CarCos ganviTarebaa, ro-
melsac privatulad, Cems gonebaSi vqmnidi. marTalia,
Cems wignebs, statiebsa da sajaro gamosvlebs farTo
auditoria hyavs, magram didad aravin damxmarebia da
bolo dromde arc komentarebi mimiRia vinmesgan, ris
gamoc Zalze nela miviwevdi win. finansuri bazrebis
Sesaxeb Cemma mosazrebam daainteresa hej-fondebis war-
momadgenlebi da praqtikuli saqmianobiT dakavebuli
sxva pirebi, magram isini Teoriul diskusiebSi iSvia-
Tad monawileoben, amitomac maTgan komentarebi ar mim-
iRia. ekonomisti mecnierebi da, nawilobriv, finansuri
sistemis maregulireblebi refleqsiurobis Teorias
mizanimarTulad ar miiCnevdnen an akninebdnen mas. in-
glisis bankis mmarTvelma mervin kingma Cemi Teoria ise
daiwuna, rom arc ki ganuxilavs.
finansurma krizisma yvelaferi Secvala. mervin kingma
Zireulad gadaxeda Tavis mosazrebebs da aRiara, rom
finansuri bazrebis arastabiluroba endogenuria da
ara egzogenuri. refleqsiurobas sajarod dauWira
74 75ჯორჯ სოროსი
mxari finansuri stabilurobis saagentos (FSA) xelmZ-
Rvanelma, lordma adair ternerma. aseve moiqca alan
grinspenic, Tumca mxolod pirad suabarSi. pol volk-
eri uwinac Cemi megobari da mxardamWeri iyo, axla ki
kidev ufro davuaxlovdiT erTmaneTs.
kategorulad vewinaaRmdegebodi aSS-is xazinis mdivan
henk polsonis gegmas, romelic sajaro fondis (TARP)
saSualebiT bankebis daxmarebas da problemuri aqtive-
bisgan maT gaTavisuflebas gulisxmobda. vamtkiceb-
di, rom gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneboda am fuliT arse-
buli xvrelis amovseba da bankebis kapitalis Sevseba.
mWidrod vTanamSromlobdi demokratiuli partiis li-
derebTan kongresSi TARP-is Sesaxeb kanonis Sesacvle-
lad, raTa SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo am fulis gamoyeneba
sawesdebo kapitalSi wilebis SesaZenad. sxva ideebic
mqonda, romelTa ganxorcielebis imedi momeca, rode-
sac obama prezidenti gaxda. maT Soris iyo ipoTekuri
sesxebis sistemis Zireuli reforma. Tumca ase ar mox-
da. „fainenSal taimsSi“ statiebis seria gamovaqveyne,
magram obamas administraciisgan TiTqmis araviTari
gamoxmaureba ar mimiRia. lari samerss prezidentis
ekonomikur mrCevlad mis daniSvnamde ufro xSirad
vesaubrebodi, vidre daniSvnis Semdeg. CemTvis yvelaze
didi imedgacrueba is iyo, rom Tavad prezident oba-
masTan veraviTari piradi kavSiri ver davamyare.
ekonomisti mecnierebis damokidebulebis cvlileba
bevrad ufro damakmayofilebeli iyo. maTma umravle-
74 75ჩემი ფილანთროპია
sobam aRiara, rom gabatonebulma paradigmam marcxi
ganicada, amitomac mzad iyvnen, rom sabaziso varaudebi
gadaesinjaT. anatol kaleckis winadadebas davTanxmdi,
rom gavmxdariyavi axali ekonomikuri azrovnebis in-
stitutis sponsori, romlis misia akademiur da samTav-
robo wreebSi efeqtiani bazris hipoTezisa da racio-
naluri molodinebis Teoriis monopoliis damsxvreva
iyo. Sevkribe gamoCenili ekonomistebis jgufi, romel-
Sic nobelis premiis ramdenime laureati Sedioda. isini
enTuziazmiT Sexvdnen Cems winadadebas. SevqmeniT sabWo,
romlis Tavmjdomarec jozef stiglici gaxda. Cemi
megobari da yofili kolega rob jonsoni axali ekono-
mikuri azrovnebis institutis prezidentad dainiSna
da STagonebiT savse lideri aRmoCnda. pirveli semi-
nari, romelic kembrijis kings kolejSi gaimarTa(sadac
jon meinard keinsi moRvaweobda), Zalze warmatebuli
gamodga.
Tanasponsoric vipove jim bolsilis saxiT, romelic
bleqberiSi moRvaweobiT aris cnobili. axla kidev erT
sponsors veZebT, romelic dafinansebis erT mesameds
gaiRebs. vfiqrob, rom es aucilebelia institutis da-
moukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad, radganac me spon-
soris garda, alternatiuli paradigmis avtoric var.
es Cinebul SesaZleblobas momcems, rom Cemi konceptu-
aluri paradigma ganvaviTaro, Tumca misi ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobis zRvarsac vxedav. Cems asakSi ekonomi-
kuri modelirebis swavla Znelia, gansakuTrebiT imis
76 77ჯორჯ სოროსი
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom maTematikaSi Zlieri arc axal-
gazrdobaSi viyavi. aseve mainteresebs globaluri reg-
ulirebisa da saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis sakiTx-
ebi. Tumca, rodesac am sakiTxebs vuRrmavdebi, vxvdebi,
rom maT detalebSi Cafloba Cemi SezRuduli droisa da
energiis araswori gamoyeneba iqneboda. radganac axla
sxvebTan erTad muSaoba SemiZlia, bevrad ufro pro-
duqtiuli viqnebi, Tu koncentrirebas zogad suraTze
movaxden.
refleqsiuroba da procesebi, romlebic Tavdapirve-
lad damatebiTi xelSewyobis gareSec mimdinareobs,
magram sabolood marcxisTvisaa ganwiruli, gavlenas
politikazec axdens da finansur sistemazec. nayofier
Secomebs igive dinamika axasiaTebs, rac finansur buSt-
ebs. ucnaur msgavsebas vxedav buSis da obamas adminis-
traciebs Soris, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini politiku-
ri speqtris sapirispiro polusebs warmoadgenen. orive
prezidentma bumisa da kraxis sqema gaimeora, romelsac
finansur bazrebze vxvdebiT xSirad. amis safuZvelze
zogadi Teoria jer ar Semiqmnia, Tumca amis saSualeba,
SesaZloa, axla momeces.
* * *
swored amasTan aris dakavSirebuli Cemi mTavari pri-
oriteti Ria sazogadoebis fondebisTvis: ris gakeTe-
ba SegviZlia Ria sazogadoebis SesanarCuneblad da
gasaZliereblad? vfiqrob, rom Ria sazogadoeba mTel
msoflioSi safrTxeSia. cxadia, rom Ria sazogadoebas
76 77ჩემი ფილანთროპია
safrTxe yovelTvis emuqreba da adamianebma mudmivad
unda gamoxaton TavianTi erTguleba am ideis mimarT,
raTa Ria sazogadoeba gadarCes, magram vSiSob, rom axla
ufro axlos varT marcxTan, vidre warsulSi.
amjerad amerikis SeerTebul Statebze SevCerdebi,
radganac msoflios yvela kuTxis ganxilva Zalze
Sors wagviyvans. SeerTebuli Statebi daarsebis dRi-
dan demokratia da Ria sazogadoebaa. mosazreba, rom
erT dRes is SeiZleba aseTi aRar iyos, absurdulad mo-
Cans, magram es perspeqtiva sruliad realuria. 11 se-
qtembris Semdeg buSis administraciam teraqtebiT ga-
mowveuli realuri SiSi Tavisi miznebisTvis gamoiyena,
terorizmTan omis gamocxadebiT qveyana umaRlesi mTa-
varsardlis mxardasaWerad gaaerTiana, yalbi sababiT
daesxa Tavs erays, xolo teroristebis devnisas adami-
anis uflebebis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli standartebi
daarRvia.
terorizmTan omma maiZula, kidev erTxel davfiqrebu-
liyavi cneba „Ria sazogadoebis“ Sesaxeb. ufro adre,
yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi SeZenilma gamocdilebam mas-
wavla, rom daxuruli sazogadoebis ngreva avtomatu-
rad Ria sazogadoebas ar warmoSobs. es ngreva SeiZleba,
erTi SexedviT, usasrulod gagrZeldes, bolos ki axali
reJimi Svas, romelic Zvel reJims ufro hgavs, vidre Ria
sazogadoebas. amjerad ufro Rrmad davufiqrdi stu-
dentobis wlebSi karl poperisgan naswavl Ria sazoga-
doebis koncenfcias da masSi xarvezi aRmovaCine.
78 79ჯორჯ სოროსი
poperi amtkicebda, rom sityvis Tavisuflebisa da kri-
tikuli azrovnebis Sedegi ukeTesi kanonebi da realo-
bis ukeTesi gaazreba iqneboda, vidre nebismieri dogmis
pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebeli. mivxvdi, rom misi msjeloba
uTqmel varauds Seicavda, kerZod imas, rom demokrati-
uli diskursis mizani realobis ukeT gaazrebaa. uecrad
davinaxe, rom refleqsiurobis Cemi koncefcia eWvqveS
ayenebda poperis farul varauds. Tu azrovnebas kogni-
tiurTan erTad manipulaciuri funqciac aqvs, SenTvis
sasurveli kanonebis misaRebad realobis ukeT gaazreba
sulac ar aris saWiro. amis misaRwevad ufro mokle gzac
arsebobs: argumentebis SerCeviTad interpretireba da
sazogadoebrivi azriT manipulireba sasurveli Sede-
gebis misaRwevad. demokratiuli politikuri diskur-
sis ZiriTadi mizani arCevnebis mogeba da Zalauflebis
SenarCunebaa. poperis faruli varaudi, rom sityvisa da
azris Tavisufleba realobis ukeT gaazrebamde migviy-
vans, mxolod bunebis movlenebis SemTxvevaSia marTali.
amave varaudis gavrceleba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze
imis nawilia, rasac „ganmanaTleblobis Secdomas“ vu-
wodeb.
ise moxda, rom buSis administraciis politikurma mu-
Sakebma ganmanaTleblobis Secdoma Cemze bevrad adre
aRmoaCines. Cemnairi adamianebi, romlebic ganmanaT-
leblobis Secdomis msxverplni iyvnen, fiqrobdnen,
rom jorj oruelis wign „1984“-Si aRwerili propa-
gandis meTodebi mxolod diqtaturis pirobebSi iyo
Sedegiani. aRmoCnda, rom maT Cvenze meti icodnen.
78 79ჩემი ფილანთროპია
cnobili memarjvene politikuri konsultanti frenk
lunci amayad aRiarebda, rom „1984“ saxelmZRvanelod
gamoiyena, rodesac efeqtian politikur lozungebs
qmnida. karl rouvi, rogorc amboben, amtkicebda, rom
realobis Seswavla ar sWirdeboda, radganac Tavad
SeeZlo realobis Seqmna. orueliseuli meTodebis
gamoyenebam respublikelebis propagandistul manqa-
nas politikur asparezze upiratesoba moapovebi-
na. meore mxare Seecada, rom maTTvis miebaZa, magram
simarTlis Ziebisadmi mdgradma midrekilebam xeli
SeuSala amaSi.
propagandis meTodebma, romlebsac adamianebi gam-
iznulad Sehyavs SecdomaSi, SeiZleba Ria sazogadoeba
gaanadguros. nacisturi propagandis meTodebi Zalian
Zlieri aRmoCnda vaimaris respublikis dasamxobad. es
meTodebi amerikaSi gadmoitanes da kidev ufro daxve-
wes. marTalia, amerikaSi demokratias gacilebiT Rrma
fesvebi aqvs, vidre germaniaSi hqonda, magram, rogorc
buSis administraciam gviCvena, mizanmimarTuli tyu-
ilisgan arc is aris daculi. abstraqciis winaaRmdeg
omis warmoeba SeuZlebelia, Tumca terorizmis wi-
naaRmdeg omi dResac rCeba farTod damkvidrebul meta-
forad.
rogor unda daicvas Ria sazogadoebam Tavi Secodma-
Si Semyvani argumentebisgan? amis erTaderTi gza maTi
arsebobisa da maTi unaris aRiarebaa, rom adamianebis
Sexedulebebze zegavlenis gziT realobazec moaxdinon
80 81ჯორჯ სოროსი
gavlena. adamianebis azrovneba im realobis nawilia, ro-
melic adamianebma unda gaiazron, ris gamoc realobis
gaazreba bevrad ufro rTulia, vidre ganmanaTleblo-
bis epoqis filosofosebs warmoedginaT. maTi xedviT
goneba realobisgan damoukideblad arsebobs da im
faraniviTaa, romelic realobas anaTebs. es simarTlea
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis SemTxvevaSi, magram
ara sazogadoebrivi procesebisa. unda viswavloT, rom
politikur diskursSi upiratesoba realobis Secnobas
mivaniWoT _ kognitiur funqcias da ara manipulaciurs.
sxva SemTxvevaSi, Sedegebi Cveni molodinis Sesabamisi ar
iqneba. poperma mocemulobad miiCnia, rom politikuri
diskursis mizani WeSmaritebis Ziebaa. sinamdvileSi es
ase ar aris, magram Cveni amocanaa, rom es sinamdviled
vaqcioT. is, rac poperis msjelobaSi faruli varaudi
iyo, pirdapir moTxovnad unda vaqcioT, raTa Ria sazo-
gadoebam gaimarjvos.
vfiqrobdi, rom damajerebeli argumenti mqonda Ria
sazogadoebis sasargeblod. SexedeT buSis politikis
Sedegebs: misi mizani iyo amerikis upiratesobis demon-
strireba, magram sruliad sapirispiros miaRwia _ amer-
ikis Zala da gavlena mkveTrad Semcirda. Cemi azriT,
es imis dasturi iyo, rom SexedulebebiT manipulire-
ba sakmarisi ar aris da unda vicodeT, Tu rogor aris
msoflio mowyobili sinamdvileSi. sxvagvarad rom vTq-
vaT, kognitiur funqcias upiratesoba unda eniWebodes
manipulaciur funqciasTan SedarebiT. es damatebiTi
moTxovnaa, romelic Ria sazogadoebis Cems definiciaSi
80 81ჩემი ფილანთროპია
Sevitane. samwuxarod, amis Tqma ufro ioli iyo, vidre
gakeTeba da Cemma TiTqosda unaklo argumentma sazoga-
doebis ganwyoba ver Secvala. prezidenti buSi 2004 wels
meore vadiT airCies.
2008 wels prezident obamas arCeva msofliosTvis
mZlavri gzavnili iyo, rom aSS-s mkveTrad SeuZlia Ta-
visi kursis Secvla, rodesac xedavs, rom mcdar gzas
adgas. Tumca, es cvlileba droebiTi aRmoCnda: misi
arCeva da inauguracia misi prezidentobis zeniti iyo.
jer kidev prezident buSis meore vadiT arCevisas davr-
wmundi, rom amerikuli sazogadoebis problema mx-
olod misi liderebi ar iyvnen. amerikul sazogadoebas
ar surda pirquSi realobisTvis Tvalis gasworeba da
pirdapir ubiZgebda Tavis liderebs tyuilisken, radga-
nac maTgan iol pasuxebs iTxovda rTul problemebTan
gasamklaveblad.
es Sexeduleba gamimyara iman, Tu rogor warimarTa
obamas prezidentoba. obama prezidenti finansuri
krizisis periodSi gaxda, romlis masStabic adamianebis
umravlesobas, misi CaTvliT, ar esmoda. Tumca imas ki
mixvda, rom amerikul sazogadoebas pirquSi realobis
danaxva ar surs, Tanac sakuTari qarizmisa mtkiced swam-
da. mas aseve surda partiul interesebze maRla dad-
goma da, rogorc Tavis saarCevno gamosvlebSi ambobda
xolme, amerikis „SeerTebuli“ Statebis prezidentad
gaxdoma. amitomac, misi winamorbedi administraciisT-
vis ramis dabraleba ar undoda da yvelanairad cdi-
82 83ჯორჯ სოროსი
lobda kritikisa da konfliqtis Tavidan acilebas. man
mimarTa meTods, romelsac akerlofma da Silerma „ndo-
bis multiplikatori“ uwodes TavianT gavlenian wignSi
„cxovelebis sulebi“. amitomac imdroindeli ekonomi-
kuri mdgomareobis realurze gacilebiT optimistu-
ri suraTi daxata im imediT, rom recesiis Serbilebas
SeZlebda. am taqtikis wyalobiT recesia imaze ufro
xanmokle da zedapiruli gamodga, vidre sxva SemTx-
vevaSi iqneboda, magram amave taqtikas katastrofuli
politikuri Sedegebi hqonda. ndobis multiplikato-
ri, sinamdvileSi, refleqsiuri ukukavSiris uwyveti
procesis erTi nawilia: adamianebis Sexedulebebze
pozitiur gavlenas SeiZleba pozitiuri ukukavSiric
hqondes Zireul realobasTan. Tu realoba molodinis
Sesabamisi ar aRmoCnda, ndoba imedgacruebad da brazad
gardaiqmneba. es refleqsiuri ukukavSiris procesis
meore nawilia da yvelaferi swored ase moxda.
eleqtoratma obamas recesiis Serbileba ar daufasa,
radganac ar icoda, Tu ra gaakeTa man. konfliqtisTvis
Tavis aridebiT obamam iniciativa opozicias dauTmo,
xolo opozicias TanamSromlobis motivacia ar hqonda.
respublikelebis propagandam xalxi daarwmuna, rom
finansuri krizisi mTavrobis warumateblobis Sedegi
iyo da ara bazris warumateblobisa. respublikelebis
narativis Tanaxmad, mTavrobis ndoba ar SeiZleba da
ekonomikaSi misi roli, romelic regulirebasa da ga-
dasaxadebis dawesebas moicavs, minimumamde unda Sevam-
ciroT.
82 83ჩემი ფილანთროპია
respublikelebs seriozuli mizezi hqondaT, rom es
xazi aerCiaT: es iyo naxevarsimarTle, romelic maT
politikuri miznebis miRwevaSi uwyobda xels. gasak-
viri mxolod maTi warmatebis masStabia. amis erT-er-
Ti mizezi orueliseuli axalmetyvelebis Zalaa, aseve
sazogadoebis midrekileba, rom pirquS realobas Tva-
li ar gausworos.
erTi mxriv, axalmetyvelebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva
Zalze Znelia, radganac is TavisTavad winaaRmdegobriv-
ia, iseve rogorc, magaliTad, „foqs niusi“, romelic sa-
kuTar Tavs samarTlians da dabalansebuls uwodebs.
kidev erTi xriki mowinaaRmdegis dadanaSaulebaa iseT
qmedebaSi, romelsac Tavad sCadixar. ase magaliTad,
„foqs niusi“ brals mdebs, rom mediaimperias vakon-
troleb. daostatebul praqtikosebs ieriSi yovelTvis
oponentis yvelaze Zlier wertilze miaqvT, rogorc,
magaliTad, maSin, rodesac organizacia „sviftboutma“
jon keris, rogorc vietnamis omis veteranis, damsax-
ureba daayena eWvqveS. faqtebiT Tavs ver daicav, xolo
braldebis uaryofisas kidev erTxel imeoreb mas. amave
dros, braldebis ignorireba SeiZleba Zalze Zvirad
dagijdes, rogorc jon keris SeemTxva 2004 wlis arCev-
nebis dros.
meore mxriv, WeSmaritebis dadgenis mcdelobam mimzid-
veloba didwilad dakarga. rodesac realoba usiamov-
noa, iluziebi misgan Tavis daRwevis mimzidveli gzaa.
Znelbedobis Jams, uprincipo manipulatorebi upi-
84 85ჯორჯ სოროსი
ratesobas floben imaTTan SedarebiT, vinc realobisT-
vis Tvalis gasworebas cdilobs. vaimaris respublikaSi
nacistebis propagandam warmatebas imitom miaRwia, rom
sazogadoeba omSi gancdili marcxiT damcirebuli da
ukontrolo inflaciiT dezorientirebuli iyo. ameri-
kulma sazogadoebam garkveulwilad msgavsi ram gamoi-
ara, rodesac jer 11 seqtembris teroristulma aqtebma
agrZnobina sikvdilis SiSi, xolo Semdeg finansurma
krizisma materialuri gaWirvebac moitana da SeerTebu-
li Statebis, rogorc msoflios dominanti saxelmwi-
fos, daRmasvlac daadastura. radganac SeerTebuli
Statebis daRmasvla da CineTis aRmavloba erTsa da
imave dros mimdinareobs, Zalauflebisa da gavlenis mx-
riv momxdari Zvra marTlac dramatulad gamoiyureba.
es ori tendencia _ pirquSi realobisTvis Tavis
aridebis survili da tyuilis meTodebis daxvewa _
jamSi imis mizezia, rom amerika Ria sazogadoebis moTx-
ovnebs veRar akmayofilebs. rogorc Cans, sazogadoeba
warmatebuli unda iyos, imisaTvis, rom Riad darCes.
ris gakeTeba SegviZlia, rom amerikaSi Ria sazogadoe-
ba SevinarCunoT da gavaZlieroT? pirvel rigSi, kargi
iqneba, Tu sazogadoeba imunitets gamoimuSavebs axal-
metyvelebis mimarT. imas, visac is nacistebis an komu-
nistebis mmarTvelobisas gamoucdia sakuTar Tavze,
masze alergiuli reaqcia aqvs, magram farTo sazoga-
doeba metad daucvelia.
84 85ჩემი ფილანთროპია
amasTan, msurs amerikuli sazogadoeba davarwmuno, rom
pirquSi realobisTvis Tvalis gasworeba sasargeblo
iqneba. bedma gamiRima, rom nacistur okupacias araTu
gadavurCi, aramed iqidan gamarjvebulic gamovedi: ma-
maCemma sxva adamianebisTvis daxmarebis gaweva SeZlo, me
ki mas vexmarebodi. amis wyalobiT, pirquS realobasTan
Sejaxeba da TiTqosda gadauWrel problemebTan SeWide-
ba miyvars. „foqs niusis“ xelmZRvanelebma, rupert mer-
doqma da rojer ailsma, sworad gamomarCies, rogorc
maTi mowinaaRmdege. Tumca, meTodebi, romlebsac Cemze
TavdasxmisTvis iyeneben, nakleb Sedegiani aRmoCnda:
maTi tyuili gamJRavndeba da arc maTi meTodebi iqneba
warmatebuli.
Tumca, politikuri diskursis xarisxis gaumjobeseba
sakmarisi ar aris. aseve unda mivagnoT saWiro politi-
kasac Cveni qveynis realur problemebTan, umuSevrobis
maRal maCvenebelTan da qronikul sabiujeto da savaW-
ro deficitebTan gasamklaveblad. Statebisa da adgi-
lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis dafinanseba kraxisken
miiwevs. respublikelebma dRis wesrigze kontrolis
mopoveba SeZles da mcdar mosazrebas amkvidreben, rom-
lis Tanaxmad yvelaferi mTavrobis bralia. demokrate-
bi iZulebuli arian, rom uimedo brZolaSi Caeban da
simarTlis meore naxevari daicvan.
saWiroa mdgomareobis xelaxla da safuZvlianad gaaz-
reba da, aseve, imis aRiarebac, rom naxevarsimarTles
yovelTvis Secdomisken mivyavarT. is, rom Seni oponen-
86 ჯორჯ სოროსი
ti cdeba, ar niSnavs, rom Tavad marTali xar. unda Seve-
guoT im faqts, rom arsebiTad arasrulyofil sazoga-
doebaSi vcxovrobT, sadac srulyofilebas verc bazari
miaRwevs da verc mTavrobis regulaciebi. Cveni amocana
is aris, rom naklovanebebi SevamciroT, raTa kerZo
sawarmoebmac da mTavrobamac ukeT imuSaon. magram vin
Seqmnis aseT dRis wesrigs? swred am gzavnilis mitana
minda rogorme sazgadoebamde.