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Tsustudenturi

mecniereba

#1

Tsu

studenturi

mecniereba

saredaqcio jgufi

TamTa zaaliSvili - iuridiuli fakultetis III kursis studenti

salome gorgoZe - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis III kursis studenti

sofia maisuraZe - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis III kursis studenti

guranda ZamelaSvili - socialur da politikur mecniere-baTa fakultetis III kursis studenti

megi sajaia - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis III kursis studenti

dea darbaiZe - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis III kursis studenti

redaqtori

mari oTiaSvili - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis III kursis studenti

dizaini

beqa gorgiZe-gabunia - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis III kursis studenti

laSa zarandia - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis III kursis studenti

ana gziriSvili - apolon quTaTelaZis saxelobis Tbilisis samxatvro akademiis III kurisis studenti

fotosuraTebi

nesi kupreiSvili - socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis II kursis studenti

saredaqcio jgufi did madlobas uxdis

ekonomikisa da biznesis; zust da sabunebismetyvelo;

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa; iuridiul;

humanitarul mecnierebaTa da medicinis fakultetebs;

Tsu-is administracias da studentur TviTmmarTvelobas

TanadgomisaTvis.

Temur SveliZehidroTermebi -“Savi da TeTri mbolavebi”

da wyalqveSa “oazisebi”4

sarCevi

TinaTin meZmariaSvili globalizaciis gavlena socialur kapitalze11

nato qorCilava umuSevrobis problema saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi14

eTer zviadauri dasaqmebis problema saqarTveloSi19

giorgi CaxvaZe utilitarizmi sawyisebidan dRevandelobamde22

ana SatakiSvili “susti” mxaris dacvis problema Sromis samarTalSi26

giorgi nakaSiZeidealuri emisiebi da maTi dasabuTebis problematika ameri-

kis SeerTebuli Statebis sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT30

giorgi baRdavaZeiZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris definicia gaeros

saxelmZRvanelo principebisa da qarTuli kanonmdeblobis

SedarebiTi analizi34

salome gorgoZeTanamedrove qarTuli beWdviTi da onlain media

religiuri problematikis Sesaxeb39

mariam jafariZebaqo-axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinigzis

ekonomikuri Sefaseba43

ekaterine maxaTaZe“momavlis regioni” – erTiani da stabiluri samxreT

kavkasia46

mari oTiaSvilidemokratizaciis procesis dadebiTi gavlena postsabWoTa

qveynebis ekonomikur globalizaciaze50

nino TvaloqroSvili stigmatizacia: uaryofiTi Sedegebi da daZlevis gzebi53

eka tabataZe „qalTa emansipaciis sakiTxi gazeT „droebaSi“58

2 Tsu studenturi mecniereba ivlisi 2013

sofio CitaZe

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

studenturi TviTmmarTvelobis

prezidenti

“Tsu studenturi mecniereba” warmoadgens studentebisTvis samecnie-ro komunikaciis, TavianTi samecniero kuTxiT SesaZleblobebis gamovlenis,

samecniero informaciis gavrcelebis karg saSualebas. Jurnali moicavs yvela fakultetis yvela mimarTulebas.studentebs saSualeba eZlevaT imuSaon saerTaSoriso da adgi-lobrivi mniSvnelobis sxvadasxva samecniero mimarTulebiT. “Tsu studenturi mecniereba” universitetis studentebs miscems saSualebas pirveli nabijebi gadadgan TavianT samec-niero karieraSi. mimaCnia, rom Jurnalis gamocemam unda miiRos tradici-uli xasiaTi, studenturi TviTmmarTveloba yovelTvis gverdSi daudgeba studentebis aseT araCveulebriv wamowyebebs.

Zalian kargia, rom ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi studenturi samecniero Jurnali gamodis. universiteti ar aris mxolod saswavlo centri, is aris saswavlo-samecniero centri, universiteti ar aris ubralod ganaTlebuli adamianebis samWedlo, is mecnierTa samWedlocaa. gansakuTrebiT niWieri axalgazrdebi unda CaerTon samecniero kvlevaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, CemTvis principulia, rom axalgazrdebis niWieri nawili iyos gamovlenili. maTi gamovlenis yvelaze kargi mastimulirebeli forma ki samecniero Jurnalis gamocemaa, rodesac axalgazrda dainaxavs, rom misi nafiqri da naRvawi daibeWda. me maxsovs Cemi pirveli Tezisebi, romlebic pirvel kursze gamoqveynda. maxsovs rogor davinaxe patara broSuraSi erTgverdiani Tezisebi, sadac Cemi saxeli da gvari ewera, rogori siamayis gancda mqonda 18 wlis axalgazrdas. sxvaTa Soris, Cemi Sromebis sia swored im pirveli TezisebiT iwyeba. amitom studenturi Jurnalis gamocemas me mxolod da mxolod mivesalmebi. amasTanave, minda aRvniSno, rom kargi formatia mofiqrebuli, rom es Jurnali maTi profesorebis kuratorobis qveS gamoicema. es daexmareba maT SeirCes marTlac iseTi statiebi, romelTac samecniero faseuloba gaaCnia da amdenad mizanSewonilia daibeWdos. axalgazrdebs ki minda vusurvo warmateba maT samecniero saqmianobaSi.

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

reqtori, akademikosi

Tsu studenturi mecniereba ivlisi 2013 3

vladimer papava


Temur SveliZe

zust da sabunebi-smetyvelo mecnierebaTa fakulteti, ekologiis mimar-Tulebis meoTxe kur-sis studenti. “hidroTermebi–Savida TeTri mbolavebi da wy-alqveSa oazisebi” aris misi pirveli statia. imedovnebs, rom misi mecnieruli kariera am statiiT warmatebulad daiwyeba. Temurs samomavlod aqvs saintereso gegmebi. kerZod, didi survili aqvs Camoayalibos axalgazrda ekologTa asociacia, rom-lis mTavari mizani iqneba sazogadoebis informulo-bis donis gazrda ekolo-giur sakiTxebSi. aseve surs moiwvios da iTanamSromlos sxva universitetebis studen-tebTan, romlebTan erTadac SeZlebs zemoT aRniSnuli gegmebis Sesrulebas da moax-erxebs sxvadasxva proeqtebis warmatebiT ganxorcielebas.

hidroTermebi warmoadgenen Termuli wylebis wyaroe-bs okeanis fskerze. isini ZiriTadad mdebareoben Sua-okeanuri qedebis raionebSi, romlebic Cven planetaze, faqtobrivad, vul-

kanebis yvelaze grZel jaWvs qmnian. wyali iq imdenad cx-elia, rom SesaZloa mravali metalis ganzaveba.

es wyali SeiZleba maRali wnevis Sedegad iyos gadaxurebuli, romelsac wylis fenis sisqe qmnis. amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes, rom okeanis siRrme, gansakuTrebiT im adgi-lebSi sadac vulkanebia ganlagebuli, Sua-okeanuri qedebis gaswvriv, 2-4 aTas

metrs aRwevs. hidroTermebi mniSvnelovan-ni arian ramdenime mizezis gamo. Cven madneuls, iseTebs, rogoricaa spilenZi, rkina da sxv. xmeleTze movipovebT. aRmoCnda, rom mravali sabado, romelsac Cven vamuSavebT sinamdvileSi Camoyalibda okeanis fskerze. miuxedavad imisa, rom axla

xmeleTze mdebareoben, isini dedami-

hidroTermebi -‘

“Savi da TeTri mbolavebi”

da wyalqveSa “oazisebi”

Abstract

Hydrotherms - in fact, are the thermal water sources on the ocean floor. They are located mainly in the areas of mid-ocean ridges, which are actually the longest chain of volcanoes on our planet. The water there is so hot that can dissolve many metals. Its overheating is caused due to the water column high pressure impacting on it. It should be mentioned, that ocean depths, particularly in places where these volcanoes are located along the mid-oceanic ridge, reaches of 2-4 thousand meters. Hydrotherms availability on ocean floor is important for several reasons. The minerals, such as copper, iron, and others are extracted on land. It turns out, that many of the deposits under development, is actually formed on the ocean floor. As it is known, even though these deposits exists on land they are located in parts of the oceanic crust, as defined. These deposits are very old. Hydrothermal orifice (muzzles) study can help to trace of these deposits formation and search for new deposits in the future. Two other reasons are related to biology. The first is the large number of exotic and until unknown creatures living around the hydrothermal sources, be-ginning from large, such as crabs and shellfish to the micro-organisms that belong to the Archean Group, probably one of the most primitive life forms on the planet. Thus, hydrotherms are important in the sense of living organisms and previously unknown to science biological communities study. These enzymes from microorganisms can be used for commercial ap-plications. Scientists use enzymes from microorganisms living in hydrothermal sources for the human genome decoding. Thus, to examine both practical reasons and reasons connected with the understanding of the oceans and the resources that we have on Earth. Thus, for study and research there are both, as practical reasons as well reasons, connected with the understanding of the oceans and the resources that we have on Earth.

wis qerqis im nawilebSia ganlagebuli, romlebic okeanurad aris miCneuli. es sabadoebi uZvele-sia. hidroTermebis yelebis Seswavlisas Segvi-Zlia Tvali mivadevnoT maTi formirebis pro-cess, rac momavalSi axali sabadoebis moZiebis saSualebas iZleva. ori sxva mizezi miekuTvneba biologias. Ppirveli, es aris hidroTermebis garSemo mo-binadre didi raodenobis egzotikuri, dRemde ucnobi qmnilebebi - dawyebuli didi kiborCx-alebidan da moluskebidan, damTavrebuli mik-roorganizmebiT, romlebic miekuTvnebian arqeas jgufs da albaT warmoadgenen planetaze si-cocxlis yvelaze primitiul formas. amrigad, hidroTermebi mniSvnelovanni arian im cocxali organizmebisa da biologiuri “sazogadoebebis” Seswavlisas, romlebic adre ucnobi iyo mec-nierebisaTvis. am organizmebidan miRebulma fermentebma komerciuli gamoyeneba hpoves. hidroTermebis bi-nadari mikroorganizmebis fermentebi mecniere-bam adamianis genomis gaSifrvisaTvis gamoiyena. amrigad, maTi SeswavlisTvis praqtikuli mizeze-bi arsebobs, romlebic dakavSirebulia okeanee-bisa da im resursebis gagebisaTvis, romlebic dedamiwaze gagvaCnia.

Tavi 1. “Savi mbolavebi”

da iq mcxovrebi organizmebi

1.1 rogor iqmneba “Savi mbolavebi”

zRvis fskeris Tanamedrove rukebis gadaxedvisas SevamCnevT, rom yovel okeaneSi ga-wolilia giganturi mTis qedi, romelic sruli-ad gansxvavdeba xmeleTze arsebulisagan. maT Sua-okeanuri qedebi ewodebaT, vinaidan, rogorc wesi isini gadaWimuli arian mTeli okeanis gas-wvriv, mis Sua nawilSi da mxolod wynar okeane-Si ekvris aseTi qedi amerikebis materikebs. Sua-okeanuriqedebissistema–dedamiwisyvelazedid mTaTa sistemas miekuTvneba. misi saerTo sigrZe 60 aTas kilometrs aRemateba da yvela am qedebis gaswvriv, maT centralur nawilSi, gadis viwro, gaswvrivi xeoba, romelsac riftuli ewo-deba. Sua-okeanuri qedebi mdebareoben giganturi liTosferuli filebis mijnaze, iq, sadac dedami-wis zedapirs uaxlovdeba gavarvarebuli man-tia da iqmneba dedamiwis axali qerqi. aq okeane weliwadSi 1 sm. (atlantikaSi) da 18 sm. (wynar okeaneSi) siCqariT farTovdeba. meore mxriv, okeanis napirebTan, romlebic

suraTi 1. hidroTermebi - “Savi mbolavebi”

odesRac, uxsovar droSi warmoiqmnen, okeanuri dedamiwis qerqi “yvinTavs” dedamiwis mantiaze mocurave materikebis beltebis qveS da misi niv-Tiereba kvlav Caedineba dedamiwis wiaRSi. zus-tad aseTi adgilebi niSandeben Rrmawyliani Rarebis rkalebs da maT gaswvriv ganlagebul kunZulTa jaWvs. aq, dedamiwis qerqis filebi ex-axunebian erTmaneTs da Seqmnili daZabuloba mi-wisZvrebis saxiT sruldeba. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom Rarebis da kunZulovani rkalebis ubnebi (kuriliis kunZulebisa da iaponiis CaTvliT) dedamiwis erT-erT seismurad yvelaze aqtiur raionebad gvevlineba (vinogradovi 2005). Sua-okeanuri qedebis riftuli velebis bevr adgilas, agreTve materikebisa da kunZulTa

rkalebs Soris, dedamiwis qerqis dacilebis raionebSi, sadac magma gansakuTrebiT axloa zedapirTan liTosferos siRrmidan amomavali siTburi nakadis temperatura gansakuTrebiT maRalia. aseT adgilebSi riftuli xeobebis bazaltebi axalgazrdobisa da ganze gadaadgilebis unaris gamo dabzarulia. am bzarebiT zRvis wyali kldeebSi Sedis. axlomdebare magmis siTbo mas 300-400 gradusi celsiusiT acxelebs da is, (gogirdis SenaerTebisa da mZime metalebis) misi garemomcveli qanebidan, bazaltebidan da serpentinitebidan sxvadasxva nivTierebis uZlieresi ZaliT gaxsnas iwyebs. okeanis wylis gadaqceva hidroTermul maRaltemperaturul xsnarad xdeba TandaTanobiT

da iwyeba maSin, roca wyali jer kidev qvemoT Cadis. Semdeg es gadaxurebuli xsnari, romelic ar duRdeba Zalian maRali atmosferos wnevis gamo, (zRvaSi wneva yovel 10 metr siRrmeze 1 atmosferoTi matulobs, aq ki siRrmeebi mravalkilometriania) zeviT iwevs da Sadrevnebis saxiT amoifrqveva. fskeris civ wyalTan Serevisas (2-30C) es xsnari Cqara civdeba da zogierTi masSi gaxsnili nivTiereba iwyebs ukan gamoyofas (gamocvenas). magaliTad, gaxsnili sulfatebidan sulfidebis wvrili, wyalSi uxsnadi, Savi feris kristalebi warmoiqmneba. fskeridan

amofrqveul nakadSi maTi miriadebi damwvari rezinis sqel Sav bols waagavs. sulfidis fxvnili ileqeba qvemoT da maTgan mRvimeebSi stalagmitebis msgavsad fskeridan Savi koSkebis mSenebloba iwyeba, romlebic dafarulia gogirdovani wiTuri nafrqveviT. aseTi sakvamurebi, romlebic Sav bols afrqveven, amJamad cnobili arian, rogorc Savi ‘mbolavebi”. (suraTi 1). Tu wlebis ganmavlobaSi nakadi erT wertilSi scems, maSin aseTi koSkebis simaRle SeiZleba ramdenime aTeul metrs aRwevdes, xolo Tu nakadi aqeT-iqiT “exeTqeba”, maSin Savi koSkebis magivrad saocari qvis tyeebi

suraTi 2. hidroTermebi - “TeTri mbolavebi”

iqmneba. Tumca, zogjer adgi-lobrivi xsnarebis Tavise-burebebis gamo sulfidebi ar ileqeba da maSin amo-frqveuli wyali rCeba gam-Wvirvale, anda odnav moyvi-Talo. misi mocimcime da bolqvadi nakadebi maTi sim-kvriveebisa da temperaturis sxvaobis gamo fskeris wyl-is fonze saocrad Cans. “Sav mbolavebTan” erTad aseTma wyaroebma “TeTri mbolavis” saxelwodeba miiRes (suraTi 2). vinaidan, aq cirkulaci-uri sistema muSaobs, ba-zaltebSi ki bzarebi bevria, “mbolavebi” ganlagdebian jgufebad, romlebic erTian-debian hidroTermul mind-vrebad - saitebad. saitebis zoma aTeuli metria, xolo mindvrebis tipuri zomebi ki

aseulobiT metri.

1.2 hidroTermuli oazisebi da maTi binadarni

hidroTermuli oazisebis biomasis safuZ-vels (cxovelebis 10 kg-mde kvadratul metrze) warmoadgens hemosinTezirebeli baqteriebi, rom-lebic qmnian axal organul nivTierebas, im qi-miuri nivTierebis daJangvis xarjze, romlebic gamoaqvs cxeli wylis Sadrevnebs. “mbolavebi-dan” amofrqveuli cxeli wylis nakadis (e.w. fluidi) da zRvis wylis Serevis zonaSi e.w go-girdis sulfatreduqciis procesis xelsayre-li pirobebi iqmneba, raSic monawileobas iReben Termofiluri (e.i. cxel wyalSi mcxovrebi) mi-kroorganizmebi arqebaqteriebis CaTvliT (isini Tanamedrove gagebiT sulac ar aris baqteriebi da aris kidev erTi jgufi mikroorganizmebisa), romlebic aRadgenen sulfats Semdegi reaqciiT.

Semdeg saqmeSi erTvebian namdvili baqteriebi, romlebic Jangaven HH2S, S, S2O3–, NO2–, Fe2+, Mn2+ agreTve gogirds da meTans. amJamad hidroTermuli oazisebidan (yve-la okeaneSi napovni - 100-ze meti) aRwerilia cxovelebis aseulze meti saxeoba, maT Soris, uxerxemloebi da Tevzebi. amasTan, 80% -ze meti maTgani arasdros ar gvxvdeba mSvid fskerze da mxolod hidroTermebze binadroben. ufro meti saxeoba ukve daWerilia da aRweras elo-

deba, romelTa Soris aranaklebi unikumebia. es gasagebicaa, hidroTermebze cxovrebis piro-bebi Zalian specifikuria. JangbadiT msunTqavi cxovelebisaTvis gogirdwyalbadi da mZime met-alebi momwamlav nivTierebas warmoadgens, aT-euli gradusis temperaturuli gradientebi ki maTi daRupvis ZiriTad mizezad gvevlineba. aseve, negatiurad moqmedebs maT cxovelmyofelobaze baqteriebis produqciis SeTvisebis aucileblo-ba. ra Tqma unda, hidroTermebis yvela mobinad-re pirdapir ar ikvebeba baqteriuli organikiT. sistema ufro rTulad aris mowyobili. arse-bobs edifikatorebis ramdenime saxeoba, romle-bic ganapirobeben am sazogadoebis “saxes”. edi-fikatorebi aRweven uzarmazar raodenobas da swored baqteriebiT sazrdooben. arsebobs mtace-blebisa da leSiWamiebisagan Sedgenili mraval-ricxovani Sleifi, romelic ukve edifikatorebis saxeobebiT sazrdoobs. sxvadasxva okeaneSi sx-vadasxva edifikatoria. wynari okeanis aRmosav-leTiT mxolod am adgilebisaTvis damaxasiaTe-beli “milisebri Wiebi”- riftiebia. (suraTi 3). Riftia pachyptila sigrZeSi metrnaxevars aRwevs, aqvT TeTri tyaviseburi milebi da wiTeli sacecebi. riftiebi da maTi ufro momcro monaTesaveni rijeebi, romlebic vestimentiferebs (pogono-forebis gancalkevebuli jgufi) miekuTvnebian da mravlad arian hidroTermebze. pirveli arahi-droTermuli pogonoferebi (rogorc gamoirkva agreTve mcxovrebi meTanis susti dinebis adg-ilebSi) me-20 saukuneSi, 1944 wels aRmoaCines. anatomiur-SedarebiTi monacemebis safuZvelze isini gamoyves cxovelebis calke tipad. axla ki rnk-s molekuluri analizis Sedegebis safuZ-velze, cdiloben CaTvalon mravalsaceciani Wi-ayelebis gansakuTrebul jgufad.

suraTi 2. hidroTermebi - “TeTri mbolavebi”

suraTi 4. msxvili Tavfexiani moluskebiAlviniconcha da Infremeria


orsagduliani moluskebi mitilidebi batimadiolusebi (ramdenime saxeobis) – yvelaokeanes hidroTermebze gavrcelebuli edifika-torebis meore jgufia. aRmosavleT pasifikis edifikatorebis mesame da meoTxe jgufi – na-povnia sxva adgilebSic, magram giganturi Tov-lisebr-TeTri orsagduliani vezikomiidebi da hidroTermebis yvelaze cxel ubnebze mobinad-re polixetebi–alvinelidebi yvelaze uxvadmxolod aq binadroben (zaxarovi2005). dasavleT pasifikis “Savi mbolavebi” dafarulia msxvili Tavfexiani moluskebiT - Alviniconcha da Ifremeria (suraTi 4). atlantikaSi msxvili, nacrisferi krevetebi – rimikarisebiboboqroben, romlebic qurqisebrad faraven ad-gilobriv mbolavebs im adgilebSi, sadac ar arian batimodiolusebi. rimikarisebs Cveu-lebrivi Tvalebi ara aqvT, samagierod special-urad ganviTarebuli organo gaaCniaT, romelic infrawiTel diapazonSi muSaobs da maT mdu-Rare nakadis danaxvis saSualebas aZlevs. rac Seexeba indoeTis okeanes, pirveli hidroTermuli velebi aq axlaxan aRmoaCines, sadac rimikarisebi binadroben. Crdilo-yinu-lovan okeaneSi hidroTermuli mindvrebi jer arc erT geologsa Tu biologs ar Seuswavlia, Tumca hidrologiuri gamokvlevebi da foto-suraTebi maT arsebobas amtkiceben. zemoT CamoTvlili saxeobebis baqteriebis ubralo Segroveba sulac ar aris marTebuli. Tumca, hidroTermebze baqteriebi bevria da zogjer isini grunts santimetris sisqis sqeli feniT faraven, magram yovelTvis da yvelgan ara. Aamitom, ufro saimedoa, sxeulze an sxeulSi maTi kultivireba. orsagduliani moluskebi maT Tavis layuCebSi amravleben. krevetebi-rimikarisebi „baqterialur baRCebs“ pirdapir, sakuTari piris kideebze amravleben da saWiroebisas sakvebad moixmaren. es ki sak-maod Zneli saqmea. baqteriebs yvelanairi qimiis maqsimaluri koncentracia sWirdebaT, is ki iqaa sadac hidroTermuli fluidis nakadi jer ar aris gazavebuli fskeruli wyliT da amitom Zalian cxelia. TavianTi baqteriebis gasazrde-lad krevetebi Zvrebian yvelaze Sav bolSi da uxdebaT saxifaTo balansireba. SeZvrebian Za-lianaxlos–moixarSebian,Sors–mSivrebirCe-bian. Aamitom, rimikarisebs Soris anZa da fexeb-damwvrebic xSirad gvxvdebian. yvelaze eSmakurad moewyvnen vestimen-tiferebi. maT piri da sakvebis momnelebeli sistema ar gaaCniaT, xolo baqteriebi – simbi-ontebi sxeulis SigniT specialur trofosomad wodebul Rrubelovan organoebSi binadroben. swored aq iqmneba problema, hemosinTezisTvis baqteriebs sWirdebaT gogirdwyalbadi, magram Jangbadis msunTqavi cxovelebisTvis sxeulSi SeRweuli gogirdwyalbadi– Sxamia. rogorRacocxloben isini? hidroTermaluri vestimentiferebis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli riftiaa.

maT magaliTze naCvenebia Tu rogor cxovroben riftiebi (rogorc yvela pogonofora) mkvriv mi-lebSi, romlebsac qmnian TviTon cxovelebi ci-

lisa da hitinididan. riftiebi milakebs qmnian jiryvliT, romelic mdebareobs specialur „say-eloze“ cxovelis wina nawilze, sacecebis qveS. “sayelo“ ki, rogorc sacobi xuravs milakSi Ses-asvlels. am milakebs riftiis sxeulis mkvriv kolagenur safarTan erTad, romelSic aris fermentebi, SeuZliaT Zalian swrafad daJangon sulfidebi, rac saSualebas ar aZlevs gaxsnil gogirdwyalbads (ufro zustad mis anions HS–) SeaRwios riftiis sxeulSi. ra Tqma unda, isini xels uSlian Jangbadis SeRwevasac da cxove-lis mTeli airis mimocvla xdeba milakebidan gamoSverili sacecebiT. sacecebi uxvad marag-debian sisxliT, imdenad rom cocxali riftiebis


suraTi 5. vestimentiferebis warmomadgeneli riftiebi

da hidroTermuli krevetebi - rimikarisebi

sacecebi kaSkaSa wiTel fers iZens. riftiebis hemoglobini gansxvavdeba umetesi cxovelis he-moglobinisagan (magaliTad xerxemlianebisa)

da unari gaaCnia SeaerTos HS–, amasTan erTad Jangbadi, rogorc yvela cxovelSi uerTdeba hemoglobins, sulfidebi ki molekulis sxva nawilakebs. Sedegad, hemoglobinTan SeerTeba ar uSlis ukanasknels Jangbadis gadatanas. amasTan, HS–is hemoglobinTan kavSiri imdenad Zlieria, rom ar gascems mas Cveulebriv sunTqvis fer-ments citoxrom-C-oqsidazs (HS–-s SenaerTi am fermentTan wamlavs gogirdwyalbadiT im cox-velebs, romlebic sunTqaven JangbadiT). aseTi saimedo SenaerTis saxiT saxifaTo nivTiereba mogzaurobs riftiis sisxl-ZarRvTa sistemaSi, romelic brwyinvaled ganviTarebul lapila-rul qselSi trofosomaSi xvdeba, saidanac ga-

daecema uSualod simbiontebs. riftiis sisxlis sxva komponentebi CO2-s miawvdian, rac agreTve saWiroa hemosinTezis procesebisaTvis (feoktis-tova 1997).

1.3 “TeTri mbolavebi”

axla ki odnav dawvrilebiT “Savi mbo-lavebis” Zmebze - “TeTr mbolavebze”. atlantikis okeaneSi mdebare mTebis masi-vis batiskafi “elviniT” daTvalierebisas aR-moaCines uzarmazari zomis mokaSkaSe TeTri ko-Skebi. maTi simaRle samoc metrs aRwevda. isini stalagmitebs hgavdnen. daaxloebiT fexburTis moednis sididis koSkebis gverdiT erTi metris simaRlis, sam aTeulze meti wamonaSveri da kbi-lanaa ganlagebuli. agreTve, TeTri qaniT Sevsebuli uamravi naprali. es suraTi uzarma-zar CaZirul qalaqs mogagonebdaT. geografeb-ma mas “dakarguli qalaqi” (lost city) daarqves. es adre ucnobi tipis hidroTermuli wyaroebi iyo. isini sulac ar hgavdnen “Sav mbolavebs”. Cveulebrivad ori teqtonikuri filis Sexebis win ganlagdebian. “dakarguli qalaqi” filis kidisagan iyo moSorebuli. is aRemarTeboda ara axal vulkanur bazaltze, aramed peridodi-tze–qanze,romelicdedamiwismantiidandidixnis win iyo amofrqveuli. misi asaki milion wels aRemateboda. “TeTri mbolavebi” xeebis msgavsad simaRlesa da siganeSi izrdebod-nen. gaxsnili lava ara mxolod yelidan, ar-amed mis ZirSi myofi napralebidan da bzare-bidanac amoedineboda. am sxvadasxva wyalqveSa “milebis” qimiuri Semadgenloba mkveTrad gan-sxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan. “Savi mbolavebis” kedlebi sulfidebisa da rkinis naerTebisagan Sedgeba, xolo “TeTri koSkebi”– karbonatuliqanebisagan. koSkebi, romlebmac SeinarCunes Ta-visi aqtivoba mTlianad TeTri ferisa arian, xolo Camqrali nel-nela nacrisfers iReben. qimiuri Sedgenlobis gansxvaveba

miuTiTebs am wyaroebis sxavdasxva genezisze. “Savi mbolavi” konusebi cxeldebian vulkanuri siTboTi. maSin, rodesac axlad aRmoCenili wy-aroebis energia gamomuSavdeba qimiuri reaqci-is xarjze, romelic mimdinareobs zRvis wyalsa da olivins (minerali, romlisganac ZiriTadad Sedgeba peridotiti) Soris. am reaqciis dros olivini gardaiqmneba sxva mineralad – serpentinad,romlisdrosacgamoiyofa meTani, wyalbadi da Warbi siTbo. amodenili wyali cxeldeba 50-80 gradusamde, ami-tom naleqad gamoiyofa iseTi mineralebi, ro-goricaa: kalciti, aragoniti da brukiti, xolo gogirdi da rkina TiTqmis ar aris. “TeTri ko-Skebis” Tavze araviTari TeTri bolis Rrubeli ar vrceldeba. es wyaroebi SesaZloa gairCes mx-olod Suqis aTinaTiT, romelic iq cimcimebs, sa-dac napralidan wylis nakadi amoirfqveva.


suraTi 5. vestimentiferebis warmomadgeneli riftiebi

da hidroTermuli krevetebi - rimikarisebi

daskvna

amrigad, „Savi mbolavebi“ - Rrma hidroTermuli wy-aroebi, rogorc wesi, mdebareo-ben Sua-okeanuri qedebis rift-ebis zonaSi. maTi yelebidan airebiT (wyal-badi naxSirmJa-vis airi) gazave-buli Rrublebi: wvril disper-sul sulfidebiT, sulfatebiT da metalebis Jangeu-liT gajerebuli cxeli wylis na-kadi amoifrqve-va, romlebsac Cveulebriv Savi feri aqvT. sxva S e m ad g e nlob i s w y al q v e S a

Rrublebis mier gamoyofili SenaerTebis feri SeiZle-

ba TeTri („TeTri mbo-lavebi“) iyos. sulfidebisa

da sxva Sen-aerTebis na-l e q e b i s sisqe aT-eul metrs aRwevs, rac T a n a m e -d r o v e vulkanur-

n a l e q o v a n m a d a n w ar mo -

qmnis Tval-saCino magaliTia.

hidroTermebis garSemo gogirdwyalbadis didi kon-

centraciis Sedegad viTardebi-an baqteriebi, romlebic ufro maRalorganizebuli, maT Soris, mecnierebisaTvis adre ucnobi

organizmebisaTvis sakveb produqtebs

warmoadgenen.

suraTi 3. “milisebri Wiebi” - riftiebi. (Riftia pachyptila)


Tanamedrove pirobebSi globalizacia uwyveti da Seuqcevadi procesia, romelic gavlenas axdens msoflios yve-la qveyanaze. globalizaciis yovlismomcveli procesi aqrobs erovnuli kulturebis, ekonomikuri sistemebis, saxelmwifoebis gamyof sazRvrebs da uSualod zemoqmedebs ekonomikaSi adamian-iseuli, fizikuri da socialuri kapitalis dagrovebaze. cneba–“socialurikapitali”pirveladliddjadsonxanifanma 1916 wels soflis skolebze gamarTuli diskusiisas gamoiyena. xanifani am terminiT aRwerda iseT mniSvnelovan

garemoebebs, romelic adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze axdenda gavlenas da mivi-

da daskvnamde, rom aucilebeli iyo keTili nebis aRqma, urTierT sim-

patiis gamovlena da im adami-anebs Soris urTierTobebis mowesrigeba, romlebic qmnian socialur erTeuls. socialuri kapi-talis cneba mraval aspeqts moicavs da misi ganmartebe-bic sxvadasxvagvaria. bur-dies Tanaxmad, socialuri kap-itali warmoadgens naTesaur da jgufur urTierTobebze dafuZnebul resursebs. koul-menis Tanaxmad, socialuri kapi-tali warmoadgens ndobisa da

urTierTdaxmarebis potencials, romelic pirovnul urTierTobebSi formirdeba.

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axali globaluri receptis, egreTwodebuli

globalizaciis gavlena

socialur kapitalze

Abstract

Social capital is the expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups. The process of globalization makes social capital like some kind of resource which is essential for enhancing economic effi ciency and sustainable development. So-cial capital refers to the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society’s social interactions. Increasing evidence shows that so-cial cohesion is critical for societies to prosper economically and for development to be sustainable. Social capital is not just the sum of the institutions which underpin a soci-ety – it is the glue that holds them together. In global economy social capital serves as the most important factor for economic growth and reduction of transaction costs. The growth of social capital can provide stability of global economy.

TinaTin meZmariaSvili

ekonomikisa da bizne-sis fakultetis ekonomikis specialobis meoTxe kursis studenti. aris prezidentis stipendianti. gamoqveynebuli aqvs statia Jurnal „axal eko-nomistSi“ saxelwodebiT „inkluziuri biznesis ganvi-Tarebis perspeqtivebi saqa-rTveloSi“. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli araerT konferen-ciaSi da xSirad organize-basac uwevs akademiuri saxis RonisZiebebs. gaxlavT Tsu-s stu-dentTa 72-e sauniversiteto konferenciis gamarjvebuli.

“post-vaSingtonis konsesusis” Ziebis procesSi, socialuri kapitaliT aqtiurad dainteresda msoflio banki. “socialuri kapitali niSnavs institutebs, urTierTobebsa da normebs, rom-lebic gansazRvraven sazogadoebis socialuri interaqciis xarisxsa da raodenobas. social-uri kapitali ar aris sazogadoebis mxardam-Weri institutebis jami, aramed webo, romelic sazogadoebas kravs”, - ase gansazRvravs social-uri kapitalis cnebas “msoflio banki”. 1990-iani wlebis bolos msoflio bankSi Seiqmna “Tematu-ri jgufi socialur kapitalTan dakavSirebiT”, romelmac didi samuSaoebi Caatara aRniSnul sakiTxebze. Sedegad, 2001 wlidan socialuri kap-italis gazomvis ori meTodi gaCnda: “social-uri kapitalis Sefasebis instrumenti” (SOCAT) da “integrirebuli kiTxvari” (SOCAP IQ). yvelaze zogadi midgomiT socialuri kapitali SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc socialuri da politikuri faqtorebis erToblioba, ro-melic ayalibebs normebs da gansazRvravs so-cialur struqturas. socialuri kapitalis mraval gansazRvrebas sami umTavresi faqtori

aerTianebs. pirveli, socialuri kapitali igeba normebze, Cvevebsa da ndobaze, romelic sazoga-doebaSi ayalibebs mniSvnelovan qselebs, romle-bic, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyoben axali qselebis Seqmnas. meore, socialuri kapitalis ori gansax-vavebuli forma arsebobs: 1. gamaerTianebeli socialuri kapitali, romelic akavSirebs indi-videbs aramxolod sakuTari ojaxisa da wris waromadgenlebTan, aramed sazogadoebis maT-Tvis ucxo wevrebTan. 2. Semakavebeli social-uri kapitali, romlis drosac iqmneba klanur-naTesauri kavSirebi. mesame, gamaerTianebeli socialuri kapitali gamoixateba saerTo Ri-rebulebebze dafuZnebuli asociaciebis Seqm-naSi, radgan mniSvnelovani miznebis misaRwevad adamianTa gaerTianebas sWirdeba garkveuli in-stitucionalizeba, rom imoqmedos grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad da moklevadiani proble-mebis gadawyvetaze ar iyos fokusirebuli. globalizaciis procesi socialur kapi-tals aqcevs erTgvar resursad, romelic aucile-belia ekonomikis funqcionirebis efeqtianobis asamaRleblad da mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis.


globalur ekonomikaSi socialuri kapitali gamodis transaqciuli danaxarjebis Semcirebi-sa da ekonomikuri zrdis umniSvnelovanes faq-torad. swored socialuri kapitalis zrdas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos globaluri ekonomikis stabiluri funqcionireba. socialuri kapitali did rols TamaSobs bavSvebis aRzrdis garemos formirebaSi. so-cialuri kapitaliT mdidari raionebi sufTa da usafrTxoa. socialuri kapitali xels uwy-obs ekonomikur ganviTarebas, sawarmoebs, mu-Sakebs Soris kavSirebis gaRrmavebas informa-ciis xelmisawvdomobis amaRlebiT, koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebiTa da jgufuri mo-qmedebis efeqtianobis zrdiT. socialur kapi-tals Seswevs unari daexmaros qveyanas socio-ekonomikuri problemebis gadawyvetaSi. am faqtma ekonomistebis didi interesi gamoiwvia.

globalizaciis procesSi xdeba globaluri so-cialuri kapitalis formireba. globaluri so-cialuri kapitali ki Tavis mxriv pozitiurad zemoqmedebs ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. advil-deba saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobebSi monawileTa interesebis SeTanxmeba da saerTa-Soriso masStabiT informaciis gacvla, maRl-deba TanamSromlobis xarisxi da saerTaSori-so institutebis mimarT ndoba. aseve, mcirdeba msxvili saerTaSoriso sainvesticio proeqtebis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli riskebi da transaqciuli xarjebi. saqarTveloSi socialuri kapitalis Sesafaseblad kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centrma (CRRC) noemberi 2010 – ianvari 2013periodSi Caatara kvleva saxelwodebiT “so-cialuri kapitalis Sefaseba saqarTveloSi”. kvlebis Sedegebi da rekomendaciebi 2010 wlis dekembris TveSi gamarTuli konferenciis mTa-

vari sagani gaxda. konferenciis Semdgom damuSavda ideebi proeqtebisaTvis, ro-

melic unda ganaxorcielos sarTa-Soriso donorulma saagentoebma.

interesis sferoebs warmoad-genda: sasoflo sameurneo asociaciebi; mezoblebis mier Seqmnili “amxanago-bebi”; mSobelTa da mas-wavlebelTa asociacie-bi; adgilobriv Temebs Soris TanamSromloba, adgilobrivi media da adgilobrivi xe-lisufleba; daintere-sebuli pirebis mier bunebrivi resursebis erToblivi gamoy-eneba; jandacvasTan dakavSirebuli sx-vadasxva asociaciebi da mxardamWeri jgufe-bi. kvelevis Sedegad dadginda, rom saqarT-velos aqvs gamocdileba warmatebulad ganaxor-

cielos ZiriTadi reforme-bi saerTaSoriso part-

niorebis daxmarebiT. aseve, arsebobs didi potenciali qveyanaSi socialuri kapitalis gasafarToeblad. amrigad, socialuri kapi-tali mniSvnelovania nebismieri qveynisaTvis da gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri es sakiTxi Taname-drove pirobebSi globalizaciis procesis gaaqtiurebisas gaxda. socialuri kapitalis Tavise-burebebi gansxvavebulad ganix-ileba, Tumca sabolood mas qvey-nis ekonomikur warmatebamde

mivyavarT.

13

nato qorCilava

ivane javaxiSvi-lis saxelobis Tblisis saxelmwifo universite-tis ekonomikisa da bizne-sis fakultetis, ekonomikis mimarTulebis pirveli kur-sis studenti. 2012 wels daamTavra qalaq abaSis pirveli sajaro skola. Jurnal “Tsu stu-dentur mecnierebaSi” dabe-Wdili statia aris misTvis pirveli, magram apirebs rom Semdeg semestrebSic aqtiu-rad gaagrZelos statiebis wera sxvadasxva aqtualur, socialur-ekonomikur prob-lemebTan dakavSirebiT. gar-da amisa, apirebs, rom aqtiu-rad CaerTos universitetis mier organizebul sxvadasxva aqtivobebSi.

umuSevroba da misi gamomwvevi mizezebi

umuSevroba globaluri xasiaTis problemaa. Tu ukanasknel statistikur da sociologiur gamokv-

levebs gadavxedavT vnaxavT, rom msofli-os yvela qveyanaSi umniSvnelovanes so-cialur problemebs Soris umuSevrobas wa-

myvani poziciebi ukavia. am mxriv, gamonaklisi arc saqarTveloa. ufro metic, Cvens qveyanaSi ukve ram-denime welia, rac es prob-lema aqtualurobas ar kargavs da socialur prob-

lemebs Soris myarad ukavia pirveli adgili. saqarTvelos statis-

umuSevrobis problema

saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi

Abstract

Unemployment is one of the most important economic and social prob-lems of many economies. Georgia as many other countries faces this problem as well. According to the national statistics the level of unemployment was 15.1% in 2011 which is lower than the figures in 2008-2010 but still higher than in 2005-2007. The main goal of the research is to define the reasons for unemployment, its consequences and ways to solve this problem. In order to reach this goal both primary and secondary data were used. Focus groups represent main source of the primary data and information from the De-partment of Statistics of Georgia as well as literature review represents the second-ary data source. According to the results of the research the main reasons for unem-ployment are: economic crisis of 2008 leading to the problems in banking and construction sectors of the economy, war with Russia in August of 2008 followed by the displacement of many people who left their homes and jobs, introduction of new and advanced technologies that save labor and negative trade balance of Georgia.As to the consequences of unemployment, it has negative economic and social outcomes. Main economic outcomes are related to the worsening of quality of life and increasing migration. Increasing crime, suicide, divorces and conflicts in society are main social outcomes. In order to reduce unemployment production sector, tourism and agricul-ture should be developed. Increasing the quality of education and upgrading tax and labor codes will reduce unemployment as well. The problem of unemployment is severe but it is still possible to solve it.


tikis erovnuli samsaxuris (saqstati) monacemebiT, bolo periodSi umuSevrobis amsaxveli suraTi gamoiyureba: (dia-grama # N1) rogorc diagramidan Cans, saqarTveloSi 2008 wlidan umuSevrobis mkveTri zrda dafiq-sirda. cxadia, ibadeba kiTxva Tu ram gamoiwvia yovelive es? amisaTvis odnavi dafiqrebac ki sakmarisia. cxadia, 2008 weli Cvens mexsierebaSi amotivtivdeba, rogorc periodi, rodesac mTels msoflioSi ekonomikuri krizisi mZvinvarebda. termin “ekonomikuri krizisis” xsenebac ki sak-marisia, rom warmovidginoT is mZime cvlilebebi, rac mas Sedegad mohyveba. magaliTad, gavixsenoT aSS-s istoriidan 1929 wels dawyebuli maso-brivi ekonomikuri krizisi, romelic istoriaSi “didi depresiis” saxeliT Sevida. ekonomikur krizisebs mudam Tan sdevs umuSevrobis donis mateba, fasebis saerTo donis zrda da sxva eko-nomikur-socialuri problemebi. gamonaklisi arc bolo ekonomikuri krizisi iyo. marTalia,

misi mware xeli saqarTvelom SedarebiT nakleb mtkivneulad iwvnia, saerTaSoriso ekonomikasa da vaWrobaSi Cveni qveynis SedarebiT mcire ro-lidan gamomdinare, magram misi kvali Cvens eko-nomikas mainc daetyo. gansakuTrebiT mZime Sede-gebi man sabanko da samSeneblo seqtors moutana. vinaidan, ekonomikuri cvlilebebisadmi sa-banko seqtori yvelaze mgrZnobiarea, qvveynis eko-nomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebas bankebma sap-rocento ganakveTebis gazrdiTa da kreditebis gaZvirebiT upasuxes. ramac, Sedegad moitana is, rom mcire biznesisaTvis faqtobrivad SeuZle-beli gaxda bankidan kreditebis miReba, Sedegad bevri maTgani daixura da uamravi adamiani darCa samsaxuris gareSe. ekonomikuri krizisi mtkivneulad aisaxa sam-Seneblo seqtorzec, romelic erT-erT warmate-bul seqtorad iTvleboda. krizisis Sedegad Se-Cerda mSeneblobebi, Sewyda investiciebi, uamravi mSenebeli darCa samsaxuris gareSe. meore mxriv, amas mohyva socialuri dapirispirebebi. samSene-

diagrama # 1. (umuSevrobis done asaxulia procentebSi)


blo kompaniis klientebi nakisri valebulebebis Sesrulebas iTxovdnen, rac dapirispirebebis mizezi xdeboda. meore umTavresi mizezi, ramac 2008 wels umuSevrobis zrda gamoiwvia, 2008 wlis agvistos konfliqti iyo. samuSaodakargulTa didi nawili konfliqtis epicentrSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba iyo. bevri maTgani iZulebuli gaxda sakuTari saxlebi daetovebina, Sesabamisad, dakarges samuS-ao adgilebic. politikurma daZabulobam saqa-rTvelo naklebad mimzidveli gaxada ucxoeli investorebisTvisac, ramac xeli SeuSala axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas. saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis zrdis erT-erT mizezad SeiZleba miviCnioT saqarTvelos mcire wili saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. Cveni qvey-nis sagareo vaWrobis saldo uaryofiTia, rac imas niSnavs, rom importirebuli saqonlis ra-odenoba mniSvnelovnad aWarbebs eqsportze gat-anili saqonlis raodenobas. qvemoT moyvanili oficialuri monacemebic amis naTeli dadas-turebaa. cxrilSi aRniSnulia is ZiriTadi mize-zebi, ramac saqarTveloSi gamoiwvia umuSevro-bis gansakuTrebuli gazrda. amavdroulad, yu-radsaRebia faqtori, romelmac msoflios bevr qveyanaSi gazarda umuSevroba, Tanamedrove te-qnologiebi viTardeba da gamoTavisuflebuli samuSao Zala ver saqmdeba sxvagan. Tanamedrove teqnologiebis danergva dadebiT gavlenas ax-dens ekonomikisa da qveynis ganviTarebaze, risi naTeli magaliTicaa iaponia, magram rodesac teqnologiebis danergvas Tan ar axlavs gamo-

Tavisuflebuli samuSao Zalis profesiul sas-wavleblebSi gadamzadeba, maTi kvalifikaciis amaRleba, amas mohyveba umuSevrobis zrda. mniS-vnelovania isic, rom teqnologiebis ganviTareba moiTxovs Sesabamis codnas, Tu rogor gamovi-yenoT isini. Sesabamisad, damqiraveblebis mier maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis gadamzadeba dakav-Sirebulia did finansur xarjebTan. swored ami-tom, isini amjobineben hyavdeT ufro cota, magram maRalkvalificiuri personali. amis Sedegad Sromis bazarze damqiraveblebisgan moTxovna mcirdeba, amavdroulad, yovelwliurad izrdeba Sromis miwodeba universitetis kursdamTavreb-ulebisa da srulwlovani mosaxleobis samuSao ZalaSi CarTvis Sedegad. samsaxuris moZebna gan-sakuTrebiT problemuri axalgazrdebisTvisaa. sabolood Sromis miwodeba aWarbebs masze moTxovnas, rasac umuSevrobamde mivyavarT .

umuSevrobis mZime

socialur-ekonomikuri

Sedegebi rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, umuSevroba erT-droulad aris rogorc ekonomikuri, ise social-uri problema. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT umu-Sevrobis donis zrda iwvevs qveyanaSi cxovrebis donis gauaresebas, adamianebs ar gaaCniaT mate-rialuri saSualeba cxovrebis minimaluri do-nis dasakmayofileblad. rac ufro naklebi ada-miania dasaqmebuli, miT ufro naklebia qveynis

mln, aSS dolari. (wyaro-saqstati) Tsu studenturi mecniereba ivlisi 2013 17

mTliani Sida produqti da qveyanac miT ufro naklebadaa CarTuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. amavdroulad, umuSevroba iwvevs qveynidan samuS-ao Zalis gadinebas. mosaxleobis didi nawili gamosavals emigraciaSi wasvliTa da TviTga-darCenisTvis ucxo qveynidan brZolaSi xedavs. maTi didi nawili ukan arc brundeba, rac qveynis demografiul mdgomareobasac auaresebs. kidev ufro mZimea socialuri Sedegebi. iz-rdeba daZabuloba ojaxur urTierTobasa da sazogadoebas Soris. umuSevari da socialurad daucveli adamiani Zalian saxifaToa sazoga-doebisTvis, ramac SesaZloa Zalian cud Sedege-bamde migviyvanos. umuSevroba xSirad gamxdara TviTmkvlelobis, ganqorwinebisa da krminaluri moqmedebis mizezi. sociologiur mecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebaa, rom adamiani Tavs bev-rad ufro kargad da bednierad grZnobs, rode-sac mas aqvs samuSao da SeuZlia cxovrebiseuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. samuSao adg-ilebis Semcirebas SeuZlia gamoiwvios sapro-testo talRa da masobrivi areulobebi qveyanaSi, rac sasurveli arcerTi qveynisTvis ar aris.

umuSevrobis

Semcirebis gzebi

umuSevroba Zalian mwvave problemaa, ro-gorc qveynebisTvis, ise sazogadoebisTvis, cxa-dia Cndeba logikuri SekiTxva, Tu ra meTodebiT aris SesaZlebeli misi Semcireba. vfiqrob, am problemis mogvarebisken mniSvnelovani nabiji iqneba gadadgmuli Tu ganvaviTarebT warmoebis im dargebs, romlebSic Cvens qveyanas upirate-soba aqvs sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, magaliTad Tu gzas gavuxsniT qarTuli Rvinis produqtebs saerTaSoriso bazarze. saqarTvelos turistuli potencialidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania turistuli seqto-ris ganviTareba. turistebis mozidva Zalian bevr adamians daasaqmebs momsaxurebis seqtorSi, rac mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebs Cvens ekonomi-kur mdgomareobas. mniSvnelovani da aucilebelia soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, vinaidan, Za-lian bevri sofeli carieldeba imitom, rom ar

arsebobs dasaqmebis perspeqtiva da stabiluri Semosavlis

wyaro. Sedegad mo-saxleobis


didi nawili soflidan qalaqebisken moemarTe-ba, sadac bevri kvlav ver poulobs samuSaos. statistikuri monacemebic adasturebs, rom umu-Sevrobis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli dedaqa-laqze modis. Tuki soflis mosaxleobas eqneba xelsayreli garemo imisaTvis, rom sofladve hqondeT stabiluri Semosavlis wyaro, Semcird-eba samsaxuris maZiebeli soflis mosaxleobis gadineba didi qalaqebisken. qveynis mwarmoeblurobisa da saerTaSor-iso ekonomikaSi misi rolis gasazrdelad mniS-vnelovania ganaTlebis donis amaRlebac. maRali xarisxis ganaTleba mniSvnelovnad zrdis kargi samsaxuris moZiebis SesaZleblobas. cnobilia, rom saqarTvelo ganicdis specialistebis nak-lebobas iseT dargebSi rogoricaa qimia, fizika, maTematika, manqanaTmSenebloba da sxva. xSirad, rodesac damsaqmebeli ver poulobs saWiro kvalifikaciis TanamSromels, iZulebulia gamoi-yenos ucxoeli specialistebis momsaxureba. ga-naTlebis xarisxis gazrdis SemTxvevaSi ucxoe-li specialistebi Canacvldeba adgilobrivebiT,

rac xels Seuwyobs umuSevrobis Semcirebas. umuSevrobis aRmofxvris procesSi Zalian mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs Tavad saxelmwifo. aucilebelia sagadasaxado sistemis mowesrige-ba, rom gazrdilma gadasaxadebma damsaqmeblebs biznesis daxurvisken ar ubiZgos didi mniSvn-eloba aqvs efeqturi Sromis kodeqsis Seqmnasac, romelic Tanabar uflebebs mianiWebs damsaqme-blebsa da dasaqmebulebs. am mxriv, ukve daiwyo garkveuli cvlilebebis Setana Cveni qveynis Sro-mis kodeqsSic. rogor imoqmedebs es cvlilebebi umuSevrobis Semcirebaze, amas dro gviCvenebs. cxadia, umuSevrobis donis Semcireba SeuZlebe-lia mokle vadebSi, radgan efeqtiani politikis SemuSavebisTvis gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile da uamravi detalis gaTvaliswinebaa aucilebeli, magram TandaTanobiT SesaZloa marTla mivaR-wioT sasurvel Sedegs. Tumca, isic faqtia, rom umuSevrobis mTlianad aRmofxvra SeuZlebelia. umuSevrobis bunebrivi done yovelTvis arsebobs mTavaria, rom misi dabal donemde dayvana da Sem-dgom SenarCuneba SevZloT.

eTer zviadauri

ivane javaxiSvi-lis saxelobis Tbili-sis saxelmwifo univer-sitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis biznesis administri-reba-turizmis mimar-Tulebis meore kursis studenti.

miRwevebi:

daamTavra skola-liceumi ,, lampari’’ war-CinebiT, universitetSi Cairicxa saxelmwifo grantiT, monawileobs sxvadasxva aqtivobebSi, rac mis momaval profe-sias exeba. aris aqtiuri studenti, cdilobs met-naklebad yvela sfero-Si iyos informirebuli.

damatebiTi informacia:

warmoSobiT xe-vuria, am faqts yov-elTvis aRniSnavs da amayobs. uyvars poezia, simRera, aseve-cekvavs. garda swavlisa, am mimar-TulebiTac cdi-lobs ufro metad ganviTardes.

imisaTvis, rom adamiani pirovnu-lad Camoyalibdes da sazogadoe-basTan mWidro kavSiri hqondes aucilebelia dasaqmebuli iyos. TanamedrovesaqarTveloserT–erTiupirvelesi problema dausaqmebeli mosaxleobaa. es iwvevs adamianebis socialuri safuZvelis moSlas: da-carielebuli soflebi, migraciul procesebSia CarTuli mosaxleobis umravlesoba, Sobadobis Semcireba,

siRatakis zRvars qvemoT mcxovrebi ojaxebis simravle, cxadad metyve-lebs dasaqmebis problemis Temis aq-tualurobaze. dasaqmebis problemis aRmofx-vra SesaZlebelia samuSao adg-ilebis SeqmniT. Tuki soflis meurneoba, turizmi, mrewveloba gan-viTardeba, es xels Seuwyobs adami-

anTa didi raodenobis dasaqmebas. dRe-vandeli monacemebiT Tu vimsjelebT, soflebSi cxovreba Camkvdaria, es ki gamowveulia ojaxis sayrdenis, qalis gadaxvewiT ucxoeTSi.

Tu kavkasiis kvleviTi

dasaqmebis problema

saqarTveloSi

Abstract

If the person wants to form herself as a member of the community, he should have a job. Unemployment is one of the most serious problem for Georgian people. It couse dissolution of the social basis: Abandoned viilages, Reduction in fertility, Migration of population, A large number of families which are under the poverty line - problem is very clear. People’s attitude about this isshues. There is some possibilities to create additional place, where people can work. If we develop tourism, agriculture, industry, it will contribute to make some new jobs. If we are interested in what’s happen in Georgian village, we can difinatly say that situation is very unwanted and dangerous. If we go to the depths of this problem we easily guess that everything is depend of womans and her Strength. There is some research of the ,,Caucasus Research Resourse Centre”. We can observe and disscus about the Statistical data. We can easily notice the different between people who have their own job and who hasn’t, also we can keep our eyes and discus about this rate In terms of gender, sex, settlement type, age and etc. What is the main steps to avoid such kind of situation, reduce a big number of unemployed people in Georgia?. First of all we must develop all kind of things that we can do in our region, Obtain all points especially as for food, be-cause we have Potential to produce our products. Society should participate in to the Economic discussions, express their position and make some new stategy because it’s important that every citizen who has enough possibility must involve in this program.


resursebis cenrtis statistikuri kvlevis mo-nacemebs gadavxedavT, zemoT Tqmulis dadas-turebas da argumentebiT saubars aRaraferi SeuSlis xels. (ix. danarTi1) CRRC-is monacemebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, mocemuli kvlevis monace-mebi ramdenime WrilSi ganvixiloT. saintereso da CvenTvis mniSvnelovan tendencias gviCvenebs am monacemebis genderis kuTxiT CaSla. (ix. da-narTi2) aranakleb sainteresoa am konkretul kiTxvaze (gaqvT Tu ara samuSao?) adamianTa sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT msjeloba, rac realurad srul warmodgenas gviqmnis adamianTa dasaqmebis maCvenebelze soflad Tu qalaqad. (ix. danarTi3) vfiqrobT, aseve saintereso unda iyos am monacemis asakobriv jgufebSi dakvirve-ba–ganxilva.(ix.danarTi4). ucxoeTidan fuladi gzavnilebis imedze myofi mamakacebi ki CrdilSi sxedan da fsonebze TamaSoben. soflis meurneobis aRmSeneblobisT-vis saxelmwifom mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi unda gaataros. aucile-belia bolomde aT-visebul iqnas yvela mniSvnelovani adgi-li Tu regioni, yve-la is dawesebuleba, romelsac realurad didi potenciali aqvs daasaqmos adgi-lobrivi mosaxleoba. soflis meur-neobis winsvlas aseve xels Seuwyobs tur-izmis ganviTareba. saqarTveloSi Camo-suli milionobiT vizitori qarTuli produqtis momxmare-

beli unda gaxdes da ara mezobeli an Soreuli qveynebidan Semotanili uxarisxo produqciisa. qarTuli produqtis sagareo bazari TiTqmis ar arsebobs. Sida bazaric savsea importirebuli produqciiT. magaliTad Cinuri da Turquli niori, egvipturi xaxvi saqarTveloSi moyvanil niorsa da xaxvze iafia da SedarebiT naklebi sagemovno Tvisebebis miuxedavad dabali fa-siT izidavs myidvels. saxelmwifom xeli unda Seuwyos qarTvel mosaxleobas, raTa wyalSi ar Cauyaros mTeli wlis jafa da ucxoelebs da-balxarisxiani produqti ar gaasaRebinos. qveyanaSi amJamad arsebuli umuSevrobis, socialuri problemebis aRmofxvris, migraciis SeCerebis, demografiuli viTarebis gaumjobe-sebis tendenciebi, xels Seuwyobs ekonomikis ganviTarebas. qveynis mmarTvel organosTan er-Tad mosaxleobac unda cdilobdes popular-izacia gauwios adgilobriv nawarms, Tumca dausaqmebel, gaWirvebul xalxs Znelad Tu gaac-

danarTi 1

danarTi 2

nobierebineb, ratom unda mianiWos upiratesoba qarTul produqcias, maSin, roca importirebuls sanaxevro fasad SeiZens. erTaderTi gamosavalia, lozungad vaqcioT da momxmareblis gonebaSi davamkvidroT fraza : ,,qarTul ekonomikas axla gulSematkivroba sWirdeba!“ sazogadoeba unda monawileobdes ekonomi-kuri proeqtebis ganxilvaSi. momavlis mimarT op-timisturad unda ganvewyoT. sirTuleebis dasa-

Zlevad saWiroa stereotipebis darRveva, TiTqos, rac saukeTesoa da maRalxarisxiania sazRvarga-reT mzaddeba. saqarTvelos yvelanairi poten-ciali aqvs ganviTardebis. mTavaria problemebis daZlevisTvis swori mimarTulebis arCeva. saocaria, rom saqarTvelo, bunebrivi resursebiT mdidari qveyana, didi potencialis mqone, dacarielebulia qarTveli mosaxleobisgan,

samagierod maT ricxvs avseben sxva erovnebis, kulturisa da tradiciebis warmomadgenlebi. maSin, roca ori milioni qarTveli socialuri qselebisa da ,,skype”-s saSualebiT umklavdeba nostalgias, migrantebis ricxvis SemaSfoTebe-li zrda bolo periodSi marTlac TvalSisa-cemia. saqarTveloSi arsebuli usaxsrobisa da umuSevrobis gamo, bevri aRarc fiqrobs dabrune-baze. aseTi kritikuli yofis atana samwuxarod

problemis mogvarebas axan-grZlivebs. am sirTulis daZlevas sazogadoebam unda Seuwyos xeli, gaaq-tiurdes da pasiuri mayureblisa da gulSe-matkivris rolidan gamo-vides. saqarTvelos bune-brivi simdidre, marTlac, rom uflis wyalobaa. ulamazesi flora, mra-valferovani fauna, miwa, wyali, haeri, sasargeblo wiaRiseuli. es im poten-cialis mokle CamonaTva-lia, romlis gonivruli, gegmazomieri da racio-naluri gamoyeneba axali sawarmoebis, obieqtebis, samuSao adgilebis, ga-Zlierebuli ojaxebisa da bolos, rac mTavaria, gazrdili saxelmwifo

biujetis sawindari iqneba. dasaqmebis proble-mis aRmofxvra, swored am SesaZleblobebis gamo-yenebis xarjze moxerxdeba. Tuki es sirTule ar daiZleva da qarTvel xalxs cxovrebis ukeTesi pirobebi ar eqneba, savaraudod, mosaxleobis dar-Cenili nawilic ucxoeTisaken aiRebs gezs, rac savalalo Sedegi iqneba am udidesi kulturisa da mravalsaukunovani warsulis mqone erisTvis.

danarTi 3

danarTi 4

giorgi CaxvaZe

Tbilisis saxelm-wifo universitetis iuridi-uli fakultetis saerTaSor-iso samarTlis mimarTulebis meore kursis studenti. 2010 wels gaimarjva aip ,,kavkasionis’’ mier orga-nizebul saskolo inteleq-tualur maraTonSi. flobs mwvane qamars taekvondoSi. q.baTumis #15 skolas-Tan arsebuli informatikis saswavlo centris mier mini-Webuli aqvs kompiuteruli ofisis menejer-operatoris kvalifikacia. damTavrebuli aqvs baTumis samusiko skola gi-taris specialobiT.

k o n f e r e n c i e b i : Tsu-is humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis fi-losofiis institutis mier, iuneskos programis fargleb-Si organizebuli, studentTa regionuli samecniero kon-ferencia Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis mier organize-bul konferencia. sakonfer-encio Tema: ,,utilitarizmi - sawyisebidan dRevandelo-

bamde’’

utilitarizmis sawyisebi

termini ,,utilitarizmi’’ (utilitas- sargebeli) ekuTvnis inglisel filo-sofoss jon stiuart mils (1806-1873). ase ewodeboda mis ZiriTad moralur-filosofiur nawarmoebs, romelSic man sistemaSi moiyvana da daasabuTa misi maswavleblis – ieremia bentamis (1748-1832) moZRvrebis ZiriTadi debulebebi. swored milis damsaxurebaa, rom es moZ-Rvreba am saxeliT damkvidrda, rogorc moraluri Teoriis erT-erTi saxeoba. utilitarizmis sawyisebi moiZebneba Zveli berZeni filosofosis epikures naS-romebSi. epikure aRwers siamovnebas, kmay-ofilebas rogorc Semdgari cxovrebis princips. amasTan, epikure mouwodebda wonas-worobaSi moeyvanaT kmayofileba, romelsac ada-miani ganicdis, SesaZlo SedegebTan. igive idea, Tumca ara gamokveTili saxiT gvxvdeba ciceron-Tan. sargeblianobis principis formulireba ar ekuTvnis bentams. es idea mTlianad ganWolavs me-18 saukunes. f. hatCesonis formulirebiT ,,is qmede-ba aris saukeTeso, romelic ganapirobebs yvelaze

utilitarizmi

sawyisebidan dRevandelobamde

Abstract

Utilitarianism is a moral theory according to which a moral value of an behavior (action) is determined by its benefits. This term was first taken by English philosopher John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). His fundamental moral-philosophical work in which he systemized and proved basic tenets of Benthams teachings was called after him. Surely Mill has performed great services for the doctrine to be established as one of the parts of moral theory. This issue points out main concepts and aspects of Utilitarian theory. How was it explicated from Greek philosophy to 18th century classical Utilitarian-ism. How this theory was developed in Epicurus, Helvetius, Cicero’s works; what are their main opinions, what principles do these opinions rely on, and what is the difference between them. As Benhtam has said: ,,words may be, of different kind, but a principle is the same’’. According to Chernychevsky: ,,the difference between utility and kindness is depended on the quantitative quality. Utility is the “premium quality” of satisfaction and kindness is the “premium quality” of utility. In this paper is considered how classical Utilitarian theory as an ethical, philosophical, legal device was transformed in 19-20th century and how it prompt-ed a foundation of much more important systems: Darwinism and Socialism. What changes did it face and how it was used in theories: “Maximum usage of Utility” and “primary demands”, and how it took its place in modern law, market economy and policy.


did bednirebas yvelaze meti adamianisaTvis’’. j.s.milis ganmartebiT mTavari principia meti sargeblobis motana rac SeiZleba meti adami-anisaTvis. TviT bentami utilitarizmis mizans ayalibebs Semdegnairad: ,, sargeblianobis prin-cipis qveS moiazreba principi, romelic iwonebs an ar iwonebs nebismier moqmedebas, gamomdinare iqedan, adidebs Tu amcirebs es moqmedeba bed-nierebas im mxarisTvis, romlis interesebsac is Seexeba.’’ mohyavs ra cxra gansxvavebuli principi, romelic ganixileboda me-18 saukunis moralur filosofiaSi, bentami aRniSnavs: ,, frazebi gan-sxvavebulia, Tumca principi erTi da igivea’’. rogorc n.g.CerniSevskim ganacxada: ,, gansxvave-ba sargeblianobasa da sikeTes Soris atarebs mxolod raodenobriv xasiaTs: sargeblianoba kmayofilebis umaRlesi xarisxia, xolo sikeTe sargeblianobis umaRlesi xarisxi’. bentamis damsaxureba aris ara Tavad kon-cefcia, aramed am koncefciis energiuli gamoy-eneba sxvadasxva praqtikuli sakiTxis Seswavli-sa. swored man misca sargeblianobas principuli mniSvneloba moraluri Teoriis agebisaTvis, rogorc eTikuri sawyisis safuZvels.

utilitarizmis fuZemdeblebi

bentams yvelaze metad iurisprudencia ainteresebda da am sferoSi Tavis winamorbe-debad Tvlida helveciuss da bek-arias. `is rac iyo bekoni sabunebi-smetyvelo samyarosTvis, helveciusi iyo moraluri samyarosTvis. Sesabam-isad, moralur samyaros hyavs Tavisi bekoni, Tumca, misi niutoni momavalSi unda movides’’. Tavisi filosofia bentamma daafuZna or principze: ,,asociaciis principze’’ da ,,udidesi bednierebis principze’’. bentami amtkicebda rom sikeTe aris siamovneba, bedniereba, xolo boroteba-gancda, tanjva. samoqalaqo samarTals, am-bobda bentami, unda hqondes oTxi mizani: uzrunvelyo-fa, siuxve, usafrTxoeba da Tanasworoba. bentamisTvis, iseve rogorc epikuresT-vis, ideali iyo us-afrTxoeba da ara Tavisufle-ba. ,,omebze da Stormze ukeTesia waikiTxo, cxovreba ki ukeTesia mSvidobaSi da simSvideSi.’’

bentamis swavlebis aqtiuri mimdevari iyo jeims mili. iseve rogorc bentami, is ganixi-lavda siamovnebas, rogorc erTaderT sikeTes, xolo tanjvas rogorc erTaderT borotebas. epikures msgavsad yvelaze metad afasebda zo-mier siamovnebebs. ,,sityva ukiduresoba mis ba-geebSiJRerdazizRnarevigansjiT.’’–werdama-mis Sesaxeb misi Svili jon stiuart mili. is miiCnevda, rom politika unda marTos gonebam da imedovnebda, rom adamianebis azri ganisazRvreba mtkicebulebis wonadobiT. utilitarizmis mTavari moraluri prin-cipi xSirad konkretdeba me-2 donis SedarebiT naklebad sazogado principebSi. es meoradi principebi aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre mTa-vari principi da yoveli maTganis aucilebloba iseTivea, rogorc mTavari principis. j.s. milis mixedviT principebis ierarqia Semdegnairia: mTavari principi ra Tqma unda unda sarge-blianobis principia, xolo meoradi principebi is principebia, romliTac adamianebi xelmZRvan-

eloben konkretuli SemTxvevebis dros. magaliTad aseTi prin-

cipebia: ,,samarTliano-bis principi’’, ,,ar avno’’, ,,SeewinaaRm-dege ubedurebas’’, ,,gaiTvaliswine axloblebis in-teresebi’’. praq-tikul cxovre-baSi adamianebi umTavresad iy-eneben meorad

principebs da SeiZleba warmod-

gena ar hqondeT mTa-var principze. magram meorad principebs Soris konfliqtis

jon stiuart mili22 Tsu studenturi mecniereba ivlisi 2013

SemTxvevaSi konfliqtis gadasawyvetad gamoiy-eneba mTavari principi. bentamis sistemaSi aris erTi aSkara uzustoba. Tu TiToeuli adamiani miiswrafvis sakuTari siamovnebisken, sad aris garantia, rom kanonmdebeli izrunebs kacobriobis siamovne-baze mTlianobaSi. Kkanonmdeblis moqmedebis Tavisuflebis farglebis dadgena sakmaod prob-lemuria. igi SeiZleba ganisazRvros ara ab-straqtulad, aramed konkretuli urTierTobebis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. filosofiuri radikalizmi iyo Suale-duri swavleba. man safuZveli Cauyara or, masze ufro mniSvnelovan, sistemas: darvinizms da so-cializms. socialistebis Sesaxeb j. mili werda: ,,maTi warmodgena sakuTrebis Sesaxeb gamoiyure-ba simaxinjed... rogorc Cans isini fiqroben, rom sakuTreba ar unda arsebobdes da sakuTrebis arseboba borotebaa”. da aqve amatebda: ,,es Sexed-ulebebi maTi gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi, iqnebo-da civilizebuli sazogadoebis dacema, uaresi vidre damRupveli Tavdasxmebi hunebis da Ta-Trebis’’. utilitarizms aqvs ori dadebiTi

mxare: pirveli: utilitarizmTan m i m a r T e b a S i mizani gasagebia - bedniereba, k e T i l d R e o b a .

es aris swored is, riskenac miviswrafviT,

rac gvinda CvenTvis da yvela Cveni axloblisaTvis. utilitarizmis meo-re dadebiTi mxarea misi

mimarTeba moqmedebis Sedeg-Tan. igi moiTxovs, rom yovelTvis

gaviTvaliswinoT: adamianis an adamianTa jgufis konkretul moqmedebas, ama Tu im zomas ganxorcielebuls saxelmwifos mier, moaqvs

sargebloba Tu ziani.

Tanamedrove utilitarizmi

me-20 saukuneSi utilitarizmi ganviTarda ramdenime mimarTulebiT. pirvel rigSi Catarda Sromebi TviT terminis ,,sargeblianoba’’ ufro zusti gansazRvrisaTvis. amJamad sargeblianobis raodenobrivi gansazRvrisaTvis kmayofilebis (siamovnebis) nacvlad gamoiyeneben garkveuli ,,upiratesi moTxovnebis’’ dakmayofilebis Ses-aZleblobas, rac gamoricxavs sargeblianobis subieqtur-fsiqologiur korelaciebs. amasTan, zogierTi Tanamedrove utilita-risti cdilobs SeimuSavos am e.w. ,,upiratesi moTxovnebis’’ racionaluri SerCevis meqanizmi da ganusazRvros maT sargeblianobis garkveuli indeqsi. r. haaris SexedulebiT, gansxvaveba maT Soris ganpirobebulia mxolod azrovnebis ,,kritikuli’’ da ,,intuiciuri’’ doneebiT.


utilitarizmi da samarTali

utilitarizmi exeba sazogadoebriv samarTalsac. sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblo-ba aris saSualeba moiyvanos pirovnebis intere-sebi sazogadoebriv interesebTan TanxvedraSi. adamiani unda daisajos imisaTvis, rom Tavi-dan iqnas acilebuli danaSauli da ara imitom, rom Cven gvZuls damnaSaveebi. umTavresia, rom sasjeli iyos gardauvali, vidre is iyos Zalze mkacri. bentamis droindel inglisSi xSirad umniSvnelo danaSaulisTvisac ki damnaSaveebs sikvdiliT sjidnen. aman gamoiwvia is, rom nafici msajulebi xSirad damnaSaves cnobdnen udana-Saulod, radgan Sesabamis sasjels Tvlidnen Seusabamod mkacrad.

utilitarizmi da sabazro

ekonomika

utilitarizmi moicavs sabazro ekonomi-kasac. e.w. ,,rTuli utilitarizmi’’ ga-napirobebs aramarto individis ori-entacias Tavisi sargeblianobis maqsimizaciaze, aramed kavSirzec miRebul sargeblianobasa da individis produq-tiul saqmianobas So-ris. maSasadame ,,rTu-li utilitarizmi’’

gamoricxavs Seusabamobas moTxovnebis donesa da individis produqtiul saqmianobas Soris. aseTi Seusabamoba xSirad aris safuZveli ,,araadeqva-turi molodinebis revoluciebisa’’ im qveyneb-Si, sadac maRali momxmareblobiTi moTxovnebis fonze ar aris Sesatyvisi maRali sawarmoo po-

tenciali da Sromis nayofierebis maRali done.

utilitarizmi da politika

utilitarizmi uyenebs garkveul zneo-briv moTxovnebs politikosebsac. maT yovelTvis unda hqondeT mxedvelobaSi e.w. ,,qveda zRvari’’, sakuTari gadawyvtilebebis saboloo Sedegi; unda acnobierebdnen vin igebs da vin agebs maT mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT; unda gansaz-Rvron, xom ar aris SesaZlebeli keTildReobis garkveuli donis miRweva ufro araradikaluri saSualebiT. ase rom, rogorc robert hudinma utilita-rizms uwoda - ,,mTavrobis saSinao filosofia’’

dResac inarCunebs erTgvar unikalur

rols.


ana SatakiSvili

iuridiuli fakulte-ti,mimarTuleba–samarTali.IV kursis studenti.

konferenciebi:

“saqarTvelos kanon-mdebloba genderul rakurs-Si” 20 maisi, 2013 w. “eventualuri ganz-raxviT danaSaulis mcdelo-ba”–18dekemberi,2011w. proeqtebi:

“saqarTvelos parla-mentismodelireba”–Teber-vali, 2013 weli. “LAW EVENT” – 21-25noemberi, 2011 weli.

serTifikatebi:

“advokatTa saserTi-fikacio gamocdebi (imitire-buli)–samoqalaqosamarTa-li” 2011w.“advokatTa saserTifikacio gamocdebi (imitirebuli) –konstituciuri samarTali” 2011w. “advokatTa saserTi-fikacio gamocdebi (imitire-buli)–samoqalaqosaproce-so samarTlis mimarTulebiT” –II adgili2012w. saxelmwifo dafinan-sebis konkursSi gamarjve-buli, granti – 100% - 2010w.prezidentis stipendianti.

Sesavali

SromiTi urTierTobebis efeqturi regulireba nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis erT-erT umTavres prioritets warmoadgens, radgan am sferos gamarTul funqcionirebaze mniSvnelovan-wiladaa damokidebuli ekonomikuri winsvla da adamianTa keTildReoba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sromis samarTali rogorc damoukidebeli samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi dargi, SedarebiT axalia. Tumca aSkaraa, rom saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis (Sem-dgomSi–sSk)SeqmnamdamisTvisorganulikanonisstatusisminiWebam kidev erTxel gausva xazi saxelmwifos pilotikas, Seqmnas ufro metad daculi Sromis bazari. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasaqmebulis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gansazRvris prob-lema, misTvis komfortuli samuSao garemosa da dacvis minimal-uri standartebis Seqmna warmoadgens mudmivad ganviTarebadi Sromis samarTlis erT-erT centralur sakiTxs. am mxriv sain-teresoa saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis proeqti (SemdgomSi sSkp), romelic 2013 wlis 28 ianvars iqna SemuSavebuli da erTi Sexed-viT “susti” mxaris samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba-zea orientirebuli.

“susti” mxaris dacvis problema

Sromis samarTalSi

Abstract

Labour right belongs to the number of one of the fundamental rights of human. Effective regulation of labour relations is one of the main priorities for any states. Labour law belongs to that sphere of law that improvement and performing according to the international standard is necessary as for insurance of economic increase of country, as for preservation of social calm. Aim of the work is a definition as legal condition of weak side of the employee and showing of minimal standards creation problem of legal defense for him (or her). The work is divided thematically and concerns to such important problems, as regulation problems of discrimi-nation and maternity leave in labour law. There are given the project systematic analyze of acting labour code and labour law code worked on January 28, 2013, on that base realizes putting in the forefront of problematic and actual issues in the work. Improvement of the project of labour law code is progressive step in Georgian legislative space, though there are issues that are remained without legal regulation. There are given some problems of guarantees creation and insurance of defense of labour rights of the employee and is offered the way of salvation it in article. Privately, it will be good if legislator regulate his private-law results to-gether with legal regulation of discrimination as in preliminary contract as labour legal relations, also if he ensure to defense of such category of the employees, as pregnant and nursing mother and realize the regulation of equal compensation of maternity leave in private and public sector for employees, with what will be increased guarantees of legal defense of weak side and will be done the defense of the balance of interests in labour law.


naSromis mizania im problemebis warmoCe-na, romlebic aqtualur sakiTxad rCeba dasaqmeb-ulTa uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT. igi dayofilia Tematurad da moicavs erTi mxriv diskrimina-ciis akrZalvis da meore mxriv dekretuli Sve-bulebis regulirebis problemebs Sromis samar-TalSi.

1.diskriminaciis dauSvebloba

Sromis samarTalSi

1.1 diskriminaciis akrZalva, rogorc Tanasworobis

konstituciuri principis gamovlineba Sromis samarTalSi

saqarTvelos konstitucia krZalavs dis-kriminaciis yovelgvar gamovlinebas, aseve aRsan-iSnavia, rom saqarTvelos konstituciis preambu-lac samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos damkvidrebisa da adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ufle-bebisa da Tavisuflebebis uzrunvelyofis ideas RaRadebs. sityva “samarTlebrivi” sakmaod subi-eqturi, SefasebiTi kategoriaa, Tumca udavoa, rom masSi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvra igulisxmeba. mogexsenebaT, saqarTvelos uzenaes kanons konstitucia warmoadgens da gamomdinare aqe-dan, savaldebuloa saqarTveloSi moqmedi yvela sakanonmdeblo aqti da norma masTan SesabamisobaSi iyos. Tanasworo-bis sakiTxma asaxva hpova Sromis kodeqsSic.

sSk-is me-2 muxlis III nawilis Tanaxmad, “SromiT urTierTobaSi akrZalulia nebismieri saxis diskriminacia rasis, kanis feris, enis, eTni-kuri da socialuri kuTvnilebis, erovnebis, war-moSobis, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobis, sacxovrebeli adgilis, asakis, sqesis, seqsual-uri orientaciis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis, re-ligiuri an raime gaerTienebisadmi kuTvnilebis, ojaxuri mdgomareobis, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebis gamo.” erTi SexedviT CamonaTvali sruli da mravlismomcvelia, Tumca saqarTvelos konstituciisagan gansxvavebiT igi ar aris amou-wuravi. muxlSi naxsenebia “da sxva Sexedulebis gamo” da ara ”sxva niSnis gamo”, rac kodeqsis xarvezad unda CaiTvalos. amave muxlis meoTxe nawilSi kanon-mdebeli gvaZlevs diskriminaciis definicias, romlis mizanic adamianis Rirsebis dacvaa da akonkretebs mesame punqts, Tumca Semdgom normebSi ar miuTiTebs im samarTlebriv Sede-gebze, rac Tanasworobis principis darRveviT iqneba ganpirobebuli. vinaidan Sromis kodeqsi ar aregulirebs diskriminaciis kerZosamarT-lebriv Sedegebs TiToeuli im pirisaTvis, vinc damsaqmeblis mxridan araTanaswori mopyrobis msxverpli gaxda, garTulebulia qveynis uzenaesi kanonisa da SromiTi urTierTobebis mareguli-rebeli kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanaswori

mopyrobis uflebis dacva.

27

1.2 diskriminaciis dauSvebloba winasaxelSekrulebo

urTierTobaSi

damsaqmeblis mxridan uTanasworo mopy-roba SesaZlebelia jer kidev SromiTi xelSek-rulebis dadebamde ganxorcieldes, magaliTad, vakanturi adgilis Sesaxeb ganacxadis gakeTebis da kandidatTan gasaubrebis dros. dRes moqmedi Sromis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, es kanoni awesrigebs saqarTvelos teritoriaze SromiT da mis Tanam-dev urTierTobebs. garda amisa, winasaxelSek-rulebo urTierTobaSi diskriminaciis akrZalva pirdapiraa gaTvaliswinebuli sSkp-Si, rac, ra Tqma unda, qarTul sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi erT-erT progresul nabijad unda miviCnioT. Tumca, yuradRebagasamaxvilebelia is faqti, rom dis-kriminaciis kerZosamarTlebriv Sedegebs arc sSkp iTvaliswinebs. samarTlebrivi dacvis meqa-nizmis arseboba gansakuTrebiT problematuria winasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi, radgan dis-kriminaciis, rogorc faqtis mtkiceba am etapze sakmaod rTulia.

2.. orsulTa uflebebis dacva

Sromis samarTalSi

orsulTa uflebebi sSk-Si Tematuradaa gabneuli. pirvelad igi gvxvdeba sSk-is me-4 mux-lis me-5 nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, “akrZalu-lia arasrulwlovanTan, aseve orsul an meZuZur qalTan SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba mZime, mavne da saSiSpirobebiani samuSaoebis Sesas-ruleblad.” is faqti, rom kanonmdebeli orsul da meZuZur qals garkveulwilad arasrulw-lovans uTanabrebs, swored kanonmdeblis nebaze migvaniSnebs - adamianTa es kategoria maqsimal-urad unda iyos daculi. zemoaRniSnul sakiTxs mravali saerTaSoriso konvencia da rekomenda-cia aregulirebs, maT Sorisaa konvencia qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, miRebuli 1979 wels da konvencia dedo-bis dacvis Sesaxeb, gadasinjuli 1952 wels.

2.1 Svebuleba orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da

bavSvis movlis gamo

orsul da mSobiare qalTa uflebebs exeba “evropis socialuri qartia” da “saerTaSoriso paqti socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb”, romelTa normebisa da prin-cipebis safuZvelze daiwera Sromis saerTaSor-isoorganizaciiskonvencia.(SemdgomSi–Sso).miuxedavad imisa, rom sSk srulad akmayofilebs

Sso-s moTxovnebs, mainc aris garkveuli prob-lemebi, rac qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis aqtua-lur sakiTxad gvevlineba. kerZod, qals eZleva dekretuli Svebuleba 477 dRis odenobiT, aqedan anazRaurebadia mxolod 126 dRe, Sesabamisad da-narCeni 351 dRe aunazRaurebeli rCeba. Ggamodis rom Tu ojaxis erTaderTi marCenali dedaa, is samuSaos 4 Tvis Semdeg unda daubrundes, Sesa-bamisad reproduqciul asakSi myofi qalbatoni dgeba dilemis winaSe da xSirad uwevs arCevanis gakeTeba samsaxuris SenarCunebasa da Svilis yolas Soris. samwuxarod, dekretuli Svebulebis mimarT igive midgomas inarCunebs sSkp. aRsaniS-navia, rom proeqti iTvaliswinebs normas dekre-tuli Svebulebis dros xelSekrulebis moSlis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. am normis damatebis mizani sakmaod gaugebaria, radgan sSk-is arsebuli re-daqciis 36-e muxlis Tanaxmad dekretuli Sveb-uleba SromiTi urTierTobis SeCerebis safuZve-lia, xolo imave muxlis me-6 punqtis mixedviT “SromiTi urTierTobis SeCerebisas dauSvebelia SromiTi xelSekrulebis moSla.” Sesabamisad dekretuli Svebulebis dros xelSekrulebis moSlis akrZalvas arsebuli Sromis kodeqsic iTvaliswinebs. problematuri sakiTxia isic, saqarT-velos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris #231/n brZanebis Tanaxmad, sa-jaro da kerZo seqtorSi dekretuli Svebulebis anazRaureba araTanabaria, rac kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa diskriminacias iwvevs.

daskvna

Sromis samarTlis, rogorc dacviTi samar-Tlis Camoyalibeba ganpirobebulia dasaqmebu-lis uflebebis dacvis minimaluri standartis uzrunvelyofis interesiT. mniSvnelovania, rom dasaqmebulis, rogorc “susti” mxaris intere-sebi maqsimalurad iyos daculi. sSkp swored dasaqmebulis uflebebis dacvazea orientire-buli. Aamaze naTlad migvaniSnebs sSkp-is 1-li muxlis mesame nawili, romelic garkveul Car-CoebSi aqcevs kerZo samarTalSi moqmed nebis avtonomiis princips, kerZod, “SromiTi xelSek-rulebiT ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebulisagan gansxvavebuli normebi, romlebic auareseben dasaqmebulis mdgomareo-bas.” Mmiuxedavad sSkp-is mravali wingadadgmu-li progresuli nabijisa, mainc rCeba garkveuli sakiTxebi, romlebic dazustebas saWiroebs da warmoadgens Sromis kanonmdeblobaSi arsebul xarvezs. upirvelesad aRsaniSnavia sSk-is me-2 mux-lis III nawilis formulireba, romelic amom-wuravi CamonaTvlis gakeTebiT garkveulwilad SeusabamobaSi modis saqarTvelos konstitucia-sTan. amitom kargi iqneba Tu aRniSnulis gaTval-iswinebiT muxlis redaqciaSi sityva “Sexedule-


ba” Seicvleba “garemoebiT”. Ggarda amisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom arc sSk-is arsebuli redaqcia da arc sSkp ar areguli-rebs diskriminaciis kerZosamarTlebriv Sedegebs SromiT samarTlebriv da winasaxelsekrulebo urTierTobaSi. Uudavoa, rom samarTlebrivi dacvis berketis SemuSaveba xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos konstituciiT aRiarebuli Tanaswori mopyrobis uflebis dacvis efeqtur real-izacias. rodesac “susti” mxaris interesebze vsau-

brobT, aRsaniSnavia dasaqmebulTa iseTi kategoria, rogoricaa orsuli an meZuZuri qalbatoni. Aami-

tom aucilebelia SromiTi kanonmdeblobiT maqsimalurad moxdes maTi uflebebis dac-va, maT Soris kerZo da sajaro seqtorSi dasaqmebulTaTvis dekretuli Svebulebis

Tanabari anazRaurebis regulireba.

29

giorgi nakaSiZe

iuridiuli fakulte-tis saerTaSoriso samar-Tlis mimarTulebis meore kursis studenti. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli 2013 wlis 13 ivnisis sisxlis samarTlis konfer-enciaSi. 2011 wels Caabara ivane javaxiSvilis saxelo-bis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis fakultetze, 100%-iani dafinansebiT. maRali ak-ademiuri moswrebis Sedegad aris programis „saxelmwifo stipendiebi studentebs“ stipendianti. 2011 wels qalaq baR-daTis #1 sajaro skolaSi daamTavra „oqros medalze“. 2008-2009 wlebSi gaxda saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saminitros mier Catarebuli istoriis saswav-lo olimpiadis priziori. 2009-2010 wlebSi or-jer gaimarjva mediaproeqt „etalonSi“ da moipova wlis saukeTeso moswavlis titu-li. amJamad aris saqarT-velos axalgazrduli parla-mentis janmrTelobis dacvi-sa da socialur sakiTxTa komitetis wevri.

1. Sesavali

mesakuTreTa samezoblo urTierTqmedebis farglebis dadgena problematuri sakiTxia TiTqmis yvela qveynis sasamarT-lo praqtikisaTvis. Mmezoblad miiCneva ara ubralod sivrco-brivad da fizikurad erTmaneTTan axlos myofi uZravi qoneba, aramed iseTi obieqtebic, saidanac SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes ormxrivi zemoqmedeba (emisia). Eemisiis cnebaSi igulisxmeba yve-la is zemoqmedeba, rac miwis erTi nakveTidan meoreze vrcel-deba da garkveuli azriT zians ayenebs mas. aseTi zemoqmedeba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos mezobel nakveTze arsebuli xmauriT, ryevebiT, suniT, kvamliT, WvartliT, orqliT, sinaTliT da sxv. amerikis SeeTebuli Statebis kanonmdeblobaSi samezob-lo emisiebi (Private Nuisance) damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi regu-lirebis sagans warmoadgens saemisio samarTlis (Nuisance Law)saxiT.

idealuri emisiebi

da maTi dasabuTebis problematika

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT

Abstract

The law tells us that a private nuisance is a substantial interference with the use and enjoyment of one’s land. It can be occurred by both physical and psy-chological invasion of owner’s interest. This article examines the questions raised by phenomenon of psychological (moral and aesthetic) private nuisance accord-ing to the United States’ Case Law. Its subjective and abstract character makes it difficult for law to determine whether an intangible interference constitutes a private nuisance. US courts have long practice of dealing with claims concerning psycho-logical pressure and emotional discomfort caused by prostitution houses, anes-thetically designed objects and buildings associated with death. Houses of ill fame are agreed to be a nuisance per se (regardless of time and place). They may constitute a moral nuisance by merely creating the emo-tional discomfort. Aesthetic objects are said to be insufficient to establish nuisance as “the law will not declare a thing a nuisance because it is unpleasant to eye”. This attitude is changing as “there is no physiological reason for treating visual perceptions any differently from noise or smell.” The unique harm from cemeteries and funeral homes involves emotional injury resulting from the constant reminder of death. By analyzing judgments of cases involving such claims, general criteria of determining psychological nuisance can be outlined. Social tolerance, cultural identity and moral portrait of neighborhood and people’s attitude to source of psy-chological nuisance are most frequently considered factors by US courts.


doqtrinasa da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi sa-davoa idealuri, kerZod, esTetikuri da zneobrivi xasiaTis zemoqmedebis sakiTxi, radgan, gavrcele-buli azris Tanaxmad, mxolod fsiqologiuri zemoqmedeba ar aris sakmarisi arsebiTi emisiis sakvalifikaciod. sxva SemTxvevebSi zemoqmede-ba ZiriTadad fizikur xasiaTs atarebs, xolo idealuri emisiebis dros zianis subieqturi da abstraqtuli xasiaTis gamo problematuria obieqturad davasabuToT, eqvemdebareba Tu ara fsiqologouri zemoqmedeba Tmenis valdebule-bas mesakuTris mxridan. aSS-s sasamarTlo praqtikas dReisaT-vis sakmaod didi gamocdileba aqvs idealur emisiebTan dakavSirebuli samezoblo davebis gadawyvetis mxriv, gansxvavebiT sxva qveynebisagan, sadac es sakiTxi jer kidev Seuswavlelia.

2. idealuri emisiebis saxeebi aSS-s

sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT

aSS-s sasamarTlos praqtikis analizis-Sedegad SeiZleba gamoiyos idealuri emisiebis sami ZiriTadi saxe: emisiebi, romlebic momdin-areobs: 1) cudi reputaciis mqone dawesebule-bebidan 2) araesTetikuri Sesaxedaobis obi-eqtebidan; 3) sasaflaoebidan da damkrZalavi biuroebidan.

2.1 cudi reputaciis mqone dawesebulebebidan momdinare

idealuri emisiebi

cudi reputaciis mqone dawesebulebebi-dan (saroskipoebi, meZavTa saxlebi)momdinare ze-

moqmedeba aSS-s sasamarTloe-bis mier imTaviTve (perse)miiCneodnen arsebiT zneobriv emisiebad miuxedavad droisa da adgilisa.

am poziciis sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT portlen-dis saqalaqo

sasamarTlos mier ganxiluli saqme “bleigeni smitis winaaRmdeg: n. bleigenma aaSena oTxsar-Tuliani Senoba portlendis centrSi da miaqi-rava qsovilebis sawarmos. am Senobis pirdapir r. smitma aaSena ramdenime patara xis saxli, sa-dac dasaxldnen iaponeli qalebi. bleigenma Sei-tana sarCeli sasamarTloSi im safuZvliT, rom es qalebi eweodnen prostitucias, rac amoralur zegavlenas axdenda sawarmoSi momuSave per-sanalze. garda amisa, daeca sawarmos sabazro Rirebuleba. oregonis uzenaesma sasamarTlom es SemTxveva CaTvala arsebiT zneobriv emisiad. aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad daudo ara qonebis Rirebulebis Sem-cirebis faqti, aramed esTetikuri da zneobrivi kriteriumebi - umsgavsi sanaxaoba da bilwsi-tyvaoba, rac arsebiTad xelyofda bleigenis sa-kuTrebis uflebiT sargeblobas (right of enjoyment of land). aseTi saxis sarCelebi xSirad kmayofil-deboda sasamarTloebis mier iseTi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa amoraluri moqmede-bebi meZavTa mxridan, umsgavsi xmebi, mezobelTa uZiloba da sxv. arsebobs gamonaklisebi, rodesac mesa-kuTre ganicdida mxolodfsiqologiuri dis-komforts, roca fanjridan xedavda meZavebs. sasamarTlom es SemTxveva CaTvala arsebiT emisiad im garemoebaze miTiTebiT, rom yvelas aqvs ufleba “datkbes xediT, romelic misi fan-jridan moCans”.

2.2.araesTetikuri Sesaxedaobis obieqtebidan momdinare idealuri

emisiebi

tradiciulad, sasamarTloebis mier miiCneoda, rom esTetikuri zemoqmedeba sakmariss safuZvels ar iZleoda arsebiT emisiad misaCnevad, radgan “kanoni ver CaTvlis ukanonod imas, rac usiamovnoa TvalisTvis” (nagviTa da jarTiT savse ezo, uSnod aSenebuli Robeebi da msgavsi obieqtebi). sasamarTloebi ver axerxebdnen daesabuTebinaT dazaralebuli mesakuTris esTetikuri zianis dakmayofilebis samarTlebrivi SesaZlebloba . dResdReisobiT aseTi midgoma Seicvala. mecnierebi miuTiTeben, rom Tu sasamarTloebi ak-mayofileben xmaurisgan da sunisgan gamowveul zemoqmedebas, maSin ratomaa SeuZlebeli esTeti-kuri (mxedvelobaze moqmedi) emisiebis dakmayo-fileba? ar arsebobs gansxvavebuli fiziolo-giuri safuZlveli, movaxdinoT vizualuri percefciebisa da sunis an xmaurisgan gamowveu-li emisiebis diferencireba. aseTma midgomam Secvla sasamarTlo praq-tikis tendencia da gaizarda vizualuri emis-iebis dakmayofilebi Sansi. magaliTad, mesaku-Trem, romlis mezobelmac Tavis nakveTze Tavi mouyara manqanis nawilebsa da gafuWebul ele-qtroteqnikas, Tavi igrZno uxerxulad da veRar SeZlo megobrebis dapatiJeba wveulebaze. sa-samarTlom es SemTxveva CaTvala arsebiT zemoq-medebad. Tumca vizualur emisiebze mainc arse-bobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba.

2.3. sasaflaoebidan da damkrZalavi biuroebidan

momdinare emisiebi

aSS-is sasamarTlo praqtika icnobs sa-saflaoebidan da damkrZalavi biuroebidan mom-dinare wminda fsiqologiuri saxis zemoqmedeba-sac, romelic ZiriTadad gamoixateba imaSi, rom mesakuTreebi grZnoben emociur diskomforts, radgan “mudmivad axsendebaT sikvdilis arse-boba.” samxreT karolinas uzenaesma sasamarT-lom msgavsi fsiqologiuri zemoqmedeba miiCnia arsebiT emisiad, radgan mas Sedegad mohyva ma-terialuri Sedegebic: mesakuTris depresia, nev-rozi, uZiloba, misma ojaxis wevrebma Secvales saZinebeli oTaxebis ganlageba,isini aseve veRar sargeblobdnen saxlis aivniT, romelic damkrZa-lavi biuros pirdapir mdebareobda. erT-erTma kalifornielma wyvilma moiTxova maT saxlTan axlos mdebare damkrZa-lavi biuros daxurva, radgan maTi megobrebi Tavs ikavebdnen maTTan stumrobisgan. sasamarT-lom miiCnia, rom es iyo safuZvliani moTxovna. sasamarTloebis damokidebuleba amgvar obieqtebTan dakavSirebiT mainc araerTgvarova-nia – gavrcelebuli azrisTanaxmad, gardacva-lebasTan asocirebuli obieqtebi imTaviTve ar miiCnevian arsebiTi zemoqmedebis gamomwvevebad. saWiroa konkretuli SemTxvevis indivudualuri maxasiaTeblebis analizi da samarTlebrivi Se-faseba.


3. daskvna

idealuri emisiebis zemoqmedebis dasab-uTebis problematika gamowveulia misi subieq-turi da abstraqtuli xasiaTiT. Tumca, zemoT moyvanili SemTxvevebis analizis Sedegad Sesa-Zlebelia im saerTo niSnebis gamoyofa, romleb-sac iTvaliswineben aSS-s sasamarTloebi. pirvel rigSi, yovel zneobriv da esTeti-kur fsiqologiur zemoqmdebas unda axasiaTeb-des iseTi intensivoba, rom scdebodes socialuri tolerantobis zRvars da aRar emorCilebodes Tmenis valdebulebas. rogorc aSS-s sasamarTlo praqtikaSi arsebuli tendeciidan Cans, sasamarT-loebi umravles SemTxvevaSi idealur emisiebs arsebiTad miiCneven, Tu fsiqologiur zemoqmede-bas Sedegad mohyveba obieqturad gamoxatuli uaryofiTi Sedegi. swored amitom axasiaTebs arasTetikuri obieqtebidan gamowveul vizua-lur emisiebTan dakavSirebeul sarCelebs dak-mayofilebis yvelaze dabali maCvenebeli, radgan rTulia mxolod arasasiamovno Sexedulebis obieqtma realuri danaklisi (da ara marto fsiqologiuri diskomforti) gamoiwvios. aseve mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis an konkretuli so-cialuri jgufis damokidebuleba idealuri emisi-is gamomwvev obi-eqtTan. swored sazogadoebis u a r y o f i T i

damokidebileba ganapirobebs im faqts, rom aSS-s sasamarTloebi cudi reputaciis mqone daweseb-ulebebidan momdinare emisiebs imTaviTve (perse) arsebiTad miiCneven (maSinac ki, roca mxolod emociuri diskomfortis garda sxva uaryofoTi Sedegi ar damdgara). erT-erTi mniSvnelovani garemoebaa sazogadoebrivi (sajaro) da kerZo interesebis Sedareba. sasaflaoebisa da damkrZalavi bi-uroebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTloebs swored maTi sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisa da kerZo in-teresebis Sepirispirebis safuZvelze gamoaqvT gadawyvetileba. saboloo jamSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ide-aluri emisiebis moqmedebis farglebis dadgeni-sas sasamarTlo unda daeyrdnos rogorc obiqtur (zemoqmdebis adgili, xangrZlivoba, konkretuli uaryofiTi Sedegi, romelmac obieqturad xelyo sakuTrebis ufleba da a.S.), ise subiqtur gare-moebebs (im socialuri jgufisa Tu samezoblos moraluri da znoebrivi saxe da kulturuli identoba, dazaralebulis subieqturi damokide-buleba fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebisadmi da sxv.). mxolod am garemoebaTa kompleqsuri da sistem-uri analiziTaa SesaZlebeli idealuri emisiis moqmedebis farglebis dadgena.

giorgi baRdavaZe

i u r i d i u l i fakultetis saerTaSoriso samarTlis mimarTulebis meore kursis studenti. warCinebiT daam-Tavra Tbilisis 161-e sa-jaro skola. 2010 wels gamarjva Tbilisis inteleqtualur CempionatSi. 2010 wels dajil-dovda I xarisxis diplo-miT 64-e saswavlo-Semo-qmedebiTi konferenciis Semoqmed moswavleTa seq-ciaSi mopovebuli gamar-jvebisTvis. 2011 wels miiRo monawileoba konkursSi “vcxovrob demokratiul sazogadoebaSi”. 2011 wels dajil-dovda I xarisxis diplo-miT 65-e saswavlo-Semo-qmedebiTi konferenciis Semoqmed moswavleTa seq-ciaSi mopovebuli gamar-jvebisTvis; 2013 wels miiRo monawileoba ivane ja-vaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiul fakultetis mier gamar-Tul studentur konfer-enciaSi - sisxlis samarT-lis sakiTxebze.

1.iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris - devnilis definicia

qarTuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad

da Sesabamisoba gaeros principebTan

saqarTvelos kanoni „saqarTvelos okupirebuli terito-riebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa - devnilTa Sesaxeb“ praqtikulad or sxvadasxva cnebas (iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli da devnili) erT sibrtyeSi ganixilavs. amavdroulad iZleva Semdeg definicias, romlis Tanaxmadac, saqarTvelos okupirebu-li teritoriidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirad - devnilad CaiTvleba saqarTvelos moqalaqe an saqarTveloSi statusis mqone moqalaqeobis armqone piri, romelic iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina Tavisi mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili im mizeziT, rom safrTxe Seeqmna mis an masTan mcxovrebi ojaxis wevris sicocxles, janmrTelobas an Tavisuflebas ucxo qveynis mier teritoriis okupaciis, agresiisa da adamianis uflebebis maso-brivi darRvevis gamo, amavdroulad, bavSvi uflebamosilia mieni-Wos devnilis statusi mSoblis (mSoblebis) an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmobis safuZvelze, Tu orive an erT-erT mSobels aqvs an/da hqonda devnilis statusi.

iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli

piris definicia

gaeros saxelmZRvanelo

principebisa

da qarTuli kanonmdeblobis

SedarebiTi analizi

Abstract

This article concerns about legal issues of internally displaced persons in Georgian legislation and International law. There are many instances in contemporary international practice, when people become victims of internal conflicts, external aggression or natural disas-ters and they are forced to leave their places of residence and move to another location within the state. Because of this element they can’t be granted the status of refugee, which deprives such persons an opportunity to be treated with the international law. Unfortunately there is no international convention or other legally binding document, which would protect the rights of such persons. The presence of internally displaced persons within national territory means that their own government bears primary responsibility for meeting their protection and assistance needs. Because of it this issue is governed by a domestic law. On the other hand there are UN “Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement”, whit is not a legal document but imposes a moral framework on states. Unfortunately Georgian legislation doesn’t fully accepts UN’s Guiding Principles. Incompletely refers the definition of internally displaced person. In this article we will discuss about it one by one and we will compare Georgian legisla-tion with International norms.


qarTuli kanonmdeblobis mier proble-mis amgvari gadawyveta arsobrivad ewinaaRmde-geba gaeros saxelmZRvanelo principebs, romlis miznebidan gamomdinare iZulebiT gadaadgile-bul pirebad iTvlebian is pirebi an pirTa jgufebi, romlebic gamoZevebul iqnen an iZule-bulni gaxdnen daetovebinaT TavianTi saxli an mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili, raTa gaqceodnen SeiaraRebul konfliqts, sayovelTao Zaladobas, adamianis uflebaTa xelyofasa da stiqiur an adamianis mier Seqmnil katastrofebs da amasTan, ar gadaukveTavT saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli saxelmwifo sazRvari. amrigad, qarTvelma kanonmdebelma iZule-biT gadaadgilebuli piris samarTlebriv defi-niciaSi dauSva ori arsebiTi Secdoma: 1) man ra-tomRac iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri a prior miiCnia devnilad da 2) man ugulebelyo iseTi fundamenturi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa a) say-ovelTao Zaladoba da adamianis ufleba-Ta xelyofa, romelic sulac araa aucilebeli ganxorcieldes ucxo qveynis jarebis mier da b) stiqiuri an ada-mianis mier Seqmnili katastrofebis Sede-gad gadaadgilebu-li pirebis - ekomi-grantebis sakiTxi.

2.„iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli - devnili“

qarTveli kanonmdebeli, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirisa da devnilis cnebebs erT samarTlebriv sibrtyeSi ganixilavs da identur cnebebad miiCnevs. amav-droulad erTaderT amosaval winapirobad mi-iCnevs ucxo qveynis mier teritoriis okupacias, agresias da adamianis uflebebis masobriv dar-Rvevas. „devnili“, rogorc etimologiuri, ise sityvasityviTi ganmartebiT aris piri, romelic ganicdis devnas. „devnis“ amomwurav definicias iZleva Jenevis 1951 wlis konvencia „ltolvilis statusis Sesaxeb“, romelic devnas ukavSirebs safuZvliani SiSis arsebobas da CamoTvlis devnis safuZvlebs: rasa, religia, aRmsareblo-ba, erovneba, garkveuli socialuri jgufisadmi kuTvnileba, politikuri mrwamsi. amasTanave araa aucilebeli, rom devna ukve gvqondes saxeze da ukve iyos ganxorcielebuli, mTavaria saxeze iyos amis ganxorcielebis safuZvliani SiSi (subieqturi elementi) da faqtobrivi garemoebebiT gamyarebuli safuZv-liani varaudi

(obieqturi elementi). amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTaSoriso konfliqtis arseboba Ta-visTavad ar niSnavs imas, rom devna (persecution) gvaqvs saxeze, metic, SesaZloa visaubroT eTnikur wmendaze an adgilobrivi mosaxleobis winaaRm-deg mimarTul sxva Zaladobriv aqtebze, Tumca es mainc ar iZleva devnis, rogorc „persecution“ Semadgenlobas. aqedan gamomdinare sruliad alogikuria kanonmdeblis mier sakiTxis amgvari gadawyveta da ucnauria Tu ratom dasWirda mas iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis devnilebad, anu devnis msxverplad gamocxadeba. erTi mxriv gasagebia kanonmdeblis „keTili mizani“, iZule-biT gadaadgilebuli pirebi gauTanabros devni-lebs, Tumca meore mxriv, aRniSnuli srulad cdeba realobasa da pragmatul xedvas.

3.SeiaraRebuli konfliqti,

sayovelTao Zaladoba

da adamianis uflebaTa xelyofa

gaeros saxelmZRvanelo principebis Tanaxmad, piris iZulebiT gadaadgilebulad miCnevisaTvis erT-erTi winapirobaa mis mier sacxovrebeli adgilis datoveba, romelic ganpirobebulia SeiaraRebuli konfliqtiT, sayovelTao ZaladobiT, adamianis uflebaTa

xelyofiT. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali icnobs ori saxis SeiaraRebul konfliqts: 1) saerTaSoriso da 2) arasaerTaSoriso xasi-aTis. SeiaraRebuli konfliqti saerTaSorisod CaiTvleba Tu masSi monawileobs ori an ram-denime saxelmwifo, an xalxebi, romlebic ibrZ-vian koloniuri Cagvris, ucxoelTa okupaciisa da rasistuli reJimis batonobis winaaRmdeg TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizaciis mizniT (Jenevis 1977 wlis oqmi N1). rac Seexeba ara-saerTaSoriso xasiaTis SeiaraRebul konfliqts, am kategorias miekuTvneba yvela is konfliq-ti, romelic mimdinareobs saxelmwifos SigniT mis SeiaraRebul Zalebsa da sxva organizebul jgufebs Soris. gansxvavebiT gaeros saxelmZR-vanelo principebisagan, qarTuli kanonmdebloba piris iZulebiT gadaadgilebulad aRiarebis wi-napirobad miiCnevs mxolod saerTaSoriso xa-siaTis SeiaraRebul konfliqts, razec naTlad metyvelebs sityvebi: „ucxo qveynis mier terito-riis okupaciis, agresiis...“ msgavsi xedva aqvs qarTvel kanonmdebels sayovelTao Zaladobasa da adamianis uflebaTa xelyofis SemTxvevaSic. aqac, gansxvavebiT gae-ros saxelmZRvanelo principebisgan, am qmedebeb-Si moiazreba, ucxo qveynis mier teritoriis oku-paciisa da agresiis Sedegi, romelic SeiZleba gamoixatos magaliTad, eTnikur wmendaSi.


4.ekomigrantebi

gaeros saxelmZRvanelo principebis Tanaxmad, piris iZulebiT gadaadgilebulad aRi-arebis kidev erT winapirobas warmoadgens stiq-iuri da adamianis mier Seqmnili katastrofebi. piri, romelic iZulebulia datovos Ta-visi mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili, ise, rom ar gadakveTos saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli saxelm-wifo sazRvari iwodeba ekomigrantad. gaeros saxelmZRvanelo principebis Tanaxmad, erovnul xelisuflebebs ekisrebaT upiratesi valdebuleba da pasuxismgebloba raTa TavianTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi uzrunvelyon Sesabamisi dacviTa da humanitaruli daxmarebiT (principi 25). iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs ufleba aqvT moiTxovon da miiRon dacva da humanitaruli daxmareba sakuTari xelisuflebisagan. isini ar SeiZleba devnilni an dasjilni iyvnen msgavsi moTxovnebisTvis. qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi arsad aris aRniSnuli bunebrivi Tu adamianis mier gamowveuli katastrofebis Sedegad iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa sakiTxi, rac qmnis imis STabeWdilebas, rom saxelmwifos aRniSnuli kategoriis pirebze moxsnili aqvs pasuxismgebloba, radgan maTze ar vrceldeba aranairi statusi da am kategoriis pirebi

ver sargebloben kanoniT garantirebuli samarTlebrivi dacvis meqanizmiT. marTalia „saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa gansaxlebisa da ltolvilTa saministros debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebaSi, aseve „adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organul kanonSi gvxvdeba termini „ekomigranti“ da kanoni iTvaliswinebs garkveul SeRavaTebs am kategoriis pirTaTvis, Tumca problema imaSia, rom ar arsebobs sakanonmdeblo norma, romelSic mocemulia ekomigrantis definicia da pirTa wre, romelzec v r c e l d e b a a R n i S n u l i samarTlebrivi statusi.


5.iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa

uflebebi da garantiebi

gaeros saxelmZRvanelo principebi xuTi karisagan Sedgeba. esenia: zogadi principebi; principebi gadaadgilebisgan dacvis Sesaxeb; principebi gadaadgilebis dacvis Sesaxeb; prin-cipebi humanitaruli daxmarebis Sesaxeb; prin-cipebi dabrunebis, gansaxlebis da reintegraci-is Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom gaeros saxelmZRvanelo principebTan erTad, iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa dacvis sakiTxSi, Zalzed did rols Ta-maSobs saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali da adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTaod aRiarebu-li deklaracia. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniS-vnelovania principebi, romlebic ukrZalaven sax-elmwifos aseT pirTa TviTnebur gadaadgilebas (principi 6), Tumca cxadia maT aqvT ufleba Tavi-anTi nebiT airCion sacxovrebeli adgili, dato-von qveyana, eZebon TavSesafari rogorc qveynis sxva nawilSi, ise sazRvargareT (principebi: 14; 15), upirobo da absolutur uflebadaa aRiarebu-li sicocxlis ufleba (principi 10), pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufleba (prin- c i p i 12), ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba (principi 17) da a. S. amav-droulad, xelisuflebebs akis-riaT upiratesi valdeb-uleba da

pasuxismgebloba, raTa iZulebiT gadaadgilebu-li pirebi uzrunveyon humanitaruli daxmarebiT (principi 25). samwuxarod, qarTuli kanonmdebloba aRniSnul sakiTxsac sakmaod mSralad awes-rigebs. igi ZiriTadad Semoifargleba sxvadasxva socialuri SeRavaTebiTa da SemweobebiT. marTa-lia qarTuli kanonmdebloba aRiarebs TavSesaf-ris uflebas (muxlebi: 3; 5; 54; 7). gvxvdeba agreTve ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis prin-cipis garkveuli gamovlinebac (magaliTad, me-2 muxlis me-11 nawili), aseve zogadadaa aRniSnuli iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa absoluturi uflebebis dacvazec (1-eli muxlis me-2 nawili). Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom ZiriTad nawilSi qar-Tuli kanonmdebloba ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas gaeros saxelmZRvanelo principebis mier ganmt-kicebul zemoTnaxseneb sakiTxebze, rac udavod saWiroebs gamosworebas.

salome gorgoZe

sacialur da politi-kur mecnerebaTa fakultetis, Jurnalistikisa da masobrivi komunikaciis mimarTulebis mesame kursis studenti

konferenciebi:

studenturi safa-kulteto samecniero kon-ferencia: bavSvTa Zaladobis Temis gaSuqeba mediaSi da Ju-rnalisturi eTika, gamarjveba, 2012. studenturi samecnie-ro konferencia: Tanamedrove qarTuli beWdviTi da onlain media religiuri problema-tikis Sesaxeb, 2013 w. mexuTe regionTa-Sorisi studenturi konfer-encia: bavSvTa jandacvisa da socialuri dacvis gaSuqeba Tanamedrove qarTul mediaSi, 2013.

sxva miRwevebi:

Tsu-is socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis Jurnalistiki-sa da masobrivi komunikaci-is mimarTulebis saswavlo studenturi Jurnalis “koq-teilis” Npirveli nomris re-daqtori. amave fakultetis, re-gionuli Jurnalis “gzavni-lis” meore nomris redaqto-ri.

saqarTvelo mravaleTnikuri da mravalkonfesiuri qveya-naa. amdenad, religiuri sakiTxebis marTebulad gaSuqeba gane-kuTvneba im aqtualur Tematikas, romelsac Tanamedrove qar-Tuli media uyuradRebod ar unda tovebdes. Temis specifikidan gamomdinare, uTuod mniSvnelovania am sakiTxis kvleva Semdegi mimarTulebiT: aSuqebs Tu ara Tanamedrove qarTuli beWduri da onlain media Tanmimdevrulad da kvalificiurad religiur Temebs adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis konteqstSi, icavs Tu ara igi publikaciebSi, religiis Temebze, profesiuli standar-tis moTxovnebs? kvlevis mizania, qarTul beWdur da onlain mediaSi re-ligiuri Temebis gaSuqebis sadReisod arsebuli tendenciis

Tanamedrove qarTuli

beWdviTi da onlain media

religiuri problematikis

Sesaxeb

Abstract

Georgia is a multi-ethnic and multi - confessional country, thus proper coverage of religious issues has to be one of the most actual objectives of the Georgian media. Given the specificities of the subject, the study of this issue is important in the following directions: whether the coverage of religious issues in Georgian printed and online media is consistent in the context of fundamental human rights and whether the professional standards in the publications are ob-served. The research aims to reveal current trends of the covering religious issues in Georgian printed and online Medias and to show what problems exist in terms of professional and ethical norms.As a method of the research the content - analysis was used. Under qualitative monitoring the articles were analyzed in the context of professional standards and ethical norms. Research findings:• Less attention to religious issues;• Politicization of religious issues;• Superficial materials;• Sensational titles;• Mixing of fact and comment. The study showed that in Georgian printed and online medias insufficient attention is given to the coverage of religious issues, and frequently, violation of professional standards and of ethical norms is observed.During the reporting period, only 13 entries about the religious problems were ana-lyzed, in which no analytical publication was encountered. There were sensational headlines, mixing fact and comment, as well as politicized religious themes. Accordingly, the recommendations are as follows:• More attention should be paid to proper coverage of religious issues;• Professional standards have to be observed by the journalists; • Ethical standards have be observed in the journalistic texts;• Constitutional norms, such as respect of fundamental human rights have to be observed in journalistic activity.


gamovlineba da Cveneba imisa, Tu ra problemebi

arsebobs profesiuli da eTikuri normebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT. kvlevis hipoTezaa: Tanamedrove qarTuli beWd-viTi da onlain media jerovan yuradRebas ar uTmobs religiuri problematikis warmoCenas da arcTu iSviaTad arRvevs profesiuli standar-tis normebs. sakvlev masalad SeirCa presis sami ga-mocemis (gazeTebi „alia“, „kviris palitra“, „asa-val-dasavali“) da onlaingamocemis („ambebi.ge”, “presa.ge”) mocemul eqvsTvian periodSi aRniS-nel Temaze dabeWdili publikaciebi. kvlevis meTods warmoadgens kontent ana-lizi. Tvisebrivi monitoringis Sedegad gaanal-izda statiebi profesiuli standartebisa da eTikuri normebis WrilSi. bolo dros saqarTveloSi ramdenime kon-fliqti, swored religiur niadagze aRmocenda. 2012 wlis oqtomber-noembrSi saqarTvelos sx-vadasxva regionSi, kerZod, nigvziansa da win-wyaroSi momxdari dapirispireba adgilobriv muslim da marTlmadidebel mrevls Soris, qar-Tuli sazogadoebis gansjis sagnad iqca. Temis aqtualobidan gamomdinare, sakvlev periodad ar-Ceul iqna 2012 wlis oqtomberi-2013 wlis marti, uSualod is dro, roca konfliqti arsebobda da Semdgomi periodi. amiT saSualeba mogveca davkvirvebodiT Tanamedrove qarTul beWdur da onlain mediaSi religiuri Tematikis gaSuqebis dinamikas da dagvedgina, media am Temis mimarT movlenurad reagirebs Tu Tvlis mas strategi-ulad da yovelTvis iCens interess. sakvlev periodSi religiuri problema-tikis Temaze gamoqveynda mxolod 13 masala. aqedan arc erTi analizuri. xSiria sensaciuri saTaurebi, Jurnalistis mxridan faqtisa da ko-

mentaris aRreva, aseve religiuri Temebis politizirebul WrilSi warmoCena. Tvisebrivi monitor-ingis Sedegad gamoikveTa darRve-vaTa Semdegi tipebi: gazeTi : „alia“ daibeWda statia saTauriT: „Tuki aTonis wminda mTa qa-rTveli aTonelebis madliTa da SaravandediT saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi brwyinavda, dRes am gasaocar savanes saakaSvi-lis kud-isa Tu kudianebis ufrosis moadgilis wyalo-biT Sebilwva da wawymeda emuqreba“ saTauri aris ara romelime wyaros citata, aramed masSi gacxadebulia

Jurnalistis pozicia, riT-ac uxeSad irRveva profesiuli

standarti. aq unda gavixsenoT maiamis uni-versitetis profesoris pol stenlis Semdegi mosazreba: „movlenebis yovelmxriv gawonaswore-buli asaxva ufro metad fasobs, vidre efeqtu-rad gamoCena.“ Jurnalisti exmaureba presaSi gavrcele-bul ambavs, kud-is ufrosis moadgilis soso TofuriZis aTonis mTaze yofnis Sesaxeb. „gigi ugulava, mamuka axvlediani, koba subeliani... suyvelani sasuliero seminariisa Tu akademiis kursdamTavrebulebi arian. es jgufi, romlis su-lieri lideri, ra Tqma unda, Cveni striptizmeri ugulavaa, ieRovelebis cnobil mociqulTan- giga bokeriasTan erTad, saqarTvelos wminda samociqulo eklesiaSi gegmavda ganxeTqilebis Setanas.“ Jurnalisti konkretuli argumentebis gareSe adanaSaulebs politikur pirebs „sapa-triarqos taxtis gadatrialebaSi“, garda amisa, „ieRovas mociquli“ uaryofiT konteqstSia nax-senebi. eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebis gaSuqebasTan dakavSirebiT mocemul rekomenda-ciebSi vkiTxulobT: „Tavidan aicilon iseTi masalis gamoqveyneba, romelic SesaZloa Seura-cxmyofeli aRmoCndes romelime eTnikuri an re-ligiuri umciresobisTvis, aRvivebdes siZulvils, Seuwynareblobas maT mimarT, Tesavdes SuRls eTnikur/religiur umravlesobasa da umcireso-bas Soris, iyos diskriminaciuli eTnikuri an/da religiuri niSniT“ garda amisa „Tavi Seikavon piris eTnikur da religiur kuTvnilebasa da uaryofiT movlenebs Soris dausabuTebeli para-lelebis gavlebisgan.“ onlain gamocema „ambebi.ge”, statia gamo-qveynda saTauriT: „winwyaroSi religiur niadag-ze dapirispireba SesaZloa sisxlisRvramde mivides“. msgavsma saTaurebma SesaZloa provo-cireba gamoiwvios da mkiTxvelSi agresia war-moSvas. profesiuli standarti aseTia: „Tavi Seikavon iseTi gamonaTqvamebis tiraJirebisagan, romlebic aRvivebs siZulvils, adamianTa Soris


SuRls...“ gazeTi „alia“, statia saTauriT: „meufe ka-listrate axal skandalSi exveva“ statiis avtori quTaisSi gazeTis korespondents ukavSirdeba da iqa-ur ambebze esaubreba, sakiTxi exeba mitropolit ka-listrates, romlis Sesaxebac Jurnalisti wers, rom mas bagratis taZridan spilenZis qurdobas abraleben. „eg ki arada bagratis taZris saxuravi unda yofil-iyo kramitis, magram moismina vinmem? amitom miviReT is, rac miviReT. rogorc miTxres, dasavleTis karis spilenZi mTlianad kalistrates wauRia warmoidgineT, ras akeTebs es araqarTveli mitropoliti?“ statiaSi vxvdebiT profesiuli standartis erT-erT yvelaze uxeS darRvevas, faqtisa da komen-taris aRrevas. garda amisa, Jurnalisti ar erideba subieqturi azris demonstrirebas. konkretuli argu-mentebis gareSe saubrobs mitropolitis danaSaulze. statia mkveTrad politizirebulia, mitropolitis Sesaxeb saubari politikur konteqstSia warmodgeni-li. gazeT „asaval-dasavalSi“ daibeWda statia sa-TauriT „oSkis da xaxulis gadarCena imad ar gviRirs, rom aq Turquli eqspansia ganxorcieldes“ es aris interviu mama daviT isakaZesTan, romelic azizies meCeTis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb saubrobs. statiis lidSive vkiTxulobT: „mama daviT isakaZe Tavis sulier ZmebTan erTad ibrZoda saakaSvilis reJimis winaaRmdeg, raTa CaeSala aWaraSi (da ara mxolod aWaraSi) meCeTis mSeneblobis boroti ganzraxva.“ „boroti ganzraxva“ Jurnalistis Sefasebaa, romelmac SeZleba gavlena moaxdinos moqalaqeebze, xeli Seuwyos stereotipebis Camoyalibebas da zizRis gaCenas gansxvavebuli religiis samlocveloTa mimarT. profesiuli standarti ki Jurnalistisagan moiTxovs: „ar moaxdinon raime problemis xelovnuri asocireba romelime eTnikur an religiur umciresobasTan da amiT xeli ar Seuwyon stereotipebis Camoyalibebas an arsebuli stereotipebis gamyarebas.“ iqve Jurnalisti respondents ekiTxeba: „mamao daviT, rogor unda SevaCeroT Tanamedrove muslima-nuri eqspansia?“


aq vxvdebiT faqtis araobieqturad gaaz-rebas da Jurnalistis mier konkretuli movle-nis xelovnurad ganzogadebas, rac mis siRrm-iseulad gaSuqebas ar isaxavs miznad da erTob hiperbolizebulia, anu mkiTxvelis emociuri grZnobebzea gaTvlili. msgavsi terminebis gam-oyeneba, cxadia, mxolod Jurnalistis xedvas ar unda emyarebodes, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu mas sazogadoebriv azrze zemoqmedeba SeuZlia da xels uwyobs siZulvilis gaRvivebasa an usafuZ-vlo stereotipebis Seqmnas. amdenad, profesiuli standartebisa da eTikis normebis mixedviT gaanalizebulma masa-lebma cxadyo, rom marTebulia hipoTeza: Temis aqtualobis miuxedavad Tanamedrove qarTuli media saTanado yuradRebas ar uTmobs religi-uri problematikis gaSuqebas da arcTu iSvia-Tad arRvevs profesiul standartebs da eTikur normebs. kvlevis mignebebi:• religiuriproblematikismimarTnakle-bi yuradReba-maSinac ki, roca qveyanaSi iseTi religiuri konfliqti iyo, rogoric oqtomberi-noembris TveSi, nigvziansa da winwyaroSi, gaana-lizebuli presis arc erTma gamocemam („alia“, „kviris palitra“, „asaval-dasavali“) ar gaaSuqa es movlenebi. • religiuri problemebisp ol i t i z i r e b a - g a n x il ul statiebSi SeimCneva tendencia, rom yvela religiuri Tema politikur WrilSia war-modgenili.• z e d a p i rulob a -warmodgenil sakvlev masalaSi ar vxvdebiT analizur statiebs, sadac problemis safuZvliani ganxilva iqneboda mkiTxvelisaTvis Se-Tavazebuli.

•

sensaciuri saTaurebi. saTauri ar aris gamyare-buli statiis saerTo SinaarsiT.• faqtisa da komentaris aRreva-gamovlin-da tendencia, rom xSirad religiuri problema-tikis gaSuqebisas, ganxiluli masalebis mixed-viT, Jurnalistebi ar eridebian Riad gamoxaton subieqturi azri, romelic argumentebiT araa gamyarebuli. warmodgenilma darRvevebma cxadyo, rom arsebuli mcire raodenobis masalebSic ki vx-vdebiT profesiuli standartebisa da eTikuri normebis uxeSad darRvevis faqtebs. Sesabamisad, rekomendaciebi Semdegia:• iseT mravalkonfesiur qveyanaSi, rogor-ic saqarTveloa, masmediam meti yuradReba unda dauTmos religiuri problematikis profesiuli standartebis dacviT gaSuqebas.• yvelaJurnalistismovaleobaaprofesi-uli standartis dacva.• JurnalisturteqstebSisaWiroaeTikurinormebis gaTvaliswineba.• JurnalistissaqmianobaSimniSvnelovaniakonstituciuri normebis dacva.

MAriam jafariZe

socialur da poli-tikur mecnerebaTa fakulte-tis, saerTaSoriso urTier-Tobebis mimarTulebis meore kursis studenti.

konferenciebi:

Global society builder group - is mier organizebuli “Savi zRvis axalgazrda dip-lomatTa skola”

Tsu-is mier organi-zebuli, baton revaz gaCeCi-laZis 70 wlis iubilesadmi miZRvnili konferencia.

seminarebi:

“diskusia ruseTis federaciaSi - qarTvelebis viziti Crdilo kavkasiasa da moskovSi”, saqarTvelos politikuri mecnierebis aso-ciacia. oqsfordis tipis de-batebi sdasusa da region-aluri ganviTarebis axal-gazrduli organizaciis erToblivi proeqti - “Ria auditoria” saswavlo universite-ti MASKI -saswavlo kursi “Sesavali evropismcodneo-baSi”.

Sesavali

ukve ramdenime weliwadia, rac saqarTvelo seriozuli gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. erT-erTi maTgani geostrategiulad da geoekonomikurad sakmaod mniSvnelovani baqo-axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinigzis mSenebloba gaxlavT. sarkinigzo magistra-lis proeqti iTvaliswinebs axali satranzito da samgzavro funqciis mqone rkinigzis mSeneblobas, romelic, ekonomikurad erTi mxriv azerbaijans, saqarTvelos da TurqeTs daaxloebs xolo meore mxriv, daakavSirebs evropasa da azias, Seiqmneba alternatiuli satranzito magistrali maT dasakavSireblad. bevri, tranzitis mxriv ruseTze damokidebuli saxelmwifosT-vis zustad meore faqtori aniWebs am rkinigzas gansakuTrebul xibls. dRes es gamowveva sakmaod aqtualuria, rogorc saqa-rTvelosTvis, romelic sakmaod did geopolitikur figurad gamova saerTaSoriso asparezze, aseve bevri am transkavkasiur axal magistralze imeddamyarebuli qveynisTvis. rkinigza saqa-rTvelosTvis geopolitikurad Zalian momgebiani iqneba, Tumca politikur faqtorTan erTad saWiroa ekonomikuri faqtorebis ganxilvac, romelic SesaZloa sulac ar iZleodes ekonomikur zrdas qveynisTvis. statiis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens, da-vadginoT Tu ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT ramdenad sasargebloa amgvari proeqtis ganxorcieleba saqarTvelosTvis,.

baqo-axalqalaqi-yarsis

rkinigzis

ekonomikuri Sefaseba

Abstract

This article represents the economic estimation of Baqu-Axalqalaqi-Karsi Railway, which has a big meaning for deepening the relations between Georgia, Azerbaijan and Turkey and on the other hand, for developing geoeconomic and geopolitical meaning of this region. This railway is possible to create a new alterna-tive transit way to communicate Europe with Asia, without using Russia’s territories. Everyone knows the importance and the positive aspects of this railway, when discussing geopolitical meaning of it. But there’s too little information about economic benefits of railway to Georgia. The motive of the article is to determinate economic aspects of railway for Georgia, is the construction of railway good or not for Georgia’s future, does it really have such benefits as it seems to have? First of all, it is important to mark that this railway can be harmful to the ports and the old, traditional railway of Georgia. Also, the loan, what Georgia has taken is too high, and many experts doubt that the new railway can not take out this sum. It depends on the long-lasting goals, what seems very doubtful. On the other hand, other experts establish big hopes on this railway and they prove that this railway can not only be a transit way for many states, also it can be propitious for the development of Tourism in Georgia. By discussion and analysis of the given issues, I will try to prove that, despite the profit of a new transit railway, the economic benefit of this construction will not be an efficient as it seems, though to stop it could be a worse step as to continue building a new trans-mainline corridor.


1. rkinigzis ekonomikuri sisusteebi

pirvelad, 2007 wels daisva SekiTxva, Tu ekonomikurad ra Sedegs moutanda mSenebloba saqarTvelos. premier-ministris biZina ivaniS-vilis bolodroindeli gancxadebebis mixedviT, es rkinigza aranakleb zians miayenebs saqarT-velos portebsa da Sida tradiciul rkinigzas. igi miiCnevs rom axali rkinigzis gaxsnis Sem-TxvevaSi, saqarTvelos Zvel tradiciul rkinig-zas, romelic 2-3-jer ufro grZelia, tvirTbrunva Seumcirdeba. es ki pirdapir aisaxeba foTisa da baTumis portebze. portebze tvirTbrunvis Semcirebis Tao-baze, aucileblad unda gavixsenoT am saqmeSi aqtiurad Cabmuli rkinigzelebis gancxadebebi, romlebic zust informaciasa da statistikas gvawvdian axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinigzasTan da-kavSirebiT. zviad mumlaZe (memanqane) sakmaod zustad gadmogvcems axali rkinigzis araefeq-tianobas Zvel rkinigzasTan SedarebiT. axalqa-laqi-yarsis rkinigza dResve Tu gaixsneboda, maSin SesaZlebeli iqneboda Tbilisidan marab-damde 1900 tona tvirTis gadatana, axalqalaqis mimarTulebiT ki mxolod 650 tona. foTisken mi-mavali tvirTis raodenobasTan SedarebiT es ra-odenoba sakmaod mcirea. magaliTad, gardabnidan foTamde erT elmavals SeuZlia 3700 tonis ga-datana. saerTo jamSi axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinig-

za weliwadSi 17 mln tonis gadatanas SeZlebs, roca moqmed rkinigzas 20 mln tona gadaaqvs centraluri aziidan foTisa da baTumis porte-bamde. axalma rkinigzam igive raodenobis tvirT-brunva rom awarmoos gaormagebuli resursebi unda gamoiyenos, amavdroulad unda Seferxdes Savi zRvis mimarTulebiT moZraoba. varaudi, rom tvirTis gayofa moxdeba orive mimarTulebiT, cota iluziuria. kompania, romelsac surs tvirTis gatana evropaSi, ra Tqma unda, mokle gzas airCevs, meti xarjebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. Mmokle gza ki am SemTxvevaSi baqo- axalqalaqi-yarsia. bevri eqsperti miiCnevs, rom tvirTbrunvis gayofa ver moxerxdeba orive rkinigzis datvriTvis TvalsazrisiT, da varau-doben, rom axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinigza metad daitvirTeba, gamomdinare iqidan, rom SedarebiT mokle iqneba da bevr ucxour kompanias zustad am axali mokle rkinigziT transportireba mou-tans met sargebels. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarT-velo nakleb fuls gaakeTebs, Tan met resurss daxarjavs. am yvelaferTan erTad cnobilia, rom amJamad Zveli rkinigza datvirTuli ar aris, muSaoben ra misi simZlavris gazrdaze, amaSi ki ixarjeba Tanxebi (mag, gvirabi xaSurTan). Tu ax-ali rkinigza tvirTbrunvas Seumcirebs Zvels, maSin risTvisRa ixarjeba Tanxebi saqarTvelos biujetidan Zveli rkinigzis simZlavris gazr-dasTan dakavSirebiT.


meore arguments, Tu ratomaa ekonomikurad usarge-blo axali rkinigzis mSenebloba, warmoadgens is vali, romelic rkinigzis mSeneblobisTvis aiRo saqarTvelom. igi 775 mln dolars aRwevs. krediti 2 nawiladaa gayo-fili. 2007 wels azerbaijanma 20-wliani vadiT 200 mln dolaris odenobis sesxi gamouyo, wliuri 1% ganakveTiT, 2011 wels ki 575 mln, 25-wliani vadiT da 5%-iani wliuri ganakveTiT. es imxela Tanxaa, Tu proeqtma mogeba maleve ver naxa, saqarTvelos ekonomikas seriozul zians miayenebs. amJamad daxarjulia Tanxis naxevarze meti da mxolod sa-muSaoebis meoTxedia Sesrulebuli. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom rkinigzis dasrulebisTvis saqarTvelos damatebiT valis aReba mouwevs. es ki seriozulad SeuSlis xels im winaswar varaudebs, axali rkinigzis saSualebiT am valis amoRebasTan dakavSirebiT.

2. ekonomikuri mogebis ZiebaSi

miuxedavad CamoTvlili problemebisa, aucileblad unda ganixilos meore mxaris Sexedulebebic. eqspertTa umetesoba miiCnevs, rom imis SiSi, TiTqos saqarTvelos portebs tvirTi moakldeba, safuZvelmoklebulia. daTo goCava (profesiul rki-nigzelTa klubi) acxadebs, rom „Tu evropidan aziaSi da piriq-iT, gadasazidi tvirTebis naxevari avtosagzao transportidan sarkinigzo da wylis transportze unda gadavides, vinaidan evropa seriozulad udgeba saTburis airis gamoyofis Semci-rebisa da klimatis cvlilebis gamowvevebis gadawyvetas, ma-SinorivemimarTuleba–TurqeTisadaSavizRvisportebisa–sakmarisaddatvirTuligaxdeba“.yvelamicis,romaxalirkinigza Zviri fufunebaa da Tavidanve did mogebas qveyanas ver hpirdeba, Tumca dawyebuli saqme dasrulebas saWiroebs, radgan axali rkinigza tvirTbrunvas Tu ver gaaumjobe-sebs, saqarTvelosTvis axal SesaZleblobebs mainc gax-snis turizmis ganviTarebis mxriv. rkinigza TurqeTSi mgzavrebis gadayvanasa da mimosvlas Seuwyobs xels.Ees ki kargi winsvla iqneba saqarTvelosTvis, rogorc turis-tuli qveynisTvis. arsebobs sxva mosazrebac, saqarTvelom, Tavisi momgebiani adgilmdebareobis gamo, unda daisaxos savaW-ro-satransporto centris rolis Sesruleba. mas axali rkinigza aucileblad esaWiroeba. eqspertTa azriT, amis gamo orive rkinigzaze datvriTva gaizrdeba da tvirTvis gayofaze saubari aRarc iqneba. isini miiCneven rom moqmedi da axali rkinigza erTmaneTis konkurentebi ar iqnebian da piriqiT, xelsac ki Seuwyoben erTmaneTs. bevri miiCnevs, rom ar SeiZleba dawyebuli saqmis Se-Cereba. am proeqtSi uamravi fulia Cadebuli, misi Sewyveta ki aSkara wagebaSi waiyvans saqarTvelos, romelsac uamravi valis amoReba dasWirdeba da mis gastumrebas am rkinigzis amuSavebaze amyarebs.

daskvna

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom proeqti did TanxebT-an da sakmaod grZelvadian miznebTanaa dakavSirebuli.FamJamad ekonomikurad did SezRudvebs vawydebiT da ver davikvexniT, TiTqos msgavsi proeqtis ganxorcieleba maleve mogvcems Sedegs. saWiroa, mSeneblobis dasruleba da Semdgom lodini, radgan ukan daxevis gza saqarTvelos aRar aqvs.


ekaterine maxaTaZe

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis, saerTaSori-so urTierTobebis mimar-Tulebis meore kursis studenti. monawileoba aqvs miRebuli baton revaz gaCeCilaZis 70 wlis iu-bilisadmi miZRvnil kon-ferenciaSi. studentTa sa-mecniero konferencia grigol robaqiZis univer-sitetSi. aqvs dabeWdili statia studentur samec-niero JurnalSi IR TODAY. statia “politi-kuri omi VS ideologiaTa Widili” internetsai-tze intermedia.ge.

Sesavali

erTiani da stabi-luri kavkasiis idea Soreuli warsulidan

sicocxlisunarian miTad aRiqmeba. kavkasiel xalxTa

xangrZlivi Tanacxovre-ba dResac stimuls aZlevs sazogadoe-bas, isaubros gaer-Tianebuli kavkasiis

perspeqtivasa Tu mniSvn-elobaze. regionSi myari

ideologiuri safuZvli-dan gamomdinare kavakasiis gaer-

Tianebis mcdeloba XI-XII,XIV-XV,XVII saukuneebSic realurad arsebobda.

Tumca, amierkavkasiis qveynebi dResac da-pirispirebaSi arian da regionSi garantirebuli

stabiluroba miuRwevelia. erTiani kavkasia wlebis ganmavlobaSi „momavlis regionad“ aRiqmeba, idea ki

bevri kavkasieli moqalaqisTvis momxiblavia. statiaSi ganxilulia uaxlesi istoriuli movlenebi, arsebuli prob-

lemebi da stabilurobis miRwvis saSualebebi.

“momavlis regioni” – erTiani da

stabiluri samxreT kavkasia

Abstract

It’s a long time that the idea of the united and stable Caucasus exists. The idea is like a viable myth and it has many Caucasian followers. Unfortunately, the situation is still tense and there is a confrontation between the Caucasus countries. The importance of this topic is conditioned by the fact that there is discussed the main problems of Caucasus and also, the main aim of this article is to determine some ways of solving problems. Also, there are some facts from the newest and current history. First of all, Russia and Turkey are huge political and economic factors in the region and the Caucasus countries aren’t able to escape from their influence. Because of its strategic position, the Caucasus was regularly the object of territorial conflicts between the Russian and Turkish Empires. Also, the conflicts between the South Caucasus countries significantly hinder the stability of the region. The fourth problem is that members of the region are afraid of losing their sovereignty. The most important issue is to determine the ways of solving problems. One of them is to eliminate conflicts in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Also the countries have to unify political, economic and social recourses for their development and stability. In conclusion, I am trying to prove my position that despite the strong desire of united Caucasus, the idea is still the myth and the stability in the region is just a long-term perspective.


1. uaxlesi istoriis mimoxilva

1.1 saqarTvelos prezidentTa iniciativa

gaerTianebuli da stabiluri kavkasiis ideaze iyo orientirebuli saqarTvelos prezi-dentis eduard SevardnaZis iniciativa „mSvido-biani kavkasia“. misi mizani regionSi dapirisp-irebis aRmofxvra, mSvidobisa da stabilurobis damkvidreba iyo. prezidentma iniciativis farg-lebSi sazogadoebas SesTavaza qcevis kodeqsi, romelic garkveul principebs efuZneboda, mag: - adamianis uflebebis dacva, satransporto da sxva komunikaciebis dacva, eTnikuri da konfesi-uri Semwynarebloba da sxv. 2010 wels saqarTvelos prezidentma gaerTianebuli erebis generalur asambleaze msoflios erTiani kavkasiis Seqmnis idea gaacno. man saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis regionis mSvi-dobian ganviTarebaze, globaluri gamowvevebis pirispir saerTo xedvebis Camoyalibebasa da re-gionuli aqtoris mniSvnelobaze isaubra.

1.2. somxeTisa da azebaijanis pozicia

somxeTSi aqtualuria „kavkasiis SeerTebuli Statebis“ idea (somxuri partia „axali droebis“ lideris, aram karapetianis azri). maTi ZiriTadi motivi konfliqtebis mogvareba, regionSi strategiul partniorebTan TanamSromloba da ekonomikuri ganviTarebaa.

amierkavkasiias respublikebis erTianobasa da st a b ilurob az e naklebad saubrobs azerbaijani. oficialur azerbaijans mTiani yarabaRisa da mimdinare konfliqtis gamo es ideac ki miuReblad miaCnia. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom is regionSi yvelaze Zlieri ekonomikuri aqtoria.

2. erTianobisa da garantirebuli

stabilurobis miRwevis problema

2.1. ruseTis geopolitikuri interesebi kavkasiaSi

samxreT kavkasia dResac didi regional-uri saxelmwifoebis interesebis sagania. sabWo-Ta kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ruseTi kvlav cdi-lobs gavlenis Zveli sferoebis SenarCunebas. formalurad dakargul, mis samxreTiT mdebare


teritoriebze ruseTi kvlav akontrolebs eko-nomikur, politikur Tu socialur sferoebs. ruseTs strategiuli intersebidan erT-erTi TurqeTis gavlenis SeCerebaa. TurqeTis eqspansia ewinaaRmdegeba ruseTis hegemonur miznebs amierkavkasiaSi, romelic ruseTisTvis wina aziaSi kontrolis SenarCunebis saSualeba-dac unda miviCnioT. samxreT kavkasia dominanturi miswrafe-bebis mqone ruseTisTvis pirveladi riskis regionia. kavkasiaze Zalauflebis mopoveba CrdiloeT mezobeli aqtorisTvis xelsayrelia iran-indoeTis mimarTulebiT kapitalis naklebi dabrkolebebiT moZraobisa da ekonomikuri gan-viTarebis mizniTac. ruseTis mier okupirebuli saqarTvelos teritoriebis 20% da mis mier provocirebuli konfliqtebi kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom is gaerTianebuli kavkasiis mZlavri mowinaaRmdege iqneba.

2.2. TurqeTis faqtori samxreT kavkasiis geopolitikaSi

saerTaSoriso arenaze gamodis Zlieri da miznebze orientirebuli mahmadianuri Turqe-Ti. cnobili diplomatis unal Ceviqozis gansaz-Rvrebis Tnaxmad 2000 wlidan TurqeTisTvis „ax-ali SesaZleblobebis etapi daiwyo“. mis hegemonur miswraafebebs xazs usvams baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadeni, baqo-Tbili-si-erzrumis gazsadeni da baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis sarkinigzo magistrali. azerbaijanis pro-Turquli mimarTuleba cxadia saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisTvis. saqa-rTvelosa da TurqeTs Sorisac mimdinareobs mWidro TanamSromloba. mixeil sakaSvilma 2011 wlis 12 Tebervals erTiani kavkasiis idea

TbilisSi vizitad myof TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrTan – axmed davidoRlusTanacganixila. man yuradReba „gaxsnili sazRvrebis“ mniSvnelobasa da strategiuli partniorTan TanamSromlobaze gaamaxvila. sapasuxod man ga-nacxada, rom TurqeTisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTveloSi mSvidobasa da stabiluro-bas. TurqeTis imperialisturi miswrafebebi gansaxorcileblad mniSvnelovania samxreT ka-vkasiaze politikuri da ekonomikuri gavlenis qona. swored amitom, cxadia, rom TurqeTi er-Tiani, stabiluri kavkasiis aqtiuri mowinaaRm-

dege iqneba.

2.3. suverenitetis dakargvis SiSi

samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebisTvis mniSvnelovania suverenitetis, Seuvalobis Senar-Cunebac. uzenaesi Zalaufleba saxelmwifos Sig-niT da damoukidebel aqtorad moqmedeba imdenad momxiblavia TiToeuli maTganisTvis, rom real-uri safrTxe emuqreba maT erTian da stabilur qmdebas, „momavlis regionis“ arsebobas. cxadia, ideas mis mniSvnelobasTan erTad Tan sdevs garkveuli riskebic. marTalia erTiani kavka-sia sazRvrebis Secvlas ar gulisxmobs, magram is kiTxvis niSnis qveS tovebs rig saSinao da sagareo politikis sakiTxebs.

2.4. samxreT kavkasiis konfliqtebi

samxreT kavkasiis konfliqtebi regionis mTeli istoriis manZilze urTules problemas warmoadgens. konfliqtebi sxvadasxva saxisaa,

Tumca ZiriTadad politikuri, idelogiuri, ekonomikuri

da teritoriuli xasiaTi aqvT.


somxur-azerbaijanuli dapirispireba mTiani yarabaRis gamo, saqarTvelos konfliqtebi afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlis CrdiloeT nawilSi naTeli magaliTia, rom regionSi stabilurobis miRweva Soreuli perspeqtivaa.

3. stabilurobis miRwevisa da problemis

gadawyvetis gzebi.

3.1. konfliqtebis mogvareba

rTulia, davsaxoT mravalwliani kon-fliqtebis mogvarebis gzebi, Tumca maTi aRmofx-vra stabilurobis miRwevisTvis mniSvnelovania. samxreT kavkasiis konfliqtebi usfrTxoebis, mSvidobis da TanamSromlobis ZiriTad xelis-SemSlel faqtorebs warmoadgenen. swored ami-tom problemis gadawyveta erTianobisa da sta-bilurobis miRwevis ZiriTadi faqtoria.

3.2. resursebis gaziareba

stabilurobisa da erTianobis miRw-evisTvis samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebisTvis, mizanSewonilia politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu socialuri resursebis mobilizeba da Tavi-anT sasikeTod gamoyeneba. es gamoricxavs kon-fliqtebis arsebobas da maTi SesaZleblobebis erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg mimarTvas. politikuri Sexedulebebis pativiscemam da winaaRmdegobis naklebobam unda gamoiwvios TanamSromlobis survili, ris Semdegac saxelm-wifoebs Soris aRdgenili iqneba ndoba. saerTo interesebis gacnobierebis safuZ-velze ekonomikuri TanamSrom-loba xelsayreli iqneba samxreT kavkasiis damoukide-beli saxelmwifoebisTvis. yarsi-axalqalaqis magistra-

lis mSenebloba

SeiZleba miviCnioT ekonomikuri erTianobisa da „momavlis regionis“ ganviTarebis gzad. Tumca, garkveuli problemebi aqac iqmneba, radgan azer-baijani saqarTvelos teritoriazec iTxovs rki-nigzis mflobelobas. socialuri TanamSromlobis Tvalsaz-risiT, saWiroa moqalaqeebs Soris meti inter-aqcia, romelic sxvadasxva saxelmwifoTSorisi proeqtebis ganxorcielebiT miiRweva. integra-ciis procesSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis rolic aranakleb mniSvnelovania. sasurvelia, regionSi stabilurobisa da erTianobis miRweva TiToeu-li kavkasielis mizans warmoadgendes.

daskvna

gaerTianebuli da stabiluri kavkasiis idea miuxedavad mravali damabrkolebeli faq-torisa aqtualobas ar kargavs. 21-e saukuneSi ruseTisa da TurqeTis safrTxis, samxreTkavka-siuli konfliqtebisa da TiToeuli saxelmwi-fos miswrafebebis arsebobis fonze, realurad safuZvels moklebulia, gaerTienebuli regionis perspeqtivebze saubari. arc suverenitetisa da imunitetis Selaxvis SiSi aZlevs saSualebas re-gionis aqtorebs meti enTuziazmiT ilaparakon erTiani da stabiluri kavkasiis ideaze. miuxe-davad amisa, idea mravali kavkasielisTvis si-cocxlisunarian miTad aRiqmeba, saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebic politikuri, ekonmikuri Tu socialuri resursebis gaziarebiT aqtiurad cdiloben interaqciis gaRrmavebas. Tumca mTa-var problematur sakiTxad konfliqtebi rCeba, romelTa mogvareba jer kidev Soreuli perspeq-tivaa. Tanamedrove msoflioSi Tavisufali, sta-biluri da erTiani kavkasia mxolod iniciativad rCeba.


mari oTiaSvili

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis, saerTaSori-so urTierTobebis mimar-Tulebis mesame kursis studenti. seminarebi da kon-ferenciebi:

“religia da poli-tika” 2011. “language Teaching Skills and approaches” 2011 . “arabuli gazafxu-li” 2011. “ r u s e T - s a q a rT -velos omi da saqarTvelos ekonomika” 2011. “Conversational English Language Development Training Course” 2012 „Leadership and Self-Development Training Course” 2012. “Georgian International Forum Of Students Union”. 2012. “Black Sea Young Diplo-mats School” 2012. saerTaSoriso kon-ferencia: portugaliis kaTolikuri universite-tis iuridiuli fakulte-tisa da globaluri samar-Tlis skola: „samarTali saerTaSoriso da glo-balur aspeqtSi“ 2012 w. statiebi:

gamoqveynebuli sxvadasxva sauniver-siteto Jurnal-gazeTeb-Si.

.

statiis Temaa ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesi postsabWoTa qveynebSi demokratizaciis sxvadasxva fazebisas. ekonomikuri globalizacia postsabWoTa qveynebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan ssrk-is daSlis Semdeg am qveynebis eko-nomika praqtikulad axlidan daibada. Cemi azriT, es sakiTxi dRemde aqtualuria radgan jer kidev bevri postsabWoTa qveyana ver daikvexnis sakuTari resursebis adekvaturad gamoyenebiTa da msoflio ekonomikaSi aqtiurad CarTulobiT. ekonomikuri globalizacia msoflios masStabiT yvela adamianis cxovrebaze did gavlenas axdens. igi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania postsabWoTa qveynebisTvis, radgan sabWoTa ka-vSiris ekonomika mTlianad kontroldeboda e.w. mkacri xelis mier, ssrk-is wevri qveynebi damokidebuli iyvnen sabWoTa xe-lisuflebaze da masSi Semaval saxelmwifoebs ar SeeZloT da-moukideblad gadawyvetilebis miReba, sakuTari ekonomikis sa-surveli gziT wayvana . sxva qveynebis msgavsad, saqarTveloSic iwarmoeboda mxolod is produqcia rac sabWoTa Caketil sivrc-es esaWiroeboda, ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli erovnuli interesebi. komunisturi reJimebis kolafsis Semdeg, 1989 wlidan central-uri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma Secvales ekonomikuri principebi, isi-ni Seudgnen integraciis gzas glo-baluri ekonomikisken, sazRvrebis gaxsnis meSveobiT, Tumca tranzici-is periodi zogierT qveyanaSi 10

demokratizaciis procesis

dadebiTi gavlena

postsabWoTa qveynebis

ekonomikur globalizaciaze

Abstract

In this article discuss the interaction between the process of de-mocratization and economic globalization in post soviet countries on ex-ample of Georgia. I review history of Georgia from the Soviet Union till today and the process of economical globalization in the various phases of post soviet democratization. Through this article I will try to confirm, that process of democratization causes the process of economical globalization and economical development in post soviet countries.


weliwadsac ki gagrZelda . 1970 wlidan daiwyo e.w. „demokratizaciis mesame talRa“ , aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis situacia seriozulad icvleba „1989 wlis revo-luciebis“, „komunizmis kolafsisa“ Tu „naciebis Semodgomis“ saxeliT cnobili movlenebis Sede-gad. mravalma qveyanam ganicada tranzicia poli-tikuri da ekonomikuri wyobidan demokratiisa da Tavisufali bazris sasargeblod. saqarTveloSi es procesi sakmaod gaWi-anurda qveynis SigniT arsebuli rTuli situaci-is gamo, rac gamoixata samoqalaqo, afxazeTisa da oseTis avtonomiur olqSi mimdinare omebiT, omebis dasrulebis Semdegac saqarTvelos ekonomi-ka ver daikvexnida swrafi winsvliT. saerTo mosazre-biT am periodSi

iwyeba qveynis demokratizacia, Tumca aq dav-eTanxmebi da-viT ciciSvilis mos azre b a s , rom realu-rad mxolod Teoriulad

moxda saqa-rTveloSi demokra-

tizaciis dawyeba 1989 wlis Semdeg praqtikulad ki es iyo gardama-vali periodi, romelzec jer kidev SemorCeni-li iyo sabWoTa gavlena. meoce

saukunis dasasru-lisTvis mxolod oTxi (litva, moldova, ruseTi da ukraina) Sediodnen demokratiis gzaze myof postsabWoTa qveynebis kategoriaSi, eqvsi (azer-baijani, belarusia, yazaxeTi, tajikeTi, TurqmeneTi da uzbekeTi) iyvnen avtokratiebi, sami (somxeTi, saqarTvelo da yirgizeTi) miiCneodnen oligar-qiebad, sadac seleqtorati iyo biurokratebis farTo jgufi. saqarTveloSi 2003 wlis masiuri sap-rotesto aqciebi, romelmac Semdeg revolucia gamoiwvia, swored arademokratiulobis gamov-linebis - arCevnebis gayalbebis winaaaRmdeg iyo wamowyebuli. daveTanxmebi mkvlevari taras kuzios mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac demokra-tiulma afeTqebebma da revoluciebma 1998-2004 wlebSi postkomunistur slovakeTSi, xorvati-aSi, serbeTSi, saqarTveloSi da ukrainaSi dai-wyo transformaciis meore faza. xuTive qveyanam

gamoscada sxvadasxva nacionaluri revoluc-iebi romlebmac gza gauxsna sax-elmwifos Senebas da realur demokratizacias . 2003 wli-dan qveynis demokratiulobis mxriv situacia pozitiurad icvleba da amis paralelu-

rad imatebs misi ekonomikuri



winsvlac. robert uotkinsis mosazrebiT, 2003 wlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi reformebis gatare-biT moxda qveynis keTildReobis amaRleba da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis gaumjobeseba. ga-Zlierda kerZo seqtori, Semcirda korufcia, ga-martivda kanonebi da biznesis registraciis, li-cenziebisa da nebarTvebis miRebis procedurebi, ufro liberaluri gaxda mezobel qveynebTan vaWroba. saqarTvelom Seamcira savaWro bari-erebi da xeli moawera mraval saerTaSoriso

SeTanxmebas. „doing Business“- is 2006 wlis monacemebiT saqarTvelo 112 adgilze iyo, 2010 wliT ki 11-e adgilze, „Sida pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis ganxorcielebis indeqsi“-T 1995 wlis 119-e adgilidan 2009 wels 30-e adg-ilze gadainacvla. “saqarTvelos ekonomikuri winsvla, investiciebis raodenobis zrda, turizmis ganviTareba da ekonomikis globalizeba im saxiT rogorc

T e o r i u l a d igi ganvmarteT, u p i r v e l e s a d

gamoiwvia demokratiuli xelisuflebis mxridan turistuli da sainvesticio nakadebisTvis usafrTxo garemos Seqmnam rac ver moxerxda im arademokratiuli

xelisuflebis pirobebSi romelic iyo 2003 wlamde.” demokratizacias saqarTveloSi mohyva mTeli rigi pozitiuri Sedegebi: politikuri da liberaluri reformebi, usafrTxo garemo qveynis SigniT, konkurentuli savaWro wesebi, gamartive-buli biznesis keTebis saSualebebi, korufciis aRmofxvra, msofliosTvis saqarTvelos gacnoba da imis xazgasma, rom igi uZvelesi kulturisa da tradiciebis mqone qveyanaa; qveynis gapiare-bam da turizmis seqtoris ganviTarebam gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi turistebis raodenobis zrda, biznesis keTebis gamartivebam ki investiciebis Semo-dineba. demokratiuli talRis Sem-deg saqarTvelo gaxda msoflio ekonomikis nawili, moxda misi eko-nomikis globalizacia.

nino TvaloqroSvili

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis fsiqologiis mimarTulebis meore kur-sis studenti. 2007 wels daam-Tavra d. andRulaZis sax-elobis #14 xelovnebis skola fortepianos spe-cialobiT. 2008 wels mi-iRo serTifikati pi-lotirebuli swavlebisas specialuri saganmanaTle-blo saWiroebebis mqone bavSvebTan moxalised momuSave organizatoro-bisTis. miRebuli aqvs monawileoba sxvadasxva konferenciebSi sxvadasxva Temebze (socialuri me-diis gavlena sazogadoe-baze; saqarTvelo da gen-deruli uTanasworoba; stigmatizaciis problema saqarTveloSi; genderi da seqsizmi da a.S.).

interesebis sfero

s azogadoebri v i mecnierebebi, kerZod fsiqo-logia. samomavlod swav-lis gagrZelebas gegmavs fsiqologiuri Sefaseba/diagnostireba da konsul-tirebis mimarTulebiT.

.

stigmis cnebis kompleq-suroba misi ganmartebis mraval-ferovnebas ganapirobebs. stigmis uamravi gansazRvreba arsebobs. qroqeri aRniSnavs, rom stigma-tizirebuli pirovneba flobs (an darwmunebulia, rom flobs) garkveul maxasiaTeblebs da atributebs, romelsac garkveul socialur konteqst-Si gaufasurebul socialur identobamde mivyavarT. stigma aris maxasiaTe-beli, romelic adamians gan-sxvavebuls da naklebad sa-survels xdis. stigmatizaciis process SeiZleba hqondes Rrma Sedegi stigmatizirebuli indi-videbisTvis. maTi socialuri urTierTobebi SeiZleba gaxdes uxeSi, ZirgamoTxrili, rasac mivya-varT mRelvarebamde da depresiamde, damaxinjebul self-xatamde da dabal TviTSefasebamde. stigmis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevarebi miuTiTeben, rom stigmatizirebuli individebi floben

stigmatizacia:

uaryofiTi Sedegebi

da daZlevis gzebi

Abstract

Stigma is an illuminating excursion into the situation of persons who are unable to conform to standards that society calls normal. Disqualified from normal full social acceptance, they are stigmatized individuals. A social stigma is a potentially stress-ful life event. Stigmatized person is discredited by society because of certain signs; his social identity is devalued and as a result his mental and physical health fre-quently threatened. Human discrimination and isolation are results of stigmatization. In summary, results of stigma on individuals include: emotional stress and anxiety, depression, increased psychological and psychiatric morbidity, lack of motivation and etc. People cope with and adapt to being stigmatized. A central premise of a coping perspective is that there is not a simple direct relationship between expo-sure to stressors and adaptation outcomes. Thus, although those who possess a stigma may experience more stress, this does not necessarily translate into poorer outcomes, such as poor mental health. Stigmatized people often use various strat-egies to overcome stigma: diversion, attempts to educate others, public discussion of problems related to stigma, isolation from society. Although stigmas differ in a variety of important ways that are likely to affect coping strategies, there are also similarities across stigmas in how people cope with them. Coping responses may focus on the problems associated with stigma or on the emotions these problems cause.


ra gaufasurebul identobas, mudmivad ganicdian diskriminacias, negatiuri winarwmenebis gavle-nas da naklebad Rebuloben daxmarebas sazoga-doebis mxridan. stigmatizirebuli pirovnebebi iyeneben garkveul strategiebs, raTa gaumklavdnen stig-misgan gamowveul stress. am strategiebis marT-vaze araerTi faqtori axdens gavlenas, maT Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnia Tu ra xarisxiT ukavSirdeba stigma jgufur identobas, ramdenad dafarvadia stigma, ramdenad axerxebs stigma-tizirebuli pirovneba stigmaze kontrols da rogor pasuxobs mas.

stigmis uaryofiToba

stigmatizirebis procesis umTavresi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom xdeba devianturi statusis aRmniSvneli markis, niSnis mikuTvneba da „markirebis“ am process, rogorc wesi, emo-ciebis, fiqrebis da qcevisTvis gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi moaqvs. stigmatizirebuli adamianebi ganicdi-an izolacias an damcirebas. sasjeli SeiZle-baSedarebiTrbiliiyos–zogjeradamianebiubralod gulgril damokidebulebas gamoxat-aven stigmatizirebuli individis mimarT, magram is SeiZleba iyos mkacric – fsiqiatriul saa-vadmyofoSi an cixeSi moTavseba. stigmis sxva saxeebi exeba fizikuri defeqtebis mqone adamian-

ebs - mag. brmebi da koWlebi ar ganic-dian dasjis Cveu-lebrivi saxeebis

zemoqmedebas, magram maT ar eqcevian ise, rogorc

normalur adamianebs. xeibari, cal-fex dakarguli gogona igonebs, rom adamianebi mudam exmarebod-nen mas rogorc ki daecemoda gorgolaWebiani cigurebiT srialisas: „isini ar meq-ceodnen ise, rogorc Cveu-lebriv adamians, romelic gorgolaWebiani cigure-biT seirnobisas ecema. isini darwmunebulebi iyvnen imaSi, rom me vec-emodi mxolod imitom, rom miusafari, xeibari var“. diskriminaciis ga-mocdileba, gaufasure-buli identoba, fsiq-ikuri daavadebebis maRali riski stig-matizaciis Sedege-bia.

stigmatizirebul pirovnebas sazoga-doeba ganacalkevebs, arasasurvel maxa-siaTeblebs miawers, rac safrTxes uqmnis pirovnebis fsiqikur janmrTelobas. indi-vids umaRldeba stresis da SfoTvis done, Cndeba safrTxis SegrZneba, safrTxe emuqre-ba mis identobasac. stigmis uaxlesi Teo-riebis Tanaxmad, stigmatizirebuli jgufis wevrobas individi avtomaturad miyavs TviT-stigmatizaciamde, risi Sedegic dabali TviT-Sefaseba da dabali TviT-efeqturobaa. identobasTan dakavSirebuli nebism-ieri cvlileba individis emociur janmrT-elobaze aisaxeba. fsiqiatrebis mier Catare-buli epidemiologiuri kvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom Tu kvebiTi aSlilobis mqone adamiani cdilobs damalos sakuTari sta-tusi, mas gacilebiT maRali SfoTva aqvs, vi-dre im adamians, romelic ar cdilobs saku-Tari statusis damalvas.

2.stigmatizaciis daZlevis gzebi

2.1 jgufuri identoba

zogierTi stigma, romelic rasaze da religiaze aris dafuZnebuli asocirdeba jgufur identifikaciasTan. adamianebi, rom-lebsac gaaCniaT Zlieri jgufuri identobis grZnoba, ukeTesad acnobiereben stigmatiza-ciis Sedegebs. isini Sedegs ufro metad uka-vSireben crurwmenebs, vidre isini, romlebic naklebad identificirdebian jgufTan. in-dividebma, romlebsac gaaCniaT maRali jgu-furi identoba, SesaZloa Tavi Seadaron jgufis sxva wevrebs, dauaxlovdnen maT da imoqmedon Sida jgufis sasargeblod.

2.2 faruli da aSkara stigma

stigmis erT-erTi ganzomileba misi dafaruloba-siaSkaravea, rac stigmis vi-zualizaciis xarisxss ukavSirdeba. soci-umi gansxvavebulad reagirebs aSkara da dafarul stigmaze. rac ufro mkafiodaa gamoxatuli stigma, rogorc vizualuri ni-Sani, miT ufro myisierad aRiqmeba individis mier da pirveladi STabeWdilebis nawili xdeba. es procesi stigmis gaZlierebas uwy-obs xels. faruli stigma gansxvavebulad moqmedebs: misi gamovlena droSi mimdin-are procesia da garkveul pirobebs, gare-mos ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad sazogadoebis reaqciac farul stigmaze ufro metad piro-



biTia, vidre aSkara stigmaze. erT-erTi kvlevis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom faruli (yofili patimrebi) da aSkara (gan-sakuTrebuli fizikuri SesaZleblobis mqone individebi) stigmis mqone individebi gansx-vavdebian stigmis daZlevis strategiebis arCe-vis mixedviT. kerZod, gansakuTrebuli fizikuri SesaZleblobis mqone individebi ufro xSirad mimarTaven ganridebis strategias, vidre yofili patimrebi. rac ufro maRalia stigmis vizual-izaciis xarisxi, miT ufro Zlieradaa individi gariyuli sazogadoebis mier. agreTve aRmoCnda, rom gansakuTrebuli fizikuri SesaZleblobis mqone adamianebi, ufro metad arian mzad stigmas-Tan dakavSirebuli problemebis gansaxilvelad, vidre yofili patimrebi. es Sedegi miuTiTebs, rom adamianebi gaurbian Riad saubars imaze, rac sazogadoebis TvalSi maT diskreditirebuls xdis. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca misi damalva SeuZlebelia (vizualurad gamoxatuli niSani) isini saubroben, ganixilaven da msjeloben stig-masTan dakavSirebul problemebze.

2.3 gacnobierebuli kontroli

gacnobierebuli kontroli mTavari de-terminantia imisa, stigmasTan gamklavebis mcd-eloba uSualod problemaze iqneba fokusirebu-li, Tu emociaze. is stigmatizirebuli adamianebi, romlebic fiqroben, rom floben kontrols stigmasTan dakavSirebul problemebze, proble-maze orientirebul midgomas arCeven, xolo is stigmatizirebuli adamianebi, romlebic ase ar fiqroben, emociis regulaciaze fokusirdebian. gacnobierebuli kontroli moicavs war-modgenebs crurwmenebis kontrolirebadobasa da crurwmenebze damyarebuli reaqciebis Ses-axeb. stigmatizirebuli individebi, romlebsac sjeraT, rom SesaZlebelia sxvisi crurwmenebis reducireba, cdiloben daarwmunon sxvebi an mia-wodon informacia crurwmenebis Sesaxeb. indi-videbi, romlebic fiqroben, rom crurwmenebis gamoxatulebis kontroli SesaZlebelia, cdilo-ben SeimuSaon normebi, romlebic Seasustebs am gamoxatulebebs.

2.4 brZolis safasuri

stigmasTan brZolis TiToeuli nabiji adamians garkveul fasad ujdeba. brZolis es fasi unda gaizomos imasTan dapirispirebiT, Tu ramdenad Rirs stigmisgan gamowveuli stresis Semcireba am fasad. Tu stigmatizirebuli mdgomareobis Secvlis mcdeloba uSedegod damTavrdeba, Sesa-Zloa stigmis matarebelma pirovnebam Secvlis uunaroba sakuTar pirovnul naklad aRiqvas da stresi miiRos. stigmis matarebelni, romlebic cdiloben dafaron TavianTi mdgomareoba, ganu-wyvetliv dganan mxilebis riskis winaSe. aman SesaZloa gamoiwvios stigmasTan dakavSirebuli usiamovno fiqrebi, fizikuri avadmyofobebisad-mi gamZleobis Sesusteba, socialuri identobis problemebi, maT dakargon socialuri Sedarebis saSualeba da socialuri mxardaWera.

daskvna

sazogadoeba individebs negatiuri niSniT ganasxvavebs, rac diskriminaciis da stigmatiza-ciis winapirobad gvevlineba. rodesac adamians iarliys miaweren, ganacalkeveben da arasasurvel maxasiaTebels ukavSireben bunebrivia, rom is gaufasurebuli, uaryofili da gariyuli iqneba. stigmis qona potenciurad stresuli cxovrebis gamocdilebaa. stigmis matarebelTa adaptacia damokide-bulia imaze, Tu rogor Seafaseben da gaum-klavdebian isini TavianT mdgomareobas. arafe-ria paTologiuri da nevrotuli im midgomebSi, romlebsac stigmis matarebeli adamianebi irCev-en stigmisgan gamowveuli stresis dasaZlevad. xalxi mravalgvar strategias iyenebs stigmas-Tan da crurwmenebTan sabrZolvelad. Tumca stigmatizirebuli individebi did Zalisxmevas ar iyeneben interaqciis misaRwevad manam, sanam ar gauCndebaT garSemomyofTa crurwmenebis Secv-lis imedi ar gauCndebaT. Tu socialuri sistema tolerantuli iqneba Ria da faruli diskrimi-naciebisadmi, es SezRudavs stigmatizirebul-Ta SesaZleblobebs marTon TavianTi garemo. am uunarobam SesaZloa gaaZlieros brZolis strategiebi, romlebic fokusirdeba ara situa-ciis Secvlaze stresis Sesamcireblad, aramed emociebis marTvasa da TviTSefasebis muqaraze, romelsac stigma qmnis.


58

eka tabataZe

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis, fsiqologiis mimarTulebis meoTxe kur-sis stdenti. studentur samec-niero konferenciaSi Te-miT: “qalTa emansipacia me-19 saukunis meore nax-evarSi”, moipova pirveli adgili, 2012 w. dajildovda jim-Ser bednianaSvilis sax-elobis premiiT, 2010w. politikur de-batebSi gaxda topspikeri, 2009 w. 2008, 2009 da 2010 wlebSi dajildovda saswavlo-SemoqmedebiTi konferenciebis xelovne-baTmcodneobis seqciaSi mopovebuli gamarjvebisT-vis. erovnul da saer-TaSoriso olimpiadaze gundur-integrirebuli proeqtebis konkurs-Si moipova me-2 da me-3 xarisxi, proeqtebiT “viz-runoT erTmaneTis moma-valze” da “arCevani Sen”, 2008 w.

.

warmodgenili Tema me-19 saukunis meore naxevris saqa-rTveloSi qalTa uflebebisaTvis brZolis peripetiebs asaxavs. moniSnuli periodi Cveni qveynisTvis socialuri moZraobis ga-mococxlebis droa, rac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela ip-ostazSi igrZnoboda. gazeT „droebis“ furclebze aRbeWdilia ara erTi faqti, romelic amas adasturebs. mTeli Tavisi xan-

grZlivi arsebobis manZilze ser-gei mesxis gamocema xSirad

aSuqebda qalTa

„qalTa emansipaciis sakiTxi

gazeT „droebaSi“

Women’ emancipation is one of the most problematic and important is-sues in Georgia. From the scope of the consequence of this subject, it is very sig-nificant to analyze the fundamental steps taken forward for women engagement in civil society and activism in Georgia. Hence, the importance of this evaluation has become the main reason for holding a research about the XIX century Georgian press, actually, about the newspaper “Droeba”. Following a line of investigation, the research group considered and analyzed all the publications and archive materials concerned the problematic issue. The content of the revised materials were diverse and concerned several challenging subject matters, such as: the problem of women education, Women in literature, Women engagement in civil activism, Female role in the family, the prob-lems of Georgian women written in the foreign materials, Women articles about the women rights and other articles about problematic issues concerning women. As the summary of the research, the materials that were revised (339 ar-ticles) showed up that very important and essential steps were taken for the protec-tion of women’ rights at the second half of the XIX century. The majority of these articles consist of the following genres: narrative non-fiction, editorial, sketch, feuilleton and as mentioned above, an usual feature story. In addition, there must be mentioned that the newspaper “Droeba” was on of the first publications, paying attention about the female rights and taking part in women’ emancipation process. From this point of view, “Droeba” was one of the most essential publications on the way of defending women’ rights and hence, it has remained its vital character nowadays as well.

problemebs da saTanado reagirebisken mouwodebda sazoga-doebas. faqtobrivad, „droeba“ da misi mesveurebi qmnidnen mniSvnelovan kontents qarTuli sazogadoebis sekulariza-ciis procesis xelSesawyobad {6. gv., 442 -451}. saanalizo masalidan naTlad Cans imdroindeli qarTuli sazogadoe-bis mzaoba progresisa da transformaciisaTvis, rac Temis aqtualobas erTiorad zrdis. naSromSi ganixileba cnobil JurnalistTa, sazoga-do moRvaweTa (ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, sergei mesxi, daria mamacaSvili, barbare jorjaZe da sxva..) mediateqstebi, romlebic qalTa uflebebisaTvis brZolas asaxavs. prob-lema mravalplaniania da ara erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs moicavs. maT Soris yvelaze sagulisxmoni calke gamoiyofa, saTiTaod ganixileba da dadasturdeba publicisturi ni-muSebiT. kerZod, sakiTxebi amgvarad davajgufeT: 1. qalTa ganaTlebis problema; 2. qalTa Temaze Seqmnili mxatvruli literatura; 3. qalis sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi CarTu-lobis problema; 4. qalis roli ojaxSi; 5. ucxouri masala, romelic asociaciurad mianiSnebs qarTveli qalebis prob-lemebze; 6. qalebi qalebis Sesaxeb; 7. narevi. 1866 - 1885 wlebis gazeT „droebis“ nomrebze dak-virvebam aCvena, rom XIX saukunis II naxevris qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis qalTa emansipaciis Tema aqtualuria. amas mowmobs publikaciaTa simravlec. gazeTis xangrZlivi arsebobis manZilze am Tematikis Semcveli 339 statia daist-amba. „droebis“ avtorTa umetesoba qalTa ganaTlebis Temas aniWebs upiratesobas. am Temaze gvxvdeba 85 publika-cia. avtorebi gaxlavan cnobili qarTveli publicistebi da sazogado moRvaweebi: s. mesxi, a. wereTeli da sxva, aseve mravladaa xelmouwereli an fsevdonimiani werilebi. gana-Tlebis Temaze dawerilma statiebma publikaciaTa saerTo raodenobis 26 % Seadgina (TiToeuli monacemi naSromSi gamoyvanilia raodenobrivi analiziT da gamosaxulia grafikulad). mxatvruli literatura, romelSic qali da misi saWiroebebia wina planze wamoweuli moicavs 86 publika-cias. esec mTeli masalis 26% Seadgens. kidev erTi mniS-vnelovani Tema, romlis aqtualizebasac cdilobs “droeba“, sazogado saqmianobaSi qalis CarTulobis problemaa. am sakiTxze warmodgenilia 58 publikacia, romelic saerTo raodenobis 17%-s Seadgens. TemaTa gansakuTrebuli mraval-gvarobiT gamoirCeva ucxouri masala. maTi ricxvi Seadgens 19-s da es aris saerTodan - 6% -ia. werilebis momdevno jgufs aerTianebs publikaciebi, romlebSic ojaxSi qalis rolia warmoCenili. am Tematikaze 15 publikaciaa gamoqvey-nebuli, rac statiaTa saerTo odenobis 5%-s Seadgens. Semdegi mniSvnelovani Tema, romelsac „droeba“ Se-exo, qalTa TvaliT danaxuli maTive problemebia. am tipis masala gavaerTianeT saTauriT: „qalebi qalebis Sesaxeb“. aRsaniSnavia, rom gazeTi gvTavazobs rubrikas „deda-kacis azri deda-kacebzed“ {1. 1866, 5, gv. 3}, romelsac uZRveba ser-gei mesxis meuRle, keke (ekaterine) meliqiSvili-mesxisa. mas qalTa emansipaciis procesSi didi wvlili miuZRvis. am Sinaarsis statiaTa ricxvi 26-s aRwevs. kidev erT jgufs

60

aerTianebs gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis, magram qa-lTa TematikiT Sekruli werilebi, romelTac sa-Taurad movuZebneT „narevi“, radganac aq Sinaar-sobrivad sruliad gansxvavebuli publikaciebia warmodgenili, - kerZo SemTxvevebi, romlebsac didi rezonansi SeuZenia. am publikaciaTa ra-odenobaa 50-s aRwevs, rac masalaTa saerTo ra-odenobis 15%-ia. ganxiluli wer-ilebidan Janrobrivi TvalsazrisiT yvelaze xSirad vxvdebiT in-formaciul SeniSvnas, editorials,

narkvevs, feletonsa da rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, wminda mxatvruli nawarmoebebsac. sabolood, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTq-vas, rom gazeTi „droeba“ pirveli qarTuli ga-mocemaa, romelic intensiurad aSuqebs qalTa problemebs, aqtiurad iRebs monawileobas qa-lTa uuflebobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da xels uwyobs maTi emansipaciis process. am Tvalsaz-

risiT, „droeba“ Tavisi Tanad-rouli sazogadoebis winamZ-

Rolad, mediaflagmanad gvevlineba da arc sadReisod kar-gavs interess.

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, gamoSveba 2013

www.tsu.edu.ge

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