天使のレイキ

ייקר

ريكي

یريک

Reiki

This article is about the energy therapy. For the Japaneseera name, see Reiki (era).

Reiki (霊気, /ˈreɪkiː/) is a spiritual practice,*[1] now con-sidered to be a form of pseudoscience,*[2] developed in1922 by Japanese Buddhist Mikao Usui, has since beenadapted by various teachers of varying traditions. It usesa technique commonly called palm healing or hands-on-healing as a form of alternative medicine and is some-times classified as oriental medicine by some professionalmedical bodies.*[3] Through the use of this technique,practitioners believe that they are transferring univer-sal energy (i.e., reiki) in the form of qi (Japanese: ki)through the palms, which they believe allows for self-healing and a state of equilibrium.*[4] These beliefs havenot been verified by modern medical science, and reiki isnot considered an effective treatment for any recognizedmedical condition.*[5]There are two main branches of Reiki, commonly re-ferred to as Traditional Japanese Reiki andWestern Reiki.Though differences can be wide and varied between bothbranches and traditions, the primary difference is thattheWesternised forms use systematised hand-placementsrather than relying on an intuitive sense of hand-positions(see below), which is commonly used by Japanese Reikibranches. Both branches commonly have a three-tieredhierarchy of degrees, usually referred to as the First, Sec-ond, andMaster/Teacher level, all of which are associatedwith different skills and techniques.Reiki is based on a ki – a supposed life force whichis purely hypothetical.*[6] Used as a medical treatment,reiki confers no benefit:*[6] the American Cancer So-ciety,*[7] Cancer Research UK,*[8] and the NationalCenter for Complementary and Alternative Medicine*[9]have found no clinical or scientific evidence supportingclaims that Reiki is effective in the treatment of any ill-ness.

1 History

1.1 Derivation of name

English reiki or Reiki is a Japanese loanword reiki (霊気, usually meaning“mysterious atmosphere; miraculoussign”), which in turn, is a Chinese loanword língqì (靈氣,“numinous atmosphere”).*[10] The earliest recordedEnglish usage dates to 1975.*[11] Instead of the standard

Mikao Usui⾅井甕男 (1865–1926)

transliteration, some English-language authors pseudo-translate reiki as“universal life energy”.*[12]Japanese reiki is commonly written asレイキ in katakanasyllabary or as 霊気 in shinjitai “new character form”kanji.*[13] It compounds the words rei (霊: “spirit,miraculous, divine”) and ki (気; qi: “gas, vital en-ergy, breath of life, consciousness”).*[14] The ki (bet-ter known as Chinese qi or ch'i) in reiki is understood asmeaning "spiritual energy; vital energy; life force; en-ergy of life”.*[15] Some reiki translation equivalentsfrom Japanese-English dictionaries are:“feeling of mys-tery”,*[16]“an atmosphere (feeling) of mystery”,*[17]and“an ethereal atmosphere (that prevails in the sacredprecincts of a shrine); (feel, sense) a spiritual (divine)presence.”*[18] Besides the usual Sino-Japanese pronun-ciation reiki, these kanji霊気 have an alternate Japanesereading, namely ryōge, meaning“demon; ghost”(espe-cially in spirit possession).*[19]Chinese língqì 靈氣 was first recorded in the (ca. 320BCE) Neiye “Inward Training”section of the Guanzi,

1

2 1 HISTORY

Chujiro Hayashi林忠次郎 (1880 - 1940)

describing early Daoist meditation techniques. “Thatmysterious vital energy within the mind: One moment itarrives, the next it departs. So fine, there is nothing withinit; so vast, there is nothing outside it. We lose it becauseof the harm caused by mental agitation.”*[20] ModernStandard Chinese língqì is translated by Chinese-Englishdictionaries as: "(of beautiful mountains) spiritual influ-ence or atmosphere";*[21]“1. intelligence; power of un-derstanding; 2. supernatural power or force in fairy tales;miraculous power or force";*[22] and“1. spiritual influ-ence (of mountains/etc.); 2. ingeniousness; cleverness”.*[23]

1.2 Origins

See also Five Precepts and Timeline of Reiki his-tory

The system of Reiki was developed by Mikao Usui(⾅井甕男) in 1922 while performing Isyu Guo, atwenty-one day Buddhist training course held on MountKurama.*[24] It is not known for certain what Usuiwas required to do during this training, though itmost likely involved meditation, fasting, chanting, andprayer.*[25]*[26] It is claimed that by a mystical revela-tion, Usui had gained the knowledge and spiritual powerto apply and attune others to what he called Reiki, whichentered his body through his crown Chakra.*[25] In April1922, Usui moved to Tokyo and founded the Usui ReikiRyōhōGakkai ("⾅井靈氣療法學會" in old style charac-

ters, meaning“Usui's Spiritual Energy Therapy MethodSociety”) in order to continue treating people on a largescale with Reiki.*[25]*[27]According to the inscription on his memorial stone,*[28]Usui taught his system of Reiki to over 2000 people dur-ing his lifetime, and sixteen of these students contin-ued their training to reach the Shinpiden level, a levelequivalent to the Western third, or Master/Teacher, de-gree.*[28]*[29] While teaching Reiki in Fukuyama (福⼭市, Fukuyama-shi), Usui suffered a stroke and died on9 March 1926.*[28]

1.3 Early development

After Usui's death, J. Ushida, a student of Usui, took overas president of the Gakkai.*[30] He was also responsiblefor creating and erecting Usui's memorial stone and forensuring the maintenance of the grave site.*[30] Ushidawas followed by Iichi Taketomi, Yoshiharu Watanabe,Kimiko Koyama and the current successor to Usui,Kondo, who became president in 1998.*[30] The sixteenmasters initiated by Usui include Toshihiro Eguchi, Jus-aburo Guida, Ilichi Taketomi, Toyoichi Wanami, Yoshi-hiru Watanabe, Keizo Ogawa, J. Ushida, and ChujiroHayashi.*[30]*[31]Before Usui's death, Chujiro Hayashi (林 忠 次 郎Hayashi Chūjirō) approached Usui about developing adifferent form of Reiki that was much simpler. Usuiagreed.*[32] After Usui's death, Hayashi left the UsuiReiki Ryōhō Gakkai and formed his own clinic wherehe gave Reiki treatments, taught, and attuned people toReiki, and it was to this clinic that Hawayo Takata wasdirected in the 1930s.*[30] Hayashi simplified the Reikiteachings, stressing physical healing and using a morecodified and simpler set of Reiki techniques.*[33]After Hawayo Takata received multiple Reiki sessionsfrom Hayashi's trainees at his clinic for illnesses includ-ing abdominal pain and asthma, Hayashi initiated andtrained Takata to use Reiki,*[34]*[35] and she became aReiki Master on 21 February 1938.*[34]*[36] Takata es-tablished several Reiki clinics throughout Hawaii, one ofwhich was located in Hilo,*[34] and then went on to travelthroughout the United States, practising Reiki and teach-ing the first two levels to others,*[37] and it was not until1970 that Takata began initiating Reiki Masters.*[38] Atthis stage, Takata also introduced the term Reiki Masterfor the Shinpiden level.*[39] She stressed the importanceof charging money for Reiki treatments and teachings,and fixed a price of $10,000 (roughly £6,500 or €7,400)for the Master training.*[38]Takata died on 11 December 1980,*[38]*[40] by whichtime she had trained 22 Reiki masters,*[41]*[42] and al-most all Reiki taught outside Japan can be attributed toher work.*[43]

1.4 Usui's concepts and five principles 3

1.4 Usui's concepts and five principles

Usui was an admirer of the literary works of the EmperorMeiji (明治天皇Meiji tennō). While in the process of de-veloping his Reiki system, Usui summarised some of theemperor's works into a set of ethical principles (called the“Concepts”概念 Gainen), which later became known asthe Five Reiki Precepts (五戒Gokai, meaning“The FiveCommandments”, from the Buddhist teachings againstkilling, thievery, sexual misconduct, lying, and intemper-ance). It is common for many Reiki teachers and practi-tioners to abide by these five precepts, or principles.*[44]

4 2 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

2 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

2.1 Text• Reiki Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki?oldid=638463865 Contributors: Joakim Ziegler, Bryan Derksen, Ed Poor, RK, Danny,Ixfd64, Greenman, Pagingmrherman, CesarB, Ronabop, Mkweise, Mortene, Ronz, Theresa knott, Kimiko, Jiang, Theaulddubliner, Conti,Ec5618, Dysprosia, Wik, Maximus Rex, Martinphi, Populus, Sjorford, Robbot, Fredrik, Forseti, Romanm, Hippietrail, DHN, Sunray,Mr-Natural-Health, Robinh, Alan Liefting, Sjc196, JamesMLane, Bradeos Graphon, Kadzuwo, Rynelm, Matt Crypto, Patsup, Chow-bok, Geni, Formeruser-81, Jen savage, Bgbot, Xinit, Kusunose, Jossi, Phil Sandifer, Renatus, Icairns, Sam Hocevar, Talrias, MonkBretton, Beginning, Gary D, Newhoggy, Mike Rosoft, Kathar, KillerChihuahua, Vsmith, LeeHunter, Grutter, Pavel Vozenilek, Kbh3rd,JoeSmack, Elwikipedista, CanisRufus, El C, Kwamikagami, Triona, Jpgordon, Bobo192, John Vandenberg, Shenme, Cmdrjameson,QTxVi4bEMRbrNqOorWBV, Famousdog, Jes37226, Orangemarlin, Hanuman Das, Alansohn, Gary, Gerweck, GrantNeufeld, JoaoRi-cardo, RainbowOfLight, Sfacets, Alai, Thryduulf, Angr, Linas, Mindmatrix, RHaworth, TigerShark, Havermayer, Dandv, Wackyvor-lon, Barrylb, FleXable, Robert K S, JeremyA, MONGO, John Gohde, Male1979, M Alan Kazlev, DavidFarmbrough, RuM, Graham87,BD2412, Kbdank71, Csnewton, Reisio, Mendaliv, Dwarf Kirlston, Rjwilmsi, Erebus555, Staecker, Feydey, Salix alba, Afterwriting, Pix-elady, Wragge, FlaBot, Tufflaw, AED, Margosbot, Backin72, Luneraako, Jrtayloriv, Ysw1987, Butros, Chobot, Gdrbot, Random user39849958, Gwernol, Metaeducation, YurikBot, Jlittlet, RussBot, Manifestnow, Pigman, Takwish, Hydrargyrum, Akamad, David Wood-ward, Gaius Cornelius, Ugur Basak, Hopie, NawlinWiki, Stephen Burnett, Hnasc, Astral, Dforest, StephenWeber, JohJak2, Mccready,Aaron Brenneman, Sir48, Peter Delmonte, RayMetz100, Raven4x4x, THE BULLSHIT DETECTIVE, THE BULLSHlT DETECTIVE,Priyanath, CDA, Pace212, JKM4620, 21655, 2over0, Lt-wiki-bot, Ketsuekigata, Josh3580, JuJube, Veganstephen, LeonardoRob0t, Eae-fremov, Sethie, NeilN, Vanished user 99034jfoiasjq2oirhsf3, Cylon, A13ean, SmackBot, GBarnett, Ragusan, Sticky Parkin, Dminott,BenBurch, Paxse, Kintetsubuffalo, Cazort, Jarandhel, Septegram, Seann, Ohnoitsjamie, Andy M. 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Mikao Usui

Mikao Usui ( , 15 August 1865 – 9 March 1926,commonly Usui Mikao in Japanese) was the founder ofa form of spiritual practice known as Reiki,[1] used asa complementary therapy for the treatment of physical,emotional, andmental diseases. According to the inscrip-tion on his memorial stone, Usui taught Reiki to over2000 people during his lifetime. Sixteen of these stu-dents continued their training to reach the Shinpiden level,a level equivalent to the Western third degree, or Masterlevel.[2] Usui died on 9 March 1926 of a stroke.

1 Life

Usui was born on 15 August 1865 in the village of Taniai(now called Miyama cho) in the Yamagata district of theGifu Prefecture, Japan, which is now located near presentday Nagoya.[3]

A 19th century scholar, Mikao Usui seems to have earneda doctorate of theology at the University of Chicago, inthe theological seminary.[4]

Usui is also said to be Usui Shiko Ryoho method.Shugendō is a Japanese mountain ascetic shamanism,which incorporates Shinto and Buddhist practices.[5]Roles of Shugendō practitioners include offering re-ligious services such as fortune telling, divination,channelling, prayer, ritual incantations and exorcism.Shugenja was often used by family clans to heal diseaseor to avoid misfortune.[6]

1.1 Family

Usui’s father’s common name was Uzaemon,[7] and hismother was from the Kawai family.[7] His brothers, Sanyaand Kuniji, grew up to become a doctor and a policemanrespectively. He also had an older sister called Tsuru.Usui married Sadako Suzuki, who bore children by thenames of Fuji and Toshiko. Fuji (1908–1946) went onto teach at Tokyo University, and Toshiko lived a shortlife, dying at the age of 22 in 1935. The entire family’sashes are buried at the grave site at the Saihō-ji Templein Tokyo.[8]

As an adult, it is believed that he traveled to several West-ern countries, including Americas, Europe, and China asa part of his continued lifelong study.[7] His studies in-cluded history, medicine, Buddhism, Christianity, psy-chology, and Taoism.[6][8][9]

Usui’s ancestors were the once influential Chiba clan andwere Hatamoto samurai. According to the inscription onhis memorial, Tsunetane Chiba,[7] a military commanderduring the end of the Heian period and the start of theKamakura period (1180–1230), was one of Usui’s ances-tors. In 1551, Toshitane Chiba conquered the city Usuiand thereafter all family members acquired that name.[8]Usui was raised as a samurai from childhood, specificallyin the martial arts techniques of aiki ( ).[6]

1.2 Claims of Reiki’s Christian origins

Hawayo Takata, a Reiki Master attuned by ChujiroHayashi ( , 1880–1940), construed Reiki’s historyof development in order to make Reiki more appealing totheWest.[10] To this end she made a relation of Reiki withJesus Christ and not with Buddhism. She also presentedUsui as the dean of a Christian school. While he hadobtained the knowledge of Reiki from the Buddhist reli-gious book Tantra of the Lightning Flash, Takata claimedthat he had been inspired from the story of Jesus Christ,who had healed with the touch of his hand, and so hadcome to America to learn Reiki. She told this to spreadReiki among Christians too, believing it would otherwisebe extinct. However, in 1994, the original manuscript ofUsui’s was found, which revealed him to be a Christianand that Reiki had originated from Gautam Buddha.[11]

1.3 Teachings

It is believed that the aim of Usui’s teachings was to pro-vide a method for students to achieve connection withso-called energies, that would help them in their self-development. What sets Usui’s teachings apart from otherhands-on healingmethods is his use of reiju or attunementto remind students of their spiritual connection. It seemsthat all students of Usui received 5 precepts and thosewith a further interest in the teachings became dedicatedstudents. There does not appear to have been a distinctionbetween clients and students in the beginning though thismay have changed at some point. People began comingto Usui Mikao possibly for different purposes – some forhealing and others for the spiritual teachings.

1.4 Activity in the 1920s

During the early 1920s, Usui did a 21-day practice onMount Kurama-yama called discipline of prayer and fast-

1

2 5 NOTES

ing, (according to translator Hyakuten Inamoto. Com-mon belief dictates that it was during these 21 days thatUsui developed Reiki. As Mount Hiei is the main Tendaicomplex in Japan, and is very close to Kyoto, it has beensurmised that Usui would also have practiced there ifhe had been a lay priest. This teaching included self-discipline, fasting and prayer.

“In April of the 11th year of Taisho (1922 A.D.)he settled in Harajuku, Aoyama, Tokyo and setup the Gakkai to teach Reiki Ryoho and givetreatments. Even outside of the building it wasfull of pairs of shoes of the visitors who hadcome from far and near.” –

“In September of the 12th year (1923 A.D.)there was a great earthquake and a conflagra-tion broke out. Everywhere there were groansof pains from the wounded. Sensei, feeling pityfor them, went out every morning to go aroundthe town, and he cured and saved an innumer-able number of people.

2 Five concepts

Main article: Reiki Five Principles

3 See also

• Alternative medicine

• Laying on of hands

• Glossary of alternative medicine

• US National Center for Complementary and Alter-native Medicine

• Chujiro Hayashi

• Hawayo Takata

• Hiroshi Doi

• Fuminori Aoki

4 References

• The Japanese Art of Reiki by Bronwen and FransStiene

• Reiki: The True Story by Don Beckett. ISBN 978-1-58394-267-3

• http://www.reiki.net.au

• http://reiki.org/

• http://www.reikidharma.com/

• http://www.japanesereiki.org

• http://www.reikilevel1.com

• http://www.reikikerala.com

5 Notes[1] Lübeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Chapter 14, pages 108

to 110; Ellyard (2004). Page 79; McKenzie (1998). Pages19, 42, and 52; Lübeck (1996). Page 22; Boräng (1997).Page 57; Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 72

[2] Number of people taught by Usui: (Lübeck, Petter, andRand (2001). Page 16)

[3] Rand, William L (2005). Reiki the Healing Touch: Firstand Second Degree Manual. Michigan, USA: Vision Pub-lications. p. I-13. ISBN 1-886785-03-1.

[4] (The Reiki handbook, copyright 1982, second edition1985, by Larry E. Arnold and Sandra Nevius all rightsreserved. PSI press 1025 Miller Lane Harrisburg, PA17110-2899.)

[5] tangorin.com. “Shugendō – Words – Tangorin.comJapanese Dictionary”. Retrieved 27 April 2010.

[6] Bronwen, Stiene; Frans Stiene (2005). The Japanese Artof Reiki: A Practical Guide to Self-healing. Hampshire,UK: O Books. ISBN 1-905047-02-9.

[7] Inscription on Usui’s memorial

[8] International House of Reiki (2008). “Reiki History –Usui Mikao”. Retrieved 27 April 2010.

[9] Beckett, Don (2009). Reiki: the True Story: An Explo-ration of Usui Reiki. Berkeley, California: Frog Ltd.ISBN 1-58394-267-X.

[10] Rand, William L. (March 1998) [1991]. Reiki: The Heal-ing Touch, First and Second Degree Manual (Expandedand Revised ed.). Michigan: Vision Publications. ISBN1-886785-03-1.

[11] Yogi, Dr. Bikasananda. Reki Mystery. p. 8.

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6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

6.1 Text• Mikao Usui Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikao%20Usui?oldid=616979229 Contributors: TakuyaMurata, Ronz, Angela,Александър, Jni, Auric, Mr-Natural-Health, Bradeos Graphon, Kadzuwo, Zinnmann, Gzuckier, Trilobite, D6, Bender235, El C, Remuel,Woohookitty, Rjwilmsi, Afterwriting, Bgwhite, YurikBot, 2over0, Kryzadmz, SmackBot, Sticky Parkin, RedHeron, Bluebot, Autarch,Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Bejnar, Ohconfucius, David Legrand, Jetman, Cyberdespacio, Thijs!bot, JustAGal, Summer-PhD, Waacstats, Net800, Jevansen, Jthttk, BOTijo, Phe-bot, Boneyard90, Aaxxll, WikHead, MystBot, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Lightbot,Yobot, KyoukiGirl, AnomieBOT, Shirsakbc, LilHelpa, Xqbot, JimVC3, Locobot, Seibun, Ionutzmovie, Xxglennxx, Full-date unlinkingbot, 5WindsofVenus, Dinamik-bot, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Sjg, AprilAnnaB, Ὁ οἶστρος, Teppanyaki, Reiki edit, Helpful Pixie Bot,Ramaksoud2000, Frze, Feugene, BattyBot, ChrisGualtieri, VIAFbot, Timothous 12, Happyki, Eyesnore, JE Gilbert, Monkbot and Anony-mous: 28

6.2 Images• File:Ambox_important.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work, based off of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk · contribs)

• File:Ambox_scales.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Ambox_scales.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: self-made using inkscape and based off of Image:Emblem-scales.svg Original artist: penubag and Tkgd2007 (scales image)

• File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Mikaousui.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Mikaousui.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:? Original artist: ?

• File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0Contributors:Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:Tkgd2007

• File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Created by bdesham with Inkscape; based upon Text-x-generic.svgfrom the Tango project. Original artist: Benjamin D. Esham (bdesham)

6.3 Content license• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

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