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中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Pre vention and Control Laws and Policies Prof. Wang Jin Professor of Environmental Law, Law School, Peking University, Director of ACLA-ERLC Environmental and Energy Law Practice in China 39th Annual Conference on Environmental Law, ABA-SEER March 20, 2010. Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington D.C. U SA

中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

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Environmental and Energy Law Practice in China 39th Annual Conference on Environmental Law , ABA-SEER March 2 0 , 2010 . Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington D.C. USA. 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies. Prof. Wang Jin - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态

Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

Prof. Wang JinProfessor of Environmental Law, Law School, Peking University, Director of ACLA-ERLC

Environmental and Energy Law Practice in China39th Annual Conference on Environmental Law, ABA-SEER

March 20, 2010. Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington D.C. USA

Page 2: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

目 录Table of Contents

1. 中国现行环境保护法律的体系 Current System of Environmental Law

2. 中国污染控制法律实施的问题 Pollution Control Law Enforcement Problems

3. 最近的动向 Recent Developments

Page 3: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

1. 中国现行环境保护法律的体系 Current System of Environmental Law

A. 综合性环境保护法律 Comprehensive Environmental Protection Laws

a. 环境保护法( 1979 年制定, 1989 年修改) Environmental Protection Law (enacted in 1979 and amended in 1989)

b. 海洋环境保护法( 1982 年制定, 1999 年修改) Marine Environment Protection Law (enacted in 1982 and amended in 1999)

c. 环境影响评价法( 2002 年制定) The Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (enacted in 2002)

d. 清洁生产促进法( 2002 年制定) Cleaner Production Promotion Law (enacted in 2002)

e. 循环经济促经法( 2008 年制定) Circular Economy Promotion Law (enacted in 2008)

Page 4: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

B. 单项环境污染控制法律 Pollution Control Laws

a. 大气污染防治法( 1987 年制定, 1995 、 2000 年修改) Atmospheric Pollution Prevention and Control Law (enacted in 1987, amended in 1995 and 2000)

b. 水污染防治法( 1984 年制定, 1996 、 2008 年修改) Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law (enacted in 1984, amended in 1996 and 2008)

c. 环境噪声污染防治法( 1996 年制定) Environmental Noise Pollution Prevention and Control Law (enacted in 1996)

e. 固体废物污染防治法( 1995 年制定, 2004 年修改) Solid Waste Pollution Prevention and Control Law (enacted in 1995 and amended in 2004)

f. 放射性污染防治法( 2003 年制定) Radioactive Pollution Prevention and Control Law (enacted in 2003)

Page 5: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

a. 野生动物保护法 ( 1988 年制定, 2004 年修改) Wild Animal Protection Law (enact

ed in 1981, amended in 1999) b. 水法( 1988 年制定, 2002 年修改) Water Law (enacted in 1988, amended in 2002) c. 水土保持法( 1991 年制定) Soil and Water Conservation law

(enacted in 1991) d. 土地管理法 ( 1986 年制定, 1988 、 1998 、 200

4 年修改) Land Management Law (enacted in 1986, amended in 1988, 19

98, and 2004) e. 草原法( 1985 年制定, 2002 年修改) Grassland Law (enacted in 1985, amended in 2002)

f. 森林法( 1984 年制定, 1998 年修改) Forest Law (enacted in 1984, amended in 1998)g. 自然保护区条例( 1994 年制定) Nature Reserve Regulations (enacted in 1994)h. 渔业法( 1986 年制定, 2000 、 2004 年修

改) Fisheries Law (enacted in 1986, amended in 2000, 200

4)i. 海域使用管理法( 2001 年制定) The Law on Management of Sea Are

a Use (enacted in 2001)j. 防沙治沙法( 2001 年制定) Anti-desertification law (enacted in 2001)k. 海岛保护法( 2009 年制定) Island Protection Law (enacted in 2009)

C. 单项自然保护法律 Nature Conservation Laws

Page 6: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

D. 单项能源合理利用法律 Energy Laws

a. 矿产资源法( 1986 年制定, 1996 年修改) Mineral Resources law (enacted in 1986 and amended in 1996)

b. 煤炭法( 1996 年制定) Coal Law (enacted in 1996)

c. 节约能源法( 1997 年制定, 2007 年修改) Energy Conservation Law (enacted in 1997and amended in 2007)

d. 可再生能源法( 2005 年制定) Renewable Energy Law (enacted in 2005)

e. 电力法( 1995 年制定) Electricity Law (enacted in 1995)

Page 7: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

E. 民事法律中的环境保护规范 Civil Law Norms on Environmental Protection

a. 民法通则( 1986 年制定) General Principles of the Civil Law (enacted in 1986)

b. 物权法( 2007 年制定) Property Law (enacted in 2007)

c. 侵权责任法( 2009 年制定, 2010 年 10 月 1 日起施行) Tort Liability Law

(enacted in 2009 and will come into force in Oct. 1st,2010)

Page 8: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

F. 刑事法律中的制裁破坏环境资源保护犯罪的规范 Criminal Law for Environmental Law Violations

a. 环境保护的犯罪 Environmental Crimes

• 重大环境污染事故罪 The crime of serious environmental pollution accident

• 擅自进口固体废物罪 The crime of unauthorized import of solid waste

• 非法处置进口固体废物罪 The crime of illegal disposal of imported solid waste

b. 破坏自然资源与自然保护的犯罪 Natural Resources Crimes

Page 9: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

2. 影响中国环境保护法律实施的几个主要因素 Major Factors Affecting the Implementation and Effectiveness of China’s Environmental Law

A. 立法不足:没有大错也无大用 Legislation: No major mistakes and no far-reaching effects

a. 立法不能涉及政府机构设置及其权限 It is better not to touch government structure.

b. 立法不能具体规定财政措施 Detailed fiscal measures may not be written in specific legislations either.

c. 许多新兴和重要领域并未及时制定法律 There is no legislation in many emerging and important areas.

d. 政府管制的行政权限安排不当,中央和地方政府责任不足 Government’s regulatory responsibility and authority are not clear.

e. 司法救济条款不清晰 Remedies provided by judiciary provisions are not enough.

f. 追究政府官员责任条款缺失 Officials accountability system is not complete.

g. 对违法行为的行政处罚规定较轻 Administrative penalties for violations of environmental law are ineffective.

Page 10: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1978 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

年份

GDP(百亿元)

1978-2009 中国GDP 增长曲线1978-2009China's GDP Growth Curve

1997 - 2008 中国 GDP 增长与 COD 、 SO2 、能源消费关系图1997-2008 China’s GDP Growth and COD, SO2, Energy Consumption

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

能源消费总量(百万吨标准煤) 1420 1360 1338 1386 1432 1518 1680 1970 2220 2460 2650 2910

SO2总量(万吨) 2346 2090 1858 1995 1948 1927 2159 2255 2549 2589 2468 2321

COD总量(万吨) 1757 1499 1389 1445 1407 1367 1334 1339 1414 1428 1382 1321

GDP(百亿元) 790 844 897 992 1097 1203 1358 1599 1832 2119 2573 3141

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Page 11: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

“十五”( 2000 - 2005 )环境保护计划主要指标完成情况Key Indicators Completion Status of the “10th Five-Year” Environmental Protection Plan

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

2000年实际 2005年计划目标 2005年实际

2000年实际 1995 1316 1165 1092 1445 3186 0 1613 953 705 51. 8 36. 5 34. 3 28. 1 9. 9

2005年计划目标 1800 1053 1100 900 1300 2900 60 1450 850 650 50 50 45 35 13

2005年实际 2549 1354 1183 911 1414 1655 75 2168 949 555 56. 1 54 52 33 15

二氧化硫排放

两控区内二氧

烟尘排放量

工业粉尘排放

化学需氧量排

工业固体废物

工业用水重复

工业二氧化硫

工业烟尘排放

工业化学需氧

工业固体废物

设区城市空气

城市污水处理

城市建成区绿

自然保护区面

SO2

Page 12: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

“十五”至“十一五”前期废水排放情况Annual Emissions of Wastewater during the “10th Five-Year” and the Beginning Years of the “11th Five-Year”

Page 13: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

“十五”至“十一五”前期工业固体废物产生和排放情况Industrial Solid Waste Generation and Emissions during the “10th Five-Year” and the Beginning Years of the “11th Five-Year”

Page 14: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

“十一五”主要污染物减排情况Major Pollutants Emission Cuts during the “11th Five-Year” Period

Page 15: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

B. 环保部门权限受到政府和其他经济主管部门制约 Pressure from the Government and other Administrative Branches a. 环保执法受到地方政府的压力和制约 conflict between local economy growth and environmental protection

b. 环保部门虽不断升格,但始终受制于经济主管部门 Although status of the Ministry of Environmental Protection has been continuously

upgraded by our State Council, this Ministry still subjects to other economic authorities.

c. 各分管部门各自为政,互不配合、执法目标互相矛盾,都管或者都不管现象严重 Other regulatory authorities do not cooperate well with each other.

d. 国家和地方对环保投入不足、部门执法能力也不足 Central and local financial inputs for environmental protection are inadequate, and l

aw enforcement capability of environmental protection agencies is not good enough.

Page 16: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

国务院各部委的环境保护监督管理权限( 2008 年)Environmental Protection Governing Authorities of Different Ministries under the State Council (2008)

国务院各部门 环境管理权限 环境管理事项

环境保护部

交通部

农业部

公安、铁道、民航

国土资源部

国家林业局

水利部

国家发展和改革委员会

统一监督管理权

分工负责管理权

建设部

商务部

卫生部

文化部

国家质量监督检验检疫总局

与环境管理权相关的行政管理权

防治环境污染和其他公害;自然生态环境保护

防治港口、码头水污染

草原保护;渔业保护;农牧业环境保护;固体废物管理

机动车船噪声污染防治、固体废物管理

土地保护;矿产资源管理;海洋环境保护

森林保护;国家公园管理

水利用;水利建设

环境与发展综合平衡与计划;清洁生产;行业标准

城市规划;市容环境;生活垃圾;园林;风景名胜区

产业调整

传染病防治;公共卫生管理;职业病防治

文化遗产与自然遗产保护

产品质量与认证;进出口动植物;标准制定与审批

Page 17: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

我国“六五”至 “十一五”各个时期环境保护投资及其占 GDP 比例Environmental Protection Investment and its Proportion in GDP from the “6th Five-Year” to the “11th Five-Year” Periods

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

0.00%

0.20%

0.40%

0.60%

0.80%

1.00%

1.20%

1.40%

1.60%

环境保护投资总额(亿元) 170 476.4 1306.57 3516 8395.1 14000

占GDP比例 0.50% 0.69% 0.73% 0.89% 1.31% 1.50%

六五(1980

-1985)

七五(1986

-1990)

八五(1991

-1995)

九五(1996

-2000)

十五(2001

-2005)

十一五(2006

-2010

计划投

Page 18: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

各年度污染治理项目投资总额( 2001-2008 ) Total Investment in Pollution Control Projects (2001-2008)

Page 19: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

曹光辉,我国经济增长与环境污染关系研究,中国人口 · 资源与环境, 2006年第 16 卷第 1 期

1991 - 2001 年污染治理项目当年完成投资占 GDP 的比重The Proportion of Pollution Control Projects Investment in GDP (1991-2001)

Page 20: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

2002 - 2004 年三年全国环保投资及其占当年 GDP 比例、扣除虚化投资后实际投资数据比较Total Environmental Protection Investment and its Proportion in GDP (2002-2004)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0.56%

0.57%

0.58%

0.59%

0.60%

0.61%

0.62%

0.63%

扣除虚化后的真实投资 751.95 789.47 996.06

占全国同期GDP 0.71% 0.67% 0.73%

占经济普查调整后GDP 0.62% 0.58% 0.62%

2002 2003 20042002- 2004年环境统计公报公布的数据Data published by Environmental Statistics

扣除虚化投资后的实际投资数据Actual Investment Data (minusing “Blurred” investment)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1.28%

1.30%

1.32%

1.34%

1.36%

1.38%

1.40%

1.42%

公报数额 1363.4 1627.3 1908.6

占当年GDP比例 1.33% 1.39% 1.40%

2002 2003 2004

Page 21: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

各级环保部门工作人员学历结构( 2006 年)Educational Background of Environmental Protection Agency Employees (2006)

级别

321

平均值

40

30

20

10

0

中专以下

中专

大专

本科

研究生以上

Page 22: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

地方各级环保系统人员数量(1998-2008) Number of Personnel in Local Environmental Protection Agencies(1998-2008)

国家环保系统工作人员数量(1999-2008) Number of Personnel in National Environmental Protection System(1999-2008)

Page 23: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

C. 法院对被害人的司法保护不力 Inadequate Judicial Protection

a. 对公众环境权益的保护力度不足,限制受理“群体性”、“疑难”、“复杂”、“敏感”的环境污染侵害案件

The courts have not provided enough protection for public environmental rights and interests.

b. 追究环境犯罪不力,无法有效震慑违法者和潜在的违法者 Penalties imposed on environmental criminals are not severe enoug

h.

2. 影响中国环境保护法律实施的几个主要因素 Major Factors Affecting the Implementation and Effectiveness of China’s Environmental Law /3

Page 24: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

2001 - 2008 年重特大环境污染事故件数与被追究环境犯罪的案件数Comparison between the number of major environmental pollution accidents and the number of cases been prosecuted for criminal liability(2001-2008)

Page 25: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

D. 影响环保法律实施的体制与机制因素 Systematic and Institutional Factors

a. 多年来干部考核机制总体上偏重经济发展指标,直接推动了地方官员 GDP 至上的观念 GDP supremacy b. 财政“分灶吃饭”体制与对企业实行的“条块分割”管理模式 “sub-kitchen meals” fiscal system and “Fragmentation” industrial management

mode a) 地方官员不得不将执政重点放在经济增长之上 , 而放松对社会公共福利事务的关注。 Local officials attach more importance to economy growth and pay relatively less attention to social and public welfare services. b) 地方政府缺乏推进环保工作的动力 Local government does not have enough incentive to promote environmental protection works.

• 由于环保不但不能增加财政收入,反而需要支出大量的财政收入 This is partly because that instead of earning money, environment

al protection needs great financial expenditure.• 环保指标并非政绩考核的主要指标,环境成本也不纳入 GDP 统一核算 Other reasons include that environmental indicators are not the ma

in indicators of political performance evaluation, and environmental costs are not included in GDP accounting.

2. 影响中国环境保护法律实施的几个主要因素 Major Factors Affecting the Implementation and Effectiveness of China’s Environmental Law /4

Page 26: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

3. 最近的主要动向 Recent Developments

A. 主要法律和对策动向 Major Trends in Law and Policy

a. 建立超级基金用于治理恢复土地污染 establish superfunds to restore polluted land b. 推行环境污染责任保险 promote environmental pollution liability insurance c. 施行绿色信贷 implement green credit policy d. 城市垃圾处理问题准备立法 legislate on municipal garbage disposal e. 研究制定碳税 develop carbon tax f. 制定能源基本法 draft the Basic Energy Law g. 修改大气污染防治法 amend the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention and Control Law h. 地方法院设立环保法庭 set up environmental tribunal in local courts

Page 27: 中国污染防治法律与政策最近的动态 Recent Developments in China’s Pollution Prevention and Control Laws and Policies

Thank you!

Dr.Wang Jin

Professor of Environmental Law, Law School, Peking University, and Director of ACLA-ERLC

No.5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District. Beijing 100871, PRC.E-mail: [email protected]            [email protected]