國立臺灣海洋大學NATIONAL TAIWAN OCEAN UNIVERSITY

Application of f Continuous-Lumped Hydrology Model to Urban Long-Term Water Balance

By Chao-Hsien LiawYue-Chun ChiaWei-Min Huang

2009 08 05

Impact of Urban Development

Watershed Hydrologic Balance (Source; FISRWG, 1998)

Framework of Urban Water Balance Model

HBV Rainfall-runoff Model

PrecipitationEvaportranspiration

Surface runoff

Interflow

Base flowGroundwater

14

Infiltration

Percolation

Hydrological Model for Surface Layer

Hydrological eq. per unit area for surface layer：

soil water content for surface layer at t day (mm)；soil water content for surface layer at t-1 day (mm)；rainfall at surface layer at t day (mm/day)；infiltration for surface layer at t day (mm/day)；evapotranspiration of surface layer at t day (mm/day)；surface runoff at surface layer (mm)。

( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )i p erS M t S M t P t Q t A E T t S R t= − + − − −

( )SM t( 1)SM t −

( )P t( )iQ t

( )perAET t

( )SR t

2 2( ) ( 1)UZQ t K S t= × −

1 1( ) ( 1)UZQ t K S t UZL= × − −⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦

3( ) ( 1)D LZQ t K S t= × −

( )iQ t

( 1)( ) ( )UZi

S tDI t Q tUZL

β−⎡ ⎤= ×⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Mechanics of Unsaturated and Unsaturated Zones

Hydrological eq. per unit area for Unsaturated Zone：

water content for unsaturated zone in t day(mm)；water content for unsaturated zone in t-1 day(mm)；infiltration from surface layer in t day(mm/day)；interflow for unsaturated zone in t day (mm/day)；percolation of unsaturated zone in t day (mm/day)。

( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( )UZ UZ i US t S t Q t Q t DI t= − + − −

( )UZS t( 1)UZS t −

( )iQ t( )UQ t( )DI t

Precipitation

Evaporation

Surface runoff

roof(road,pave)

roof(road,pave)

roof(road,pave)

roof(road,pave)

Simple Tank Model

15

Hydrological Model for Impervious Pavement

( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( )roof roof roof roof roofS t S t P t AET t SR t= − + − −

( )roofS t

( 1)roofS t −

( )roofP t

( )roofAET t

( )roofSR t

Hydrological eq. for rooftop：

roof detention at t day(m3)；roof detention at t-1 day(m3)；rainfall on roof at t day(m3)；evaporation on froof at t day(m3)；surface runoff on roof at t day(m3)。

Water Supply Model for RRCS

Hydrological model for RRCS：

( ) ( 1) ( ) ( ) ( )roof roof collect supply spillRWS t RWS t RW t RW t RW t= − + − −

Rai nwat er ut i l i zat i on r at i o ( RWUE) :

1 1( ) ( )

( )

T T

t tE T

D t IUW tRWU

D t

= =

⎡ ⎤−⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦=∑ ∑

∑( %)

Porous pavement

SM原土層含水量SMmax= SM原土層含水量

+ SM透水鋪面含水量

There are 11input data and 10 unknow parameters( )P t Daily rainfall mm

max ( )T t Max. daily temperature � min ( )T t Min. daily temperature �

( )SR t Daily radiation MJ/m2 ( )U t Daily average wind speed m/sec

Hydrology

data

( )eva t Daily evaporation mm perA Total area of pervious surface m2

imperA Total area of Impervious surface m2 roofA Total area of construction building m2 roadA Total area of road m2

Geology data

pavedA Total area of other impervious pavement m2

16

maxSM Max. wat er cont ent at sur f ace l ayer mm α I nf i l t r at i on f or sur f ace l ayer -

PERC Max. i nf i l t r at i on f or unsat ur at ed mm UZL Max. wat er cont ent f or unsat ur at ed mm

1K Recessi on const ant f or unsat ur at er day-1

2K Recessi on const ant f or unsat ur at ed day-1

Per vi ous

3K Recessi on const ant f or sat ur at ed day-1

roofUS Max. detention for uint roof area mm

roadUS Max. detention for unit vehicle road mm

Unknow

paras. Impervious

paveUS Max. detention for other pavement mm

Srearch Optimal Parameters

Tabu search method is used

20

Objective function

Efficiency coeff. (EC) and Correlation coeff. (r) are used

D D2 2

1 1D

2

1

( ( ) ) ( ( ) ( ))

( ( ) )

RECREC REC SIMt t

RECRECt

Q t Q Q t Q tEC

Q t Q

= =

=

⎛ ⎞− − −⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠=−

∑ ∑

∑

D

1D D

2 2

1 1

( ( ) )( ( ) )

( ( ) ) ( ( ) )

REC SIMREC SIMt

REC SIMREC SIMt t

Q t Q Q t Qr

Q t Q Q t Q

=

= =

− −=

− −

∑

∑ ∑

( )RECQ t historical record for t day(m3)； ( )SIMQ t simulated data for t day(m3)；

RECQ average historical record for t day(m3)；

SIMQ average simulated data for t day(m3)； D total simulation days(day)。

26

Establishment of Urban Water Balance Information System

Urban water balance model GIS

Urban water balance information system

27

Case studyThe watershed of Liu-guan pumping station

29

Digital Map

Scale: 1/2500; Resolution: 20cm; Date: 2006/7/20

18

BACK

Dan-shuei RiverStormw

atersewer

Huanhe

North R

oad

Outside pool

Pump

Pump

Pump

Pump

Gravity gate

Pumping stationTop View of Liu-Guan pumping station

Side view of Liu-Guan pumping station

32

1F

2F

3F Office

garbage cleaning machine

Pump

Outside poolInside pool

Dan-shueiRiver

Result analysis

台北市六館抽水站集水區

六館抽水站

環河北路

民權西路

鄭州路

重慶北路

35

面積(平方公尺) 比例(%)

透水性地表面積 42,609.8 6.77 學校面積 38,741.2 6.16 公園、綠地面積 3,868.6 0.61

不透水性地表面積 586,505.3 93.23 建物屋頂面積 280,740.2 44.62 行車道路面積 174,977.9 27.81 其它鋪面面積 130,787.2 20.79

六館地區總面積 629,115.1 100.00

1%

44%28%

21% 6%

學校面積公園綠地面積建物屋頂面積行車道路面積其它鋪面面積

No of search

Objective function

100 6.18E+08 302 1.07 10 83 0.53 0.1 0.01 6 1 6

500 5.64E+08 371 1.04 9.2 172 0.34 0.1 0.01 3.4 2.7 5.5

1,000 5.47E+08 380 1.005 8.9 187 0.36 0.1 0.02 5.6 1.1 3

5,000 5.47E+08 387 1.004 3.8 185 0.39 0.1 0.02 5.7 1.3 2.3

10,000 5.47E+08 387 1.004 3.8 185 0.39 0.1 0.02 5.7 1.3 2.3

50,000 5.47E+08 387 1.004 3.8 185 0.39 0.1 0.02 5.7 1.3 2.3

maxSM α PERC UZL 1K 2K 3K roofUS roadUS paveUS

Result analysis

36

38

2007年降雨逕流模擬

0

40000

80000

120000

160000

200000

1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361 日數

Q(m3)

0

60

120

180

240

300

P(mm)

precipitationsimulateestimate

EC＝0.86，r＝0.89

Calibration -2007

Verification-2008

39

2008年降雨逕流模擬

0

40000

80000

120000

160000

200000

1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361 日數

Q(m3)

0

60

120

180

240

300

P(mm)

precipitationsimulateestimate

EC＝0.82，r＝0.86

Urban Water Balance Information System

40

Improvement of Urban Water Environment

RWUE－Rainwater storage volume－Area of collection

0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000

0

10

20

30

4010%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%

St or age vol ume( m3)

收集面積比例

RWU

E

，％

RWUE=31.81%

Runoff reduction－Rainwater storage volume－Collection area

0 4000 8000 12000 16000 2000

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

120000010%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%

Rainwater storage volume (m3)

Runoff reduction

量(m3)

收集面積比例 逕流削減率=36.46(％)

Porous pavement －Interlock brick

Items

Area (%) Runoff(m3) Infiltration(m3) Evaporation(m3) Water

retention(m3)Runoff

reduction (%)

0 290,343 0 56,414 0 0 10 271,991 12,561 62,205 18,352 6.32 20 253,639 25,122 67,996 36,704 12.64 30 235,287 37,683 73,787 55,056 18.96 40 216,935 50,244 79,578 73,408 25.28 50 198,583 62,805 85,369 91,760 31.6 60 180,231 75,366 91,160 110,112 37.92 70 161,879 87,927 96,951 128,464 44.25 80 143,527 100,488 102,742 146,816 50.57 90 125,175 113,049 108,533 165,168 56.89

100 106,823 125,610 114,324 183,519 63.21

Remarks

The model developed by this research is able to simulate the hydrological balance in urban area and can be used for evaluate the long-term effect by installing rainwater storage and infiltration facilities。

43

Thank you For

Your Attention