Министерство образования Республики Беларусь

УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ«ГРОДНЕНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

ИМЕНИ ЯНКИ КУПАЛЫ»

О.Б.ЯКУБЦЕВИЧ, О.П.САЗАНОВИЧ, Р.Н.САВВОВА

ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ. НАРЕЧИЕ.

THE ADJECTIVE. THE ADVERB.

Пособие по практической грамматикеанглийского языка

для студентов специальностей: 1-03 04 02-01 – Социальная педагогика. Английский язык;1-01 02 02-05 – Начальное образование. Английский язык

ГродноГрГУ им. Я.Купалы

2008

УДК 811.111(075.8)ББК 81.432.1 Я49

Рецензенты :Новик Н.А., зав. кафедрой профессонально ориентированнойанглийской речи, кандидат филологических наук, доцент (БГЭУ);

Власюк Н.И., зав. кафедрой немецкого языка,кандидат филологических наук, доцент.

Рекомендовано Cоветом филологического факультетаГрГУ им. Я.Купалы.

Якубцевич, О.Б.

Прилагательное. Наречие = The Adjective. The Adverb : пособиепо практ. грамматике англ. яз. / О.Б.Якубцевич, О.П.Сазанович,Р.Н.Саввова. – Гродно : ГрГУ, 2009. – 104 с.

ISBN 978-985-515-124-2

Пособие содержит теоретический справочник и практический материал,иллюстрирующий наиболее типичные случаи употребления английского при-лагательного и наречия. Для систематизации сложных грамматических струк-тур представлены упражнения разного типа: аналитические, подстановочные,трансформационные, упражнения на подбор соответствий, на перевод с рус-ского на английский, тестовые задания. Представлен аутентичный материал ком-муникативного характера, обеспечивающий правильное употребление прила-гательных и наречий в речи. Адресуется студентам специальностей: «Соци-альная педагогика. Английский язык», «Начальное образование. Английскийязык» для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы .

УДК 811.111(075.8)ББК 81.432.1

© Якубцевич О.Б., Сазанович О.П.,Саввова Р.Н., 2009

© Учреждение образования«Гродненский государственный университет

имени Янки Купалы», 2009ISBN 978-985-515-124-2

Я49

3

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Пособие «The Adjective. The Adverb» по практической грам-матике английского языка предназначено для студентов 1, 2 курсовпедагогического факультета специальностей «Социальная педаго-гика. Английский язык», «Начальное образование. Английский язык»и представляет собой комплекс грамматических упражнений, на-правленных на изучение и закрепление основных случаев употреб-ления прилагательных и наречий в английском языке.

В соответствии с содержанием пособие разделено на 2 части:I. Прилагательное (The Adjective),II. Наречие (The Adverb).Обе части состоят из идентичных по структуре разделов (10

разделов в первой части и 5 – во второй). Каждый раздел содер-жит вводную часть – теоретический справочник с комментариямии примерами, и практическую часть, представляющую собой сис-тему упражнений, которые делятся на первичные (Practice Activities)и вторичные (Extended Practice). Упражнения первого типа выпол-няются преимущественно в аудитории, в то время как упражнениявторого типа предназначены в основном для внеаудиторной, само-стоятельной работы студентов. В пособии представлены упражне-ния различных видов: аналитические, подстановочные, трансфор-мационные, упражнения на подбор соответствий, перевод с русско-го на английский, тестовые задания. Целью упражнений являетсяформирование, совершенствование навыков употребления грамма-тических конструкций, а также предупреждение возникновения ти-пичных ошибок в устной и письменной речи. При работе в аудито-рии задания могут выполняться как индивидуально, так и в груп-пах. Данное пособие основывается на идеях коммуникативной ме-тодики, позволяя студентам использовать изучаемые грамматичес-кие явления в контексте.

Пособие представляет собой выборку упражнений из извест-ных английских грамматик, указанных в списке использованнойлитературы, которые представляют собой аутентичные работы за-рубежных авторов. Авторы стремились сделать упражнения раз-нообразными по содержанию, учитывая при этом лексический за-пас обучаемых.

4

THE ADJECTIVE

FOR STUDY

Adjectives describe nouns. They have the same form in the singularand plural. They go before nouns (e.g. a small house) but after the verbsbe, look, smell, sound, feel, taste, seem, appear, become, get, stay,etc. (e.g. She is beautiful. They seem unhappy.)

There are opinion adjectives and fact adjectives. Opinionadjectives such as boring, exciting, etc. show what a person thinks ofsomebody or something. Fact adjectives such as tall, thin, new, etc.give us factual information about age, size, colour, origin, material, etc.

We can also use nouns as adjectives before other nouns. In thiscase the nouns have no plural form. e.g. morning paper – morningpapers, coffee table – coffee tables.

PRACTICE ACTIVITIES

1. Underline all the adjectives in this description.

The possibility of pleasant recreation is offered by Vltava and theSlapy Dam or the romantic region of the Savaza suitable mainly fortourism. Slapy can be reached from the capital by the «Savaza Pacific»,which is a historic local train at present. The Dam spreading in the distanceof 30 – 50 km south of Prague was built in the 50s. It flooded the narrow,tight valley of the central Vltava region. Sandy beaches gave rise to anumber of camping sites and hotels, the most popular being in NovaRabyne.

This comfortable hotel with its pleasant gardens is ideal for people,yet it is only a short distance from the highly popular attractions of thearea. You can eat your meals at the hotel, where the food tastesmarvelous. Or you can, of course, try some of the excellent localrestaurants.

2. Change these sentences so that the adjectives come after be.

E.g.: The man is old. He is an old man.1. This is a big company.2. These aren't busy streets.3. This is an old ticket.

5

4. Nina isn't a hard-working girl.5. They aren't modern tall buildings.6. This isn't a lovely day.7. These are beautiful pictures.8. That is an old white car.9. He isn't a poor man.10. They are young people.11. These are interesting English anecdotes.12. Janet is a responsible girl.13. Those are overcrowded buses.14. Mr Black is a very experienced specialist.15. It isn't an expensive hotel.

WORD-FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES

FOR STUDY

Many common adjectives (pretty, sad etc.) do not have particularendings. There are some common endings, however, for adjectives formedfrom nouns and verbs. These are:

And note that many present participles and past participles can beused as adjectives: an exciting trip, a falling tree, a crying child, acompleted manuscript, a torn shirt, running water. Many compoundadjectives are formed with participles. Well + past participle is particularlycommon: a well-built house, well-cooked meat, handmade tools, afast-selling product, home-grown vegetables.

There are also compound adjectives which are formed with:a) present participles e.g. a never-ending journey, a time-wastingactivity b) past participles e.g. a broken-down washing machine,frozen vegetables c) cardinal numbers + nouns e.g. a three-hourdelay (NOT: a-three hours delay), d) well, badly, ill, poorly + past

-able comfortable -ent dependent -ical historical -like businesslikе -al accidental -esque picturesque -ious victorious -ly friendly -ant reluctant -ful careful -ish childish -ory compulsory -ar popular -ian Italian -ist racist -ous dangerous -ary imaginary -ible horrible -ive attractive -some wholesome -ate passionate -ic historic -less careless -y lucky

6

participle e.g. well-behaved children, badly-made furniture, apoorly-paid worker, an ill-chosen remark.

PRACTICE ACTIVITIES

3. Complete the table below. The examples show that in somecases you can form only a -ful or only a -less adjective.

4. Using the suffixes -ish, -ly, -y, -like, -ful or -less, makeadjectives from the words in column A which have the meaninggiven in column B.

Examples -ful -less

Colour- Youth- Hair-

Colourful Youthful

–

Colourless –

Hairless 1. Use- 2. Wonder- 3. Hope- 4. Shame- 5. Thought- 6. Beauti- 7. Help- 8. Forget- 9. Sense- 10. Success- 11. Reck- 12. Aw- 13. Harm- 14. Ruth- 15. Truth- 16. Play- 17. Price- 18. Fright-

A Word B Meaning Adjective

1 2 3 1. Red 2. Day 3. Silver 4. Worth

More or less red Happening every day Looking or shining like silver Of little or no value

7

Продолжение таблицы

5. Copy the table into your notebook and put the followingadjectives into the correct column.

patient, relevant, attractive, literate, flexible, regular, agreeable,mature, convenient, tasteful, moral, legal, responsible, significant, possible,legible, honest, rational, explicable, justified, mortal, reversible, destructible,perfect, friendly, soluble, polite, logical, interesting, separable, replaceable

6. a) Make adjectives from these verbs using the suffix -able.

1. Predict2. Believe3. Change4. Deny5. Despise6. Recognize

b) Form the negative of the adjectives by adding the prefixun- or in- (Numbers 3, 5 and 7) do not have a negative form. Thenegative of 9 is more usually non-transferable or not transferable.

Examples: replaceable – irreplaceablerepeatable – unrepeatable

1 2 3 5. Business 6. Grease 7. Home 8. Breath 9. Power 10. Plenty 11. Elder 12. Life 13. Peace 14. Old 15. Care 16. Winter 17. Nose 18. Hand

Serious and professional Or covered in grease Cosy; welcoming Out of breath Very strong Which there is a lot of Rather old (a politer word than old) Looking as if it were real Quiet; without disturbance or noise More or less (getting old) Who does not take care Cold; not warm or friendly Wanting to know what is not your business Useful; easy to reach or obtain

dis- un- il- im- in- ir-

7. Regret8. Rely9. Transfer10. Value11. Vary12. Work

13. Obtain14. Cure15. Advise16. Translate17. Forget18. Describe

8

c) Add the suffix -able or -ible to the following items:

1. adapt-2. contempt-3. respect-4. vi-5. terr-6. irrit-

d) Form the negative of numbers 10 to 18 by adding the prefixun- or in- (remember that in- changes to il-, im- or ir- in some cases).

7. a) Form adjectives ending in -ive from the following verbs:

1. destroy2. exceed3. extend4. respond5. deceive6. impel

b) Use adjectives 10 – 18 in these sentences:

1. He can talk you into doing what he wants you to do. He is avery______talker.

2. All the men try to talk to her: she is a very ______woman.3. He is ready to listen to what other people have to say. He

is______to new ideas.4. 'One man, one vote' is the basis of______government.5. Many songs have the same words sung over and over. I find

them rather______.6. He forgets nothing. He has a very______memory.7. The conservative group want to keep things as they are, and

the______group want to change everything.8. She wrote eight novels in five years. It was her

most______period.9. 'The______society' describes a society which is very tolerant of

people's private behaviour and morals.

7. debat-8. feas-9. memor-10. avoid-11. hospit-12. elig-

13. respons-14. fall-15. cap-16. prob-17. desir-18. flex-

7. explode8. possess9. repel10. progress11. produce12. persuade

13. attract14. receive15. represent16. permit17. repeat18. retain

9

c) Use adjectives 1 – 9 in these sentences:

1. The students were all eager to answer his questions. He foundthem most______.

2. She often does things on the spur of the moment, without thinkingof the сonsequences. She is a rather______girl.

3. He is much nicer than he looks. His appearance is______.4. The ugly green-eyed monster in the film was really_______.5. War might break out between the two countries at any moment.

It is a highly______situation.6. The bill came to Ј150.00 for two people. We thought this was

______.7. Criticism which is______discourages people.8. They will have to make______alterations in order to increase

the size and the capacity of the factory.9. A______mother is one who treats her children more like her

personal property than as human beings.

8. Here are 12 adjectives in -ate. Can you match nine of themto the definitions given below?

1. describes someone who cannot read or write2. friendly, loving and eager to show it3. enough, but no more than enough4. opposite of public5. not accidental, done on purpose.6. describes a mild climate without extremes7. done carefully, with great attention to detail8. suitable, fitting the situation9. of a person, not strong; of a thing, easily broken

9. Add -ary or -ory to these stems, and then match theresulting adjectives to the definitions.

Stems:compuls-imagin-satisfact-

adequate, affectionate, appropriate, corporate, deliberate, delicate, elaborate, illiterate, obstinate, private, proportionate, temperate

contempor-introduct-station-

element-necess-tempor-

10

Definitions:1. not moving standing still2. not permanent for the present3. simple opposite of advanced4. living/happening at the same time as something or someone else5. not real which does not actually exist6. good enough which comes up to the required standard7. describes something which you must do not optional8. describes, for example, the first sentences in a book or speech9. describes something which you cannot do without

10. Which ending?

a) Add -ent or -ant to these stems to form adjectives.

1. Magnific-2. Indec-3. Import-4. Heist-5. Suffice-6. Dec-

b) Add -ic or -ical to these stems to form adjectives.

1. realist-2. antibiot-3. techn-4. publ-5. alphabet-6. atom-

c) Add -ous, -ious, -eous or -uous to these stems.

1. ambit-2. danger-3. ambig-4. obv-5. miscellan-6. ridicul-

7. Pregn-8. Afflu-9. Indign-10. Sil-11. Viol-12. Curr-

13. Immigr-14. Toler-15. Perman-16. Consist-17. Rec-18. Migr-

7. biolog-8. med-9. fantast-10. scientif-11. romant-12. clin-

13. pract-14. mathemat-15. specif-16. automat-17. crit-18. rad-

7. var-8. stren-9. outrag-10. jeal-11. court-12. superstit-

13. virt-14. enorm-15. spontan-16. ard-17. simultan-18. tremend-

11

11. Make compound adjectives to describe the following:

1. A walk that takes ten minutes.... A ten-minute walk ....2. A story which is written well.3. A building which has twelve storeys.4. A train which moves fast.5. A student who works hard.6. An office which has good lighting.7. A holiday which lasts two weeks.8. A report which has ten pages.

12. A field which is fifty acres in extent is a fifty-acre field.Make similar compound adjectives from the following:

1. a programme which lasts half an houra. ... programme

2. a drive which takes five hoursa ... drive

3. a lorry which can carry 15 tonsa ... lorry

4. a flight which lasts 31/2 hoursa ... flight

5. a ruler which measures up to twelve inchesa ... ruler

6. an engine with a capacity of 31/2 litresa ... engine

7. a child which is five years olda ... child

8. a man whose height is six feeta ... man

9. a walk which covers eight milesa ... walk

10. a tank with a capacity of 16 gallonsa ... tank

11. a 300 mm telephoto lensa ... telephoto lens

12. a**** hotela ... hotel

12

13. Complete the table.

1. Saudi Arabia2. Denmark3. Poland4. England5. Spain6. Holland

EXTENDED PRACTICE

14. Complete the following sentences with an adjectiveformed from one of the verbs or nouns in the box, plus a suffix.

act, care, change, comfort, describe, dread, enjoy, forget, grace,motion, power, rely, submit, tire, truth

1. We had a lovely weekend it was thoroughly_____.2. He never remembers my birthday I don't know why he's_______.3. The problem is that there's nothing we can do about it we're

completely______.4. She never seems to run out of energy she's completely______.5. She's a very______writer she gives you a very good feel for the

places and characters in her stories.6. Don't worry. If he's said he'll be there, then I'm sure he will. He's

very______.7. His problem is that he always does exactly what people tell him

to do: he's just so______.8. You're so_____: you're always dropping things.9. I love to watch good ballet dancers: they're so______.10. The cat stayed______ as it waited to pounce on the bird.11. It's a very______ climate the weather can be completely different

from one day to the next.12. It's important to keep_______ after you retire.

He is from... He is a(n)... He speaks... Hungary Hungarian Hungarian

7. Turkey8. Portugal9. Japan10. Norway11. USSR12. Czechoslovakia

13. China14. Finland15. Israel16. Greece17. Thailand

13

13. The seats in first class were really_______. I could easily havefallen asleep in them.

14. The situation out there is_______. More and more people aredying every day.

15. Make compound adjectives to describe the following:

1. an announcement which has been awaited for a long time2. a book which is written badly3. a city that has no pollution4. a course that lasts three years5. a woman who works hard6. a bus journey that takes two hours7. a room that has good ventilation8. a hotel with five stars9. the office-block which costs two million pounds10. the woman who is seventy years old11. the conference which lasts two days12. the farm which is eighty hectares13. the journey which takes three days14. the bag which weighs five kilos15. the engine which is three litres16. the fence which is twenty miles17. the tunnel which is fifty kilometers

16. Rewrite these sentences, using a compound adjectivewhich includes a participle.

1. The town in which I grew up made cars. – I grew up in ...2. We hired a design team based in Singapore. – We hired ...3. Her performance at the Olympic Games broke a number of

records. – It was a ...4. The public square was lined with trees. – The public square ...5. Tom's a builder who works for himself. – Tom's a ...6. The new Aircap is a device that saves a lot of effort and time. –

The new Aircap is ...7. The dispute had been going on for a long time. – It was a ...8. The consequences of the proposals will have a great influence

on many people. – The consequences of the proposals are ...

14

17. Refer to the words in brackets and put in the rightadjectives.

EAGER DRIVER

It's (legal) to drive under the age of seventeen in Britain, buta______(boy of seventeen years old) managed to pass his driving teston the day of his seventeenth birthday. Most people would considerthis______(possible) because you need a lot of lessons to pass the test.David Livesey arranged to have______(a lesson of eight hours)beginning at dawn on his birthday. At first he was very ______(care)and______(hesitate), but he had a______(wonder) teacher and hisdriving improved amazingly during the day. By four in the afternoon, stillfeeling______(energy), he was ready to take his test and he passedfirst time! He was almost in a state of shock after the test, and he drovehome very slowly in the______(red) light of the______(set) sun. David'sdriving attracted the attention of two policemen, but they broke into smilesand congratulated him warmly when he showed them his certificate andtold them his story.

WORD ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

FOR STUDY

When there are two or more adjectives in a sentence, they usuallygo in the following order:

Nouns can be used as adjectives if they go before another noun.They have no plural form in this case: a garden gate, a morning class, atwo-week holiday.

Note that the order of adjectives in front of a noun may vary and beas follows:

a) origin + past participle: a French handmade kitchen cupboard;b) past participle + origin: a handmade French kitchen cupboard.

Opinion Adjectives

Fact Adjectives

size age shape colour origin material Used for/be about

noun It’s a

fantastic small new round red Swiss plastic alarm clock

15

Ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc.) go before cardinal numbers(one, two, three, etc.) e.g. the first two weeks (NOT: the two firstweeks)

The adjectives afraid, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep,awake, content, glad, ill, pleased, etc. are not followed by nouns.e.g. The man was alive. Karen is ill today.

The adjectives chief, elder, eldest, former, indoor, inner, main,only, outdoor, outer, principal, upper are always followed by nouns.e.g. This is my elder son.

We do not usually use a long list of adjectives before a single noun.A noun is usually described by one, two or three adjectives at the most.e.g. a beautiful blue evening dress

PRACTICE ACTIVITIES

18. Put the adjectives in the correct order.

1. a(n) adventure /exciting / action-packed / booka(n) exciting action-packed adventure book.2. a(n) Italian / sweet / fresh fruit / dessert3. a delicious / cheese / fresh / sandwich4. a(n) Australian / thin / rugby / tall / player5. a(n) fanatical / old / Liverpool / supporter6. a(n) old-fashioned / lovely / marble / Frernch / fireplace7. a(n) pair of /grey / old / woollen / football /socks8. a talented / jag / black / musician9. a colourful / cinema / huge / poster10. a(n) old / well-designed / flower / English / garden

19. Put the following into the correct order.

1. English / lovely / several / old / tables2. pretty / French / young / a lot of / girls3. dining-room / Regency / few / valuable / last / these / chairs4. first / really important / Impressionist / his / three / paintings5. dark blue / best / silk / my / all / shirts6. young / many / German / factory / workers7. marble-topped / old-fashioned / these / oval / all / wash stands8. wildlife / Mike's / all / black and white / latest / photographs

16

9. cotton / a few / plain / hand-woven / carefully-chosen / dresses10. non-stick / brand-new / a number of / French-made / frying

pans11. really important / the first / national / government-sponsored /

survey12. one-month / last / his / exhausting / European / tour

20. Put the adjectives in the right order.

1. dressA) silk, B) white, C) long, D) expensive2. wallA) brick, B) red, C) high3. shoesA) smart, B) those, C) brown, D) snake-skin4. houseA) old, B) brick, C) ugly, D) urban5. motorbikeA) Japanese, B) green, C) fantastic6. spoonA) plastic, B) nice, C) little, D) blue7. coinA) gold, B) round, C) tiny, D) Russian8. armchairA) new, B) wooden, C) black, D) huge9. songA) sentimental, B) Irish, C) old

21. You're looking for items you want to buy. Begin eachsentence with I'm looking for...

1. clock – radio – white – Taiwanese – cheap – for my bedside table2. sports – well-maintained – car – second-hand – with a low

mileage3. polished – beautiful – antique – dining-table – mahogany – English4. canvas – American – a pair of – trainers – grey and red – which

I can use for jogging5. cottage – stone-built – small – old – country6. cotton – dress – summer – pink and white – for my holiday

17

EXTENDED PRACTICE

22. Put the adjectives in the correct order.

Dear Aunt Margaret,I'm just writing to thank you for the money you sent me last month.

It was very generous of you. I've spent it on some lovely things for mynew house. For the living room I bought a lovely pair of 1) ... blue velvet ...(velvet/blue) curtains and for the bedroom I got a(n) 2) ... (round/large/antique) mirror. While I was rapping I found some 3) ... (silver/ beautiful/tall) candlesticks, which I have put in the dining room. I also bought some4) ... (soft/cotton/thick) towels for the bathroom and a 5) ... (green/square/woollen) rug for the guest room. Finally, I went to an auctionwhere I bought a 6) ... (oak/fabulous/English) table for the kitchen.

Thank you once again for the gift.I hope you'll visit me soon.

Love, Susie

23. Put the adjectives in the correct order.

Dear Susie,It's a shame you couldn't make it to the wedding, but thank you for the

1) ... lovely crystal dessert ... (dessert/crystal/lovely) glasses which yousent us. The wedding was unforgettable and everyone looked beautiful,especially the bridesmaids in their 2) ... (silk/long/cream) dresses. At thereception we had a 3) ... (three-course/home-made / delicious) meal and thebest man gave a(n) 4) ... (amusing/nice/short) speech. In the evening, moreguests arrived and the hotel provided 5) ... (Irish/live/excellent) music. Beforewe left, we cut the 6) ... (wedding/white/iced) cake. Hope to see you soon.

Love,Amanda & Tim

ADJECTIVES CHANGING IN MEANING

FOR STUDY

Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after be- before a noun: John is an old friend of mine. (= I've known him

for a long time)- after be: My friend, John, is very old. (= old in years)

18

Some other common adjectives that can change in meaningaccording to their position are: early, faint, fine, heavy, ill, late, sick.Note that sick can go before a noun or after be, but ill (like well) comesafter be. Sick means 'ill' and also means 'upset in the stomach'.

Adjectives before and after nouns with a change of meaningAdjectives go before nouns in English but there are a few adjectives

which go before or after nouns and they change in meaning according totheir position:

This elect body meets once a year. (= specially chosen)The president elect takes over in May. (= who has been elected)

PRACTICE ACTIVITIES

24. Which words or phrases in B will replace words orphrases in A?

А В1. Her wedding dress is made of beautiful silk. a) fine2. The weather is good today. b) a sick3. Something's upset me. I think I'm going to throw up. c) fine4. John is extremely unwell. d) very ill5. I was born at the beginning of the 1960s. e) in the early6. Martha is not a healthy woman. f) be sick

25. Which words or phrases in В best explain the words orphrases in A?

A1. The concerned doctor phoned for an ambulance.2. The doctor concerned is on holiday at the moment.3. It was a very involved question.4. The person involved has left the company.5. Present employees number 3 000.6. The employees present should vote on this.7. It was a. proper question.8. The question proper has not been answered.9. Janet is a responsible girl.10. The girl responsible has been expelled.

19

Ba) correctb) worriedc) who was blamedd) complicatede) with a sense of dutyf) now employedg) here nowh) connected with thisi) itselfj) connected with this

26. A few adjectives usually only come before a noun, and afew normally only follow a verb. Decide about these adjectives,and use them to complete the definitions grammatically.

afraid, alone, ashamed, content, elder, glad, inner, lone, main,maximum, occasional, only, outdoor, ready

1. A traveller who has nobody with them is______.2. When people are by themselves, they are______.3. If a person is embarrassed at having behaved badly, s/he is______.4. A child that feels frightened is______.5. An event that does not happen very often is______.6. Strength that comes from within a person's character is______.7. A party held in the open air is______.8. If a child has no brothers or sisters s/he is______.9. A person who is really pleased about something is______.10. If you have several worries about something, but one that worries

you more than all the rest, that is______.11. If a person is adequately satisfied, s/he is______.12. If the top speed allowed is 70 mph, then that is______.13. If lunch is all prepared and cooked, it is______.14. If your brother is older than you, he is______.

27. Rewrite the following, using these adjectives to replacethe words in italics. Make any other changes necessary. You willneed some of the words more than once.

absent, certain, concerned, conscious, elect, involved, late,present, proper

20

MODEL: Our newly elected chairman takes over immediately ...Our chairman elect takes over immediately ...

1. Our newly elected chairman takes over immediately, becauseour former chairman resigned suddenly last September for healthreasons.

2. Most of the people who were there at the meeting aredelighted, but some people (that I'm not going to name), who werenot at the meeting, have telephoned to say that they should have hadpostal votes.

3. They say the only correct thing to do now is to hold anotherelection, which is ridiculous.

4. One of our difficulties is we do not always have the up-to-dateaddresses of all our members.

5. The secretary is aware of the problem.6. We once wrote to a member saying his subscription was

overdue, and we had a letter from a very distressed lady saying herhusband, who had died recently, had always paid on time.

7. We are now making a deliberate effort to bring our records upto date.

8. The secretary has spoken to all the people who have anythingto do with the matter and is confident that we will get it right.

9. But it could be a long and complicated business.

EXTENDED PRACTICE

28. Suggest corrections to these sentences if necessary.

1. Backley has a back injury and Peters faces an alike problem.2. Everyone I know is afraid of Harry's dogs.3. The ill man was put in a ward full of critically injured children.4. No two people are alike.5. No one really believes there are alive creatures on Mars.6. I think Paul's fairly happy at work, and seems a content man.7. When he was alive, he was poor and unknown.8. Within a few minutes she was asleep.9. The police forced their way through the afraid crowd.10. The asleep children lay peacefully in their beds.

21

29. Put in the missing adjectives. Alternatives are sometimespossible.

alive, asleep, beautiful, big, complete, fast, fresh, lovely, pleased,polished, poor, quick-drying, shiny, tall, young

NOT A FAST LIFE!Three and a half years ago Mr Bell received a______present

from his______grandson. The boy had had a______holiday by theseaside and had brought his grandfather a present. It was a ______sea-snail which had been stuck on top of an oyster and another shell. MrBell was very______with his gift and put it on a shelf. While he wasdusting one morning, he accidentally knocked the______snail off theoyster. He went to find some______glue. When he came back, hecouldn't believe his eyes. The snail had moved along the shelf. Itwas______! ‘It must have been______all these years and the shockwoke it up,’ Mr Bell said. He put the snail in a paper bag to show hisfriends. At first they thought the story was______nonsense, until theysaw the snail. The______creature was so hungry, it had eaten a holein the bag. Mr Bell gave it a______meal of______cabbage leaveswhich it really enjoyed. ‘It's not such a______story,’ a scientistexplained. ‘These creatures live&&&&&&&

ADJECTIVES DIFFERENT IN MEANING

FOR STUDY

Names of materials and substances (e.g. leather, gold) are likeadjectives when we use them to form compound nouns: a gold watch is awatch made of gold. These words behave like adjectives in this one way,but they remain nouns because they do not have comparative or superlativeforms and we cannot put very in front of them. Two important exceptionsare wood and wool, which have adjectival forms: a wooden table is atable made of wood; a woollen dress is a dress made of wool. There areadjectival forms for words like gold: glass / glassy, gold / golden, leather /leathery, silver / silvery, silk / silky / silken, steel / steely, stone / stony.We use them to mean 'like': a golden sunset (i.e. a sunset like gold).

The following adjectives have a difference in meaning:He gave her a gold ring. (= ring made of gold)

22

They walked on the golden sand. (= sand the colour of gold)She bought a silk blouse. (= blouse made of silk)This new shampoo promises to give you silky hair. (= hair which

feels like silk)They walked up the stone path. (= path made of stone)The man had a stony look on his face. (= cold look – like stone)

PRACTICE ACTIVITIES

30. Rewrite the following, using compounds or adjectival forms.

1. a shirt made of cotton2. silence like stone3. a raincoat made of plastic4. a shirt made of cotton / worn in the summer5. hair like silk6. a table-top made of glass7. a rake made of wire8. a voice like silver9. a wall made of stone10. a clock used in the kitchen11. eyes like glass12. a wallet made of leather13. a spoon made of stainless steel14. a clock made of plastic / used in the kitchen15. a shirt made of silk16. nerves like steel17. a pullover made of wool18. a blouse made of cotton19. a teapot made of silver20. a tile made of ceramic21. a nailbrush made of nylon22. a note for fifty pounds23. a tongue like leather24. a spoon made of wood

31. Underline the correct item.

A. When Laura got married she had a 1) silk/silky dress made byone of the best designers and the 2) gold / golden rings she and her

23

fiance had bought were extremely expensive. The church had beautifully-carved 3) wood/wooden statues, and they had the 4) stone/stony floorscovered in expensive red 5) wool/woollen carpets. On the big day shehad her 6) silk/silky blond hair styled and she wore a long 7) gold/golden cape over her dress. She rode to the church in a fantastic old 8)metal/metallic blue limousine. When she entered the church, her mothergave her a 9) stone/stony look. Laura looked down and saw that shewasn't carrying her flowers, but a large white 10) feather/feathery duster.

B. While Lizzie was tidying the attic of her grandmother's house, shecame across an old 1) wooden/wood chest. When she looked inside, shefound a doll wrapped in 2) silk/silky paper. The doll had 3) gold/goldenhair and was wearing a long 4) woollen/wool coat. She was beautiful andLizzie had never seen her before. She sat down on the cold 5) stony/stonefloor to examine the doll more carefully. She was wearing a real 6) gold/golden necklace and, underneath the coat, a 7) silky/silk dress. The dollhad belonged to her grandmother when she was young. Lizzie carefullywrapped her up again and placed her gently back in the box.

EXTENDED PRACTICE

32. Say how they differ in meaning.

1. oldi) She is an old friend of ours.ii) He is an old man.2. hardi) He is a hard worker.ii) Do you think this is a hard exercise?3. newi) Have you met the new neighbours?ii) I like your new dress.4. heavyi) He is a heavy smoker.ii) What a heavy parcel!5. bk3jwcertaini) I am certain that this book used to belong to me.ii) There is a certain Mr Smith whom I would like you to meet.6. presenti) The present Foreign Secretary is better than the last one.ii) Is everybody present?

24

7. concernedi) Why do you have such a concerned expression on your face?ii) I wish to speak to the people concerned.8. properi) This is not the proper time to talk about money.ii) I mean the town proper, excluding the suburbs.9. involvedi) I do not want to hear a long involved explanation.ii) The police took statements from everyone involved in the accident.

33. Underline the correct item.

1. true/truthfula.This play is based on a ... story.b. I believe her: I think she is a ... person.2. childish/childlikea. You cannot have everything you want: don't be so ...b. She has a ... quality, a sort of innocence, which I like.3. young/youthfula. Our teacher is full of ... enthusiasm for her subject.b. Enjoy yourself while you are still ...4. uneatable/inediblea. This meat is so tough that I find it ...b. Some of the varieties of fungus are poisonous.They are ...5. unreadable/illegiblea. The inscription was ..., but I recognized it as Latin.b. War and Peace may be a good novel, but I find it ...6. historic/historicalа. 'Ladies and gentlemen, this is a ... moment: the first manned

landing on another planet!'b. The library contains a copy of Magna Carta and other ...

documents.7. economic/economicala. The country is experiencing a time of great ... difficulty.b. This soap is very ...: you only need to use a little of it at a time.8. electric/electricala. I see you have an ... cooker; I prefer gas.b. The battery gave off a sudden ... discharge.9. sensible/sensitivea. John will be all right on his own; he is a very ... boy.b. Don't criticize her too harshly: she is very ...

25

THE + ADJECTIVE

FOR STUDY

Certain adjectives are used with ‘the’ as nouns to talk about groupsof people in general.

These are:Age: the elderly, the middle aged, the old, the young etc.Physical/Health: the blind, the dead, the deaf, the disabled, the

living, the sick etc.Social/Economic: the homeless, the hungry, the poor, the rich, the

strong, the unemployed, the weak etc.Old people usually walk slowly. The old usually walk slowly. (=

old people in general)but: The old people in the building are annoyed with the

landlord. The old means a group of old people in general. The oldpeople means a specific group of old people.

When we talk about one person we say An/The old man, A/Theblind man etc. The rich man pays a lot of income tax. The rich pay alot of income tax. (rich people in general – all of them) The rich peopleof our town have a banquet every Christmas. (a specific group of richpeople – not all of them)

PRACTICE ACTIVITIES

34. Rewrite the sentences using 'the + adjective' instead ofthe underlined phrase.

1. The government should do more for people who do not havemoney.

2. There is a special TV program for people who can't hear.3. The local authorities are organizing a charity concert for people

who are disabled.4. This kind of sport is for those people who are physically strong.5. There are not enough hospital beds to accommodate all people

who were injured during the earthquake.

35. The Young or the Young People? Complete the sentences.Use the adjectives in brackets.

1. Every English child knows the story of Robin Hood. It is saidthat he robbed___ and gave money to______. (rich, poor)

26

2. The government is cutting back on benefits for________.(unemployed)

3. Some of________in Minsk remember when it was bombedduring the war. (old)

4. Sign language is usually taught to________ to enable them tocommunicate. (deaf)

5. The survey showed that_________control over of the country'swealth. (rich)

6. _________of the town arranged a party for all_________inthe town. (rich, disabled)

7. There are a lot of special schools for _________. (sick)8. ________in our neighborhood had guide dogs. (blind)9. ________will always be poor. (poor)10. ________of Africa are struggling with hunger. (starving)11. Life must be hard for_________in our society today.

(handicapped)12. Rich nations can afford to feed________. (hungry)

36. Fill in: the + adjective or the + adjective + people.

1. This charity provides shelter for ... the homeless people ...(homeless) ... of London.

2. It is important to look after ... (elderly), especially in winter.3. Ambulances took ... (injured) to hospitals in the area.4. ... (old) in the village are upset about the new road.5. They are changing the building to make it easier for ... (disabled)

to get around.6. ... (young) in the audience cheered loudly at the end of the concert.7. ... (poor) of our town receive help from the council.8. Christine is a nurse who looks after ... (sick).9. ... (strong) in the group carried the heavy equipment.10. ... (rich) can afford to live in luxury.

ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -ING AND -ED

FOR STUDY

Present Participles (-ing forms) and Past Participles (-ed forms)can be used as adjectives. Most of these so called participle adjectivescan be used after linking verbs:

27

The students' exams results were pleasing.My friend appeared delighted with the news.The -ing form describes what something is like: an interesting

book, a pleasing result, a disappointing decision, an embarrassingsituation, etc.

The -ed form describes how someone feels: tired, surprised,impressed, excited, frightened, bored, etc. Compare:I am reading an interesting book. I am interested in history.It is really surprising. Everyone was surprised that he

passed the exam.

List of Verbs that Form Adjectives from their Present andPast Participles

Verb Translation Present Participles (-ing forms)

Past Participles (-ed forms)

1 2 3 4 Alarm встревожить alarming alarmed

Amaze изумлять amazing amazed

Amuse развлекать(ся) amusing amused

Astonish изумлять astonishing astonished

Annoy досаждать annoying annoyed

Bore скучать boring bored

Confuse путать confusing confused

Disgust внушать отвращение disgusting disgusted

Depress подавлять, угнетать depressing depressed

Embarrass смущать embarrassing embarrassed

Excite вызывать эмоциональный отклик, какие-либо чувства

exciting excited

Exhaust изнурять exhausting exhausted

Frighten пугать frightening frightened

Fascinate восхищать fascinating fascinated

if h if i h ifi d

28

Продолжение таблицы

PRACTICE ACTIVITIES

37. Complete the unfinished words in these sentences eitherwith -ing or with -ed according to the meaning of the sentence.

A.1. I find these figures very disturb....2. It is surprise... how many people cannot swim.3. We showed them our holiday slides. They said nothing but I think

they found them quite interest... .4. The children seemed to be thrill... with their presents.5. He looked bor... but he assured me he was having a good time.

He had a satisfy... expression on his face.6. He was obviously pleas... with himself.7. I went to the sauna for a really relax... massage. Afterwards, I

felt very relax... .8. I have never been so embarrass... in my life – I had forgotten my

notes!9. That is a very tir... job: no wonder you look so exhaust ... .10. He kept us entertain... with excit... stories about his African

adventures.11. I find penguins the most fascinate... animals in the zoo.

29

12. Do you get many disappoint... customers, or are most peoplesatisfy... with your service?

B.1. We were all (horrify) when we heard about the disaster.2. It’s something (embarrass) when you have to ask people for

money.3. Are you (interest) in football?4. I enjoyed the football match. It was quite (excite).5. It was a really (terrify) experience. Afterwards everybody was

very (shock).6. I had never expected to be offered a job. I was really (amaze)

when I was offered it.7. The kitchen hasn’t been cleaned for ages. It was really (disgust).8. Do you easily get (embarrass)?

C.1 . I seldom visit art galleries. I’m not very in... in art.2 . We went for a very long walk. It was very ti....3 . Why do you always look so b...? Is your life really so b...?4 . He’s one of the most b... people I’ve ever met. He never stops

talking and never says anything in...5 . I was as... when I heard they were getting divorced. They had

always seemed so happy together.6 . I’m starting a new job next week. I’m quite ex... about it.

38. Complete two sentences for each situation.

1. It’s been raining all day. I hate this weather. (depress-) a) Thisweather is ... b) this weather makes me...

2. Astronomy is one of Tom’s main interests. (interest-) a) Tom is... in astronomy. b) He finds astronomy very ...

3. I turned off the television in the middle of the programme. (hot-)a) The programme was ... b) I was ...

4. Ann is going to America next month. She has never been herebefore. (excite-). a) She is really ... about going. b) It will be an ...experience for her.

5. Diana teaches young children. It’s a hard job. (exhaust-). a) Sheoften finds her job ... b) At the end of the day’s work she is often ...

30

39. Complete the sentences with an adjective ending in -ingor -ed or other endings.

1. The coincidence amazed us. We were ... .2. The journey tired us. The journey ... .3. The experience upset Silvia. Silvia... .4. The experience upset us. The experience ... .5. Gloria enchanted me. Gloria ... .6. I enchanted Gloria. Gloria ... .7. The children delighted us. The children ... .8. The children delighted us. We ... .9. The new building impresses us. The new building ... .10. The new building impresses everybody. Everybody ... .

EXTENDED PRACTICE

40. Complete the sentences with an adjective ending in -ingor -ed.

A.1. I don’t like horror films. I think they are (fright-) and (bor-).2. Don’t look so (surprise-). Of course, it was a (surprise-) decision

but we had no other way out.3. 3. It was a (tire-) journey. I wish I hadn’t had it. I feel completely

(exhaust-) after it.4. The football match was (disappoint-). Our team lost the game

and we left this stadium quite (disappoint-).5. He can’t remember his pupil’s names. It seemed funny at first,

but now it is rather (embarrass-).6. So far as Mrs Brown was concerned she didn’t seem to be in the

least (embarrass-).7. He didn’t come and she looked rather (worry-).8. The rise in crime is (depress-).9. The pictures made a (depress-) impression on him.10. She is not (satisfy-) with her profession.

B.1. Tom is (interest...) in politics. He really finds politics (interest....)2. The film was (disappoint...). I expected it to be much better.3. It was a really (terrify...) experience. Afterwards everybody was

(shock...).

31

4. Susan is one of the most (bore...) persons I’ve ever met. Shenever stops talking and she never says anything (interest...).

5. We were all (horrify...) when we heard about the earthquake.6. Do you easily get (embarrass...)?7. I was really (fascinat...) to hear about the travels in Africa.8. She was really (exhaust...) after her participation in the sailing

competition.9. The river rose to a (surprise...) level for this time of the year.10. The people in the nearby villages were worried by the continued

(alarm...) rise in the river level.

C.1. I’m surprised how warm it is for October. – Yes, all this sunshine

is quite (surprise...).2. I can’t understand these instructions. – Neither can I. I got very

(confus...) trying to make sense of them.3. The test results were very (disappoint...). – I was quite (shock...)

to see them.4. I don’t like rainy weather. – This weather makes me (depress...) too.5. Was it a big thrill meeting Tom Hanks? – You bet. It was just

about the most (thrill...) moments of my life.6. Claire was certainly (amus...). She couldn’t stop laughing. – I

also enjoyed the performance.7. You look (tir...). – Driving down from Scotland was pretty

(exhaust...).

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

FOR STUDY

For comparison, adjectives have got two forms: the comparativeand the superlative.

We use the comparative form + than to compare two people,things, etc.

e.g. Tina is shorter than Pam.This chair is more comfortable than the other one.We use the + superlative form + of/in to compare one person,

thing, etc. with more than one person, thing, etc. in the same group. Weuse in when we talk about places.

e.g. Peter is the smartest of all my students.

32

‘Don's’ is the most expensive restaurant in our town.The comparative of one-syllable adjectives is formed by adding -er,

and the superlative by adding -est. e.g. soft – softer – softest.The comparative of real, right and wrong is formed with more and

the superlative with most. e.g. real – more real – most realSome one-syllable adjectives of abstract meaning such as clear,

safe, true, free, wise, etc. take either -er/-est or more/most. e.g. clear –clearer – clearest OR clear – more clear – most clear

The comparative of two-syllable adjectives ending in -y is formedby adding -ier and the superlative by adding -iest. e.g. easy – easier –easiest (more usual). Also easy – more easy – most easy (less usual)

Some two-syllable adjectives such as: clever, common, stupid,narrow, gentle, friendly, simple, etc. take either -er/-est or more/most.

e.g. common – commoner – commonestOR common – more common – most commonThe comparative of adjectives ending in -ing (interesting), -ed

(pleased), -ful (careful) and -less (careless) is formed with more andthe superlative with most. e.g. thrilling – more thrilling – most thrilling

The comparative of adjectives of three or more syllables is formedwith more and the superlative with most.

e.g. intelligent – more intelligent – most intelligentNote:The Amazon is one of the longest rivers in the world.The Amazon is the second longest river in the world.This drink is best in cold weather. (=It's not so good in hot weather.)This drink is the best I've ever tasted. (=It's better than other drinks.)This hotel is least expensive in winter. (=It's cheaper than it is in

summer.)This hotel is the least expensive in the town. (=It's cheaper than

other hotels.)Most (without the) sometimes has the meaning of ‘nearly all’, ‘the

majority’: Most cars have four wheels. Most of my friends have cars.

Irregular Forms of Comparison

positive comparative superlative good/well bad/badly much/many/a lot of little far

better worse more less further/farther

best worst most least furthest/farthest

33

Comparative and superlative forms often confused

1. Further and farther refer to distance: London is five milesfurther / farther. Further (not ‘farther’) can mean ‘in addition’: There’sno further information.

2. We use elder / eldest before a noun only with reference to peoplein a family: my elder brother / son, the eldest child, he’s the eldest(but not ‘He is elder than me.’) We use older / oldest for people andthings: He is older than I am. This book is older.

3. Irregular comparisons: good / well – better – the best; bad –worse – the worst; much / many – more – the most; little – less – theleast. Good is an adjective; well is an adjective or an adverb.

4. Latest / last: I bought the latest (most recent) edition of today’spaper. I bought the last (=final) edition of today’s paper.

5. Lesser is formed from less but is not a true comparative. Wecannot use than after it. Lesser means ‘not so great’ and we use it infixed phrases like the lesser of two evils.

PRACTICE ACTIVITIES

41. Form the comparative and the superlative of theseadjectives. They all take -(e)r and -(e)st, except for numbers 9and 23. Pay attention to any spelling changes which are necessary.

1. Tiny2. Handsome3. Lively4. Dry5. Pleasant6. Simple7. Mellow8. Good9. Bad10. Far11. Sad12. Heavy

42. Give the comparatives and the superlatives.heap, fine, late, full, funny, good, boring, hard, handsome, honest, interesting,

lazy, light, old, nervous, sad, soft, far, violent, wet, silly, stupid, uncomfortable,useful, little, young, bad, fresh, important, many/much, pretty, gifted.

13. Grey14. Late15. Quiet16. Polite17. Clever18. Big19. Fat20. Wide21. Foggy22. Able23. Ill24. Common

25. Soon26. Thin27. Calm28. Healthy29. True30. Wide31. Early32. Narrow33. Free34. Rare35. Flat36. Pretty

34

43. Complete the sentences with:

a) a comparative and than1. She's much ... her husband. (young)2. It's a ... day ... yesterday. (warm)3. The vegetables in this shop are ... the ones in the supermarket.

(fresh)4. The train is ... the bus. (expensive)5. This new TV programme is much ... the old one. (funny)6. Mrs Davies is a ... teacher ... Mr Andrews. (good)7. My office is ... Helen's. (near)8. The traffic is ... it was last year. (noisy)9. You have a ... life ... I have. (busy)10. Drivers in this country are ... drivers in my country.(careless)11. The exam today was ... last year's exam. (difficult)12. She's much ... her sister. (kind)13. The North is ... the South. (rich)14. The students ask ... questions ... they did before. (intelligent)15. Her second book is ... her first. (interesting) b) a superlative

b) a superlative1. This is the ... case in the shop. (strong)2. You're the ... person here. (friendly)3. She's the ... student in the group.(intelligent)4. This is the ... day of my life. (happy)5. This is the ... hotel in town. (cheap)6. It's the ... place in the world. (wonderful)7. It's the ... film I've ever seen. (sad)8. It's the ... capital city in the world. (dirty)9. The people in this area are the ... in the country. (poor)10. She was the ... speaker of the evening. (amusing)11. This shop sells the ... vegetables. (fresh)12. It's the ... programme on television. (boring)13. This is the ... road in the country. (dangerous)14. She's the ... person I've ever met. (honest)15. It was the ... time of my life. (bad)

44. Form the comparatives and the superlatives.

MODEL: John, Bob, Henry – strong.John is strong, Bob is stronger and Henry is the strongest of all the three.

35

1. George, Nick, Mike – young.2. Sam, Tom, Charles – lucky.3. Ann, Betty, Kate – pretty.4. My answer, his answer, her answer at the exam – good.5. Fred, David, Ben – tall.6. My task, your task, his task – easy.7. John, his brother, his father – clever.8. Mary's dress, Ann's dress, Kate's dress – fashionable.9. Tom, his friend, George – brave.10. The Volga, the Danube, the Nile – long.11. English, Russian, Chinese – difficult.12. May, June, July – hot.13. Peter's flat, Nina's flat, Mark's flat – comfortable.14. Ben's car, Jim's car, Fred's car – bad.15. The performance, the film, the book – interesting.

EXTENDED PRACTICE

45. Make up sentences using the comparatives and thesuperlatives.

1. Girls (clever) > boys2. The sun (bright) > the moon3. Northerners (friendly) > southerners4. Rome (beautiful) > Milan5. Cats (intelligent) > dogs6. Dior dresses (elegant) > Balmain’s7. Men (sensible) > women8. The English (witty) > the Americans9. Some people (honest) > others10. Physics (hard) > chemistry11. Boys (sensitive) > girls

46. Use the correct form of the adjectives in brackets.

1. Health and happiness are (important) than money.2. I prefer this armchair. It’s (comfortable) than the other one.3. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be much (expensive).4. She is a very intelligent student. She is (intelligent) student in our school.5. This hat is too small for me. I need a (big) size.6. The station wasn’t as (near) as I expected.

36

7. Her illness was (serious) than we at first thought.8. It’s (funny) story I’ve ever head.9. My salary isn’t so (high) as yours.10. This furniture is too expensive for me. I would like to buy (cheap)

furniture.11. It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere (quiet)?12. He is (famous) singer in the country.13. A big car is (expensive) to run than a small car.14. I’m getting too old. The job is for a (young) man.15. Children nowadays seem to be much (noisy) than they used to be.16. You certainly look (happy) than you did yesterday.17. When the children get a bit (old) they will need a (big) house.18. I know the exams are (difficult) time of the year for students.19. He was much the same as I had remembered him, though he

had grown (heavy) and (thick). But his hair was even (curly) and he hada (pleasant) expression.

20. They were suspicious of us at first but eventually they became(friendly) and (relaxed).

21. Considering everything you have done for them, they ought tobe (willing) to help.

22. He’s one of (stupid) people I’ve ever met. He parked his car in(narrow) street in the village, and when another driver complained, hejust got angry awkward. In the end, a policeman came and fined him.Perhaps he’ll be (careful) in future.

23. Scientists claim oil pollution is (common) cause of death amongsea birds.

24. The last exam was quite easy and I began to feel (confident)about my results.

25. The report confirms that smoking is (important) cause of lung cancer26. Insects are (resistant) to radiation than large animals.

47. Complete the sentences with the words from the boxusing the proper degree.

1. She is easy to deal with. I think she is ... than her sister. 2. Isuppose the works of this artist are ... abroad than in his country. 3. Thisarmchair is ... of all. 4. He knows a lot. He is ... than his schoolmates.5. Let’s take the path. It’s ... 6. The street you live in is ... than mine.7. Days are getting ... in July. 8. He made ... mistakes in his class.

37

48. Correct the sentences if necessary.

1. I’m busier than my little sister.2. London is more old than New York.3. It’s the most sharp pencil I have.4. Do you know the shortest way to the station?5. This exercise is more difficult than that one.6. Be activer at your lessons, please.7. She is the most pretty girl I’ve ever known.8. The boy is as taller as his father.9. He makes more mistakes than you do.10. Baseball is the popularest summer game in America.11. Soon it began to get more darker and it was time to return.12. I’ve got a headache. Be quieter, please.13. Can you come more early next time?14. You should be carefuler.

49. Fill in the blanks with the correct form Positive/Comparative/Superlative. Use the proper article.

1. The three musicians play on (new) stage.2. She speaks in (loud) voice than the last time.3. They leave (quick) way they can.4. A whale is (long) than a dolphin.5. Is it (cheap) to go there by car or by train?6. Do you know that the Dead Sea is (salty) sea.7. This is (great) problem she has ever had.8. My case isn’t very (heavy). Yours is (heavy).9. Of the two skirts, that one is the (smart).10. These trousers are too small. I need (large) size.11. I’m so (strong) as a horse.12. China has got (large) population in the world.13. Of the three girls, this one is the (pretty).14. She is (wonderful) person in the whole band.15. He is also (polite) person than Paul.16. She has (difficult) job of all.17. I think dogs are (intelligent) than cats.18. Don’t talk about them. Let’s talk about something (interesting).19. Money is (important), but isn’t (important) thing in life.20. Which instrument makes (beautiful) music in the world?21. This room is not so (comfortable) as that one on the first floor.

38

22. Happiness is (important) than money.23. This coat is (expensive) of all.24. That painting is (impressive) than the one in your living room.25. Betty is (hard-work) than Jane, but Kate is (hard-work) of all.

50. Translate.

1. Кто из этих двух учеников лучший?2. Кто самый высокий ученик в классе?3. Из двух игрушек мальчик выбрал самую яркую.4. Возьмите этот чемодан, он легче вашего.5. Я думаю, что он старше вас, но моложе меня.6. Это самый талантливый студент в нашей группе.7. Где ближайшая почта?

FOR STUDY

We use adjectives or their comparative or superlative forms withthe following words:

a) very + adjectivee.g. It's very cold today.b) even / a lot / much / far / a bit / a little / slightly + comparativee.g. He seems much better today.c) by far + superlativee.g. She's by far the most beautiful woman I've ever seen.d) most + adj/adv = verye.g. This is most unusual. (It is very unusual.)e) any/no + comparative (it is used in questions and negations)e.g. The days aren't getting any warmer. I want no more of that

kind of behaviour.

PRACTICE ACTIVITIES

51. Use less/the least/fewer/the fewest.

1. Of all British cars, this one uses ... petrol. It also needs ... repairs.2. There were ... problems than we expected.3. ... girls than boys do mathematics at university. This may be

because girls get ... encouragement to study maths at school.4. Of all my friends, Jane does ... work.

39

5. I feel ... confident about the future than I did a year ago.6. My mother is/was ... optimistic person you can imagine.7. I've got ... money than I thought.8. As the years went by, they had ... things to say, and ... interest in

talking to each other.9. Ann's ... shy than Pat.10. I spoke English ... fluently a year ago than I do today.11. Ann was the person who made ... mistakes in the translation

exam.12. Do you want more time and ... money, or more money and...

time?13. He drives ... carefully than I expected.14. I think this country is ... prosperous than it was a year ago.15. Liz is very clever, but she has got ... self-confidence of anyone

I know.16. It was ... successful party we'd given.17. I've had ... days of work of anybody in the office.18. People from the north of my country speak ... politely than

people from the south.19. My home town is ... gorgerous place I know.20. ... people than usual were invited to the conference but

nevertheless it was a great success.

52. Fill in: further, furthest, better, best, worse and worst.

A. We've been driving for hours! The weather is getting 1) ... worse... How much 2) ... is it?

B. I'm not sure, but according to the map, this is the 3) ... route to take.A. Give me the map, please. I'll find a 4) ... way to get there. Why did

Dave choose the 5) ... restaurant out of town to go to on such a rainy night?B. I don't know. I think it's also one of the 6)... places to eat.A. Well, at this rate we're never going to get there!

53. Fill in: more, most, less and least.

A. This new energy-saving washing machine is the 1) ... most ...economical model on the market.

B. Is that because it uses 2) ... electricity than the others?A. Yes. It uses the 3) ... energy and saves you money.C. That's great. It also seems to have 4) ... functions than my old

one. I'll take it!

40

54. Choose the right forms to complete these sentences. Insome cases both variants are right.

1. Is your house much (farther, further)?2. Who's the (oldest, eldest) in this class?3. Your driving is (worse, worst) than mine.4. Have you heard the (last, latest) news?5. His (last, latest) words were: «The end».6. My flat is (smaller, less) than yours.7. I've got (smaller, less) than you.8. Jane is (older, elder) than I am.9. His English is (better, best) than mine.10. It's the (better, best) costume in the shop.11. It's the (oldest, eldest) tree in the country.12. She's my (older, elder) sister.13. You've got the (more, most)!14. Jane Somers writes (good, well).15. Her accent is (worse, worst) than his.

55. Circle the right form in these sentences.

1. It's the (less / lesser) of two evils.2. We have no (further / farther) information.3. Jane Somers writes (good / well).4. This is the town’s (oldest / eldest) house.5. I've got (less / lesser) than you.6. This is the (more / most) expensive.7. It's the (better / best) in the shop.8. It's the (furthest / farthest) point west.9. My flat is (littler / smaller) than yours.

56. Open the brackets and use the comparative form of theadjectives.

A.1. The 22 of December is the (short) day in the year.2. Elbrus is the (high) peak in the Caucasian mountains.

41

3. His plan is (practical) than yours.4. His plan is the (practical) one of all our plans.5. This room is (small) than all the rooms in the house.6. London is the (large) city in England.7. Silver is (heavy) than copper.8. This wall is (low) than that one.9. The Volga is the (long) river in Europe.10. This exercise is (good) than the last one.11. My cigarettes are (bad) than yours.12. I've got (far) information on this matter.13. The Thames is (wide) and (deep) than the Avon.14. I bought the (late) edition of today's paper.15. The two men are sitting at the bar. The one (near) to me is the

(big) and (strong) man I've ever seen.16. The one (far) from me is the (small) and (weak) one.17. This is her (good) answer.18. Iron is (useful) than any other metal.19. It's (late) than I thought.20. The car seems (bad) than yesterday.

B.1. This exercise is (simple) than that one. 2. Why are you talking?

Please be (quiet). 3. New districts of Moscow are (beautiful) than theold ones. 4. He is (clever) than his brother. 5. My (old) sister is 5 years(old) than me. 6. There are (many) customers on Sundays than onweekdays. 7. Are expensive things (good) than cheap ones? 8. Is Englishgrammar (difficult) than Russian grammar? 9. He has made (few)mistakes than yesterday. 10. She had to give us (far) information thoughshe didn’t want to. 11. Student from Group 3 are (industrious) thanthose from Group 5. 12. Have you met our new colleagues, Mr. Brownand Mr. Green? The former is an excellent economist, (late) is a goodlawyer. 13. They have got down to business without any (far) delay.14. This matter is (urgent) than that one. 15. He plays tennis (bad) thanshe. 16. He’s got a still (old) edition of this book. 17. Is there a (late)train passing here? 18. (far) details will be given tomorrow. 19. Sparrowsare (common) than any other birds. 20. Motor-cycles are (noisy) thancars, aren’t they?

42

C.1. I met my (good) friend yesterday. 2. Dorothy is (young) in her

family. 3. Henry is not (strong) his elder brother Bob. 4. – Isn’t it verywarm today, is it? – No, it was (warm) yesterday. 5. Your friend lookedupset yesterday. I’m glad he looks (happy) today. 6. Where is (near)post-office, please? 7. That’s (good) film I’ve ever seen. 8. Publictransport in London is (expensive) in Europe. 9. Do you think Americansare (nice) English people? 10. The 22nd of December is (short) day in theyear. 11. This is (old) theatre in London. 12. Pluto is (cold) of all theplanets. 13. My (old) sister doesn’t live with us. 14. This house is (old) ofall the houses in the street. 15. Go to the library if you need (far)information. 16. Life is (easy) it used to be. 17. I’m getting (fat) and(fat). 18. The problem was (serious) we expected. 19. Moscow is (large)city in Russia. 20. Let’s go by train. It’s much (cheap). 21. Is Alan (tall)than Jim? 22. I earn (little) money than he does. 23. He has (much) timethan me. 24. Your cottage isn’t (far) I thought. 25. (old) I get, (happy) Iam. 26. The grass is always (green) on the other side. 27. Dad oftensays that mom is his (good) half.

D.Your TV is a lot ... than ours. (good) 2. This is the ... film I’ve ever

seen. (bad) 3. Her accent is ... than mine. (correct) 4. Policemen seemto get ...every year. (young) 5. I’m ... the person in my family. 6. This isthe ... meal I’ve ever eaten. 7. I have a friend who’s much ... than me 8.A friend of mine married a man who is much ... than her. 9. Everest isthe ... mountain in the world. 10. A friend of mine married a woman whois much ... than him.

E.1. Who was (late) person to leave the building yesterday? 2. (Near)

train for Cardiff leaves in an hour. 3. They realise their plan without (far)difficulties. 4. Nell is three years (old) than her husband. 5. Her (old)brother is a well-known pianist. 6. The car was parked in (far) corner ofthe yard. 7. You’ll get (far) instructions in a few days. 8. It’s (bad) weatherwe had for a long time. 9. Can you tell me the way to (near) post office.10. Hilda is (old) in the family. 11. What do you think of his (late) play?It’s (good) play I’ve seen this year. 12. I’m looking forward to his (near)letter. 13. Who’s (good) player in the team? 14. She’s actually a gooddeal (old) than she looks. 15. My (old) daughter does nearly all thehousework. 16. Mercury is (near) to the Sun and Pluto is (far). 17. You

43

should get the patient to (near) doctor as soon as possible. 18. Yourability to remember things gets (bad) as the years go by. 19. Are thereany (far) questions? 20. Other students had poorer results. He isn’t (bad)student in the class. 21. Concerning your application, I’m afraid, we haveno (far) news. 22. The bus starts from the castle, which is (old) survivingbuilding in the town.

F.1. That is (incredible) story I have ever heard!2. It is not always (bright) students who do well in tests.3. Terylene shirts are harder-wearing, but cotton shirts are much

(comfortable).4. Which is (deep), Lake Garda or Lake Iseo?5. She is much (self-confident) than she used to be.6. (tall) man in Manresa is a basketball player.7. I like both of them, but I think Michael is (easy) to talk to.8. Most people are (well off) than their parents were.9. She has a lot to be thankful for – (sad) thing of all is that she does

not realize it.10. I want to rent a car – (powerful) one you have.11. You look a lot (well) than you did last time I saw you.12. There is nothing (irritating) than locking yourself out of your

own house.13. Both roads lead to the city centre, but the left-hand one is probably

a bit (short) and (direct).14. As I get (old), I notice that the policemen seem to be getting

(young)!15. Nothing could be (fine) than to be in Carolina. (song title)16. – 'Is Cambridge (old) university in Britain?' – 'No, Oxford is

about 50 years (old).'17. If you were (tidy) and (well-organized) than you are, you would

not keep losing things.18. The boys in our school are much (good-looking) and a lot (good)

at football than the boys in other schools in the town.

57. Complete using comparatives of the adjectives, add thanwhen necessary.

«Oh, why is English such a difficult language! I think it is (difficult)French. Sometimes I feel that my English is getting (bad), not (good)!When you first start learning English, it seems (easy) other languages

44

and the grammar looks (much/simple). However, when you become (alittle/advanced), it gets (a lot/complicated). There are also so many wordsin English! The dictionary I bought when I first came to Britain is far toosimple. I’m already looking for something (big) and (comprehensive).»

58. Put the adjectives into the correct form. Add the, a wherenecessary.

1. Two weeks ago I went to buy a birthday present for my (old) sister.You couldn’t meet (wonderful) person than her. She is one of (charming)women I know. She is also (generous- hearted) person I’ve ever met. Mothersays she could be a bit (tidy) than she is. Anyway, the present I wanted tobuy her had to be (good) I could afford. Eventually, I came across (beautiful)scarf I had ever seen. Imagine my disappointment when I discovered thenext day that Mother had bought her exactly the same scarf.

2. One of (embarrassing) experiences that can happen to anyone isto meet old friends, and not recognize them. I once had to welcome agroup of students at the airport. I knew (old) person, a Madame Dufort,would be in charge of them, and when the group appeared, this womancame towards me, smiling, and said: «Doctor, what a pleasant surprise!»If I had been (quick) and (intelligent) I would have said brightly: «Hownice to see you, my dear!» as if she were my (old) friend, but I just stoodthere, my face getting (red) and (red), trying to remember her. The (bad)thing about it was that she got even (embarrassed) than I was, and said:You don’t remember me», still not giving me (slight) clue. Fortunately,my wife, who is (quick-thinking) and (well-mannered) than I am, said:«Of course he does, Nicole but he is (absent-minded) person in the world».Nicole had been a student of mine years before, but she looked much(old), her hair was going grey, and her face had (many) lines in it than isusual at her age. She had got married, too, so her name was changed,and I find names (easy) to remember than faces.

59. Put the adjectives into the correct form, adding anynecessary words.

1. – David is (old) Steve, isn’t he? – Yes, David is 14 and Steve is 12.2. – Do you like being at university? – Yes, it’s (interesting) being at school.3. – Did you enjoy the meal? – Yes. It was (delicious) meal I’ve ever eaten.4. – Laura is a lovely person. – Yes. She is (nice) person I know.5. – Did you get a good grade in the exam? – Yes. It was much

(good) I had expected.

45

6. – Did you buy that jacket? – No. It was far (expensive) I had thought.7. – Do you like my new dress? – I love it! It’s (beautiful) dress

I’ve ever seen.8. – It was a great party, isn’t it? – Oh, yes! It was (good) party

I’ve ever been to.9. – Why are you so tired? – The meeting finished much (late) than

I had expected.10. – Mark is very clever. – Yes, he is (intelligent) boy in the school.

60. Put the adjectives in brackets into the comparative orsuperlative form, adding any necessary words.

A.1. A: Did you enjoy the film?

B: Yes. It was... the funniest... (funny) film I've ever seen.2. A: James is very tall.

B: Yes. He's ... (tall) boy in our class.3. A: Was it a good party?

B: Yes. I left far ... (late) I had intended to.4. A: Did you like the black dress?

B: Yes, but it was far ... (expensive) the blue one.5. A: Why do you want to go to Spain?

B: Because it's much ... (warm) England.6. A: Do you enjoy your job?

B: Oh, yes. It's ... (good) job I've ever had.7. A: If you need any ... (far) help, just ask me.

B: Thank you. That's very kind of you. My teacher is very clever.8. A: Yes. She's ... (intelligent) woman I've ever met.

B: Dinosaurs were ... (big) houses.9. A: I know. They were enormous.

B: How much did you pay for that bag?10. A: Ј5. It was ... (cheap) one I could find.

B: That exam was really difficult.11. A: I agree. It was a lot ... (difficult) I had expected.

B: Have you heard James playing the piano lately?12. A: Yes, but he doesn't seem to be getting ...(good).

B.Dear Anita,I'm writing to tell you about the auction I went to last weekend. It

was held in 1) ... the largest ... (large) ... house in the village and theitems being sold were far 2) ... (beautiful) I had expected. I saw 3) ...(pretty) vase I've ever seen, but it was also 4) ... (expensive) item there,

46

so I couldn't afford to buy it. I bid for some chairs. They were far 5) ...(nice) mine, but unfortunately someone made a 6) ... (good) offer thanme and I couldn't afford to make a 7) ... (high) bid.

In the end, I bought 8) ... (small) item of all, although it was not 9) ...(cheap) of all! It was a gold locket, which I'm going to give to my 10) ...(old) daughter on her 18th birthday. I think it's 11) ... (lovely) necklace I'veever seen and it was 12) ... (easy) to carry home than a set of chairs!

I enjoyed the auction very much and hope to go to another onesoon. Perhaps next time you'll come with me.

Write soon and tell me all your news.Love, Maggie

61. Write the correct form of the comparative or superlativeand complete the sentences with your own ideas.

1. In my opinion, ... the tiger is the most dangerous (dangerous)animal of all.

2. ... is ... (nice) place I have ever been to.3. ... (sweet) sugar.4. I can ... (good), but I can ... even ... (good)5. I think ... (difficult) subject of all!6. ... (valuable) rubies.7. ... (healthy) food of all!8. ... (efficient) old ones.9. ... (intelligent) person I have ever met.10. ... (expensive) silver jewellery.

62. Think of three people in your family or in the class. Writea sentence about each one using a superlative.

EXTENDED PRACTICE

63. Put the comparative or superlative form of the adjectivesin brackets.

The sinking of the Titanic is one of 1) ... the most famous ... (famous)shipwreck stories ... of ... all time. The Titanic was said to be 2) ... (safe)ocean liner ... the world. When it set sail, all the cabins were full, from3) ... (expensive) to 4) ... (cheap) ones on the lower deck. Some of5) ... (rich) people ... the world set sail for America on one of 6) ... (long)

47

and 7) ... (dangerous) crossings attempted by such a liner. The captainwas one of 8) ... (good), but he made a big mistake which caused hundredsof deaths. As they sailed on, the going became 9) ... difficult). Suddenlythe captain saw an iceberg ahead but, by then, it was too late to doanything. They sailed 10) ... (close) until finally they hit it. Everyonerushed to the lifeboats. Some survived but many died. The survivors saidit was 11) ... (frightening) experience... their lives and they felt like12) ... (lucky) people on earth to have survived.

64. Fill in the blanks as in the example:

A.Two weeks ago, I went into town to buy a birthday present for my 1) ...

oldest ... (old) sister. You couldn't meet a 2) ... (wonderful) person ... her.She is one of 3) ... (charming) and 4) ... (funny) women I know. She is also5) ... (generous)-hearted person I've ever met. 6) ... (bad) thing is that shehas a 7) ... (quick) temper ... me. Mother says she could also be a bit 8) ...(tidy) ... she is. Anyway, the present I wanted to buy her had to be 9) ...(good) I could afford. Eventually, I came across 10) ... (beautiful) scarf Ihad ever seen. It was 11) ... (long) ... the one she already had and much12) ... (colourful). Imagine my disappointment when I discovered the nextday that Mother had bought her exactly the same scarf.

B.What was life like when I was a boy? Well, I think it was 1) ...

better, (good) ... than ... life now. It was 2) ... (good) time ... my life.When I was 3) ... (young), people were 4) ... (happy) and 5) ... (polite)... they are now. Also, things were 6) ... (cheap) and money lasted a lot7) ... (long) ... nowadays. Some say that life is 8) ... (exciting) nowadays.It's true that you can travel 9) ... (far) and 10) ... (fast) ... when I was aboy and there is a lot 11) ... (much) choice of entertainment. But, on thewhole, I think life is much 12) ... (bad) nowadays.

C.New Cross Memorial is 1) ... the busiest ... (busy) hospital ... in ...

New York. It has 2) ... (new) medical equipment and 3) ... (fast)ambulances ... the city. Its waiting lists are 4) ... (short) ... other hospitals'and many people say the medical staff are 5) ... (caring)

America. Dr Moss works in the children's ward. Her work is 6) ...(hard) some of her colleagues' because she is 7) ... (qualify) doctor on

48

the ward. Despite this, she thinks she has 8) ... (good) job ... the hospital.Her hours are 9) ... (bad) ... her friends' but the rewards are 10) ...(great) ... theirs.

65. Maggie and Ray have just moved into a new house.Maggie is talking to Ann about it. Look at these extracts fromthe conversation and correct any mistakes.

1. A: Ray told me the people next door are very noisy.M: Sshh! Not as loud. They'll hear you. Actually, they’re not so bad

neighbours as we first thought.2. M: The previous owners wanted as many as Ј60,000 for it, but

Ј50,000 was so high as we could go.A: How large garage have you got?3. M: It's very small. In fact we can't get our car in, but that's not

too big problem. We park it outside.4. M: It's not such beautiful garden, but it's okay for us. The main

problem is a huge tree as few as 3 metres from the house, which keepsout the light.

5. A: Do you think Ray will be happy here?M: Well, I'm not as sure. He still has a long journey to work, and will

be in the car for as many as 3 hours a day.

66. Write sentences, using the words given.

1. Geneva / one of/ modern cities in Europe.2. Venice / romantic city / Europe.3. Paris / beautiful / spring.4. September / best time / visit India.5. Australia / hottest when it is winter in Europe.6. Spain / popular destination for British tourists.7. Americans, Germans and French people / frequent visitors to

Britain.8. Public transport in London / expensive / Europe.9. The beaches of Europe / crowded / August.10. There / something interesting to see / most countries.

67. a) A motoring magazine has tested six new cars and giventhem marks for price, running costs, reliability, and so on. Thecars get up to 5 marks in each category. For example, 5 means

49

very cheap, very economical, etc., and 0 means not at all cheap oreconomical, etc., 5 is the best mark and o is the worst. Comparethe cars, using the notes given in the table.

Prince / easy to drive / Delta – The Prince is easier to drive thanthe Delta.

Sahara / comfortable / Superior – The Sahara is just as comfortableas the Superior.

Swift / reliable / Libretto – The Swift is less reliable than theLibretto. or: The Swift isn’t as reliable as the Libretto.

1. Superior / comfortable / Libretto2. Swift / spacious / Sahara3. Delta / cheap / Prince4. Sahara / reliable / Libretto5. Prince / comfortable / Swift6. Delta/ fast/ Sahara7. Superior / economical / Delta8. Swift / easy to drive / Superior9. Sahara / good-looking / Prince10. Swift / comfortable / Libretto

b) Write six sentences saying which car is the best in eachcategory.

c) Talk to your partner about your own car (or the car youwould like to have). Discuss the similarities and differencesbetween the two cars.

d) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of travellingby public transport as against using your own car or bicycle.

cheap econo-mical

reliable easy to drive

comfor- table

spa-cious

fast good-looking

Prince 3 5 5 4 3 2 3 1 Delta 4 4 4 2 1 0 3 3 Swift 3 2 2 5 5 4 3 4 Sahara 5 3 4 2 4 3 1 3 Superior 1 0 3 4 4 4 5 5 Libretto 2 3 4 3 4 5 4 4

50

68. Your friend Sarah wants to buy a vacuum cleaner. Look atthe following advertisements, then write a letter advising her whichvacuum cleaner to buy, using comparisons.

69. Every year the Newton family argue about their summerholiday. This year the parents want to go to a lonely Scottish islandand their teenage children, Clare and Tom, want to go to the Costadel Sol. Try to think of their arguments. The words in the box willhelp you to make comparisons.

70. Look at these phrases which can be used when comparingthings. Decide which you’d find more useful in writing than inconversation.

it..., the weather, the beaches, the sea, the people, the scenery, the night life,

the food, the accommodation,...

nice, good, hot, cool, relaxing, peaceful, exciting, crowded, friendly,

healthy, warm, cheap, expensive, comfortable, beautiful,

51

Продолжение таблицы

c) Work in pairs. Choose any of the topics below that takeyour fanсу and make notes on both the similarities and thedifferences. Then write a couple of paragraphs, using some of thephrases given above. When you’ve finished, show yourparagraphs to another pair and ask them to comment.

Living in the country – Living in a large cityLiving in a hotel – Camping or self-cateringLife in your country – Life in BritainTourism nowadays – Tourism ten years agoThe climate in your country – The climate in BritainWorking in an office – Working in a factoryLearning English – Learning your languageThe British sense of humour – Your country's sense of humourTravelling today – Travelling in the future

71. Translate into English using the proper degrees of thewords in bold type.

1. Возьмите этот чемодан (suitcase), он легче вашего. 2. В районеWest End находятся самые дорогие магазины. 3. Что ты собираешьсяделать дальше? 4. Я думаю, что он старше вас, но моложе меня.5. Это самый талантливый студент в нашей группе. 6. Хотя у нас былисамые плохие места, нам очень понравился спектакль (performance).7. Где ближайшее почтовое отделение? 8. Последний поезд прибывалв полночь. 9. Последние известия были совсем неинтересные. 10. Ониполучили дополнительные сведения по этому вопросу.

INTENSIFIERSFOR STUDY

We can qualify an adjective or adverb by adding an adverb as anintensifier. The commonest of these is very but there is a wide choice ofsuch intensifiers, both formal and informal, as in the following table. But

1 2 Similarly,... In the same way,.... By the same token,...

In contrast,... On the other hand,... Conversely,..

52

the choice of intensifier is linked to the meaning of the adjective or adverb.These fall into two broad groups:

- absolute adject