Thermal-Infrared Radiometer & Microwave Radiometer 7.1 (Radiometer)7.2 Thermal-Infrared Radiometer7.3 Radar7.4 Microwave Radiometer7.5 (Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Physical Parameters7.6 Directional Spectrum of the Wind Waves

7.1 (Radiometer) visible and infrared radiometerthermal infrared radiometermicrowave radiometer

visible and near-infrared radiometerchlorophyll concentrationsuspended matter concentrationdiffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nmwater vapor contentsea surface temperaturesea surface wind vectortotal column precipitable water vaporsea surface salinity

MVISRNOAAAVHRR COCTSSeaStarSeaWiFSEOS-AMTerraEOS-PMAquaMODIS ERS-1/2ATSR-MAlong-Track Scanning Radiometer & Microwave RadiometerATSR

Seasat-A Nimbus-7SMMRDMSPSSM/I7EOS-PM AquaAMSR-E12ADEOS-IIAMSR14JERS-1Tropical Rainfall Measuring MissionTMITRMM Microwave Imager10

NOAA/TIROSAMSU-AAdvanced Microwave Sounding Unit23305090GHz15AMSU-B90150190GHz5TOPEX/PoseidonTOPEX TMRTOPEXs Microwave Radiometer18.021.037.0 GHzJason-1JasonJMRJasons Microwave Radiometer18.723.834.0 GHzMOSMSRMicrowave Scanning Radiometer23.831.4

7.2 Thermal-Infrared Radiometer

7.2.1

7.2.2

7.2.3 MODIS

7.2.1 Observation of Thermal-Infrared Radiometer on the Sea Surface Temperature infrared radiometer30

7-1

3.74.1m1012m1050 km10km

visible and near-infrared radiometer 6000Kthermal infrared radiometer 300K

1 23.710.5 3

SST11

SST

MCSST315m, 0.1mm,1m

7.2.2 SST

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

7.2.3 MODIS MODISModerate Resolution Imaging Spectro-Radiometer360.645 m14.235 m

7-1MODIS

MODIS3132MPSSTMiami Pathfinder SST algorithm 7-1

NOAAAVHRRMCSSTT31 MODIS31AVHRR4 T(31)(32) MODIS32 31 AVHRR4532 31T(31)(32) -MODISTiLiTiLiTi

7-2 in situ observations7-1 MPSST

3.7m4.1m SST1012mMODIS203.660m3.840 m223.929m3.989 m234.020m4.080 m 7-2

iMODIS2022 23SSTMCSSTMulti-Channel SST algorithm 7-3

ij MODIS2022 23fd 7-4

ab c m n pNASABrown Minnett 1999ab c m n p

RALMODIS RALMODISLinear MCSSTLinear Multi-Channel SST algorithm 7-5

Ts Ti iNLSSTNon-Linear SST algorithm 7-6

TbTi-TjAVHRR SSTAVHRR45in situ buoy dataNLSSTa 0 = 1.42a 1 = 0.94a2 = 0.098a3 = 0.88

7-2TERRA MODIS SST

7.3 Radar7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4

7.3.1 Beam Width of Radar Df(x)=1 I(0)I() (7-7)

3-10( (7-8)

7-77-8 (7-9)

(7-10)

sin() (7-11)

2half-power beam width

7.3.2 Directional Parameters of Antenna

normalized directional distributionFn, (7-12)

I,radiant intensityFn,gainthermal attenuationG (7-13)

radiant efficiencythermal attenuation (7-14)

PtP0Pt-P0directional coefficientD, (7-15)

directional coefficientD,1normalized directional distributionFn,1

7.3.3 Relation between Radiance and Temperature

-Rayleigh-Jeans Law (7-16)

LfradianceTbtemperature of the blackbodykbBoltzmann constantwavelengthnon-blackbody (7-17)

LfradianceTapapparent temperaturethermodynamic temperature

(7-18)

1/2AEeffective area.AEFn, (7-19)

brightness temperatureTA (7-20)

TA7-18

7.3.4 Antenna Transfer Function

thermal attenuation

(7-21)

Taoutput temperature of antennaTAbrightness temperature of antennaT0physical temperature of antenna7-187-21 (7-22)

7-20 (7-23)

efficiency of main petal of antennaam (7-24)

m[Tap]mn[Tap]n7-217-22antenna transfer function7-217-23 (7-25)

amTa

Nfband widtht (7-26)

an interval of timetN (7-27)

f = 2108Hz = 0.2GHzt = 0.1, N 2107emissivity

7.4 Microwave Radiometer

7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5 7.4.6 SSM/I

7.4.1 Introduction to Microwave Radiometer

:CXK

7-3

zenith angleview angle

incidence angle

6 GHzTbTSdTb/dTS6 .63GHz 49

7-3

7-4SSM/I

7-5AMSR-E Characteristics

7-6AMSR Characteristics

SSM/I

7-4AQUAAMSR-Ehttp://aqua.nasa.gov/

7.4.2 Radiative Transfer Equation in Microwave Bands 300GHz-Rayleigh-Jeans Lawbrightness temperatureradiance (7-28)

LzzkaLzkaLBz5-447-28 (7-29)

- (7-30)

T,happarent temperatureTu,hhview angle or zenith angle of observationeTseTsTzzair temperaturekabdzkabdzdzt0h (7-31)

0, h0hoptical thickness

7-5

(7-32)

T(,h)TuFresnel reflectanceTgal Tcosgalactic noisef>3GHzTgal

Tu t Td 7-30TuTd (7-33) (7-34)

kabdz = d(z, h)Tu (7-35)

TAeAeAaAaAt1

7.4.3 Microwave Emissivity of a Calm Sea Surface

e (7-36) (7-37)HV

4-564-57

Debye equation4-66

r, TS, SSTSSSSSTSSS

7-6=00C 30C35psuFresnel reflectance

L1.4GHz010

e-U1015/

7.4.4 Microwave Emissivity of a Rough Sea Surface two-scale modeldirect emissivity model.

L-TbTS (7-38)

e, f, , Ts, Ss, U10,fTsSs10U10

Bragg scatteringspecular reflection

Yueh19941997e (7-39)

S

7.4.5 Sea Surface Emissivity Model based on Small Slope Approximation

Tb (7-40)

TSTS ee0eTh,v=eTsbrightness temperature variation

Irisov1998SPASmall Perturbation ApproximationSSASmall Slope ApproximationIrisov2000WuFung1972Two-Scale Model

Sea Surface Emissivity Model based on Small Slope Approximatione (7-41)

ghvghgvghgvfr kWk,,

eWk,, U10ghgvr

(a) Th (b) Tv7-7Lf=1.4GHzThTvTSSS=0=0

20U10

180uncertainty=0=180Th,v180Lf=1.4GHz

(a) 0 (b) 107-8LThTvTS=12CSS =35psuU10=10m/s

7-9010Th+Tv

20U10

7.4.6 SSM/ISSM/I Algorithm on Sea Surface Emissivity

7-40SSM/IWentz1997SSM/I (7-43) e0eTh,v=eTshvTS

e0Wentz1997e0 (7-44)

TStt =TS -273.16q = -5148<

48<

7-77-447-46

7.5 Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Physical Parameters

7.5.1 7.5.2

7.5.1 Sea Surface Temperature Retrieval Algorithm for Microwave Radiometer

SMMR SSTStatistical Inversion methodD-D-Matrix methodSST

TBAMSRDiAMSR D0 = - 2.178E+02D16.9V= 1.639E+00D26.9H= - 7.777E-03D310.6V= 1.657E-01 D410.6H= - 9.669E-02D5(18.7V)= 1.590E-02D6(18.7H)= - 4.331E-02D7(23.8V)= 1.720E-01 D8(23.8H)= 9.6450E-02 D9(37.0V)= - 1.734E-01 D10(37.0H)= - 3.419E-01D-SSTAMSRAMSR-E

JERS-1Tropical Rainfall Measuring MissionTMITRMM Microwave ImagerTMID-SST (7-48)

TMIAVHRRD0 = - 1.67E+02D110.7V= 1.78E+00D210.7H= - 1.15E+00D319.4V=1.72E+00 D419.4H= - 9.34E-01D5(21.3V)=3.23E-02D637V= - 1.71E+00D737H=8.79E-01AVHRRTMID0 = - 2.05E+02D110.7V= 1.868E+00D210.7H= - 7.84E-01D319.4V=3.21E-02 D419.4H= - 2.19E-02D5(21.3V)=4.93E-02D637V= - 2.04E-01D737H=8.07E-02

DMSPSSM/ISpecial Sensor Microwave/ImagerD-SSTSSM/I (7-49)

SSM/ID0 = - 1.2003E+02D119.4V= 3.2346E+00D219.4H= - 1.7780E+00D322.2V=3.2509E-01 D437V= - 2.1854E+00D5(37H)=8.5434E-01

7.5.2 Sea Surface Wind Retrieval Algorithm for Microwave Radiometer

D-ERTSSM/IERTERTSSWSSM/ISSM/I-GSWTBSSM/IDiD0 =147.90D119.4V= 1.0969D222V= - 0.4555 D337V= - 1.7600D4(37H)=0.7860

7-8SSM/I-GSW

Petty1993SSM/I-GSWPSSM/I-GSWin-situ water vaporSSM/IWVWater Vapor (7-51) SSM/IPetty1993SSM/I-GSWresidualCORcorrection

SSM/I-GSWP (7-53)

WGSWSSM/I-GSWWGSWPSSM/I-GSWPWCOR50SSM/I-GSWSSM/I-GSWP15m/saccuracy2m/s

7.6 Directional Spectrum of the Wind Waves

7.6.1 7.6.2 7.6.3

7.6.1 Directional Spectrum of the Wind Waves for Deep Water

Liu Yan 1995Liu 19982000Liu2003Liu2003wind speedinverse wave ageinverse spectral widthslopeLiu2003

Liu2003elevation (7-54)

awDk, directional spreading functionpspectral-peak angular frequencypspectral-peak angular frequency at directionb

. (7-55)

U1010mwind speed at a height of 10 m in a neutrally stable atmosphere cm = 0.23m/s

a p

fully developed wind waves=1.0developing wind waves

p

w

Dk,

kppb

p

=0.08

7.6.2 Spectrum of Gravity-Capillary Waves

Liu Yan1995Liu20002003 (7-56)

threshold wind friction velocity =0.030.05m/s

dissipation factor

1 =0.001=01 =0.0002=1802 =0.00005=90

e =0.0011(rad/cm)-2.5(cm/s)-0.75spectral-peak enhancement factor

p =0.6k900

7.6.3 Omni-Directional Curvature Spectrum of Wind Waves

kwavenumberdispersion relation

surface tensiong

slopefirst-order derivation of sea surface elevationcurvaturePhillips1985degree of saturation (7-57)

=0Sk, kdirectional spectrum of sea surface elevationdirectional wavenumber spectrumBk, Bkomni-directional curvature spectrum

Liu2003

Blong(k, )Bshort(k, )max

DurdenVesecky1985Apel1994Elfouhaily1997Kudryavtsev1999

7-107-577-59103m/s21m/s2m/s

a DurkenVeseckyYueh1997 bApel Apel 19947-11103m/s21m/s2m/s

cElfouhailyElfouhaily1997 dKudryatsev Kudryavtsev1999

7-127-577-59U10=2.5m/sU10=11-13m/s

End

(5-44)