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EY 30303
(Power Plant Engineering)
. . ( )
2561
i
EY
................................................................................................................................................................ i
........................................................................................................................................................... iii
................................................................................................................................................ xi
................................................................................................................................................ xv
..................................................................................................................... 1
1 .............................................................................................................. 11
1 .............................................................................................................................................. 13
1.1 (Electric Situation in Thailand) .............................................. 13
1.1.1 ..................................................................................................................... 13
1.1.2 ................................................................................................................... 15
1.2 (Electricity) ............................................................................................................... 16
1.3 (Load) .................................................................................................................. 18
1.4 .................................................................................................. 19
1.4.1 (Load Factor)..................................................................................... 20
1.4.2 (Capacity Factor or Plant Factor) ..................................................... 21
1.4.3 (Reserve Factor) ............................................................................... 21
1.4.4 (Demand Factor) ................................................................... 22
1.4.5 (Diversity Factor) ............................................................................. 22
1.4.6 (Plant Use Factor)............................................................................. 24
1.5 (Selection of Power Plant Units) ....................................................... 27
1.6 (Location of Power Plants) ................................................................... 29
1.6.1 ............................................................................................................. 29
1.6.2 .................................................................................................... 29
1.6.3 ......................................................................................................... 29
iv
( )
1.7 (Power Plant Economics) ................................................. 30
1 .............................................................................................................................. 32
........................................................................................................................................... 33
2 .............................................................................................................. 35
2 ..................................................................... 37
2.1 ................................................................................................................................................. 37
2.2 ........................................................................................................................ 38
2.3 (The Externally Irreversible Rankine Cycle) .................. 42
2.4 (The Internally Irreversible Rankine Cycle) ...................... 44
2.5 (Reheat) ............................................................................................................ 48
2.6 (Regeneration) ......................................................................................................... 52
2.7 (The Supercritical-Pressure Cycle) .................................................. 53
2.8 - ...................................................................... 55
2 .............................................................................................................................. 57
........................................................................................................................................... 58
3 .............................................................................................................. 59
3 ................................................................................................................ 61
3.1 ................................................................................................................................................. 61
3.2 ...................................................................................................................................... 63
3.2.1 .................................................................................................................... 63
3.2.2 ................................................................................................................. 66
3.3 .................................................................................................................................... 66
3.4 ...................................................................................................................................... 68
3.5 (Heating Value) ............................................................................................ 70
v
( )
3.6 ...................................................................................................................... 72
3.6.1 (AF-ratio) .................................................................................... 75
3.6.2 ................................ 76
3.6.3 (% excess air) ..................... 77
3.6.4 ............................................................................. 78
3 .............................................................................................................................. 84
........................................................................................................................................... 85
4 .............................................................................................................. 87
4 ........................................................................................................................... 89
4.1 ................................................................................................................................................. 89
4.2 (Fire Tube Boilers) ........................................................................................ 90
4.2.1 ............................................................................................................... 91
4.2.2 ............................................................................................................ 93
4.3 (Definitions of Steam Generator) ............................................ 97
4.3.1 (Steam Generator) (Boilers) ............................................. 97
4.3.2 (Steam) ............................................................................................................................ 97
4.3.3 (Superheated Steam) ................................................................................................... 98
4.3.4 (Pressure) ................................................................................................................... 98
4.3.5 (Boiler Capacity) ....................................................................... 99
4.3.6 (Boiler Horsepower) .................................................................................... 99
4.3.7 (Boiler Efficiency) ...................................................................... 100
4.4 (Water Tube Boilers)............................................................. 101
4.4.1 (Straight Tube Boiler) ........................................................................ 101
4.4.2 (Bent Tube Boiler) ............................................................................... 103
vi
( )
4.5 (Steam Generator for Power Plants) ................................. 104
4.6 (Water Circulation) ................................................................................... 111
4.6.1 (Natural Circulation) ..................................................................... 111
4.6.2 (Forced circulation) ............................................................................ 112
4.7 (Superheaters and Reheaters) ....................................... 112
4.7.1 (Convection Superheaters) ........................................ 113
4.7.2 (Radiant Superheaters) ......................................... 113
4.8 (Economizers) ......................................................... 116
4.9 (Air Preheaters) .................................................................................................. 117
4.10 ..................................................................................................... 117
4.10.1 ............................................................................................................ 118
4.10.2 .......................................................................................................................... 118
4.11 (Energy Balance in Boilers) ........................................................... 119
4 ............................................................................................................................ 128
......................................................................................................................................... 129
5 ............................................................................................................ 131
5 ......................................................................................... 133
5.1 ............................................................................................................................................... 133
5.2 ....................................................................................................................................... 135
5.3 ........................................................................................................................................ 137
5.4 .......................................................................................................................... 139
5.5 ........................................................................................................... 140
5.6 ............................................................................................................... 141
5 ............................................................................................................................ 148
vii
( )
......................................................................................................................................... 149
6 ............................................................................................................ 151
6 .................................................................................................................................... 153
6.1 ............................................................................................................................................... 153
6.2 ............................................................................................................................................... 154
6.3 ................................................................................................................................... 155
6.4 ................................................................................................................................. 158
6.5 ................................................................................................................. 159
6 ............................................................................................................................ 162
......................................................................................................................................... 163
7 ............................................................................................................ 165
7 .............................................................................. 167
7.1 ............................................................................................................................................... 167
7.2 ................................................................................................................................... 168
7.3 (Cooling Tower).................................................................................................... 168
7.4 ................................................................................. 170
7.5 ................................................................................. 170
7.6 ....................................................................................... 172
7 ............................................................................................................................ 174
......................................................................................................................................... 175
8 ............................................................................................................ 177
8 ........................................................................................................................... 179
8.1 ......................................................................................................................... 179
8.2 .............................................................................................. 181
8.3 ........................................................................................................... 182
viii
( )
8.3.1 .......................................................................................... 182
8.3.2 ................................................................................... 184
8.3.3 .................................................................................................. 186
8.4 .................................................................................................................................. 186
8.4.1 .......................................................................... 186
8.4.2 ................................................................................. 188
8.5 ........................................................................................................................................... 189
8.6 .................................................................................................................................... 193
8.7 ................................................................................................................................. 198
8.8 ................................................................................................................................. 200
8.9 ...................................................................................................................... 201
8.10 ............................................................................................... 201
8 ............................................................................................................................ 204
......................................................................................................................................... 205
9 ............................................................................................................ 207
9 .................................................................................................................... 209
9.1 ............................................................................................................................................... 209
9.1.1 ......................................................................................... 209
9.1.2 ........................................................................................................................ 211
9.1.3 ................................................................................................................ 216
9.2 .............................................................................. 216
9.2.1 .................................................................................................... 217
9.2.2 ...................................................................................... 218
9.2.3 ........................................................................... 221
ix
( )
9 ............................................................................................................................ 225
......................................................................................................................................... 226
10 ......................................................................................................... 227
10 ..................................................................................................... 229
10.1 ............................................................................................................................................ 229
10.1.1 ........................................................................ 229
10.1.2 ...................................................... 234
10.1.3 ............................................................................ 235
10.2 .............................................................................. 237
10.2.1 (Photovoltaic) ................................................... 237
10.2.2 (Solar Thermal) ...................... 243
10 .......................................................................................................................... 247
......................................................................................................................................... 248
.............................................................................................................................................. 249
. ..................................................................................... 251
1.1 . . 2554 .................................. 14
1.2 Load curve ..................................................................................................... 18
1.3 ( ) Load curve ( ) Load duration Curve ....................................................................... 19
1.4 ( ) Diversity of load ( ) Load Curve ................. 23
1.5 Load curve 1.1 ............................................................................................ 25
1.6 Load Curve 24 ......................................................... 28
2.1 .............................................................................. 38
2.2 ............................................................................ 38
2.3 P-v T-s ...................................................................... 39
2.4 ............................................................................................ 43
2.5 ......................................................... 44
2.6 T-s ................................................... 45
2.7 .............................................................. 48
2.8 T-s 2.7 ............................................................................... 49
2.9 ................................................................................... 52
2.10 T-s 2 53
2.11 ............................................................................................. 55
3.1 .................................................................................................................. 61
3.2 .............................................. 67
3.3 ......................................................................................................... 72
3.4 ............................................................................ 75
3.5 ................ 78
4.1 ........................................................................................... 91
4.2 - .................................................................................................. 92
4.3 - ................................................................................................ 92
4.4 ................................................................................................... 93
4.5 ............................................................................................................. 94
4.6 .................................................................. 95
4.7 ............................................................................................................................. 96
4.8 .................................................................................................................. 97
4.9 ............................................................................................................. 102
xii
( )
4.10 ....................................................................................................... 102
4.11 .................................................................................................... 103
4.12 (Drum) .......................................... 103
4.13 ............................................................................................................. 104
4.14 ............................................................. 105
4.15 [EI-Wakil, M.M., 19841 ............................................................ 106
4.16 ................................................................... 109
4.17 [Nag, P.K., 2008] .................................................... 109
4.18 ................................... 110
4.19 .............................................................................................. 111
4.20
.................................................................................................................................................. 114
4.21 ................................................................... 115
4.22
........................................................................................................................ 116
4.23 ............................................................................................. 120
5.1 ................................................................................... 134
5.2 .................................................... 135
5.3 ....................................................................................................... 136
5.4 .................................................................... 138
5.5 (Indirect closed cycle) ............................................... 139
5.6 ........................................................................................................... 141
5.7 p-r T-s ............................................... 141
6.1 Hero Alexandia ......... 153
6.2 (impulse turbines) .................................................................. 155
6.3 ........................................................................................ 157
7.1 .................................. 167
7.2 ................................................................................................. 168
8.1 ......................................................................................... 182
8.2 ............................................................................................ 182
xiii
( )
8.3 ................................................................................................ 183
8.4 ................................................................................................... 183
8.5 (Head) ......................................................................................... 184
8.6 .......................................................................................................... 184
8.7 .............................................................................................. 185
8.8 .............................................................................................. 185
8.9 ......................................................................................................................... 187
8.10 ............................................................................................................................ 187
8.11 ............................................................................................................ 187
8.12 (Banki turbine) .................................................................................................... 190
8.13 (Turgo turbine) ................................................................................................ 190
8.14 ............................................................................................................ 191
8.15 (Francis turbine) ............................................................................................ 192
8.16 (Deriaz turbine) ................................................................................................ 192
8.17 (Kaplan turbine) ............................................................................................. 192
8.18 ............................................................................................................................. 193
8.19 ........................................................................................... 193
8.20 ................................................................................. 194
8.21 ....................................................................... 194
8.22 ......................................................... 198
8.23
1
45o – 70o 1 20o – 60o
260 – 280 91% ................................ 200
9.1 .................................................................................................... 217
9.2 ....................................................................................... 218
9.3 ) , ) .......... 219
9.4 Steam Turbine Cogeneration .................................................................... 219
9.5 Gas Turbine Cogeneration ..................................................................................................... 220
9.6 Internal Combustion Engine Cogeneration ........................................................................ 221
xiv
( )
9.7 Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) ............................................................................... 221
9.8 (Cyclone) ..................................................................................................................... 222
9.9 (Bag Filter) ................................................................................................................... 222
9.10 Wet Collector ......................................................................................................................... 223
9.11 Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) ................................................................................ 223
9.12 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) ................................................................. 224
10.1 ............................................................................. 233
10.2 .............................................................................................. 235
10.3 ....................................................................... 236
10.4 ....................................................................................... 236
10.5 ( ) Mono crystalline, ( ) Poly crystalline ( )
Amorphous ..................................................................................................................................... 240
10.6 Charge controller .................................................................................................................. 241
10.7 ................................................................................................................... 242
10.8 .............................................................................................................................. 242
10.9 ....................................................... 243
10.10 Solar Concentration Dish ................................................................................................... 244
10.11 Parabolic trough .................................................................................................................. 244
10.12 Solar Tower ......................................................................................................................... 245
10.13 Solar Chimney ..................................................................................................................... 246
1.1 .......................................................................... 13
1.2 ............................................................................ 15
1.3 ........................................................................................ 16
3.1 2 .................................................... 62
3.2 (% ) .................................................................. 64
3.3 ( ASTM D388) ................................ 65
3.4 ......................................................................................... 65
3.5 .................................................................................. 66
3.6 ......................................................................................... 68
3.7 ............................................................................ 69
3.8 ...................................................................... 70
3.9 .......................................................................... 70
3.10 (HHV) .................................................... 71
3.11 (HIV) .................................................... 71
3.12 (HHV) .................................................... 72
3.13 ............................................................ 73
3.14 ............................................................................ 75
3.15 ............................................................... 78
3.16 ................................................................................. 83
4.1 ............................................................... 97
7.1 ........................................................ 171
8.1 3 ........................................................................................... 201
9.1 . .2551 ............................................................................... 214
9.2 ( . . 53 - . . 53) ................................................................................. 215
9.3 ..................................................................................................... 216
10.1 ........ 230
10.2 ...... 232
10.3 ...................... 232
10.4 ............................................ 240
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Power Plant Engineering
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6
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.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Power point
-
.
-
(Rankin
cycle)
-
-
- ,
-
- Power point
-
.
-
(Fuel and
combustion)
-
-
- ,
-
- Power point
-
.
(Steam generator)
-
-
- ,
-
- Power point
-
.
(Gas
turbine cycle)
-
-
- ,
-
-
- Power point
-
.
7
. /
.
(Steam
turbines)
-
-
- ,
-
- Power point
-
.
-
-
- ,
-
- Power point
-
.
(Combined
Cycle Power
Generation)
-
-
- ,
-
- Power point
-
.
-
-
- ,
-
-
- Power point
-
.
-
-
-
- Power point
.
-
-
-
- Power point
.
-
-
-
- Power point
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8
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9
.
“ ” , , 2560.
“ ” SE-ED, , 2559.
“ ” , , 2556.
“ ” 2540.
“ ” 2549.
EI-Wakil M.M., “Powerplant Technology” McGraw-Hill, USA., 1984.
Cengel Y.A. and Boles M.A., “Thermodynamics an Engineering Approach (four edition)”, McGraw-
Hill, USA, 2002.
Moran M.J. and Shapiro H.N. , “Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics (third edition)”,
John Wiley & Sons, USA., 1995.
P K NAG, “Power Plant Engineering ( third edition) ” , Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limitted, New delli, India, 2008.
2.
3.
.
- /
-
-
online
.
-
-
.
-
-
10
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-
-
.
-
1
1.
2. (Electricity)
3. (Load)
4.
5.
6. (Location of Power Plants)
7. (Power Plant Economics)
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
12
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2. -
3.
4.
1.
2. 80
1
1.1 (Electric Situation in Thailand)
1.1.1
31,773 MW
1.1
1.1
: (2554).
1) . (Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, EGAT)
.
IPP, SPP VSPP
2) (Independent power producer, IPP)
. . IPP
MW (%) MW (%) MW (%) MW (%) MW (%)
3,475 12.29 3,481 11.41 3,488 11.40 3,488 11.08 3,500 11.02
9,297 32.87 8,587 28.15 8,185 26.74 8,185 26.00 8,115 25.54
847 2.99 847 2.78 805 2.63 805 2.56 812 2.56
12,238 43.27 15,082 49.44 15,421 50.38 16,091 51.11 16,091 50.64
29 0.10 31 0.10 33 0.11 29 0.09 35 0.11
2,388 8.44 2,454 8.04 2,602 8.50 2,768 8.79 2,925 9.21
8 0.03 23 0.08 60 0.20 90 0.29 116 0.37
3 0.01 3 0.01 13 0.04 29 0.09 179 0.56
28,285 100.00 30,508 100.00 30,607 100.00 31,485 100.00 31,773 100.00
(OTHERS)
(TOTAL)
(THEPMAL SYSTEM)
(GAS TURBINE)
(COMBINED CYCLE)
(DIESEL)
(CO-GENERATION)
(GAS ENGINE)
NATIONAL GRID INSTALLED
. .
CAPACITY
(HYDRO)
2550 2551 2552 2553 2554
14
. .
3) (Small power producer, SPP)
. 90 MW SPP
(Cogeneration)
10% 45%
4) (Very small power producer, VSPP)
10 MW
SPP
25%
. . 2554 31,773 MW
. 14,998 MW 48% IPP 12,082 MW 38%
SPP 2,182 MW 7% VSSP 320 MW 1%
. 2,185 MW
7% 1.1
1.1 . . 2554
( : , 2554]
15
1.1.2
. . 2554 148,700
0.4% . . 2553
1)
1.2 5 . . 2554
1.1) 63,418
42.7% 0.3% . . 2553
1.2)
51,019 34.3% 0.39 . .
2553
1.3) 32,920 22.1%
1.3% . . 2553
1.4) 304
0.2% 9.5% . . 2553
1.5) ( ) 933
0.6% 18.4% . . 2553
1.6)
( ) 106
0.1% 43.2% . . 2553
1.2
: (2554).
GWh (%) GWh (%) GWh (%) GWh (%) GWh (%)
28,041 21.06 28,785 21.25 30,371 22.46 33,337 22.33 32,920 22.14
42,951 32.25 48,162 35.56 47,092 34.83 51,155 34.26 51,019 34.31
61,168 45.93 57,429 42.40 56,670 41.91 63,630 42.61 63,418 42.65
58 0.04 60 0.04 62 0.05 74 0.05 106 0.07
268 0.20 282 0.21 318 0.24 336 0.23 304 0.20
692 0.52 731 0.54 696 0.51 788 0.53 933 0.63
133,178 100.00 135,449 100.00 135,209 100.00 149,320 100.00 148,700 100.00
(OTHERS)
(TOTAL)
ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION BY SECTORS
(RESIDENTIAL)
(COMMERCIAL)
(INDUSTRIAL)
(TRANSPORTATION)
(AGRICULTURE)
. .
2550 2551 2552 2553 2554
16
2)
1.3 5 . . 2554
2.1)
44,191 29.7%
1.9% . . 2553
2.2) 104,509
70.3% 0.2% . . 2553
1.3
: , (2554).
1.2 (Electricity)
(Plant)
(Power plant) (Electric power plant) (
)
17
1) (Thermal power plant)
2) (Gas turbine power plant)
3) (Combined-cycle power plant)
4) (Nuclear power plant)
5) (Hydroelectric power plant)
6) (Diesel engine power plant)
7) (Renewable energy power plant)
(Steam)
(Working fluid)
80%
18
(Cogeneration plant)
1.3 (Load)
Load kW MW
1 1 1
(Load curve) 1.2 Load
(Base load) (Intermediate load) (Peak load)
1.2 Load curve
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
1 1 1
1 1 8,760
(Load duration Curve)
Load 1
Load Load ( )
19
Load 1.3 Load duration Curve Load
Curve
) )
1.3 ( ) Load curve ( ) Load duration Curve
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
1.3 ( ) Load curve
Load duration
Curve 1.3 ( ) (Peak load)
Load Load
1 Load (Peak load) 100 MW 3 2
Load duration curve Load
100 MW 6 (3 - 2 )
Load duration curve
1.4
(Supply) (Demand)
20
2
1) (Total power output to be installed)
kW
- (kWmax)
-
-
2) (The generating unit)
kW
(Unit)
- Load curve 24 )
-
-
-
-
- kW
Load duration curve (Terms)
(Factors)
(Terms)
(Factors)
1.4.1 (Load Factor)
(Load Factor) Load (Average load)
Load (Peak load) (1.1)
(1.2)
Load factor m = Load
Load (1.1)
Load factor m = kWh
kWmax×8,760 hr (1.2)
1 24 x 365 = 8,760 Load (Average load)
Load Curve 1.2 kW
MW
21
Load = Load curve (kwh)
24 hr (1.3)
Load factor 1 (1.1) Load Load
Load factor 1
Load Load
Load 1 1,000 MW Load 1 350 MW Load factor
350/1,000 = 0.35 Load factor Load Load
Load factor
1.4.2 (Capacity Factor or Plant Factor)
(Capacity Factor or Plant Factor) Load
(Average load) (1.4) (1.5)
Capacity factor or plant factor (n) = Load (kW)
(kWinst) (1.4)
Capacity factor or plant factor (n) = kWhgen (year)
kWinst × 8,760 hr (1.5)
kWhgen(year) kWh 1
Capacity factor
Capacity factor 1 1
Load Load factor Capacity factor
Load Load Reserve factor (r)
1.4.3 (Reserve Factor)
(Reserve Factor) (kWinst)
Load (KWmax) Load factor Capacity factor
22
Reserve factor (r)=kWinst
kWmax=
Load factor
Capacity factor=
m
n (1.6)
Reserve factor (r) 1 Reserve factor 1.2
Load (kWmax) 20% 20%
1.4.4 (Demand Factor)
Load Connected demand
Connected demand Load
Load Connected load Demand factor
Load (kWmax) Total connected demand (kWconn)
Demand factor (dem)=Load
total connecteddemand (1.7)
Demand factor (dem)=kWmax
kWconn (1.8)
Demand factor (dem) Load Connected demand
(1.7) (1.8) Demand factor 1
1.4.5 (Diversity Factor)
1.4 Load curve 3 (Sector)
(Industry) (Resident)
(Shopping area, office and workshop)
23
) )
1.4 ( ) Diversity of load ( ) Load Curve
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
(09.00 - 16:00 .)
(Total load) 1.4 ( )
(Load peak
load) Diversity factor (div)
Diversity factor Load
Load (1.9)
Diversity factor (div)= Load
Load Load (1.9)
1.4 ( ) Diversity factor
24
Diversity factor (div)=a+b+c
d (1.10)
a (Resident)
b
(Shopping area, office and workshop)
c (Industry)
d (Total load)
Diversity factor 1 Diversity factor
1 a+b+c d
Peak load Diversity factor 1
1.4 ( ) Load curve
Load Curve Load
Load Off-peak
Demand factor, Load factor, Diversity factor Capacity factor
1.4.6 (Plant Use Factor)
1
Plant use factor (u)=kWhgen
kWinst×hr (1.11)
hr
8,760 Plant use factor Capacity
factor (Terms) (factors)
Reserve factor
1.2-1.25 20-25%
25
Load duration
curve Load Curve 1.3 Load 3
(Base load) (Intermediate load) (Peak load)
Base load 100% Peak load 15% Peak load
Load
Base load
Intermediate load
Peak load
Peak load
Peak load
1.1
( ) Load Curve Load factor
( ) 30 MW 70 MW Load factor
Plant use factor
1.5 Load curve 1.1
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
( ) Load curve 1.5
26
= 1.5
= {(30 x 6) + (70 x 4) + (90 x 2)+60 x 4) +(100 x 4) + (80 x 2) + (60 x 2)] MWh
= 1,560 MWh
Load = 1,560 MWh
24 hr= 65 MW
Load factor = Load
Peak Load=
65MW
100MW
= 0.65
( ) 30 MW 70 MW
30 MW 10 - 12, 16 - 20, 20 - 22
= (20 x 2) + (30 X 4) + (10X2)] MWh
= 180 MWh
30 MW = (2 + 4 + 2) hr = 8 hr
Load = 180 MWh
8 hr= 22.5 MW
Load factor = 22.5 MW
30 MW=0.75
= 0.75
Plant use factor = ×
=180 MW
30 MW×8 hr
= 0.75
1.2 Load 60 MW load Connected demand
30 MW, 20 MW, 10 MW 14 MW 80 MW Load
factor 0.50
( ) Load ( )
( ) Demand factor ( ) Diversity factor
( ) Load
Load factor = Load
Load
Load = 0.5 x 60 MW = 30 MW
( ) = Load x 8,760 hr
27
= 30 MW x 8,760 hr
= 262,800 MWh
( ) Demand factor = Load
Connecteddemand
=60 MW
30+20+10+14 MW
= 0.811
( ) Diversity factor = Load
Load
= 30+20+10+14 MW
60 MW
= 1.233
1.5 (Selection of Power Plant Units)
Load factor, Capacity factor,
Plant use factor, Reserve factor Demand factor Diversity factor
1.3 Load
360, 480, 600, 720, 960 kW
Capacity factor Plant use factor
28
Load curve
2
- (Unit) 1 720 kW
- (Unit) 2 360 kW
1,080 kW
1.6 Load Curve 24
(Unit) 1
12:00 M.D. Unit 1
12:30 A.M. Unit 2 Unit 1
7:30 A.M. Unit 1 Unit 2
3:30 P.M. Unit 2
10:00 P.M. Unit 2
Unit 1 Unit 2
= 360 kW + 720 kW =1,080 kW
kWh = 13,020 kWh
Capacity factor = 13,020 kWh
24 hr (1,080 kW) = 0.503
Unit 1
Unit 1 = 10,530 kWh ( Unit 1)
= 17 hr
29
= 720 kW
Plant use factor, Unit 1 = 10,530 kWh
(720 kW) ×(17 hr)
= 0.86
Unit 2
Unit 2 = 2,490 kWh ( Unit 2)
= 13.5 hr
= 360 kW
Plant use factor, Unit 1 =2,490 kWh
(360 kW) ×(13.5 hr)
= 0.512
1.6 (Location of Power Plants)
1.6.1
1.6.2
1) (Cooling tower)
2) 3.
4)
5)
6)
7)
1.6.3
1.6.2 7 2
8)
9)
30
1.7 (Power Plant Economics)
(Cost per kWhnet)
1. Fixed costs (FC)
2. Operation and maintenance (O&M) costs
Overhauling
3. Fuel costs
4. (kWhnet)
(Ct)
Ct=I+D+T
100CC+ W+R+M +Cf (1.12)
I (%) , D (%)
T (%) , CC
W , R
M , Cf
(kWhnet)
kWhnet=kWinst×hr× 1-Laux
100×n (1.13)
kWinst
Laux (%)
n Capacity factor
hr (8,760 )
31
=Ct
kWhnet (1.14)
(1.14)
kWhnet Ct
1.
2. (D)
3. Load factor kWhnet
4. (Cr)
5. 31 (R)
6. (R)
7.
(W)
1
1.1
(24 .) 0-2 2-8 8-12 12-13 13-16 16-24
Load (MW) 30 10 50 40 50 70
Load curve Load factor
1.2
(24 .) 0-6 6-10 10-12 12-14 14-18 18-22 22-24
Load (MW) 40 50 60 50 70 80 40
( ) Load Curve Load factor
( ) 20 MW 1 unit 30 MW 2 unit
Capacity factor Plant use factor
1.3 Load factor 60% Capacity factor 40% Plant use factor
45% Load 15 MW
( )
( ) Load
( ) 1
1.4 Capacity factor 47% Plant use factor 40%
1
1.5 35 MW
32 MW 8,350 hr 0.5
33
, , , , 2560.
, , 2549.
, , , , 2556.
, , SE-ED, , 2559.
EI-Wakil M.M., Powerplant Technology, McGraw-Hill, USA., 1984.
P K NAG, Power Plant Engineering (third edition), Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limitted, India, 2008.
2
1. (Introduction)
2. (The Ideal Rankin Cycle)
3. (The Externally Irreversible Rankine Cycle)
4. (The Internally Irreversible Rankine Cycle)
5. (Reheat)
6. (Regeneration)
7. (The Supercritical-Pressure Cycle)
8. -
2
1.
2.
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
36
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2. -
3.
4.
1.
2. 80
2
2.1
(Steam power plant) (Steam turbine power plant)
(Base load)
4
1. (Coal-fired power plants)
2. (Oil-fired power plants)
3. (Natural gas-fired plants)
4. (Nuclear power plants)
1 3
(Furnace)
(Steam generator)
(Steam turbine) (Condenser) (Cooling System)
2.1
(Rankine
Cycle)
38
2.1
( : , 2537)
2.2
4
(Turbine) (Condenser) (Pump) (Boiler)
(Steam generator)
(Superheat) (Superheater)
(Economizer)
(Boiler )
2.2 2.3 P-V
T-s
2.2
( : , 2559)
39
( ) P-v ( ) T-s
2.3 P-v T-s
( : EI-Wakil, M.M., 1984)
2.3 P-v T-s 1-2-3-4-B-1
1’-2’-3-4-B-1
1-2 1' - 2' : (Adiabatic
reversible expansion process Isentropic expansion process)
2-3 2' - 3' :
3-4 :
3
(Adiabatic reversible compression process isentropic
reversible compression process)
4-1 4 - 1' :
4-B-1-1' 3
4-B 4 B
(Economizer)
B-1 B
1 (Boiler) (Evaporator)
1-1' 1 (Superheater)
40
(Steady state and steady flow, SSSF)
qA = h1 – h4 Btu/lbm kJ/kg
WT = h1 – h2 Btu/lbm kJ/kg
qR = h2 - h3 Btu/lbm kJ/kg
Wp = h4 – h3 Btu/lbm kJ/kg
Wnet = (h1 – h2 ) – (h3 – h4 ) Btu/lbm kJ/kg
th =
WnetqA
= (h1-h2)-(h4-h3)
h1-h4
(2.1)
h3 P3 (
) h4 T4 P4 T4 T3
Wp=v3(P4-P3) (2.2)
(Work ratio, WR)
(Heat rate) (kJ/hr) (KW)
WR=Wnet
WT (2.3)
(2.1) (2.2)
1 2 1’ 2’
2.1
3 MPa 600ºC 4
kPa
(2.1) (2.2) . 2.2
2.3 ( )
1 : P1 = 3 MPa T1 = 600ºC ( .2)
( .3)
41
h1 = 3,682.34 kJ/kg s1 = 7.5084 kJ/(kgK)
2 : S2 = S1
( .2) P, = 4 kPa
S2 = Sf + XSfg
7.5084 kJ/(kgK) = 0.4226 kJ/(kgK) + X2(8.052 kJ/kgK)
X2= 0.8830
0.8830
h2 = hf+X2hfg
= 121.44 kJ/kg + (0.8830)(2,432.93 kJ/kg)
h2 = 2,262.42 kJ/kg
3 : Pa = 4 kPa
h3 = 121.44 kJ/kg V3 = 0.001004 m /kg
Wp = (h4 – h3) = V3 (P4 – P3)
= (0.001004 m /kg)(3,000 kPa - 4 kPa)
Wp = 3.01 kJ/kg
4 :
h4 = h3 + Wp
= 121.44 kJ/kg + 3.01 kJ/kg
h4 = 124.45 kJ/kg
WT = h1' – h2' = 3,682.34 kJ/kg - 2262.42 kJ/kg
WT = 1.419.92 kJ/kg
wnet = WT – WP
= 1,419.92 kJ/kg - 3.01 kJ/kg
wnet = 1,416.91 kJ/kg
qA = h1 – h4
= 3,682.34 kJ/kg - 124.45 kJ/kg
42
qA = 3,557.89 kJ/kg
qR = h2' – h3
= 2,262.42 kJ/kg - 121.44 kJ/kg
qR = 2,140.98 kJ/kg
th=Wnet
qA
=1,416.91 kJ/kg
3,557.89 kJ/kg
th =0.3982=39.82%
WR =Wnet
WT
=1,416.91 kJ/kg
1,419.92 kJ/kg
WR = 0.9979
2.3 (The Externally Irreversible Rankine Cycle)
Irreversibility
(Throttling)
(Internally
irreversibility) (Externally
irreversibility)
(Cooling tower) (Condenser)
2
1. ab
2.4
2.
cd 2.4 ab
43
( )
4-B-1 cd
2–3
ab 4–B-1 2-3 cd
2.4
( : EI-Wakil, M.M., 1984)
2.5 (a)
(b) Pinch point b-1
2.5 ( ) e–B 2.5 ( )
Pinch point Pinch point
Irreversibility
Pinch point
Irreversibility
2.5
44
( ) (Parallel flow) ( ) (Counter flow)
2.5
( : EI-Wakil, M.M., 1984)
2.4 (The Internally Irreversible Rankine Cycle)
(Throttling)
2.6
2s 2
( 2)
( ) 1–2s 1–2
( T)
( )
T=h1-h2
h1-h2s (2.4)
90%
45
2.6 T-s
( : EI-Wakil, M.M., 1984)
( )
p=h4s-h3
h4-h3 (2.6)
Wp=h4s-h3
p
=V3 P4-P3
p
(2.7)
46
2.2 2,500 psia, 1,000 F
0.9 0.7 200 psia
1 : P1 = 2,500 psia T1 = 1,000 F ( .2)
( .3)
h1' = 1,457.50 Btu/lbm S1' = 1.529 Btu/(lbm R)
2 : : S2' = S1'
( .2) P, = 4 kPa
S1'= Sf + XSfg
1.529 Btu/(lbm R) = 0.13266 Btu/(lbm R) + X2(1.8455Btu/(lbm R))
X2= 0.7555
h2' = hf +X2Sfg
= 69.73 Btu/lbm + (0.7555)(1,036.1 Btu/lbm)
h2' = 852.50 Btu/lbm
(2.5)
WT = th(h1' – h2') = (0.9)( 1,457.50 Btu/lbm – 852.5 Btu/lbm)
WT = 544.5 Btu/lbm
h2 = h1 - wT
= 1,457.50 Btu/lbm - 544.5 Btu/lbm
h2 = 913 Btu/lbm
h2 = hf+X2hfg
913 Btu/lbm = 69.73 Btu/lbm + (X2)(1,036.1 Btu/lbm)
X2 = 0.8139
47
P4 = P1 + 200
= 2,500 psia + 200 psia
Wp = V3 P4-P3
P
Wp = 0.016136 ft3/lbm 2,700 psia-1psia
0.7
144Btu/lbm
778.16(ft3
lbm)(psia)
Wp = 11.51 Btu/lbm
4 :
h4 = h3 + Wp
= 69.73 Btu/lbm + 11.51 Btu/lbm
h4 = 81.24 Btu/lbm
wnet = WT – WP
= 544.5 Btu/lbm – 11.51 Btu/lbm
wnet = 532.99 Btu/lbm
qA = h1 – h4
= 1,457.50 Btu/lbm – 81.24 Btu/lbm
qA = 1376.25 Btu/lbm
qR = h2' – h3
= 852.5 Btu/lbm – 69.73 Btu/lbm
qR = 782.77 Btu/lbm
th=Wnet
qA
=532.99 Btu/lbm
1,376.26 Btu/lbm
th= 0.3873=38.73%
48
2.5 (Reheat)
2.7 2.8
T-s
1 (High pressure turbine)
( ) 1
(Low pressure turbine)
1 6 1 2 3
( 6-7-8–1–2–3) ( aeb)
2.8
2.8 ( 4 4')
1
2
2.7
( : EI-Wakil, M.M., 1984)
49
2.8 T-s 2.7
( : EI-Wakil, M.M., 1984)
2 1
2.8
WT = (h1 – h2) + (h3 – h4)
Wp = h5 – h6
Wnet = (h1 – h2) + (h3 – h4) – (h5 – h6) (2.8)
qA = (h1 – h6) + (h3 – h2)
th =Wnet
qA
2,500/1,000/1,000 (psia)
(°F) (°F)
P1 = 2,500 psia, T1 = 1,000 °F T3 = 1,000 °F
2,500/1,000/1,000/1,000
50
2.3 2,500 psia, 1,000 °F
1,000 °F 500 psia
1 psia
2.10 .
1 : P = 2,500 psia T1 = 1,000 °F ( .2)
( .3)
h= 1,457.5 Btu/lbm S1 = 1.5269 Btu/(lbm°R)
2 : S2' = S1'
( .2) S2 > Sg 500 psia 2 (
.3)
T2 = 548.60 °F h2 = 1,265.61 Btu/lbm
3 : P3 = 500 psia T3= 1,000 °F ( .2)
h3 = 1,520.3 Btu/lbm S3 = 1.7371 Btu/(lbm°R)
4 : S3 = S4
( .2) P4 = 1 psia
S4 = Sf + Sfg
1.7371 Btu/(lbm°R)= 0.13266 Btu/(lbm°R)+ X2(1.8455 Btu/(lbm°R)
X4 = 0.8694
0.8694
h4 = hf + X4hfg
= 69.73 Btu/lbm + (0.8694)(1,036.1) Btu/lbm
h4 = 970.52 Btu/lbm
5 P5 = 1 psia
h5 = 69.73 Btu/lbm v5 = 0.016136 ft3 /lbm
6 :
Wp = (h6 – h5) = V5 (P6 – P5)
= (0.016136 ft3 /lbm)(2,500 psia - 1 psia)
Wp = 40.3239 (ft3 /lbm)(psia)
51
Wp Btu/lbm
.1
1 psia = 1 lbf/in2 = 144 lbf/ft2
1 Btu = 778.16 ft lbf 1 lbf =1 Btu
778.16 ft
(ft3 /lbm)(psia) = (ft3 /lbm)( 144 lbf/ft2)
(ft3 /lbm)(psia) = (ft3 /lbm) 1441
ft21Btu
778.16 ft
(ft3 /lbm)(psia)=144
778.16Btu/lbm
144Btu/lbm
778.16(ft3
lbm)(psia)
(ft3 /lbm)(psia) Btu/lbm
Wp = 40.3239 (ft3 /lbm)(psia) 144Btu/lbm
778.16(ft3
lbm)(psia)
Wp = 7.46 Btu/lbm
h6 = h5 + Wp
= 69.73 Btu/lbm + 7.46 Btu/lbm
h6 = 77.19 Btu/lbm (2.8)
WT = (h1 – h2) + (h3 – h4))
= (1,457.5 Btu/lbm - 1,265.61 Btu/lbm)+(1,520.3 Btu/lbm - 970.52 Btu/lbm)
= 741.67 Btu/lbm
Wnet = 741.67 Btu/lbm - 7.46 Btu/lbm
Wnet = 734.21 Btu/lbm
qA = (h1 – h6) + (h3 – h2)
= (1,457.5 Btu/lbm - 77.19 Btu/lbm)+(1,520.3 Btu/lbm - 1,265.61 Btu/lbm)
qA = 1,635.00 Btu/lbm
th=Wnet
qA
52
=734.21 Btu/lbm
1,635.00 Btu/lbm
th = 0.4491 = 44.91%
2.6 (Regeneration)
(Heat exchanger)
2.9
(Externally irreversibility)
2.9 ( )
) ) T-s
2.9
( : EI-Wakil, M.M., 1984)
53
2.7 (The Supercritical-Pressure Cycle)
(3,203.6
psia ) 2.10 3,500 psia
(705,44 °F)
2
( )
2
3,500 psia 1,000 °F 1,025 °F 1,050 °F
( 3500/ 1000/ 1025/ 1050) SI
(24130/538/552/566)
2.10 T-s 2
( : EI-Wakil, M.M., 1984)
2.4 (WR)
2 3500/1000/1025/1050
1 psia 2 800 psia, 200 psia
2.10
54
h1 = 1,421.4 Btu/lbm h2 = 1,253.66 Btu/lbm h3 = 1525.88 Btu/lbm
h4 = 1,336.82 Btu/lbm h5 = 1555.9 Btu/lbm h6 = 1,039.31 Btu/lbm
h7 = 69.73 Btu/lbm
S1 = 1.4699 Btu/(lbm °R) S2 = 1.4699 Btu/(lbm °R)
S3 = 1.6900 Btu/(lbm °R) S4 = 1.6900 Btu/(lbm °R)
S5 = 1.8596 Btu/(lbm °R) S6 = 1.8596 Btu/(lbm °R)
X6 = 0.9358
8
h8 = h7 + v7 (P8 - P7)
= 69.73 Btu/lbm+ (0.016136 ft3 /lbm)(3,500 psia - 1 psia) 144Btu/lbm
778.16(ft3
lbm)(psia)
Wnet = WT - Wp
= (1,421.4 Btu/lbm - 1,253.66 Btu/lbm) + (1,525.88 Btu/lbm - 1,336.82 Btu/lbm)
+ (1,555.9 Btu/lbm 1,039.31 Btu/lbm) - (80.18 Btu/lbm - 69.73 Btu/lbm)
Wnet = 862.94 Btu/lbm
qA = (h1 – h8) + (h3 - h2) + (h5 – h4)
= (1,421.4 Btu/lbm 80.18 Btu/lbm) + (1,525.88 Btu/lbm 1,253.66 Btu/lbm
+ (1,555.9 Btu/lbm 1,336.82 Btu/lbm)
qA = 1,832.52 Btu/lbm
th=Wnet
qA- =
862.94 Btu/lbm
1,832.52 Btu/lbm
th= 0.4709 = 47.09%
WR=Wnet
WT=
862.94 Btu/lbm
873.39 Btu/lbm
WR= 0.9943
55
2.8 -
(air standard cycle)
2
(reversible adiabatic process) 2
(reversible isobaric process)
8.1
(compressor, C) (combustion chamber, CC)
(gas turbine, GT)
= 1 - 1
k-1krp
(5.18)
Rp k (=Cp / Cv)
2.11
(steady flow device)
1200 K.
(air-fuel ratio)
1)
56
2)
3) ( C)
( T) C
T C T
4)
5) (kerosene)
1)
2)
3)
4) (load)
(peak load)
(base load)
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
150 bar 550 °C 0.1 bar
2.6 WR
2 3500/1000/1000/1000 700 psia 400 psia
1 psia
58
, , , , 2560.
, , 2549.
, , , , 2556.
, , SE-ED, , 2559.
EI-Wakil M.M., Powerplant Technology, McGraw-Hill, USA., 1984.
P K NAG, Power Plant Engineering (third edition), Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limitted, India, 2008.
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. (Heating Value)
6.
7. (Flue Gas Analysers)
8. (Pollution Control System)
3
1.
2. (Heating Value)
3. (Flue Gas Analysers)
4. (Pollution Control System)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
60
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2. -
3.
4.
1.
2. 80
3
3.1
(Plant Operators)
4
3.1
3.1
( : , 2556)
4
3
1.
(coal) (oil shale)
62
(charcoal) (coke) (fuel briquette)
2.
( )
hot oil thermal
3.
3.1 2
-
- -
- - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
- - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- - -
63
-
-
-
- - -
: (2556).
3.2
3.2.1
(Organic Sediment)
4
1. (peat)
2. (lignite)
3. (bituminous)
4. (anthracite)
(SiO2) 45% (AL203) 32% (Fe2O3) 10%
(CaO) 3% (AgO) 2% 2%
1,100-1,500°C
3.2
64
3.2 (% )
23.1 9.6 59.6 1.3 0.4 6.0
42.4 6.7 43.3 0.7 0.7 6.2
58.8 6.0 29.6 1.3 0.3 4.0
79.6 4.3 4.8 1.7 1.0 7.2
86.7 2.2 2.9 0.8 0.5 6.9
: (2556).
. (peat)
(Smoke flame) (odour)
. (lignite)
(black lignite)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
65
4.
5.
. (sub-bituminous)
A B C
200
3.3
3.3 ( ASTM D388)
(%) (kJ/kg)
A 69 25,584.4
B 69 22,095.6
C 69 19,304.6
: (2556).
. (bituminous)
75-90
4-6 33,490 kJ/kg
3.4
3.4
(%) ( ) (%) (kJ/kg)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
22
32
-
-
-
78
69
69
69
69
-
-
32,561.9
30,236.1
25,584.4
: (2556).
66
. (anthracite)
(hard coal)
36,002 kJ/kg
3.5
3.5
(%) (%)
1. 98 2
2. 92 8
3. 86 14
: (2556).
3.2.2 1.
(pulverized coal)
2.
(sponge iron)
3.
4.
5.
3.3
(Bunker)
67
3.2
( : , 2556)
(residual fuels)
burner fuel oil, furnace oil,
stove oil bunker oil
3
1. (light fuel oil) (viscosity)
2. (medium fuel oil)
(boiler)
3. (heavy fuel oil)
68
(intermediate fuels)
. 6 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6
4 A, B, C D
3.6
3.6
A B C D
1. 15°c (kg/litre) 0.985 0.975 0.990 0.995
2. 100 °F (s)
50°C (cSt)
500
600
67
80
50
200
7
30
110
1500
135
180
2000
2500
240
280
3. (°C) 24 24 34 30
4. PMCC (°C) 68 68 68 68
5. (% ) 3.0 1.5 3.5 3.5
6. (%
)
1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5
7. (kJ/kg) 41,862.4 41,862.4 41,443.8 41,443.8
8. (mg KOH/g) -
9. (% ) 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
: (2556).
3.4
(Natural Gas)
(heavier paraffin
hydrocarbom) (CH) 70%
-162°C
2 (CH4) (C2H6)
69
(C3H8)
(C4H10)
3.7
(°c)
(%)
1 CH4 -161.5 60-80 -
-
-
-
LNG
2 C2H6 -88.5 10-4 -
3 C3H8 -42.2 5-3 - LPG
-
-
4
C4H10
-12.1
-0.5
1-0.5
1-0.5
5
C5H12 27.9
36.1
4-300
/
-
-
6 C6H14 69.0
7 C7H16 98.4
8
C8H18 125.6
: (2556).
70
3.8 (%)
CnH2n+2
CmHn
CO2
O2
N2
(kJ/m3)
75 - 92.5
0-0.2
-
0.1-0.8
0 - 0.05
37,800-39,900
99
-
0.3
-
-
43,680 - 50,400
: CnH2n+2 (CH4) , (C2H6) , (C3H8)
CmHn (C2H4) , (C3H6)
: (2556).
3.9
kJ/m3
(
)
kg/m3
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C3H4
C3H6
CO2
O2
N2
39,984
70,770
101,472
63,630
93,870
-
-
-
0.554
1.049
1.550
0.9750
1.481
1.5291
1.1053
0.9673
0.7168
1.3560
2.0040
1.2604
1.9370
1.9769
1.4290
1.2505
: = 1.293 kg/m3
: (2556).
3.5 (Heating Value)
kJ/kg MJ/kg (HHV)
(LHV) HHV
LHV 2
HHV LHV
71
LHV = HHV - mwhfgLHV
= HHV – 9mH2hfg (3.1)
mw 1
H
MH2 1 kg ultimate analysis ltimate
analysis
%C. %H, %O, %N, %S % ) hfg =
(C, H, O S) HHV
(Dulong's equation) MJ/kg
HHV = 33.7C + 144(H-0/8) + 9.4S (3.2)
3.10 (HHV)
%
(MJ/kg) C H O S N
48 6 44 0.7 1.3 - 18
(brown coal)
66.7
4.7
26.8
0.1
0.2
2
21
69.7 4.3 8.4 1.0 1.6 15 29
79.8 0.8 1.7 0.6 1.1 15 29
: (2556).
3.11 (HIV)
% . . Sg (MJ/kg)
C H S
85.5
86.3
86.3
86.2
86.1
14.4
13.6
12.8
12.4
11.8
0.1
0.1
0.9
1.4
0.1
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.90
0.98
46.5
46.4
45.7
44.5
42.9
: C2H5OH 0.79 27.2
: (2556).
72
3.12 (HHV)
MJ/m MJ/kg
(CH4) 37.5 49.3
LPG
(C3H6,)
(C4H10)
94
50
H2 12.2 144
: (2556).
3.6
(Combustible element)
3 ,
3.3
( : , 2556)
C + O2 CO2 + 32.8 MJ/kg
2H2 + O2 2H2O + 142.1 MJ/kg
32.8 MJ/kg 142.1 MJ/kg
23.2%
21% 76.89% 79%
C + (O2 + 3.76N2) CO2 + 3.76N2
(Combustion Chamber)
(Raw Material) (Product)
73
C + O2 + 3.76N2 CO2 + 3.76N2
1 kmol 1 kmol 3.76 kmol 1 kmol 3.76 kmol
12 kg 32 kg 105.28 kg 44 kg 105.28 kg
1 kg 2.67 kg 8.77 kg 3.67 kg 8.77 kg
3.13
(C)
C + O2 CO2
12 kg 32 kg 44 kg
( )
C + 1/2 O2 CO
12 kg 16 kg 28kg
(
)
1
kg
CO2 1/12x44 = 3.67 kg CO 1/12 x 28 = 2.33 kg
O2 O2 1/12 x 32 = 2.67 kg O2 1/12 x 16 = 1.33 kg
N2 N2 1/ 12 x 105. 28 = 8. 77
kg
N2 1/12 x 52.64 = 4.39 kg
O2 N2 2.67+8.77 = 1.44 kg O2 N2 5.74 kg
CO2 N2 3.67 + 8.77 = 12.44 kg CO N2 6.74 kg
H2O 1/12x18 = 9 kg SO2 1/32 x 64 = 2 kg
O2 O2 1/12 x 16 = 8 kg O2 1/32 x 32 = 1 kg
N2 N2 1/ 12 x 52. 64 = 26. 32
kg
N2 1/32 x 105.84 = 3.31
kg
O2 N2 34.46 kg O2 N2 4.31 kg
H2O N2 35.46 kg C2 N2 5.31 kg
: (2556).
74
3.22
( )
1 m3
O2
(m3)
N2
(m3) CO2
(m3)
H2O
(m3)
H2 H2 + ½ O2 H2O 1 0.5 1.88
CO CO + ½ O2 CO 1 - 0.5 1.88
CH4 CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O 1 2 2 7.52
C2H6 C2H6 + 7/2 O2 2CO2 + 3H2O 2 3 3.5 13.17
C2H4 C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O 2 2 3 11.29
C2H2 C2H2 + 5/2 O2 2CO2 + H2O 2 1 2.5 9.40
C3H8 C 3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O 3 4 5 18.81
C3H6 C3H6 + 9/2 O2 3CO2 +3H2O 3 3 4.5 16.93
C4H10 C4H10 + 13/2 O2 4CO2 +5H2O 4 5 6.5 24.45
C4H8 C4H8 + 6O2 4CO2 +4H2O 4 4 6 22.57
CmHn CmHn + (m + n/4)O2 mCO2 + n/2H2O M n/2 M+n/
4
0.79/
0.21
(m+n/
4)
: (2556).
+ a(02 + 3.76N2) + H20
3
1.
2.
3. 3.4
N2
(Stack) (flue gas) CO2 CO , H2O( ) , SO2
N2 (stack)
75
3.4
( : , 2556)
3.6.1 (AF-ratio)
( ) (
)
(AFth) (AFact) AFth
AFth=mair
mfuel=
nair
nfuel (3.3)
3.14 ( )
,
3.14
(O2)
(N2)
21
79
23
77
O2 : N2 1 : 3.76 1 : 3.35
: (2556).
76
(stoichiometric air)
1.5
150% (% excess air) 50%
1. 100%
CH4 + 2(O2+ 3.76N2) CO2+ 2H2O + 7.52N2
2. 150%
CH4+2(1.5)O2 +2(3.76)(1.5)N2 CO2 + 2H2O + O2 +11.28N2
AF
AFac = ( ) x (AFth)/100 (3.4)
%Excess air = AFac - AFth
AFth×100 (3.4’)
AFac AFth
(100% )
3.6.2
(MATt )
1.
(M)
2.
(A)
3.
(T)
4. (
) (t)
5. ( )
77
3.6.3 (% excess air)
(unburned carbon loss)
(unburned gas loss) CO 3.7
1.
2.
CO
CO2
CO
3.
78
3.5
( : , 2556)
3.6.4
13% 20%
87% (
)
4-59%
3.15
-
-
- (Speader stoker)
-
-
-
-
-
-
15-20
15-40
30-60
15-50
10-15
5 -10
10-20
5 -10
7-12
: (2556).
79
3.1 C = 70% , H = 5% , O = 11%, S = 1%, N = 1%
= 12%
(3.5) (3.6)
HHV = 33.7C+144(H - O/8) + 9.4S
= 33.7x 0.70+1444((0.05) – (0.11)/8) + 9 4(0 01)
= 28.9 MJ/kg
LHV = HHV – 9mH2hfg
hfg .2 P = Pv Pv ( )
( ) ;
[(70/12)C + (5/2)H2) + (1.0 / 32)S + (11/32)O2 +(1.0/28)N2]
5.83 3C +2.50H2 +0.03 1S +0.344O2 +0.036N2
;
(5.833C +2.50H2 + 0.03 1S +0.344O2) + 0.036N2) + 6.77O2 +25.455N2 )
5.83 3CO2 + 2.50H2O+ 0.03 1SO2 +25.491N2
H2 ; H2)
2.50H2 +1.25O2 2.50H2O
O2 ;
= 5.833+ (2.50/2) + 0.031
= 7.114 kmol
= 0.344 kmol
= 7.114-0.344
= 6.77 kmol
= 6.77 x 3.76 = 25,455 kmol
Pv
Pv= Gas
Pv=2.50×101.325
5.833+2.50+0.031+25.491
80
= 7.48 kPa
.2 P = 7.48 kPa
hg = 2,406.7 kJ/kg
LHV = HHV - 9mH2hfg
= 28.9 x 103 -9 x 0.05 x 2,406.7
= 27.8 MJ/kg
3.2 ultimate analysis
C 73.99%, H 5.39%, 0 10.02%, N 1.38%, S 1.79% (ash) 7.43%
: C + O2 CO2
1 mol C +1 mol O2 1 mol CO2
12 kg C +32 kg O2 44 kg CO2
O2 /C = 32/12 = 2.667 kgO2/kgC
CO2/ C = 44/12 = 3.667 kgO2/kgC
: H2 + 1/2O2 H2O
1 mol H2 + 1/2 mol O2 1 mol H2O
2kg H2 kg +16 kg O2 18kg
O2/H2 = 16/2 = 8.0 kgO2/kgH2
H2O/H2 = 18/2 = 9.0 kgH2O/kgH2
; S + 02 SO2
1 mol S+1 mol O2 1 mol S2
C + O2 CO2
2H2+ O2 2H2O
S + O2 SO2
81
32 kg S+32 kg O2 64 kg SO2
O2/S = 32/32 = 1.0 kgO2/kgs
SO2/S = 64/32 = 2.0 kgSO2/kgs
O2 = ( O2/C) X (C )
= 2.667x0.7399
= 1,973 kgO2/kgfuel
O2 = ( O2/H2) X (H )
= 8.0x0.0539
= 0.431 kgO2/kgfuel
O2 = ( O2 /S) X (S )
= 1.0 x 0.0179
= 0.0179 kgO2/kgfuel
= 1.973 +0.341+ 0.0179
= 2.332 kgO2/kgfuel
= 2.332-0.1002
= 2.2317 kgO2kgfuel/
AFth =
= 2.2317
0.23
= 9.7 kg /kgfuel
9.7 : 1
3.3 25% 101
kPa , 25°C ( ) 60%
420K
10.1 : 1 C=73.99% H2 = 5.39%
82
= (% ) X ( )
= 1.25x10.10
= 12.625 kg /kgfuel
= 0.23x12.625
= 2.904 kgO2/kgfuel
= 0.77x12.625
= 9.721 kgN2/kgfuel
= -
= 2.904- (0.23x10.1)
= 0.581 kgO2/kgfuel
= ( CO2/C) x (C )
= 3.667x 0.7399
= 2.713 kgCO2/kgfuel
= ( H2O/H2) X (H )
= 9.0x0.0539
= 0.485 kgH2O/kgF
( 1.2 25 °C Psat = 3.169 kPa)
P = Psat25 c = 0.60 x 3.169 = 1.901 kPa
; w = 0.622Pv/(Patm - Pv)
= 0.622 x 1.901/(101.3 – 1.901)
= 0.01189 kgH2O/kg
= ( ) x w
= 12.625 x 0.01189
= 0.150 kgH2O/kgFuel
= 0.485+ 0.150
= 0.635 kgH2O/kgFuel
83
SO2 O2
(FG = flue gas)
3.16
(1)
(2)
KgFG/KgFuel
(3)
(3)/(2)
%
CO2
O2
N2
H2O ( )
44
32
28
18
2.713
0.582
9.721
0.635
0.0617
0.0182
0.3472
0.0353
13.34
3.94
75.09
7.63
14.45
4.26
81.29
-
13.651 0.4624 100 100
: (2556).
Pv = ( / ) Patm
= (0.0353/ 0.4624) - 101.3 = 7.733 kPa
.2 P = 7.733 kPa T = 40.8°C
= 40.8°C
SO2 40.80 °C
SO2
40.8°C SO2 SO3
mFG = 13.651 kgFG/kgFuel
nFG = 0.4624 mol/kgFuel
MFG = mFG /nFG = 13.65 /0.4624 = 29.522
RFG = R/MFG = 8.3143/29.522 = 0.2816 kJ/kg.K
VFG = RFGT/P = 0.2816x 420/101 = 1.17 m3/kg
3
3.1 CaHb
CO2 10.5% , O2 5.3% ,
N2 84.2%
3.2 CO 10%, CH4 28%, H2 22%,
N2 17%, CO2 13% O2 10%
110%
3.3
CO2
CO
H2
N2
12.4
27.0
2.2
58.4
CO2
O2
N2
24.6
1.0
74.4
100.0 100.0
, , , , 2560.
, , 2549.
, , , , 2556.
, , SE-ED, , 2559.
EI-Wakil M.M., Powerplant Technology, McGraw-Hill, USA., 1984.
P K NAG, Power Plant Engineering (third edition), Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limitted, India, 2008.
4 (Steam Generators)
(Steam Generators)
1. (Introduction)
2. (Definitions of Steam Generator)
3. (Boiler Classifications)
4. (Fire Tube Boilers)
5. (Water Tube Boilers)
6. (Steam Generator for Power Plants)
7. (Water Circulation)
8. (Steam Drum)
9. (Superheaters and Reheaters)
10. (Economizers)
11. (Air Preheaters)
12.
13. (Instrumentation and Control)
14. (Energy Balance in Boilers)
4
1.
2.
3. (Steam Generator
for Power Plants) (Water Circulation) (Steam Drum)
(Superheaters and Reheaters) (Economizers)
(Air Preheaters) (Stack or Chimney) (Instrumentation
and Control)
4. (Energy Balance in Boilers)
88
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2. -
3.
4.
1.
2. 80
4
4.1
(Steam generators) (Boiler)
130
(Hero's boiler)
Thomas Savery . . 1698
NewComan Savery
. . 1765 Jame Watt Jame Watt
(Economizer)
(Boiler Evaporator) (Superheater)
(Reheater) (Air preheater) (Burners)
(Fans) (Stack) (Ash handling equipment)
(Boiler Evaporator)
(Drum)
(Boiler)
( 10.5 MPa)
2
1) (Industrial steam generators)
90
( )
1 – 125 kg/s
2) (Utility steam generator)
2
(Subcritical water-tube drum-tube)
(Supercritical once through tube)
22.09 MPa
13 - 18 MPa 10 –
20 18 MPa
540 °C 1 2
125 - 1,250 kg/s 125 - 1,300 MW
(Steam turbine) (Steam engine)
4.2 (Fire Tube Boilers)
250 psi 12 ton/hr
15 ton/hr
3 4.1
91
4.1
( : , 2539)
1. (Furnace Combustion chamber)
2. (Water space)
6 inch
3/4 inch
3. (Steam space)
4.2.1
1
2
92
1) - ( )
4.2
4.2 -
( : , 2549)
2) -
4.3
4.3 -
( : , 2549]
93
4.2.2
1, 2, 3 4 4.4
2 3
4.4
( : , 2549]
4.4
1 2
4
1) (Package boiler)
4.5 ( )
94
4.5
( : http://www.aac-autoclave.com)
2 3
( ) ( )
4.6
2
2
(Overall eficiency)
1 – 3%
3
2 3
( )
95
4.6
( : , 2549)
2) (Lancashire boiler)
Cornish boiler 2 Lancashire boiler
96
3
4.7
4.7
( : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_boiler_types,_by_manufacturer)
3) (Locomotive boiler)
4) (Marine boiler)
5) (Cochran boiler)
1 2 4.8
97
4.8
( : , 2539)
4.3 (Definitions of Steam Generator)
4.3.1 (Steam Generator) (Boilers)
4.3.2 (Steam)
212 °F 100 °c
(14.7 Ib/in2)
100 °c
4.1
4.1
(lb/in2)
(°F) (°C)
0 212 100
10 240 115
98
(lb/in2)
(°F) (°C)
20 259 126
40 287 141
60 307 152
80 324 162
100 338 170
120 350 176
140 359 181
160 368 186
180 379 192
200 388 197
250 406 207
300 422 216
4.3.3 (Superheated Steam)
4.3.4 (Pressure)
(psi)
(kg/cm ) (bar) (Pa)
1 = 14.696 / (psi)
1 = 101.32 (kPa)
1 / (kg/cm2) = 14.223 / (psi)
1 (bar) = 14.504 / (psi)
1 / (psi) = 6,894.76 / (Pa)
99
4.3.5 (Boiler Capacity)
1
0 psi 100 °C
5 (ton/hr) 5
100 ° C 100 °C 1
20 ton/hr 40 bar 400 °C
2
[ms h] = ms , hfg 100 °C (5.1)
ms ms’ 100 °C
h hfg 100 °C
100 °C
MW
5.1
(Capacity)
Load factor
4.3.6 (Boiler Horsepower)
1
34.5 1
100 °C 100 °C 14.7
0
63 1
100
1 (ton/hr) = 1,000 (kg/hr)
1 (BHp) = 34.5 (Ib/hr)
1 (ton/hr) = 63.9 (BHp)
1 (BHp) = 33,479 (Btu/hr)
1 (BHp) = 9.8 (kW)
1 (Hp) = 0.746 (kW)
1 (BHp) = 13.13 (HD)
1 (BHp) = 13.13/2 = 6.6
4.3.7 (Boiler Efficiency)
( B)
B=×
××100 (5.2)
B=ms h-hf
msHHV×100 (5.3)
(%),
ms (kj/hr)
mf (kg/hr)
h (kJ/kg)
hf (kJ/kg).
HHV (High heating value) (kJ/kg)
(Low heating value, LHV, kJ/kg)
(Evaporation ratio)
(kgsteam/kgfuel)
101
85% 75%
5.1 7 bar 50 °C
C
500 35 30
= (500 lite)(60 min)(1 kg/lite)
30 min =1,000 kg/hr
= (35 lite)(60 min)(0.99 kg/lite)
30 min =69.3 kg/hr
.2
hg 7 bar = 2,763.5 kJ/kg
hf 50 °C = (1 kg/lite)(4.186 kJ/kg K)(50 K) = 209.3 kJ/kg
hg - hf = 2,763.5 kJ/kg - 209.3 kJ/kg = 2,554.2 kJ/kg
C (HHV) 3 3.5
(9,900 kcal/kg)(4.186 kJ/kcal) = 41,441.4 kJ/kg
B =ms h-hf
msHHV×100
=(1,000 kg/hr)(2,554.2kJ/kg)
(69.3 kg/hr)(41,441.4 kJ/kg) ×100
B = 88.94%
4.4 (Water Tube Boilers)
150
ton/hr 5,000 psi
2
4.4.1 (Straight Tube Boiler)
1)
102
4.9
4.9
( : , 2539)
2)
1
4.10
4.10
( : , 2539)
103
3)
(Drum) 4.11
4.11
( : , 2549)
4.4.2 (Bent Tube Boiler)
100 ton/hr
1)
2, 3 4 Drum A-type, D-type O-type
4.12
4.12 (Drum)
( : , 2549)
104
2)
4.13
4.13
( : , 2539)
4.5 (Steam Generator for Power Plants)
105
4.14
1) (Furnace)
(Evaporator)
(Boiler)
2) (Superheater)
3) (Reheater)
4) (Economizer)
5) (Air preheater)
4.14
( : http://www.babcock.com/products/boilers/el_paso.html)
106
(Water-cooled furnace walls) (Water walls)
4.15
4.15 [EI-Wakil, M.M., 19841
4.15 (a) (Bare tube)
4.15 (b) ( Embebed tube)
107
4.15 (c) (Studded tube)
4.15 (d) (Membrane tube)
3 inch 3.75 inch
3 inch 4 inch 2.75 inch 3.75 inch
(Radiant boiler)
(Cyclone furnace)
12.5
- 17 MPa 540 °C 1,260 kg/s
( 7 – 8 )
(Steam generator) 2
1) (Drum-type steam generator) 4.16-4.17
230 – 260 °C
(High pressure feedwater heater) (Economizer)
(Steam drum)
(Downcomer) (Header)
(Riser)
(Furnace) (Evaporator)
108
(Downcommer) (Riser)
(Steam drum)
(Superheater) (High
pressure turbine)
(Reheater) (Low pressure turbine)
(Condenser)
(Forced-draft fan, FD)
(Air preheater) (Flue gas)
1,650 °C (Radiation)
(Convection)
(Superheater) (Reheater) (Economizer)
150 °C
(Induced-draft fan, ID)
2) (Once-through boiler)
4.18
(EC) (SU)
4.18 (b)
4.18
109
4.16
( : El-Wakil, M.M., 1984)
4.17 [Nag, P.K., 2008]
( : El-Wakil, M.M., 1984)
110
4.18
( : El-Wakil, M.M., 1984)
(22.09
MPa)
13.8 – 27.6 MPa
3.8 - 1,260 kg/s
Sulzer Brothers
1920 . . 1932
8.4 – 16.7 MPa 1940 - 1950
31 - 34.5 MPa 620 - 650 °C
24.15 MPa 540 °C 565 °C
1960 2 24.19 MPal540/550/ 565 °C
4 1970 31 MPal540/ 550/565 °C
6% 16.56 MPa/540/540 °C
2 - 3 %
Combustion Engineering
(Combined-circulation boiler)
111
(Stop-check valve)
850 MW 24.77 MPa/540.5/540.5 °C
4.6 (Water Circulation)
(Natural circulation) (Forced circulation) (Once through)
4.6.1 (Natural Circulation)
(Header)
( 22.09 MPa)
16 MPa
4.19
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
5.30 ( pd)
pd = ( dc - r)Hg
gc (5.4)
112
Pd (Driving pressure) (Pa)
dc (kg/m3)
(kg/m3)
H (m)
g (9.81 m/s2)
gc Conversion factor 32.2 Ibmft/lbfs2) 1 kg m/(N.s2)
4.6.2 (Forced circulation)
16 MPa
16 MPa
1980
4.7 (Superheaters and Reheaters)
5 - 7.62 cm (Pressure stress)
(Thermal stress) 540 °C
455 °C
(Thermal stress)
SA 210 – A1 34.5 MPa 480 °C
20.7 MPa 510 °C
113
4.7.1 (Convection Superheaters)
(Convection)
4.20
4.7.2 (Radiant Superheaters)
T4f - T4
w Tf Tw
Tf Tw
T4f Tf
4.20
114
4.20
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
4.7.3 (Reheaters)
20 - 25%
3
1. (Pendant-type) 4.21 (a)
2. (Inverted-type) 4.21 (b)
115
3. (Horizontal-type) 4.21
(c)
4.22
4.21
( : El-Wakil, M.M., 1984)
116
4.22
( : El-Wakil, M.M., 1984)
4.8 (Economizers)
(Thermal stress)
(Economizer)
30 °C
117
10 - 12 m/s
4.9 (Air Preheaters)
110 °C 4%
280 °C 11% 150 - 420 °C
280 – 400 °C 135 -
180 °C
4.10
1.
2.
118
3.
4.
5.
4.10.1
2
1) (Natural Draft)
2) (Mechanical Draft) (Force draft)
(Induced draft)
(Chimney or stack) (Fan)
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.10.2
2
1) (Natural draft)
119
2) (Mechanical Draft)
2
1.
2.
2
4.11 (Energy Balance in Boilers)
(Steady state)
(Superheater) (Reheater)
(Economizer) (Air preheater)
(e1)
(e) (e2) (e3)
H2 O2 (e4)
(e5) (e6)
(e7)
(e8) 1
4.23
120
4.23
( : , 2560)
1) (e) (
5.23) ) e
E = HHV kJ/kgf (5. 5)
2) (e1)
h
h ( 5.23
)
e1 = +
e1 = ms h + ms1 hr kJ/kgf (5.6)
ms (kg/kg)f ms1 (kg/kgf)
h (kJ/kg)
121
hr
(kJ/kg)
3) (e2)
( 5.52 )
e2 = mdgCpg (Tg - Ta) kJ/kgf (5.7)
mdg
Cpg 1.004 kJ/ken [
, 2540] Tg
Ta
4) (e3)
( 5.23
)
e3
e3 = mm (hv – hr) kJ/kgf (5.8)
mm
hv Tg
10 kPa ( 10 kPa
)
hf Ta
5) H2 O2 (e4) H2
O2 H2 O2
122
(
5.23 )
e4
e4 = 9mH (hv – hf) kJ/kgf (5.9)
mH ( H
H H O
) H 0 9 H
1 kg
2H2 + O2 2H2O
4 kg 32 kg 36 kg
mH kg H 36
4mH=9mHH2O
6) (e5)
( )
( 5.23
) e5
e5 = ma w Cpv (Tg - Ta) kJ/kgf (5.10)
ma
W kg
kg
Cpv 1.88 kJ/kgK
e2 e5
Tg e5
7) (e6) CO
CO
CO ( 5.23 )
123
CO
Orsat (Orsat
analyzer) Gas Chromatography
e6
e6=nco
nco+nco2
mcb 23,560 kJ/kgf (5.11)
nCO nCO2 % % CO CO2
mcb
(5.11) Avogadro's Hypothesis
100
% CO = CO % CO2 = CO2
100 mol CO = nco mol
CO2 = nco2 mol
1 mol CO2 C 12 kg 1 mol CO C 12 kg
100 mol C 12 (nco +nco) kg
C mcb kg 1 kg
C 12 (nco + nco2) = 12(nco+nco2 )
mcbkg
100 mol CO nco mol 1 mol CO 28 kg
100 mol CO 28 nco kg
CO
1 kg
e6= kg CO 100 mol × CO
kg 100 mol
=28nco (10,100)
12 nco+nco2
mcb
124
e6=nco
nco+nco2
mcb (23,650) kJ/kgs (5.12)
8) (e7)
32,750 kJ/kg
( 5.23
)
e7
e7 = mcub (32,750) kJ/kgs (5.13)
mcub
32,750 kJ/kg
e6 e7
9) (e8)
(
5.23 )
e8
e8= e - ei7i=1 kJ/kg (5.14)
6.2
200 ton/hr 4 MPa 405 C
4.6 MPa 162 °C
33.33 MJ/kg,
17,650 kg/hr
(Refuse) 1,382 kg/hr %C
19.2%
125
(ma) 14 kg/kg
(w) 0.013 kg / kg
(Ta) 27 °C
(Tg) 167 °C
(Pa) 96.5 kPa
(Free moisture) 3.3%
– (% )
C 0.8165 CO2 14.0%
H 0.0446 CO 0.2%
0 0.0525 O2 4.8%
N 0.0127
S 0.0104
ash 0.0633/1.0000
(Free moisture) = 3.3%
mr kg
mr=1,382
17,650=0.0783 kg/kg
(mf) + (ma) + (wma)
= (mwg) + (mr)
(mwg) = mf + (1 + w) ma + mr
= 1.0 + (1.013 X 14) - 0.0783
= 15.104 kg/kg
(mw) = 9 mH. + mw
= (9 X 0.0446) + (14 X 0.013)
= 0.583 kg/kg
(mdg) = mwg - mw
= 15.104 - 0.583
= 14.521 kg/kg
126
1.
hs 4 Mpa, 405 °C = 3,225.18 kJ/kg
hw 4.6 Mpa, 162 °C = 684.25 kJ/kg
e1=ms hs-hw
mf
=200,000 kg/hr
17,650 kg/hr(3,225.18 kJ/kg - 684.25 kJ/kg)
= 28,792.41 kJ/kg ( 86.38% ) 2.
e2 = mdg Cpg (Tg - Ta)
= (14.521 kg/kg )(1.004 kJ/kgK)(167 °C - 27 °C)
= 2,041.07 kJ/kg ( 6.12%)
3.
hv 10 kpa, 167 °C = 2,815.8 kJ/kg
hf 27 °C = 113.2 kJ/kg
e3 = mm (hv - hf)
= (0.033 kg/kg )(2,815.8 kJ/kg - 113.2 kJ/kg)
= 89.2 kJ/kg ( 0.27%)
4.
= -
= 0.0446-0.033
9
= 0.0409 kg/kg e4 = 9mH (hv – hf)
= 9(0.0409 kg/kg )(2,815.8 kJ/kg - 113.2 kJ/kg)
= 994.8 kJ/kg ( 2.98%)
5.
e5 = ma WCpv (Tg - Ta)
= (14 kg/kg ) (0.013)(1.88 kJ/kgK)(167 °C - 27 °C)
= 47.9 kJ/kg ( 0.14%)
6.
(mcb) = –
(meub) = mr - mash = 0.0783 - 0.0633
127
= 0.015 kg/kg
mcb = mcub = 0.8165 - 0.015
= 0.8015 kg/kg
e6 = nco
nco+nco2
mcb(23,650)
= 0.2
0.2 + 14 (0.8015 kg/kg )(23,650)
= 266.99 kJ/kg
7.
e7 = mcub (32,750 kJ/kg)
= (0.015 kg/kg )(32,750 kg/kg )
= 491.25 kJ/kg ( 1.47%)
8.
eg= e - ei
7
i=1
kJ/kg
= 33,330 kJ/kg - 32,723.26 kJ/kg
= 606.38 kJ/kg ( 1.82%)
b = ms hs-hw
HHV
= e1
HHV
= 28,792.42 kJ/kg
33,330 kJ/kg
= 86.38%
4
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
180 ton/hr 3 Mpa, 400 °C
3.6 MPa, 170 °C
32.5 MJ/kg
17,650 kg/hr
(refuse) 1,400 kg/hr
%C 18.1 %
(ma) 13 kg/kg
(w) 0.011 kg / kg
(Ta) 25 °C
(Tg) 173 °C
(Pa) 96.5 kPa
(Free moisture) 3.3%
– (% )
C 0.8200 CO2 15.0%
H 0.0458 CO 0.3%
0 0.0529 O2 4.5%
N 0.0131
S 0.0124
ash 0.0558/1.0000
, , , , 2560.
, , 2549.
, , , , 2556.
, , SE-ED, , 2559.
EI-Wakil M.M., Powerplant Technology, McGraw-Hill, USA., 1984.
P K NAG, Power Plant Engineering (third edition), Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limitted, India, 2008.
5
(Steam Generators)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
5
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
132
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2. -
3.
4.
1.
2. 80
5
5.1
20 (steam turbine)
500 MW 40%
(Working fluid)
2
1950
( )
3 (cornpressor)
(combustion chamber) (turbine) 5.1
134
5.1
( : , 2560)
(fuel-air ratio)
2
1.
2. ( )
2
(overall efficiency)
(pressure ratio)
35 : 1 80-90%
1650 K
3
(intercooler)
(reheat combustion chamber)
(heat exchanger)
135
2
5.2
(open cycle) 5.1
(load)
(peak load) (single
shaft arrangement)
(part load)
(inertia)
(over speed)
5.2
5.2
( : , 2560)
5.2 10%
136
(free turbine) (twin shaft
arrangement) 5.3
(gas generator)
5.3
( : , 2560)
/
2 (two stages)
(intercooling)
2
(reheating)
137
45
( )
5.3
(Open cycle)
1000K
700K (Pre = mRT) 2.34 m
/kg
(
)
(auxiliary cycle)
(air-fuel ratio) 60 : 1 100 : 1
(
(gas cooler)
5.4
138
5.4
( : , 2560)
(1) p,
(regenerator) (gas cooler) 5,
p3 p,
p, (Palm)
5.5
(make-up air)
139
5.5
(specific heat ratio, k = cc, ) 166
5.5 (Indirect closed cycle)
( : , 2560)
5.4
2
3
1. 120,000
600-1200
2.
3.
2
140
200-300 kW
(total energy plant)
5.5
1)
2)
(isentropic)
3)
4)
(effectiveness) = 100%
5)
6)
141
7)
5.6
(Simple gas turbine cycle) 5.6
p- T-s 5.7
5.6
5.7 p-r T-s
1-2 2-3
3-4 4-1
Pvk= (5.1)
142
pv
T = (5.2)
2 6
(k 1)/k
T P2 2T1 P1
= (k 1)/kr (5.3)
(k 1)/kT3 P3T4 P4
= (k 1)/kr (5.4)
k= = cp /ev
r= = P2
P1=
P3
P4 ( 3 )
(steady energy
equation, SFEE) 5.6 5.7 kJ/kg
(wc) wc=h2-h1=cp T2-T1 (5.5)
(q) q=h3-h2=cp T3-T2 (5.6)
(wT) wT=h3-h4=cp T3-T4 (5.7)
(wnet) wnet=wT-wC
=cp T3-T4 -cp T2-T1 (5.8)
=cpT1T3
T1-
T4
T1-
T2
T1+1 (5.9)
3
1
Tt
T
(5.3) (5.4) c = r (4-1)/k (5.9)
143
wnet
cpT1=
T3
T1-
T4
T3
T3
T1-
T2
T1+1 (5.10)
=t-t
c-c+1
= 1-1
c-c+1 (5.11)
(5.11) wnet /cp (Specific work output)
(r) (1)
=wnet
q (5.12)
=cpT1 t 1-
1
c-c+1
cp T3-T2 (5.13)
=cpT1 t-c -
t-c
c
cpT1T3T1
-T2T1
=t-c -
t-c
c
t-c
=1-1
c=1
1
r k-1 /k (5.14)
(r)
(K)
(wnet IcpT1) r t ( (5.11)
t (T3, T1 ) T3, (T1
)
1 (metallurgical
limit) 3.5-4.0 5.0-5.5
1
wnet IcpT1 = 0 2
r = 0 t =c r =k/(k-1) ( (4.11))
144
t wnet IcpT1 (r)
(optimum pressure ratio, ropt) (5.11) r
( c) wnet/cpT1 / r=0
roptk-1 /k
= t (5.15 )
ropt=T3
T1
k/2 k-1 (5.15 )
t= roptk-1 /k 2
(5.15 )
r k-1 /k=T2
T1=
T3
T4 (4.16)
(4.15 )
t=T2
T1=
T3
T4=
T2
T4t (4.17)
(5.17) T2 =T4
(r)
r 1 18244-1) (T)
(T)
1.
ropt=T3
T1
k/2 k-1
2. T2=T4
5.1 6 27°C
577°C 240 m/s
(MW)
, = 1.005 kJ/kg K
145
1-2
T2 =T1p2
p1
k-1k
k = 1.4
T2 =300 60.41.4=300 6 0.286=500.81K
3-4
T3
T4=
p3
p4
k-1k
T4=T3
p3
p4
k-1k
=T3
6 0.286 509.18K
(wc)
wc= cp (T2-T1) = 1.005(500.81 - 300)
= 201.81 kJ/kg
(wT)
wT= cp(T3 - T4) = 1.005(850 – 509.18)
= 342.52 kJ/kg
(wnet)
Wnet = wT - wc= 342.52 - 201.81
= 140.72 kJ/kg
(q)
q= cp (T3 - T2) = 1.005(850 - 500.81)
= 350.94 kJ/kg
(p1)
P1=m
V1=
P1
RT1=
1 x 105Pa
287 Pa.m3 kg.K x 300K
= 1.161 kg/m3
ma= (kg/s)
146
V= (m/s)
ma= 1.161(240) = 278.64 kg/s
wnet=mawnet
= 278.64 x 140.72
= 39.2102 x 103 kW 39.2102 MW
cycle=Wnet
q=
140.72
350.94 40.16%
5.2 30 kg/s
1 bar 15°C 10.5 bar
420 K 1.2 bar
= 1.005 kJ/kg K k = 1.4
T2=T1
p2
p1
k-1k
=288 10.5k-1k =288 10.5 0.286
=564.22 K T3=T2+420=564.22+420=984.22 K
T4=T3
p3
p4
k-1k
=984.22
10.51.2
0.286 =592.27 K
(w)
T3=cp T2-T1 =1.005 564.22-288
=277.60kJ/kg
(wT)
wT=cp (T3 – T4) = 1.005(984.22 - 529.27)
= 457.22 kJ/kg
(wnet)
wnet= wT-wC-= 457.22 -277.60
= 179.62 kJ/kg
147
(q)
q=cp(T3-T2) = 1.005(420)
= 422.1 kJ/kg
(Wnet)
Wnet = ma Wnet
= 30(179.62) = 5388.6 Kw
cycle=Wnet
q=
179.62
422.1 42.55%
148
5
5.1
5.2
5.3 1) 2) 3)
20 kg/s (Cp)
1 kJ/kg K 101 kPa 30ºC (T1)
950 kPa (k) 1.4
(T4) 500 ºC
, , , , 2560.
, , 2549.
, , , , 2556.
, , SE-ED, , 2559.
EI-Wakil M.M., Powerplant Technology, McGraw-Hill, USA., 1984.
P K NAG, Power Plant Engineering (third edition), Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limitted, India, 2008.
6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
152
4.
5.
6.
1.
2. -
3.
4.
1.
2. 80
6
6.1
2
1.
2.
Hero Alexandia (reaction
turbine)
(boiler) 2
6.1 2
Hero
Giovanni Branca (impulse turbine) 1629
Branca 1878 Carl Gustav Patrik de Laval (1845 - 1913)
-
(supersonic) 100,000 rpm
6.1 Hero Alexandia
( : www.pinterest.com/pin/494762709057218112/)
154
1897 (velocity - compounded turbine)
Auguste Rateau (1863 - 1930) de Laval
1894 (pressure - compounded turbine) 1900
Charles G. Curtis (1860 – 1953)
de Laval 2 (two stages)
General Electric 1901
Charles A. Parsons (1854 - 1931)
1884
(Condensing turbine) (non – condensing
turbine)
(feed - water
heating) (extraction turbine)
1
2
(tandem compound, TC) 2 (cross -
compound, CC) TC
CC 2
1
(high pressure turbine)
50 HZ 2 poles 3000 rpm (rpm = 120 x 50/2 = 3000)
60 HZ 3600 rpm
CC (intermediate turbine)
(low - pressure turbine)
1800 rpm (60 Hz, 4 poles) 1500 rpm (50
HZ, 4 poles) CC 1300 MW
3600 rpm 2
6.2
(steam turbine) (gas turbine) 2
( ) (impulse turbines)
155
( ) (reaction turbines)
2 (fixed blades)
(stator) (moving blade) (rotor)
( )
(nozzle)
2
6.2 (impulse turbines)
(reaction turbines)
( : https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Turbines_impulse_v_reaction.png)
6.3
( )
20
156
( )
( ) 6.2
p0 V0 p1
V1 V1
V2
p1
- =
(Vb)
Vb=DmN
60 (6.1)
Dm N (rpm)
(Ab) 6.14 ( ) ( )
Ab=4
Dtip2 -Droot
2
=Dtip+Droot
2
Dtip-Droot
2= Dmhb (6.2)
Droot
Dtip
hb
157
6.3.1
(velocity diagram)
(velocity triangle diagram) 6.15 6.15 ( )
6.15 ( ) ( )
VB =
VS1 =
Vr1 = ( )
VS2 =
Vr2 = ( )
Va1 =
Va2 =
=
=
=
=
6.3
( : , 2560)
(eddies)
(separation) Vr1 Vr2
,
158
6.2
3
6.2
( 50%)
V0 = V2 = V4
( )
(degree of reaction, R)
R=hmb
hfb+ hmb=
hmb
hstage
“mb” “fb”
159
hmb=0 , R=0
hfb=0 , R=1
hfb= hmb= hfb R 0.5 50% 50%
(Parson stage)
6.5
(windage loss)
1.
( ) (availability)
3 - 5%
2.
(velocity boundary layer)
(eddy)
3.
160
( )
( )
( ) (turing loss)
( )
(kb = Vr2/Vr1) ( )
Vr1 Vr2
4. ( )
5. (partial admission loss)
(windage losses)
(full admission of steam)
6.
2
(diaphragm leakage)
( )
2 ( )
161
0. 5 mm
labyrith (carbon ring) (water
steam seal) labyrith
labyrinth
7.
(leaving loss)
(
)
8.
co(V22/2)
9. (supersaturation)
(x 0.96 - 0.97) 1
B 1
(supersaturated supercooled steam) B 1 (hB – h1)
139.5 kJ/kg 1 (Wilson line)
6
6.1 120 lbm/s 350
psia, 550 oF 220 psia 92% 25o
0.95
6.2 150 kg/s (Curtis)
1,250 m/s 20o
185 m/s
, , , , 2560.
, , 2549.
, , , , 2556.
, , SE-ED, , 2559.
EI-Wakil M.M., Powerplant Technology, McGraw-Hill, USA., 1984.
P K NAG, Power Plant Engineering (third edition), Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limitted, India, 2008.
7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
166
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2. -
3.
4.
1.
2. 80
7
7.1
(cooling water)
( ) (make up water system)
(Pretreatment) (Treatment) 7.1
7.1
( : , 2560)
168
7.2
7.2
1. 7.2
( 30°C)
40°C 0.074 bar
( h )
(cooling water)
( T) 5-8 °C
7.2
( : , 2560)
2. ( )
(water
treatment)
7.3 (Cooling Tower)
169
(cooling water)
1. (wet cooling
towers) 2. (dry cooling tower)
1)
2) 0.6-10 m
1.
2. ,
3.
3)
( )
(WB,DB,%RH)
170
7.4
3
1. ( )
2. ( )
3. (
2
1.
2. (basin)
(Cooling Water System)
2
7.5
(internal treatment) 3
1.
2.
3. (priming)
2
1. (blow down)
2.
1)
( ) ( )
171
(blow-down)
TDS 6.6
( )
(dealkalizer)
7.1
(bar)
TDS
( / )
( / )
( / )
( / )
0-20.7
20.8-31
31.1-41.4
41.5-51.7
51.8-62
62.1-69
69.1-103.4
103.5-138
138
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1250
1000
750
500
700
600
500
400
300
250
200
150
100
300
250
150
100
60
40
20
10
5
125
90
50
35
20
8
2.5
1.0
0.5
./ ppm ( )
: (2560).
172
7.6
2
1)
-
-
-
2
2
)
( )
( )
2)
(bleedoff)
173
(TDS)
(
)
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
, , , , 2560.
, , 2549.
, , , , 2556.
, , SE-ED, , 2559.
EI-Wakil M.M., Powerplant Technology, McGraw-Hill, USA., 1984.
P K NAG, Power Plant Engineering (third edition), Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limitted, India, 2008.
8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
9
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
178
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2. -
3.
4.
1.
2. 80
8
8.1
(Hydroelectric Power Plant)
(Hydro turbine) (Generator)
P = gHQ (9.1)
P (watt)
1000 kg/m3
g 9.81 m/s2
H (Head) (m)
Q (m3/s)
Pact = t gP (9.2)
Pact (watt)
t (%)
g (%)
180
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
181
8.2
9.1
(Dam)
(Powerhouse)
(Headrace)
(Screen)
(Penstock)
(Draft tube)
(Surge tank)
(Wick gate)
(Hydro turbine)
(Generator)
(Transformer)
182
8.1
( : , 2560)
8.3
8.3.1 3
1) (Run of river)
9.2
8.2
( : , 2560)
2) (Storage regulation development)
183
9.3
8.3
( : , 2560)
3) (Pumped storage plant)
2
12.4
8.4
( : , 2560)
184
8.3.2 (Head) 9.5
(Gross head, H) “ ”
(Head loss, hf)
(Net
head, h)
8.5 (Head)
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
4
(Low head plant)
15 m 9.6
8.6
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
185
(Medium head plant)
15 m 70 m
9.7
8.7
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
(High head plant)
71- 500 m
9.8
8.8
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
186
(Very high head plant)
500 m
8.3.3 2
1) (Peak load)
Peak load
2) (Base load)
8.4
(Irrigation)
(Drainage) (Domestic or industrial water supply) (Fishery)
(Tourism) (Salinity control )
8.4.1
3
1) (Gravity)
9.9 ( )
9.9 ( )
2) (Arch)
9.10 ( )
9.10 ( )
187
3) (Hollow or buttress)
9.11
) )
8.9
( : , 2560)
) )
8.10
( : , 2560)
) ) Daniel Johnson Dam, Canada
8.11
( : , 2560)
188
4)
1. (Earthfill dam)
50
2.
50
8.4.2
1) (Intake dam)
2) (Storage dam)
3) (Regulating dam)
4) (Pumped storage dam)
189
8.5
(Hydro Turbines)
(Specific speed)
1) (Impulse Turbines)
6
EP = mgh
EK = mv12
EP = EK
mgh = mv12
V1 = 2gh
3
1. (Banki turbine) (Cross flow
turbine) 9.12
2. (Turgo turbine) 9.13
190
8.12 (Banki turbine)
( : , 2560)
8.13 (Turgo turbine)
( : , 2560)
2) (Pelton turbine)
9.14 (Bucket)
(Disk) (Runner)
2
(Spear Needle)
191
8.14
( : , 2560)
3) (Reaction Turbine)
3
1. (Francis turbine)
9.15
2. (Deriaz turbine)
9.16
3. (Kaplan turbine) (Propeller turbine)
(Cam) (Speed governor)
(Guide vana) (Runner blade) 9.17
192
8.15 (Francis turbine)
( : , 2560)
8.16 (Deriaz turbine)
( : , 2560)
8.17 (Kaplan turbine)
( : , 2560)
193
8.6
(Two-lobe
buckets) 9.18 (Splitter)
9.19
(Spear needle) 1 - 6
9.20
8.18
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
8.19
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
194
8.20
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
(Specific speed of a multi-jet, NsMJ )
Ns = nNSSJ (9.3)
NSSJ
N
6 70
30
8.21
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
195
9.21
165
6
V = r = DN
60 (9.4)
D (m)
r (m)
N (rpm)
(r)
d (m)
D/d (Jet ratio,m)
10 – 24
( )
V1 = KV 2gH (9.5)
KV ( 0.97 – 0.99 )
E = (VW1Vb1 – VW2Vb2) / g = Vb
g (VW1-VW2) (9.6)
1 2
VW ( )
Vb VB1 – VB2 = DN
60
9.21
VW2 = Vb – Vr2 cos (180 – ) = Vb + Vr2cos (9.7)
165
196
Vr2
Vw2 = kVr1 = k (V1-Vb) (9.8)
K
V1
Vr1
Vr2 (9.8) (9.7)
Vw2 = Vb + k (V1-Vb) cos (9.9)
VW2 (9.9) (9.6) Vw1 = V1
E = V1-Vb-k V1-Vb cos
= Vb
g V1-Vb (1-kcos )
E = 1-kcos
g V1Vb-Vb
2 (9.10)
E Vb
dE
dVb =
1-kcos
gV1-2Vb = 0
Vb = V1
2 (9.11)
0.5
Emax = 1-kcos
g V1
2
4 (9.12)
197
V1
2
2g (Blading efficiency)
(Hydraulic efficiency)
D = E
V12/2g
= 1-kcos
g V1 Vb-V1
2 2g
V12
D = 2(1-kcosVb
V1-
Vb
V1 (9.13)
= Vb
V1
D = 2(1-k cos ) ( - ) (9.14)
( D) max =Emax
V12 2g
= 1-kcos
g V1
2
4 2g
V12
( D) max = 1-kcos
2 (9.15)
k 0.8 – 0.85 165
( D) max =1-0.8cos 165
2 =0.886 (9.16)
0.46 ( 0.5)
(Overall efficiency , o)
o =P
gQH (9.17)
Z= m
2+15 (9.18)
m (D/d)
198
8.7
(Reaction turbine)
(N2 = 60)
(Penstock) (Scroll casing)
(Guide vane)
(Draft tube)
8.22
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
199
9.22
Vf1 = Vf2 Vw2 =0 2
= 90
E = Vb1 , Vb2
Vw1 = Vf1 cot 1
1 (Guide vane)
Vw1 = Vf1 (cot 1 – cot 1)
1
E = V2f1 cot 1(cot 1 – cot 1)
(E1)
E1 = -
(Blading efficiency , D)
D = E
E+E1 = 1-
E
E+E1
= 1- (9.19)
(Hydraulic efficiency , h )
h = E
H =
Vw1Vb1
gh (9.20)
(Overall efficiency , O)
o = (9.21)
200
8.8
(Reaction turbine) 4-8 m
300 – 1,000
6-8 9.23
(Spiral casing)
(Guide vane)
(Hub)
8.23
1
45o – 70o 1 20o – 60o
260 – 280 91%
( : Nag, P.K., 2008)
201
8.9
12.3
8.1 3
: Nag, P.K. (2008).
8.10
. . 2504 - 2507
13,642
6 731.2 MW 1,062
. . 2516 - 2523
1 17,745
5 1-3 120 MW 4 5
180 MW 720 MW
. . 2506 - 2515
9,510 3
4 125 MW 500 MW
1,245 . . 2504
202
- 2509
710
1 19 MW 70
. . 2522 - 2527
8,860 100
MW 3 300 MW 760
. . . 2513 - 2515
188
20 MW 2 40 MW
25 km
280,000
2 19 MW 38 MW 170
. . . 2508
- 165
2 3 MW 6
MW . . . 2519 - 2524
1,420
3 24 MW 72MW
200 . . 2533 - 2537
13 m
4
136 MW 208
. . 2525 - 2530
5,638.8
3 80 MW
240 MW 554
. . . 2512 - 2514
1,966.5
203
3 12 MW 36 MW . . . 2507
- 2509
. 2
2,263
3 8.4 MW 25.2 MW
8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7 88 mmH2O
8.8 1.3 m 31.5 mm
38.5 m/s
8.9 2 4,500 kW 400 rpm
360 m 90%
1.82 m 170
k=0.85
8.10 8 MW 130 m 200
rpm 0.98 87%
0.46 1/9
( )
( )
( )
( )
8.11 75 mm
165 45.5 m/s
, , , , 2560.
, , 2549.
, , , , 2556.
, , SE-ED, , 2559.
EI-Wakil M.M., Powerplant Technology, McGraw-Hill, USA., 1984.
P K NAG, Power Plant Engineering (third edition), Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limitted, India, 2008.
9
1.
2.
10
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
208
1.
2. -
3.
4.
1.
2. 80
9
9.1
(Biomass)
“ ”
9.1.1
1) 3-4 69.35
( . .2552)
2
57.26 . . 2552
12.4 . . 2552
. . 2552
37.67%
2) 6 66.8 /
. .2552
210
1 6-7
( )
10-14
3) 8-13
2
2548 - 2552
7.19 13.39 5.79
2550
4) 34
2
2 1
2
. .2548-
2551
5)
15
211
( . .2548-2552)
11.65% 13.90%
6)
( . . 2548-2552) 6.36% 13.61 . .2548
17.41 . .2552 80%
25-30
( )
9.1.2
. .2551 6
1)
. .
2551 6.73 21%
15.69 49-% 4.63
57,080 TJ 1,363.27 ktoe
38,423
519.47 TJ 12.41 ktoe
212
2)
. .2551
73.5 /
58%
17 %
100%
/
2,544.31 ktoe
3) 2
. .2551
25.15 (
) 5.03 20%
3.32 18,230.05 TJ 435.40 ktoe
2.26
14,356.63 TJ 343.10 ktoe
4) (Fresh Fruit Bunch: FFB) 9.27
/ (Empty Fruit Bunch
: EFB)
32% 4% 19%
50% 194.94 ktoe
5) 2 1. 2.
. .2551 4.249
( ) 1.02
24% 0.683
6,572.76 TJ 156.98 ktoe 3.48
213
82%
498.98 ktoe
6)
40%
0.986
6,478.90 TJ 154.75 ktoe
10.1
10.2 ( . . 53 - . . 53)
214
9.1 . .2551
/ ( ) (MJ/kg) (%) ( ) ( ) (ktoe)
32.026 0.21 6.73 13.52 12 0.0057 0.0383 518.29 12.38 0.49 15.69 12.33 10 0.295 4.6294 57,079.99 1,363.27
73.502 0.28 20.61 7.37 50.73 0 0.000 - -
0.17 12.51 15.48 9.2 0.55 6.8818 106,530.06 2,544.31
25.156 0.09 2.26 15.59 59.4 0.407 0.9215 14,356.63 343.10 0.20 5.03 5.49 59.4 0.66 3.3206 18,230.05 435.40
4.249 0.24 1.02 9.62 40 0.67 0.6832 6,572.76 156.98
0.82 3.48 9.83 42 0.61 2.1253 20,892.19 498.98 0.32 2.97 7.24 58.6 0.38 1.1274 8,162.04 194.94
9.271 0.19 1.76 11.4 38.5 0 0.000 - - 0.04 0.37 16.9 12 0 0.000 - -
3 0.75 6.57 55 0 0.000 - - 0.251 2 / 12 3.00 6.57 55 0.41 1.2300 8,081.10 193.00
5 1.25 6.57 55 0.95 1.1875 7,801.88 186.34 0.6 2 3 1.80 4.92 63 - - - -
: (2553).
9.2 ( . . 53 - . . 53)
( / )
. .53 . .53 . .53 . .53 . .53 . .53 . .53 . .53
1. 1,000 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,100 1,100 1,200
1,000 1,100 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,300 1,300 1,600
950 1,150 1,000 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100
- 300 - - - - -
1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,400
2. 550 400 400 400 400 550 550 550
650 650 620 570 - - - 780
750 750 - 750 750 750 750 750
700 700 700 700 700 700 700 700
800 770 - 770 700 750 750 830
3. - - - - - - - -
- 1,500 - 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,800
- - - - - - - -
4. - - - - - - - -
- 50 - 50 50 50 50 50
5. 1,180 1,200 1,250 1,250 1,280 1,250 1,250 1,250
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
6.
530 530 530 * * * * *
7. ' - - - - - - - -
8. ' - - - - - - - -
: (2553).
216
9.1.3
10.3
9.3
(kJ/kg)
(%)
(kg/m3)
12,330 10.00 125 14,204 8.20 150
15,479 9.20 Na 7,368 50.73 120
5,494 59.40 250
7,560 48.40 Na 1,760 78.40 Na
16,220 7.00 Na 9,830 41.7 na
7,240 58.60 380 11,800 31.84 250 18,267 12.00 400 7,540 48.40 na
8,600 45.00 450 6,745 50.00 na
6,272 na 270 : http://www.bpe-boiler.com/mambo/Presentation%20Boiler/BiomassAnalysis.html
9.2
- 4 1. (Direct-Fired) 2.
(Co-Firing) 3. (Gasification) 4.
(Pyrolysis)
(Boiler)
(Condensing Turbine)
217
(Cogeneration)
(CoFiring)
9.1
( : , 2554)
9.2.1
(Direct Combustion)
(Thermochemical conversion)
(Pyrolysis)
(Gasification)
(Liquidfaction)
(Biochemical conversion)
(Anaerobic digestion)
(Yeast fermentation)
218
(Internal Combustion Engine)
Combined Cycle (Fuel Cell)
(CO2)
(CO) (H2) (CH4)
9.2
( : , 2554)
9.2.2
2
(Topping Cycle)
(Bottoming Cycle)
219
) )
9.3 ) , )
( : , 2554)
3
3
50-80%
1) (Steam Turbine Cogeneration)
(Turbine)
Back Pressure Condensing Extraction
9.4 Steam Turbine Cogeneration
( : , 2554)
220
2) (Gas Turbine Cogeneration)
9.5 Gas Turbine Cogeneration
( : , 2554)
3) ( Internal Combustion Engine
Cogeneration )
Spark-Ignition (S.I) Compression
Ignition (C.I) Engines
Waste Heat Boiler
2
310-430°C
50%
221
9.6 Internal Combustion Engine Cogeneration
( : , 2554)
9.2.3
1)
Electrostatic Precipitator(ESP)
9.7 Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)
( : , 2554)
(Cyclone)
(Hopper)
222
9.8 (Cyclone)
( : , 2554)
(Bag Filter)
(Woven Fabric)
(Felted Fabric)
9.9 (Bag Filter)
( : , 2554)
Wet Collector Wet Scrubber
223
9.10 Wet Collector
( : , 2554)
2)
(Flue
Gas) Flue Gas Desulfurization
(FGD) Flue Gas
(Synthetic
Gypsum) 80-90%
(Scrubber) 2
o (Dry Sorbent Injection Process)
45%
o (Wet Limestone Process)
92%
90% FGD
9.11 Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)
( : , 2554)
224
3)
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), Two Stage Combustion
Low Nox Burner SCR
9.12 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
( : , 2554)
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
, , , , 2560.
, , 2549.
, , , , 2556.
, , SE-ED, , 2559.
EI-Wakil M.M., Powerplant Technology, McGraw-Hill, USA., 1984.
P K NAG, Power Plant Engineering (third edition), Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limitted, India, 2008.
10
1. (Introduction)
2.
10
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
228
1.
2. -
3.
4.
1.
2. 80
10
10.1
3.8x1023 93
1.8xl014 1.25xl014
961-1,191 2,000-2,500
31.8%
( ) 68.2%
43.5%
22.7%
1.9%
0.1%
1
10.1.1
20 23 MJ/m2-day
19 20 MJ/m2-day 11.0%
35.6%
18-19 MJ/m2-day
230
18.0 MJ/m2- day
“
”
MJ/m2-day
. 38
4
root mean square difference RMSD = 7.3%
11.1
11.2
11.3
17 MJ/m2-day
10.1
H (map)
MJ/m2
H (measurement)
MJ/m2
Difference
(%)
1 17.9 17.5 2.2
2
( ) 18.0 18.4 2.0
3 ( ) 17.1 17.3 0.8
4 17.9 18.5 3.0
5 17.3 17.9 3.2
6 17.5 17.5 0.1
6 17.5 17.5 0.1
7 17.0 17.1 0.6
8 17.2 18.0 4.8
9 ( ) 17.0 16.8 0.8
10 ( ) 17.0 16.1 5.3
231
H (map)
MJ/m2
H (measurement)
MJ/m2
Difference
(%)
11 ( ) 17.0 15.4 9.1
12 16.9 17.9 5.8
13 17.2 17.1 0.3
14 16.7 16.5 1.3
15 17.4 17.4 0.5
16 18.1 18.1 0.1
17 18.3 17.9 2.2
18 18.8 18.6 1.0
19 17.2 17.3 0.3
20 18.7 18.5 1.1
21 17.9 17.6 1.7
22 17.9 18.2 1.8
23 17.6 17.8 1.1
24 17.1 17.6 2.9
25 17.9 19.1 6.7
26 16.8 16.8 0.0
27 17.0 16.3 4.5
28 18.1 18.9 4.3
29 15.8 16.0 1.0
30 17.9 18.4 2.7
31 17.1 16.8 1.6
32 17.1 17.7 3.3
33 18.2 16.8 7.5
34 ( ) 18.2 18.7 2.8
35 ( ) 17.4 17.7 1.6
36 18.5 18.0 2.5
37 17.5 18.5 5.7
38 18.1 18.2 0.4
RMSE (%) 7.3%
: (2554).
232
10.2
(MJ/m2-day)
15 - 16 0.4 16 - 17 13.2 17 - 18 39.8 18 -19 35.6 19 - 20 11.0
: (2554).
10.3
(MJ/m2-day)
8.95 9.95
13.0 19.0
19.6 20.3
18.0 : (2554).
11.1
. .- . .
(clear sky)
233
10.1
( : , 2554)
(celestial senator)
(apparent path)
234
0.42
(1,350 - 1,400
kWh/m2-yr) 4.3%
16-22
MJ/m2-day
(concentrator)
(1,350 - 1,400 kWh/m2-yr) (dry season)
2,000 kwh/m2
10.1.2
18.0 MJ/m2/day
5.0 kwh/m2/day
235
2
(Solar Cell)
2
10.1.3
2
1)
3
1. (PV Stand alone system)
11.2
10.2
( : , 2554)
236
2. (PV Grid connected system)
11.3
10.3
( : , 2554)
3. (PV Hybrid system)
11.4
10.4
( : , 2554)
2)
3
237
o
o
o
3
o Passive
o Active
o Hybrid
10.2
2
10.2.1 (Photovoltaic)
. .2519
300 15/30
4 ( . . 2520-2524)
6 ( . . 2530-2534)
( )
238
1) (Solar Cell)
. . 1954 (Chapin)
(Fuller) (Pearson) P-N
6%
15 %
Transistors (Integrated
Circuit :IC) (Dope) 3 5
(P-Type N-type)
(Depletion Region)
(Layer) (Photon)
2
(GaAs) (CdTe)
2 (Crystal)
(Amorphous) 2 (Bulk)
(Thin film) (Mono
Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell) (Poly Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell)
3
o
(99.9999%)
1,500 °C ( 6-8 )
(seed crystal)
239
300
p-n junction Diffusion
1,000°C
(Ethelele Vinyl Acetate)
o
300-400 p-n junction
o
CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition)
(SiH4)
200-300 ºC
Boron B2H6
p phosphorus PH3
n
pin pin
240
10.4
(%) Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) 4-9
Cadmiumtelluride (CdTe) 6-9
Thin Film Copper indium gallium
selenide (Cis or CIGS)
9-10.5
Organic cells 3-4
Mono-crystalline Si Sc-Si 10-16
Multi-crystalline Si mc-Si 10-14.5
: System integration for optimal production output of solar farms, Schneider Electric
Thailand (2553).
o Amorphous
o Crystalline
2 Mono crystalline
Poly crystalline
Single Crystalline Multi Crystalline
Mono crystalline
Poly crystalline
( ) ( ) ( )
10.5 ( ) Mono crystalline, ( ) Poly
crystalline ( ) Amorphous
( : , 2554)
241
20
2) Charge controller
(Over charge)
(Pulse)
15-20%
(Microcontroller)
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
10.6 Charge controller
( : , 2554)
3) (Battery)
Deep cycle
Deep cycle (Flock lift) (Uninterruptible Power
Supply: UPS)
Deep cycle (Verhicle
battery) (Watt Hour :WH)
242
(Depth of Discharge: DOD)
60
25 °C
10.7
( : , 2554)
4) (Inverter)
220 V
Switching
50 Hz
(Charger and Inverter) 15-20 %
80-85 % 800
1
10.8
( : , 2554)
243
10.2.2 (Solar Thermal)
(Cycle Heat
Engine)
(Central Engine)
10.9
( : http://montaraventures.eom/blog/2007/03/19/wanna-learn-about-solar-thermal-
power/)
(Generator)
1) Parabolic dish
Solar parabolic dish
(Sterling Engine)
(thermal shocks)
(Hybrid)
244
10.10 Solar Concentration Dish
( : , 2554)
2) Parabolic Trough
1
(Stream)
(thermal shock)
10.11 Parabolic trough
( : , 2554)
245
3) Solar Thermal Tower
(Heliostat) (Tower)
(Stream)
10.12 Solar Tower
( : , 2554)
4) Solar Chimney Tower
(Solar Collector)
(Nuzzle)
246
10.13 Solar Chimney
( : , 2554)
(Parabolic Dishes)
(Parabolic Troughs)
1,350-1,400kWh/m2-yr
2,000kWh/m2-yr
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4 (Solar Thermal)
10.5
, , , , 2560.
, , 2549.
, , , , 2556.
, , SE-ED, , 2559.
EI-Wakil M.M., Powerplant Technology, McGraw-Hill, USA., 1984.
P K NAG, Power Plant Engineering (third edition), Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limitted, India, 2008.
“ ” , , 2560.
“ ” SE-ED, , 2559.
“ ” , , 2556.
“ ”
2540.
“ ” 2549.
EI-Wakil M.M., “Powerplant Technology” McGraw-Hill, USA., 1984.
Cengel Y.A. and Boles M.A., “Thermodynamics an Engineering Approach (four edition)”,
McGraw-Hill, USA, 2002.
Moran M. J. and Shapiro H. N. , “ Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics ( third
edition)”, John Wiley & Sons, USA., 1995.
P K NAG, “Power Plant Engineering (third edition)”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Limitted, New delli, India, 2008.
.
252
.1 - (Cengel and Boles, 2011)
(T) °C
(Psat) kPa
m3/kg kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/(kg K)
(vf)
(vg)
(uf)
(ug)
(hf)
(hg)
(sf)
(sg)
0.01 0.6117 0.001000 206.000 0.000 2374.9 0.001 2500.9 0.0000 9.1556
5 0.8725 0.001000 147.030 21.019 2381.8 21.020 2510.1 0.0763 9.0249
10 1.2281 0.001000 106.320 42.020 2388.7 42.022 2519.2 0.1511 8.8999
15 1.7057 0.001001 77.885 62.980 2395.5 62.982 2528.3 0.2245 8.7803
20 2.3392 0.001002 57.762 83.913 2402.3 83.915 2537.4 0.2965 8.6661
25 3.1698 0.001003 43.340 104.83 2409.1 104.83 2546.5 0.3672 8.5567
30 4.2469 0.001004 32.879 125.73 2415.9 125.74 2555.6 0.4368 8.4520
35 5.6291 0.001006 25.205 146.63 2422.7 146.64 2564.6 0.5051 8.3517
40 7.3851 0.001008 19.515 167.53 2429.4 167.53 2573.5 0.5724 8.2556
45 9.5953 0.001010 15.251 188.43 2436.1 188.44 2582.4 0.6386 8.1633
50 12.352 0.001012 12.0260 209.33 2442.7 209.34 2591.3 0.7038 8.0748
55 15.763 0.001015 9.5639 230.24 2449.3 230.26 2600.1 0.7680 7.9898
60 19.947 0.001017 7.6670 251.16 2455.9 251.18 2608.8 0.8313 7.9082
65 25.043 0.001020 6.1935 272.09 2462.4 272.12 2617.5 0.8937 7.8296
70 31.202 0.001023 5.0396 293.04 2468.9 293.07 2626.1 0.9551 7.7540
75 38.597 0.001026 4.1291 313.99 2475.3 314.03 2634.6 1.0158 7.6812
80 47.416 0.001029 3.4053 334.97 2481.6 335.02 2643.0 1.0756 7.6111
85 57.868 0.001032 2.8261 355.96 2487.8 356.02 2651.4 1.1346 7.5435
90 70.183 0.001036 2.3593 376.97 2494.0 377.04 2659.6 1.1929 7.4782
95 84.609 0.001040 1.9808 398.00 2500.1 398.09 2667.6 1.2504 7.4151
100 101.42 0.001043 1.672000 419.06 2506.0 419.17 2675.6 1.3072 7.3542
105 120.90 0.001047 1.418600 440.15 2511.9 440.28 2683.4 1.3634 7.2952
110 143.38 0.001052 1.209400 461.27 2517.7 461.42 2691.1 1.4188 7.2382
115 169.18 0.001056 1.036000 482.42 2523.3 482.59 2698.6 1.4737 7.1829
120 198.67 0.001060 0.891330 503.60 2528.9 503.81 2706.0 1.5279 7.1292
253
.1 - ( )
(T) °C
(Psat) kPa
m3/kg kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/(kg K)
(vf)
(vg)
(uf)
(ug)
(hf)
(hg)
(sf)
(sg)
125 232.23 0.001065 0.770120 524.83 2534.3 525.07 2713.1 1.5816 7.0771
130 270.28 0.001070 0.668080 546.10 2539.5 546.38 2720.1 1.6346 7.0265
135 313.22 0.001075 0.581790 567.41 2544.7 567.75 2726.9 1.6872 6.9773
140 361.53 0.001080 0.508500 588.77 2549.6 589.16 2733.5 1.7392 6.9294
145 415.68 0.001085 0.446000 610.19 2554.4 610.64 2739.8 1.7908 6.8827
150 476.16 0.001091 0.392480 631.66 2559.1 632.18 2745.9 1.8418 6.8371
155 543.49 0.001096 0.346480 653.19 2563.5 653.79 2751.8 1.8924 6.7927
160 618.23 0.001102 0.306800 674.79 2567.8 675.47 2757.5 1.9426 6.7492
165 700.93 0.001108 0.272440 696.46 2571.9 697.24 2762.8 1.9923 6.7067
170 792.18 0.001114 0.242600 718.20 2575.7 719.08 2767.9 2.0417 6.6650
175 892.6 0.001121 0.216590 740.02 2579.4 741.02 2772.7 2.0906 6.6242
180 1002.8 0.001127 0.193840 761.92 2582.8 763.05 2777.2 2.1392 6.5841
185 1123.5 0.001134 0.173900 783.91 2586.0 785.19 2781.4 2.1875 6.5447
190 1255.2 0.001141 0.156360 806.00 2589.0 807.43 2785.3 2.2355 6.5059
195 1398.8 0.001149 0.140890 828.18 2591.7 829.78 2788.8 2.2831 6.4678
200 1554.9 0.001157 0.127210 850.46 2594.2 852.26 2792.0 2.3305 6.4302
205 1724.3 0.001164 0.115080 872.86 2596.4 874.87 2794.8 2.3776 6.3930
210 1907.7 0.001173 0.104290 895.38 2598.3 897.61 2797.3 2.4245 6.3563
215 2105.9 0.001181 0.094680 918.02 2599.9 920.50 2799.3 2.4712 6.3200
220 2319.6 0.001190 0.086094 940.79 2601.3 943.55 2801.0 2.5176 6.2840
225 2549.7 0.001199 0.078405 963.70 2602.3 966.76 2802.2 2.5639 6.2483
230 2797.1 0.001209 0.071505 986.76 2602.9 990.14 2802.9 2.6100 6.2128
235 3062.6 0.001219 0.065300 1010.00 2603.2 1013.70 2803.2 2.6560 6.1775
240 3347.0 0.001229 0.059707 1033.40 2603.1 1037.50 2803.0 2.7018 6.1424
245 3651.2 0.001240 0.054656 1056.90 2602.7 1061.50 2802.2 2.7476 6.1072
250 3976.2 0.001252 0.050085 1080.70 2601.8 1085.70 2801.0 2.7933 6.0721
254
.1 - ( )
(T) °C
(Psat) kPa
m3/kg kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/(kg K)
(vf)
(vg)
(uf)
(ug)
(hf)
(hg)
(sf)
(sg)
255 4322.9 0.001263 0.045941 1104.70 2600.5 1110.10 2799.1 2.8390 6.0369
260 4692.3 0.001276 0.042175 1128.80 2598.7 1134.80 2796.6 2.8847 6.0017
265 5085.3 0.001289 0.038748 1153.30 2596.5 1159.80 2793.5 2.9304 5.9662
270 5503.0 0.001303 0.035622 1177.90 2593.7 1185.10 2789.7 2.9762 5.9305
275 5946.4 0.001317 0.032767 1202.90 2590.3 1210.70 2785.2 3.0221 5.8944
280 6416.6 0.001333 0.030153 1228.20 2586.4 1236.70 2779.9 3.0681 5.8579
285 6914.6 0.001349 0.027756 1253.70 2581.8 1263.10 2773.7 3.1144 5.8210
290 7441.8 0.001366 0.025554 1279.70 2576.5 1289.80 2766.7 3.1608 5.7834
295 7999.0 0.001384 0.023528 1306.00 2570.5 1317.10 2758.7 3.2076 5.7450
300 8587.9 0.001404 0.021659 1332.70 2563.6 1344.80 2749.6 3.2548 5.7059
305 9209.4 0.001425 0.019932 1360.00 2555.8 1373.10 2739.4 3.3024 5.6657
310 9865.0 0.001447 0.018333 1387.70 2547.1 1402.00 2727.9 3.3506 5.6243
315 10556.0 0.001472 0.016849 1416.10 2537.2 1431.60 2715.0 3.3994 5.5816
320 11284.0 0.001499 0.015470 1445.10 2526.0 1462.00 2700.6 3.4491 5.5372
325 12051.0 0.001528 0.014183 1475.00 2513.4 1493.40 2684.3 3.4998 5.4908
330 12,858 0.001560 0.012979 1505.70 2499.2 1525.80 2666.0 3.5516 5.4422
335 13,707 0.001597 0.011848 1537.50 2483.0 1559.40 2645.4 3.6050 5.3907
340 14,601 0.001638 0.010783 1570.70 2464.5 1594.60 2622.0 3.6602 5.3358
345 15,541 0.001685 0.009772 1605.50 2443.2 1631.70 2595.1 3.7179 5.2765
350 16,529 0.001741 0.008806 1642.40 2418.3 1671.20 2563.9 3.7788 5.2114
355 17,570 0.001808 0.007872 1682.20 2388.6 1714.00 2526.9 3.8442 5.1384
360 18,666 0.001895 0.006950 1726.20 2351.9 1761.50 2481.6 3.9165 5.0537
365 19,822 0.002015 0.006009 1777.20 2303.6 1817.20 2422.7 4.0004 4.9493
370 21,044 0.002217 0.004953 1844.50 2230.1 1891.20 2334.3 4.1119 4.8009
373.95 22,064 0.003106 0.003106 2015.70 2015.7 2084.30 2084.3 4.4070 4.4070
255
.2 - (Cengel and Boles, 2011)
(P) kPa
(T) °C
m3/kg kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/(kg K)
(vf)
(vg)
(uf)
(ug)
(hf)
(hg)
(sf)
(sg)
1.0 6.97 0.001000 129.190 29.302 2384.5 29.303 2513.7 0.1059 8.9749
1.5 13.02 0.001001 87.964 54.686 2392.8 54.688 2524.7 0.1956 8.8270
2.0 17.50 0.001001 66.990 73.431 2398.9 73.433 2532.9 0.2606 8.7227
2.5 21.08 0.001002 54.242 88.422 2403.8 88.424 2539.4 0.3118 8.6421
3.0 24.08 0.001003 45.654 100.980 2407.9 100.980 2544.8 0.3543 8.5765
4.0 28.96 0.001004 34.791 121.390 2414.5 121.390 2553.7 0.4224 8.4734
5.0 32.87 0.001005 28.185 137.750 2419.8 137.750 2560.7 0.4762 8.3938
7.5 40.29 0.001008 19.233 168.740 2429.8 168.750 2574.0 0.5763 8.2501
10 45.81 0.001010 14.670 191.790 2437.2 191.810 2583.9 0.6492 8.1488
15 53.97 0.001014 10.020 225.93 2448.0 225.94 2598.3 0.7549 8.0071
20 60.06 0.001017 7.6481 251.40 2456.0 251.42 2608.9 0.8320 7.9073
25 64.96 0.001020 6.2034 271.93 2462.4 271.96 2617.5 0.8932 7.8302
30 69.09 0.001022 5.2287 289.24 2467.7 289.27 2624.6 0.9441 7.7675
40 75.86 0.001026 3.9933 317.58 2476.3 317.62 2636.1 1.0261 7.6691
50 81.32 0.001030 3.2403 340.49 2483.2 340.54 2645.2 1.0912 7.5931
75 91.76 0.001037 2.2172 384.36 2496.1 384.44 2662.4 1.2132 7.4558
100 99.61 0.001043 1.6941 417.40 2505.6 417.51 2675.0 1.3028 7.3589
101.325 99.97 0.001043 1.6734 418.95 2506.0 419.06 2675.6 1.3069 7.3545
125 105.97 0.001048 1.3750 444.23 2513.0 444.36 2684.9 1.3741 7.2841
150 111.35 0.001053 1.1594 466.97 2519.2 467.13 2693.1 1.4337 7.2231
175 116.04 0.001057 1.0037 486.82 2524.5 487.01 2700.2 1.4850 7.1716
200 120.21 0.001061 0.885780 504.50 2529.1 504.71 2706.3 1.5302 7.1270
225 123.97 0.001064 0.793290 520.47 2533.2 520.71 2711.7 1.5706 7.0877
250 127.41 0.001067 0.718730 535.08 2536.8 535.35 2716.5 1.6072 7.0525
275 130.58 0.001070 0.657320 548.57 2540.1 548.86 2720.9 1.6408 7.0207
300 133.52 0.001073 0.605820 561.11 2543.2 561.43 2724.9 1.6717 6.9917
325 136.27 0.001076 0.561990 572.84 2545.9 573.19 2728.6 1.7005 6.9650
350 138.86 0.001079 0.524220 583.89 2548.5 584.26 2732.0 1.7274 6.9402
256
.2 - ( )
(P) kPa
(T) °C
m3/kg kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/(kg K)
(vf)
(vg)
(uf)
(ug)
(hf)
(hg)
(sf)
(sg)
375 141.30 0.001081 0.491330 594.32 2550.9 594.73 2735.1 1.7526 6.9171
400 143.61 0.001084 0.462420 604.22 2553.1 604.66 2738.1 1.7765 6.8955
450 147.90 0.001088 0.413920 622.65 2557.1 623.14 2743.4 1.8205 6.8561
500 151.83 0.001093 0.374830 639.54 2560.7 640.09 2748.1 1.8604 6.8207
550 155.46 0.001097 0.342610 655.16 2563.9 655.77 2752.4 1.8970 6.7886
600 158.83 0.001101 0.315600 669.72 2566.8 670.38 2756.2 1.9308 6.7593
650 161.98 0.001104 0.292600 683.37 2569.4 684.08 2759.6 1.9623 6.7322
700 164.95 0.001108 0.272780 696.23 2571.8 697.00 2762.8 1.9918 6.7071
750 167.75 0.001111 0.255520 708.40 2574.0 709.24 2765.7 2.0195 6.6837
800 170.41 0.001115 0.240350 719.97 2576.0 720.87 2768.3 2.0457 6.6616
850 172.94 0.001118 0.226900 731.00 2577.9 731.95 2770.8 2.0705 6.6409
900 175.35 0.001121 0.214890 741.55 2579.6 742.56 2773.0 2.0941 6.6213
950 177.66 0.001124 0.204110 751.67 2581.3 752.74 2775.2 2.1166 6.6027
1000 179.88 0.001127 0.194360 761.39 2582.8 762.51 2777.1 2.1381 6.5850
1100 184.06 0.001133 0.177450 779.78 2585.5 781.03 2780.7 2.1785 6.5520
1200 187.96 0.001138 0.163260 796.96 2587.8 798.33 2783.8 2.2159 6.5217
1300 191.60 0.001144 0.151190 813.10 2589.9 814.59 2786.5 2.2508 6.4936
1400 195.04 0.001149 0.140780 828.35 2591.8 829.96 2788.9 2.2835 6.4675
1500 198.29 0.001154 0.131710 842.82 2593.4 844.55 2791.0 2.3143 6.4430
1750 205.72 0.001166 0.113440 876.12 2596.7 878.16 2795.2 2.3844 6.3877
2000 212.38 0.001177 0.099587 906.12 2599.1 908.47 2798.3 2.4467 6.3390
2250 218.41 0.001187 0.088717 933.54 2600.9 936.21 2800.5 2.5029 6.2954
2500 223.95 0.001197 0.079952 958.87 2602.1 961.87 2801.9 2.5542 6.2558
3000 233.85 0.001217 0.066667 1004.60 2603.2 1008.30 2803.2 2.6454 6.1856
3500 242.56 0.001235 0.057061 1045.4 2603.0 1049.7 2802.7 2.7253 6.1244
4000 250.35 0.001252 0.049779 1082.4 2601.7 1087.4 2800.8 2.7966 6.0696
5000 263.94 0.001286 0.039448 1148.1 2597.0 1154.5 2794.2 2.9207 5.9737
6000 275.59 0.001319 0.032449 1205.8 2589.9 1213.8 2784.6 3.0275 5.8902
257
.2 - ( )
(P) kPa
(T) °C
m3/kg kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/(kg K)
(vf)
(vg)
(uf)
(ug)
(hf)
(hg)
(sf)
(sg)
7000 285.83 0.001352 0.027378 1258.0 2581.0 1267.5 2772.6 3.1220 5.8148
8000 295.01 0.001384 0.023525 1306.0 2570.5 1317.1 2758.7 3.2077 5.7450
9000 303.35 0.001418 0.020489 1350.9 2558.5 1363.7 2742.9 3.2866 5.6791
10,000 311.00 0.001452 0.018028 1393.3 2545.2 1407.8 2725.5 3.3603 5.6159
11,000 318.08 0.001488 0.015988 1433.9 2530.4 1450.2 2706.3 3.4299 5.5544
12,000 324.68 0.001526 0.014264 1473.0 2514.3 1491.3 2685.4 3.4964 5.4939
13,000 330.85 0.001566 0.012781 1511.0 2496.6 1531.4 2662.7 3.5606 5.4336
14,000 336.67 0.001610 0.011487 1548.4 2477.1 1571.0 2637.9 3.6232 5.3728
15,000 342.16 0.001657 0.010341 1585.5 2455.7 1610.3 2610.8 3.6848 5.3108
16,000 347.36 0.001710 0.009312 1622.6 2432.0 1649.9 2581.0 3.7461 5.2466
17,000 352.29 0.001770 0.008374 1660.2 2405.4 1690.3 2547.7 3.8082 5.1791
18,000 356.99 0.001840 0.007504 1699.1 2375.0 1732.2 2510.0 3.8720 5.1064
19,000 361.47 0.001926 0.006677 1740.3 2339.2 1776.8 2466.0 3.9396 5.0256
20,000 365.75 0.002038 0.005862 1785.8 2294.8 1826.6 2412.1 4.0146 4.9310
21,000 369.83 0.002207 0.004994 1841.6 2233.5 1888.0 2338.4 4.1071 4.8076
22,000 373.71 0.002703 0.003644 1951.7 2092.4 2011.1 2172.6 4.2942 4.5439
22,064 373.95 0.003106 0.003106 2015.7 2015.7 2084.3 2084.3 4.4070 4.4070
258
.3 (Cengel and Boles, 2011)
T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
P=0.01MPa (45.81°C) P=0.05MPa (81.32°C) P=0.10MPa (99.61°C)
Sat. 14.670 2437.2 2583.9 8.1488 3.2403 2483.2 2645.2 7.5931 1.6941 2505.6 2675.0 7.358950 14.867 2443.3 2592.0 8.1741
100 17.196 2515.5 2687.5 8.4489 3.4187 2511.5 2682.4 7.6953 1.6959 2506.2 2675.8 7.3611
150 19.513 2587.9 2783.0 8.6893 3.8897 2585.7 2780.2 7.9413 1.9367 2582.9 2776.6 7.6148200 21.826 2661.4 2879.6 8.9049 4.3562 2660.0 2877.8 8.1592 2.1724 2658.2 2875.5 7.8356250 24.136 2736.1 2977.5 9.1015 4.8206 2735.1 2976.2 8.3568 2.4062 2733.9 2974.5 8.0346
300 26.446 2812.3 3076.7 9.2827 5.2841 2811.6 3075.8 8.5387 2.6389 2810.7 3074.5 8.2172400 31.063 2969.3 3280.0 9.6094 6.2094 2968.9 3279.3 8.8659 3.1027 2968.3 3278.6 8.5452500 35.680 3132.9 3489.7 9.8998 7.1338 3132.6 3489.3 9.1566 3.5655 3132.2 3488.7 8.8362
600 40.296 3303.3 3706.3 10.1631 8.0577 3303.1 3706.0 9.4201 4.0279 3302.8 3705.6 9.0999700 44.911 3480.8 3929.9 10.4056 8.9813 3480.6 3929.7 9.6626 4.4900 3480.4 3929.4 9.3424800 49.527 3665.4 4160.6 10.6312 9.9047 3665.2 4160.4 9.8883 4.9519 3665.0 4160.2 9.5682
900 54.143 3856.9 4398.3 10.8429 10.8280 3856.8 4398.2 10.1000 5.4137 3856.7 4398.0 9.78001000 58.758 4055.3 4642.8 11.0429 11.7513 4055.2 4642.7 10.3000 5.8755 4055.0 4642.6 9.98001100 63.373 4260.0 4893.8 11.2326 12.6745 4259.9 4893.7 10.4897 6.3372 4259.8 4893.6 10.1698
1200 67.989 4470.9 5150.8 11.4132 13.5977 4470.8 5150.7 10.6704 6.7988 4470.7 5150.6 10.35041300 72.604 4687.4 5413.4 11.5857 14.5209 4687.3 5413.3 10.8429 7.2605 4687.2 5413.3 10.5229
P=0.20MPa (120.21°C) P=0.30MPa (133.52°C) P=0.40MPa (143.61°C)
Sat. 0.885780 2529.1 2706.3 7.1270 0.605820 2543.2 2724.9 6.9917 0.462420 2553.1 2738.1 6.8955150 0.959860 2577.1 2769.1 7.2810 0.634020 2571.0 2761.2 7.0792 0.470880 2564.4 2752.8 6.9306
200 1.080490 2654.6 2870.7 7.5081 0.716430 2651.0 2865.9 7.3132 0.534340 2647.2 2860.9 7.1723250 1.198900 2731.4 2971.2 7.7100 0.796450 2728.9 2967.9 7.5180 0.595200 2726.4 2964.5 7.3804300 1.316230 2808.8 3072.1 7.8941 0.875350 2807.0 3069.6 7.7037 0.654890 2805.1 3067.1 7.5677
400 1.549340 2967.2 3277.0 8.2236 1.031550 2966.0 3275.5 8.0347 0.772650 2964.9 3273.9 7.9003500 1.781420 3131.4 3487.7 8.5153 1.186720 3130.6 3486.6 8.3271 0.889360 3129.8 3485.5 8.1933600 2.013020 3302.2 3704.8 8.7793 1.341390 3301.6 3704.0 8.5915 1.005580 3301.0 3703.3 8.4580
700 2.244340 3479.9 3928.8 9.0221 1.495800 3479.5 3928.2 8.8345 1.121520 3479.0 3927.6 8.7012800 2.475500 3664.7 4159.8 9.2479 1.650040 3664.3 4159.3 9.0605 1.237300 3663.9 4158.9 8.9274900 2.706560 3856.3 4397.7 9.4598 1.804170 3856.0 4397.3 9.2725 1.352980 3855.7 4396.9 9.13941000 2.937550 4054.8 4642.3 9.6599 1.958240 4054.5 4642.0 9.4726 1.468590 4054.3 4641.7 9.33961100 3.168480 4259.6 4893.3 9.8497 2.112260 4259.4 4893.1 9.6624 1.584140 4259.2 4892.9 9.52951200 3.399380 4470.5 5150.4 10.0304 2.266240 4470.3 5150.2 9.8431 1.699660 4470.2 5150.0 9.7102
1300 3.630260 4687.1 5413.1 10.2029 2.420190 4686.9 5413.0 10.0157 1.815160 4686.7 5412.8 9.8828
259
.3 ( ) (Cengel and Boles, 2011)
T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
P=0.50MPa (151.83°C) P=0.60MPa (158.83°C) P=0.80MPa (170.41°C)
Sat. 0.374830 2560.7 2748.1 6.8207 0.315600 2566.8 2756.2 6.7593 0.240350 2576.0 2768.3 6.6616200 0.425030 2643.3 2855.8 7.0610 0.352120 2639.4 2850.6 6.9683 0.260880 2631.1 2839.8 6.8177250 0.474430 2723.8 2961.0 7.2725 0.393900 2721.2 2957.6 7.1833 0.293210 2715.9 2950.4 7.0402
300 0.522610 2803.3 3064.6 7.4614 0.434420 2801.4 3062.0 7.3740 0.324160 2797.5 3056.9 7.2345350 0.570150 2883.0 3168.1 7.6346 0.474280 2881.6 3166.1 7.5481 0.354420 2878.6 3162.2 7.4107400 0.617310 2963.7 3272.4 7.7956 0.513740 2962.5 3270.8 7.7097 0.384290 2960.2 3267.7 7.5735
500 0.710950 3129.0 3484.5 8.0893 0.592000 3128.2 3483.4 8.0041 0.443320 3126.6 3481.3 7.8692600 0.804090 3300.4 3702.5 8.3544 0.669760 3299.8 3701.7 8.2695 0.501860 3298.7 3700.1 8.1354700 0.896960 3478.6 3927.0 8.5978 0.747250 3478.1 3926.4 8.5132 0.560110 3477.2 3925.3 8.3794
800 0.989660 3663.6 4158.4 8.8240 0.824570 3663.2 4157.9 8.7395 0.618200 3662.5 4157.0 8.6061900 1.082270 3855.4 4396.6 9.0362 0.901790 3855.1 4396.2 8.9518 0.676190 3854.5 4395.5 8.81851000 1.174800 4054.0 4641.4 9.2364 0.978930 4053.8 4641.1 9.1521 0.734110 4053.3 4640.5 9.0189
1100 1.267280 4259.0 4892.6 9.4263 1.056030 4258.8 4892.4 9.3420 0.791970 4258.3 4891.9 9.20901200 1.359720 4470.0 5149.8 9.6071 1.133090 4469.8 5149.6 9.5229 0.849800 4469.4 5149.3 9.38981300 1.452140 4686.6 5412.6 9.7797 1.210120 4686.4 5412.5 9.6955 0.907610 4686.1 5412.2 9.5625
P=1.00MPa (179.88°C) P=1.20MPa (187.96°C) P=1.40MPa (195.04°C)
Sat. 0.194370 2582.8 2777.1 6.5850 0.163260 2587.8 2783.8 6.5217 0.140780 2591.8 2788.9 6.4675
200 0.206020 2622.3 2828.3 6.6956 0.169340 2612.9 2816.1 6.5909 0.143030 2602.7 2803.0 6.4975250 0.232750 2710.4 2943.1 6.9265 0.192410 2704.7 2935.6 6.8313 0.163560 2698.9 2927.9 6.7488300 0.257990 2793.7 3051.6 7.1246 0.213860 2789.7 3046.3 7.0335 0.182330 2785.7 3040.9 6.9553
350 0.282500 2875.7 3158.2 7.3029 0.234550 2872.7 3154.2 7.2139 0.200290 2869.7 3150.1 7.1379400 0.306610 2957.9 3264.5 7.4670 0.254820 2955.5 3261.3 7.3793 0.217820 2953.1 3258.1 7.3046500 0.354110 3125.0 3479.1 7.7642 0.294640 3123.4 3477.0 7.6779 0.252160 3121.8 3474.8 7.6047
600 0.401110 3297.5 3698.6 8.0311 0.333950 3296.3 3697.0 7.9456 0.285970 3295.1 3695.5 7.8730700 0.447830 3476.3 3924.1 8.2755 0.372970 3475.3 3922.9 8.1904 0.319510 3474.4 3921.7 8.1183800 0.494380 3661.7 4156.1 8.5024 0.411840 3661.0 4155.2 8.4176 0.352880 3660.3 4154.3 8.3458
900 0.540830 3853.9 4394.8 8.7150 0.450590 3853.3 4394.0 8.6303 0.386140 3852.7 4393.3 8.55871000 0.587210 4052.7 4640.0 8.9155 0.489280 4052.2 4639.4 8.8310 0.419330 4051.7 4638.8 8.75951100 0.633540 4257.9 4891.4 9.1057 0.527920 4257.5 4891.o 9.0212 0.452470 4257.0 4890.5 8.94971200 0.679830 4469.0 5148.9 9.2866 0.566520 4468.7 5148.5 9.2022 0.485580 4468.3 5148.1 9.13081300 0.726100 4685.8 5411.9 9.4593 0.605090 4685.5 5411.6 9.3750 0.518660 4685.1 5411.3 9.3036
260
.3 ( ) (Cengel and Boles, 2011)
T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
P=1.60MPa (201.37°C) P=1.80MPa (207.11°C) P=2.00MPa (212.38°C)
Sat. 0.123740 2594.8 2792.8 6.4200 0.110370 2597.3 2795.9 6.3775 0.099590 2599.1 2798.3 6.3390225 0.132930 2645.1 2857.8 6.5537 0.116780 2637.0 2847.2 6.4825 0.103810 2628.5 2836.1 6.4160250 0.141900 2692.9 2919.9 6.6753 0.125020 2686.7 2911.7 6.6088 0.111500 2680.3 2903.3 6.5475
300 0.158660 2781.6 3035.4 6.8864 0.140250 2777.4 3029.9 6.8246 0.125510 2773.2 3024.2 6.7684350 0.174590 2866.6 3146.0 7.0713 0.154600 2863.6 3141.9 7.0120 0.138600 2860.5 3137.7 6.9583400 0.190070 2950.8 3254.9 7.2394 0.168490 2948.3 3251.6 7.1814 0.151220 2945.9 3248.4 7.1292
500 0.220290 3120.1 3472.6 7.5410 0.195510 3118.5 3470.4 7.4845 0.175680 3116.9 3468.3 7.4337600 0.249990 3293.9 3693.9 7.8101 0.222000 3292.7 3692.3 7.7543 0.199620 3291.5 3690.7 7.7043700 0.279410 3473.5 3920.5 8.0558 0.248220 3472.6 3919.4 8.0005 0.223260 3471.7 3918.2 7.9509
800 0.308650 3659.5 4153.4 8.2834 0.274260 3658.8 4152.4 8.2284 0.246740 3658.0 4151.5 8.1791900 0.337800 3852.1 4392.6 8.4965 0.300200 3851.5 4391.9 8.4417 0.270120 3850.9 4391.1 8.39251000 0.366870 4051.2 4638.2 8.6974 0.326060 4050.7 4637.6 8.6427 0.293420 4050.2 4637.1 8.5936
1100 0.395890 4256.6 4890.0 8.8878 0.351880 4256.2 4889.6 8.8331 0.316670 4255.7 4889.1 8.78421200 0.424880 4467.9 5147.7 9.0689 0.377660 4467.6 5147.3 9.0143 0.339890 4467.2 5147.0 8.96541300 0.453830 4684.8 5410.9 9.2418 0.403410 4684.5 5410.6 9.1872 0.363080 4684.2 5410.3 9.1384
P=2.50MPa (223.95°C) P=3.00MPa (233.85°C) P=3.50MPa (242.56°C)
Sat. 0.079950 2602.1 2801.9 6.2558 0.066670 2603.2 2803.2 6.1856 0.057060 2603.0 2802.7 6.1244
225 0.080260 2604.8 2805.5 6.2629
250 0.087050 2663.3 2880.9 6.4107 0.070630 2644.7 2856.5 6.2893 0.058760 2624.0 2829.7 6.1764300 0.098940 2762.2 3009.6 6.6459 0.081180 2750.8 2994.3 6.5412 0.068450 2738.8 2978.4 6.4484
350 0.109790 2852.5 3127.0 6.8424 0.090560 2844.4 3116.1 6.7450 0.076800 2836.0 3104.9 6.6601400 0.120120 2939.8 3240.1 7.0170 0.099380 2933.6 3231.7 6.9235 0.084560 2927.2 3223.2 6.8428450 0.130150 3026.2 3351.6 7.1768 0.107890 3021.2 3344.9 7.0856 0.091980 3016.1 3338.1 7.0074
500 0.139990 3112.8 3462.8 7.3254 0.116200 3108.6 3457.2 7.2359 0.099190 3104.5 3451.7 7.1593600 0.159310 3288.5 3686.8 7.5979 0.132450 3285.5 3682.8 7.5103 0.113250 3282.5 3678.9 7.4357700 0.178350 3469.3 3915.2 7.8455 0.148410 3467.0 3912.2 7.7590 0.127020 3464.7 3909.3 7.6855
800 0.197220 3656.2 4149.2 8.0744 0.164200 3654.3 4146.9 7.9885 0.140610 3652.5 4144.6 7.9156900 0.215970 3849.4 4389.3 8.2882 0.179880 3847.9 4387.5 8.2028 0.154100 3846.4 4385.7 8.13041000 0.234660 4049.0 4635.6 8.4897 0.195490 4047.7 4634.2 8.4045 0.167510 4046.4 4632.7 8.33241100 0.253300 4254.7 4887.9 8.6804 0.211050 4253.6 4886.7 8.5955 0.180870 4252.5 4885.6 8.52361200 0.271900 4466.3 5146.0 8.8618 0.226580 4465.3 5145.1 8.7771 0.194200 4464.4 5144.1 8.70531300 0.290480 4683.4 5409.5 9.0349 0.242070 4682.6 5408.8 8.9502 0.207500 4681.8 5408.0 8.8786
261
.3 ( ) (Cengel and Boles, 2011)
T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
P=4.0MPa (250.35°C) P=4.5MPa (257.44°C) P=5.0MPa (263.94°C)
Sat. 0.049780 2601.7 2800.8 6.0696 0.044060 2599.7 2798.0 6.0198 0.039450 2597.0 2794.2 5.9737275 0.054610 2668.9 2887.3 6.2312 0.047330 2651.4 2864.4 6.1429 0.041440 2632.3 2839.5 6.0571300 0.058870 2726.2 2961.7 6.3639 0.051380 2713.0 2944.2 6.2854 0.045350 2699.0 2925.7 6.2111
350 0.066470 2827.4 3093.3 6.5843 0.058420 2818.6 3081.5 6.5153 0.051970 2809.5 3069.3 6.4516400 0.073430 2920.8 3214.5 6.7714 0.064770 2914.2 3205.7 6.7071 0.057840 2907.5 3196.7 6.6483450 0.080040 3011.0 3331.2 6.9386 0.070760 3005.8 3324.2 6.8770 0.063320 3000.6 3317.2 6.8210
500 0.086440 3100.3 3446.0 7.0922 0.076520 3096.0 3440.4 7.0323 0.068580 3091.8 3434.7 6.9781600 0.098860 3279.4 3674.9 7.3706 0.087660 3276.4 3670.9 7.3127 0.078700 3273.3 3666.9 7.2605700 0.110980 3462.4 3906.3 7.6214 0.098500 3460.0 3903.3 7.5647 0.088520 3457.7 3900.3 7.5136
800 0.122920 3650.6 4142.3 7.8523 0.109160 3648.8 4140.0 7.7962 0.098160 3646.9 4137.7 7.7458900 0.134760 3844.8 4383.9 8.0675 0.119720 3843.3 4382.1 8.0118 0.107690 3841.8 4380.2 7.96191000 0.146530 4045.1 4631.2 8.2698 0.130200 4043.9 4629.8 8.2144 0.117150 4042.6 4628.3 8.1648
1100 0.158240 4251.4 4884.4 8.4612 0.140640 4250.4 4883.2 8.4060 0.126550 4249.3 4882.1 8.35661200 0.169920 4463.5 5143.2 8.6430 0.151030 4462.6 5142.2 8.5880 0.135920 4461.6 5141.3 8.53881300 0.181570 4680.9 5407.2 8.8164 0.161400 4680.1 5406.5 8.7616 0.145270 4679.3 5405.7 8.7124
P=6.0MPa (275.59°C) P=7.0MPa (285.83°C) P=8.0MPa (295.01°C)
Sat. 0.032450 2589.9 2784.6 5.8902 0.027378 2581.0 2772.6 5.8148 0.023525 2570.5 2758.7 5.7450
300 0.036190 2668.4 2885.6 6.0703 0.029492 2633.5 2839.9 5.9337 0.024279 2592.3 2786.5 5.7937350 0.042250 2790.4 3043.9 6.3357 0.035262 2770.1 3016.9 6.2305 0.029975 2748.3 2988.1 6.1321400 0.047420 2893.7 3178.3 6.5432 0.039958 2879.5 3159.2 6.4502 0.034344 2864.6 3139.4 6.3658
450 0.052170 2989.9 3302.9 6.7219 0.044187 2979.0 3288.3 6.6353 0.038194 2967.8 3273.3 6.5579500 0.056670 3083.1 3423.1 6.8826 0.048157 3074.3 3411.4 6.8000 0.041767 3065.4 3399.5 6.7266550 0.061020 3175.2 3541.3 7.0308 0.051966 3167.9 3531.6 6.9507 0.045172 3160.5 3521.8 6.8800
600 0.065270 3267.2 3658.8 7.1693 0.055665 3261.0 3650.6 7.0910 0.048463 3254.7 3642.4 7.0221700 0.073550 3453.0 3894.3 7.4247 0.062850 3448.3 3888.3 7.3487 0.054829 3443.6 3882.2 7.2822800 0.081650 3643.2 4133.1 7.6582 0.069856 3639.5 4128.5 7.5836 0.061011 3635.7 4123.8 7.5185
900 0.089640 3838.8 4376.6 7.8751 0.076750 3835.7 4373.0 7.8014 0.067082 3832.7 4369.3 7.73721000 0.097560 4040.1 4625.4 8.0786 0.083571 4037.5 4622.5 8.0055 0.073079 4035.0 4619.6 7.94191100 0.105430 4247.1 4879.7 8.2709 0.090341 4245.0 4877.4 8.1982 0.079025 4242.8 4875.0 8.13501200 0.113260 4459.8 5139.4 8.4534 0.097075 4457.9 5137.4 8.3810 0.084934 4456.1 5135.5 8.31811300 0.121070 4677.7 5404.1 8.6273 0.103781 4676.1 5402.6 8.5551 0.090817 4674.5 5401.0 8.4925
262
.3 ( ) (Cengel and Boles, 2011)
T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
P=9.0MPa (303.35°C) P=10.0MPa (311.00°C) P=12.5MPa (327.81°C)
Sat. 0.020489 2558.5 2742.9 5.6791 0.018028 2545.2 2725.5 5.6159 0.013496 2505.6 2674.3 5.4638325 0.023284 2647.6 2857.1 5.8738 0.019877 2611.6 2810.3 5.7596
350 0.025816 2725.0 2957.3 6.0380 0.022440 2699.6 2924.0 5.9460 0.016138 2624.9 2826.6 5.7130
400 0.029960 2849.2 3118.8 6.2876 0.026436 2833.1 3097.5 6.2141 0.020030 2789.6 3040.0 6.0433450 0.033524 2956.3 3258.0 6.4872 0.029782 2944.5 3242.4 6.4219 0.023019 2913.7 3201.5 6.2749500 0.036793 3056.3 3387.4 6.6603 0.032811 3047.0 3375.1 6.5995 0.025630 3023.2 3343.6 6.4651
550 0.039885 3153.0 3512.0 6.8164 0.035655 3145.4 3502.0 6.7585 0.028033 3126.1 3476.5 6.6317600 0.042861 3248.4 3634.1 6.9605 0.038378 3242.0 3625.8 6.9045 0.030306 3225.8 3604.6 6.7828650 0.045755 3343.4 3755.2 7.0954 0.041018 3338.0 3748.1 7.0408 0.032491 3324.1 3730.2 6.9227
700 0.048589 3438.8 3876.1 7.2229 0.043597 3434.0 3870.0 7.1693 0.034612 3422.0 3854.6 7.0540800 0.054132 3632.0 4119.2 7.4606 0.048629 3628.2 4114.5 7.4085 0.038724 3618.8 4102.8 7.2967900 0.059562 3829.6 4365.7 7.6802 0.053547 3826.5 4362.0 7.6290 0.042720 3818.9 4352.9 7.5195
1000 0.064919 4032.4 4616.7 7.8855 0.058391 4029.9 4613.8 7.8349 0.046641 4023.5 4606.5 7.72691100 0.070224 4240.7 4872.7 8.0791 0.063183 4238.5 4870.3 8.0289 0.050510 4233.1 4864.5 7.92201200 0.075492 4454.2 5133.6 8.2625 0.067938 4452.4 5131.7 8.2126 0.054342 4447.7 5127.0 8.1065
1300 0.080733 4672.9 5399.5 8.4371 0.072667 4671.3 5398.0 8.3874 0.058147 4667.3 5394.1 8.2819 P=15.0MPa (342.160C) P=17.5MPa (354.670C) P=20.0MPa (365.750C)
Sat. 0.010341 2455.7 2610.8 5.3108 0.007932 2390.7 2529.5 5.1435 0.005862 2294.8 2412.1 4.9310350 0.011481 2520.9 2693.1 5.4438
400 0.015671 2740.6 2975.7 5.8819 0.012463 2684.3 2902.4 5.7211 0.009950 2617.9 2816.9 5.5526
450 0.018477 2880.8 3157.9 6.1434 0.015204 2845.4 3111.4 6.0212 0.012721 2807.3 3061.7 5.9043500 0.020828 2998.4 3310.8 6.3480 0.017385 2972.4 3276.7 6.2424 0.014793 2945.3 3241.2 6.1446550 0.022945 3106.2 3450.4 6.5230 0.019305 3085.8 3423.6 6.4266 0.016571 3064.7 3396.2 6.3390
600 0.024921 3209.3 3583.1 6.6796 0.021073 3192.5 3561.3 6.5890 0.018185 3175.3 3539.0 6.5075650 0.026804 3310.1 3712.1 6.8233 0.022742 3295.8 3693.8 6.7366 0.019695 3281.4 3675.3 6.6593700 0.028621 3409.8 3839.1 6.9573 0.024342 3397.5 3823.5 6.8735 0.021134 3385.1 3807.8 6.7991
800 0.032121 3609.3 4091.1 7.2037 0.027405 3599.7 4079.3 7.1237 0.023870 3590.1 4067.5 7.0531900 0.035503 3811.2 4343.7 7.4288 0.030348 3803.5 4334.6 7.3511 0.026484 3795.7 4325.4 7.28291000 0.038808 4017.1 4599.2 7.6378 0.033215 4010.7 4592.0 7.5616 0.029020 4004.3 4584.7 7.49501100 0.042062 4227.7 4858.6 7.8339 0.036029 4222.3 4852.8 7.7588 0.031504 4216.9 4847.0 7.69331200 0.045279 4443.1 5122.3 8.0192 0.038806 4438.5 5117.6 7.9449 0.033952 4433.8 5112.9 7.88021300 0.048469 4663.3 5390.3 8.1952 0.041556 4659.2 5386.5 8.1215 0.036371 4655.2 5382.7 8.0574
263
.3 ( ) (Cengel and Boles, 2011)
T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
P=25.0MPa P=30.0MPa P=35.0MPa
375 0.001978 1799.9 1849.4 4.0345 0.001792 1738.1 1791.9 3.9313 0.001701 1702.8 1762.4 3.8724400 0.006005 2428.5 2578.7 5.1400 0.002798 2068.9 2152.8 4.4758 0.002105 1914.9 1988.6 4.2144425 0.007886 2607.8 2805.0 5.4708 0.005299 2452.9 2611.8 5.1473 0.003434 2253.3 2373.5 4.7751
450 0.009176 2721.2 2950.6 5.6759 0.006737 2618.9 2821.0 5.4422 0.004957 2497.5 2671.0 5.1946500 0.011143 2887.3 3165.9 5.9643 0.008691 2824.0 3084.8 5.7956 0.006933 2755.3 2997.9 5.6331550 0.012736 3020.8 3339.2 6.1816 0.010175 2974.5 3279.7 6.0403 0.008348 2925.8 3218.0 5.9093
600 0.014140 3140.0 3493.5 6.3637 0.011445 3103.4 3446.8 6.2373 0.009523 3065.6 3399.0 6.1229650 0.015430 3251.9 3637.7 6.5243 0.012590 3221.7 3599.4 6.4074 0.010565 3190.9 3560.7 6.3030700 0.016643 3359.9 3776.0 6.6702 0.013654 3334.3 3743.9 6.5599 0.011523 3308.3 3711.6 6.4623
800 0.018922 3570.7 4043.8 6.9322 0.015628 3551.2 4020.0 6.8301 0.013278 3531.6 3996.3 6.7409900 0.021075 3780.2 4307.1 7.1668 0.017473 3764.6 4288.8 7.0695 0.014904 3749.0 4270.6 6.98531000 0.023150 3991.5 4570.2 7.3821 0.019240 3978.6 4555.8 7.2880 0.016450 3965.8 4541.5 7.2069
1100 0.025172 4206.1 4835.4 7.5825 0.020954 4195.2 4823.9 7.4906 0.017942 4184.4 4812.4 7.41181200 0.027157 4424.6 5103.5 7.7710 0.022630 4415.3 5094.2 7.6807 0.019398 4406.1 5085.0 7.60341300 0.029115 4647.2 5375.1 7.9494 0.024279 4639.2 5367.6 7.8602 0.020827 4631.2 5360.2 7.7841
P=40.0MPa P=50.0MPa P=60.0MPa
375 0.001641 1677.0 1742.6 3.8290 0.001560 1638.6 1716.6 3.7642 0.001503 1609.7 1699.9 3.7149
400 0.001911 1855.0 1931.4 4.1145 0.001731 1787.8 1874.4 4.0029 0.001633 1745.2 1843.2 3.9317425 0.002538 2097.5 2199.0 4.5044 0.002009 1960.3 2060.7 4.2746 0.001816 1892.9 2001.8 4.1630450 0.003692 2364.2 2511.8 4.9449 0.002487 2160.3 2284.7 4.5896 0.002086 2055.1 2180.2 4.4140
500 0.005623 2681.6 2906.5 5.4744 0.003890 2528.1 2722.6 5.1762 0.002952 2393.2 2570.3 4.9356550 0.006985 2875.1 3154.4 5.7857 0.005118 2769.5 3025.4 5.5563 0.003955 2664.6 2901.9 5.3517600 0.008089 3026.8 3350.4 6.0170 0.006108 2947.1 3252.6 5.8245 0.004833 2866.8 3156.8 5.6527
650 0.009053 3159.5 3521.6 6.2078 0.006957 3095.6 3443.5 6.0373 0.005591 3031.3 3366.8 5.8867700 0.009930 3282.0 3679.2 6.3740 0.007717 3228.7 3614.6 6.2179 0.006265 3175.4 3551.3 6.0814800 0.011521 3511.8 3972.6 6.6613 0.009073 3472.2 3925.8 6.5225 0.007456 3432.6 3880.0 6.4033
900 0.012980 3733.3 4252.5 6.9107 0.010296 3702.0 4216.8 6.7819 0.008519 3670.9 4182.1 6.67251000 0.014360 3952.9 4527.3 7.1355 0.011441 3927.4 4499.4 7.0131 0.009504 3902.0 4472.2 6.90991100 0.015686 4173.7 4801.1 7.3425 0.012534 4152.2 4778.9 7.2244 0.010439 4130.9 4757.3 7.12551200 0.016976 4396.9 5075.9 7.5357 0.013590 4378.6 5058.1 7.4207 0.011339 4360.5 5040.8 7.32481300 0.018239 4623.3 5352.8 7.7175 0.014620 4607.5 5338.5 7.6048 0.012213 4591.8 5324.5 7.5111
264
.4 (Cengel and Boles, 2011)
T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
P=5.0MPa (263.94°C) P=10MPa (311.00°C) P=15MPa (342.16°C) Sat. 0.001286 1148.10 1154.50 2.9207 0.001452 1393.3 1407.90 3.3603 0.001657 1585.50 1610.30 3.6848 0 0.000998 0.04 5.03 0.0001 0.000995 0.12 10.07 0.0003 0.000993 0.18 15.07 0.0004
20 0.001000 83.61 88.61 0.2954 0.000997 83.31 93.28 0.2943 0.000995 83.01 97.93 0.2932 40 0.001006 166.92 171.95 0.5705 0.001004 166.33 176.37 0.5685 0.001001 165.75 180.77 0.5666 60 0.001015 250.29 255.36 0.8287 0.001013 249.43 259.55 0.8260 0.001011 248.58 263.74 0.8234
80 0.001027 333.82 338.96 1.0723 0.001024 332.69 342.94 1.0691 0.001022 331.59 346.92 1.0659 100 0.001041 417.65 422.85 1.3034 0.001039 416.23 426.62 1.2996 0.001036 414.85 430.39 1.2958 120 0.001058 501.91 507.19 1.5236 0.001055 500.18 510.73 1.5191 0.001052 498.50 514.28 1.5148
140 0.001077 586.80 592.18 1.7344 0.001074 584.72 595.45 1.7293 0.001071 582.69 598.75 1.7243 160 0.001099 672.55 678.04 1.9374 0.001095 670.06 681.01 1.9316 0.001092 667.63 684.01 1.9259 180 0.001124 759.47 765.09 2.1338 0.001120 756.48 767.68 2.1271 0.001116 753.58 770.32 2.1206
200 0.001153 847.92 853.68 2.3251 0.001148 844.32 855.80 2.3174 0.001144 840.84 858.00 2.3100 220 0.001187 938.39 944.32 2.5127 0.001181 934.01 945.82 2.5037 0.001175 929.81 947.43 2.4951 240 0.001227 1031.60 1037.70 2.6983 0.001219 1026.2 1038.30 2.6876 0.001212 1021.00 1039.20 2.6774
260 0.001276 1128.50 1134.90 2.8841 0.001265 1121.6 1134.30 2.8710 0.001256 1115.10 1134.00 2.8586 280
0.001323 1221.8 1235.00 3.0565 0.001310 1213.40 1233.00 3.0410
300
0.001398 1329.4 1343.30 3.2488 0.001378 1317.60 1338.30 3.2279
320
0.001473 1431.90 1454.00 3.4263 340
0.001631 1567.90 1592.40 3.6555
265
.4 ( ) (Cengel and Boles, 2011)
T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg.K
P=20MPa (365.75°C) P=30.0MPa P=50MPa Sat 0.002038 1785.80 1826.60 4.0146
0 0.000990 0.23 20.03 0.0005 0.000986 0.29 29.86 0.0003 0.000977 0.29 49.13 0.0010
20 0.000993 82.71 102.57 0.2921 0.000989 82.11 111.77 0.2897 0.000981 80.93 129.95 0.2845 40 0.000999 165.17 185.16 0.5646 0.000995 164.05 193.90 0.5607 0.000987 161.90 211.25 0.5528 60 0.001008 247.75 267.92 0.8208 0.001004 246.14 276.26 0.8156 0.000996 243.08 292.88 0.8055
80 0.001020 330.50 350.90 1.0627 0.001016 328.40 358.86 1.0564 0.001007 324.42 374.78 1.0442 100 0.001034 413.50 434.17 1.2920 0.001029 410.87 441.74 1.2847 0.001020 405.94 456.94 1.2705 120 0.001050 496.85 517.84 1.5105 0.001045 493.66 525.00 1.5020 0.001035 487.69 539.43 1.4859
140 0.001068 580.71 602.07 1.7194 0.001062 576.90 608.76 1.7098 0.001052 569.77 622.36 1.6916 160 0.001089 665.28 687.05 1.9203 0.001082 660.74 693.21 1.9094 0.001070 652.33 705.85 1.8889 180 0.001112 750.78 773.02 2.1143 0.001105 745.40 778.55 2.1020 0.001091 735.49 790.06 2.0790
200 0.001139 837.49 860.27 2.3027 0.001130 831.11 865.02 2.2888 0.001115 819.45 875.19 2.2628 220 0.001170 925.77 949.16 2.4867 0.001160 918.15 952.93 2.4707 0.001141 904.39 961.45 2.4414 240 0.001205 1016.10 1040.20 2.6676 0.001193 1006.9 1042.70 2.6491 0.001171 990.55 1049.10 2.6156
260 0.001247 1109.00 1134.00 2.8469 0.001231 1097.8 1134.70 2.8250 0.001204 1078.20 1138.40 2.7864 280 0.001298 1205.60 1231.50 3.0265 0.001277 1191.5 1229.80 3.0001 0.001243 1167.70 1229.90 2.9547 300 0.001361 1307.20 1334.40 3.2091 0.001332 1288.9 1328.90 3.1761 0.001288 1259.60 1324.00 3.1218
320 0.001445 1416.60 1445.50 3.3996 0.001401 1391.7 1433.70 3.3558 0.001341 1354.30 1421.40 3.2888 340 0.001569 1540.20 1571.60 3.6086 0.001493 1502.4 1547.10 3.5438 0.001405 1452.90 1523.10 3.4575 360 0.001825 1703.60 1740.10 3.8787 0.001628 1626.8 1675.60 3.7499 0.001485 1556.50 1630.70 3.6301
380
0.001873 1782.0 1838.20 4.0026 0.001588 1667.10 1746.50 3.8102
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