Принципы WDM на Русском

OTC000003

WDM

1.1

OTC000003 WDM 1.1

Huawei.

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...............................................................................................................................................1 .....................................................................................................................................1 ..........................................................................................................................1 ..................................................................................................................................1 ........................................................................................................................................1

1 WDM ............................................................................................3 WDM ............................................................................3

1.1.1 WDM ........................................................................................................3 1.1.2 WDM .........................................................................................3

DWDM .....................................................................................................5 WDM ..............................................................................6

1.3.1 WDM .........................................................................................6 1.3.2 WDM ...........................................................................................7

...............................................................................8 WDM : .........................................................................................................8 WDM ............................................................................................................9 CWDM ................................................................................................. 10 ............................................................................................................................. 11

2 WDM .................................................................................................... 12 ................................................................................... 12 ................................................................................................. 13 ................................................................................. 14

2.3.1 ( ) ................................................ 14 2.3.2 ........................................................................................ 15 2.3.3 ....................................................................................... 15

............................................................................................................................. 16

3 DWDM ...................................................................................... 17 ........................................................................................................ 17

3.1.1 ...................................................................................... 18 3.1.2 ..................................................................... 20

........................................................................................... 22 3.2.1 PIN ....................................................................................................... 22 3.2.2 (APD) .................................................................................. 22

...................................................................................................... 23 3.3.1 ......................................................................... 23 3.3.2 , (EDF) .......................................................... 24 3.3.3 EDFA ...................................................... 25 3.3.4 EDFA ........................................................................... 26 3.3.5 EDFA ...................................................................... 27 3.3.6 .................................................................................................. 28 3.3.7 ................................................................................. 29

............................................................ 29 3.4.2 ............................................................... 30 3.4.3 ............................................................. 32 3.4.4 .................................... 33 3.4.5 ........................................ 33 3.4.6 34 3.4.7 ............ 34

....................................................................................... 35 3.5.1 (OSC) ...................................... 35 3.5.2 ................................................... 36

OTC000003 WDM 1.1

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3.5.3 .................................................................. 37 : .................................................................................................................................. 37

4 DWDM ......... 38 ITU-T WDM ........................................................................................ 38 .......................................................... 39 ..................................................................... 39

: .................................................................................................................................. 41

...................................................................................................................... 42

OTC000003 WDM 1.1

Huawei.

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WDM, DWDM. WDM .

:

1 WDM

, WDM, , , DWDM. , WDM.

2 WDM

, , , ..

3 DWDM

, DWDM ? , DWDM, , ..

4 DWDM

ITU-T DWDM, ITU-T WDM.

1) , , WDM; 2) , ; 3) DWDM

.

4) DWDM .

(1)

(2) DWDM

(3) DWDM

(4) ITU-T

OTC000003 WDM 1.1

Huawei.

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(5) -

(6) TA052401 DWDM ISSUE 1.0

(7) TC000001 ISSUE1.0

(8) TC000001 ISSUE1.0

OTC000003 WDM 1.1 WDM

Huawei.

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1 WDM

:

WDM , WDM DWDM .

WDM

1.1.1 WDM

. , FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing/ ), TDM (Time Division Multiplexing/ ), WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing/ ) SDM (Space Division Multiplexing/ ). FDM, TDM, WDM SDM , , . , . , . , WDM , . .

WDM - . , , . . (OFDM), . - , . DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing/ ) WDM CWDM (Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing/ )

. TDM . . DWDM , .

1.1.2 WDM

, . . , WDM. , . .


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1. SDM (Space Division Multiplexing/ )

SDM , .

, , , . , . . , , . , . SDM .

2. TDM (Time Division Multiplexing/ )

TDM , , PDH STM-1, STM-4, STM-16 STM-64 SDH. TDM . , . .

, TDM . -, . , . . -, . SDH, 155M/ 155M/, 622M/, 2 155M/ .

, TDM TDM 40/ . 10/, .

TDM . , , .

, SDM TDM, PDH SDH, .. . , , , . , .


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3. WDM ( Wavelength Division Multiplexing/ )

WDM . , , . . WDM 2.5/, . . WDM , .

4. TDM WDM

TDM WDM. TDM . , WDM , . , , .

DWDM

, , DWDM . , WDM (DWDM) , , , .

, (FDM) . . .

, - , , . . , - . ( ) .

- ( , ), . . ( )


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(WDM), (DWDM). , . , . , 8, 16, 32 DWDM. G.692 ITU-T 193.1 ( 1552.52) , 100 ( 0.8).

- DWDM . 1-1.

M

U

X

D

M

U

X

Optical booster

amplifier

Wavelength

Single

channel

Optical line

amplifier

Optical line

amplifier Optical pre-amplifier

Optical

spectrum

Optical

spectrum

Wavelength

OTU

OTU

O T U

O T U

. 1-1 DWDM

, , , , EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier/ ) (EDFA ), , ( ), ( ), .

WDM

1.3.1 WDM

. 1-2, WDM . , .


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1

1

Optical source

N

N

-

- WDM

-

-

1

N N - -

Optical source

1

WDM

Detector

1

N+1

-

-

Detector

N

2NWDM WDM

1 N - -

-

-

2N

N+1

Detector

1

Detector

1

Detector

N

Optical source

1

Optical source

N

. 1-1 WDM

WDM . , , , , . , , 2,5/ , .

1.3.2 WDM

. 1-3, WDM . . .

. FWM (Four-Wave Mixing/ ), FWM , . , , ( ). , , , .

1

1

Optical source

N

N

-

-

WDM

Detector

1

Detector

N

-

-

1

N

N - -

Optical source

1

WDM

Detector

N+1

N+1

-

-

Detector

2N

2N

N+1 2N - -

Optical source

2N

-

-

Optical source

N+1

2N

N+1

A single optical fiber


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. 1-1 WDM

G.692 ITU-T, WDM . WDM .

DWDM :

DWDM DWDM

DWDM , , , ITU-T. DWDM . , ITU-T, .

DWDM , , DWDM ITU-T, , .

. DWDM.

WDM :

WDM N , (OMT) (OLA). , :

(OTU) :

/ (ODU/OMU) ( BA/LA/PA) ( OSC)

ITU-T. / / (O/E/O), .. , .

. . . . .


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. , .

, , , , . . EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier/ ), SOA (Semiconductor Optical Amplifier/ ) FRA (Fiber Raman Amplifier/ ) .. , EDFA .

WDM. 1510 2/. ( 50). EDFA .

WDM

. , - , , . , WDM (DWDM).

DWDM :

1.

, . DWDM , . 1,6/.

2.

DWDM , . WDM , ATM, IP , . WDM . , WDM "" .

3.

, , , (CATV, HDTV B-ISDN ..) , .


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4. ,

TDM , WDM . . , , , .

5.

, / - . WDM . , WDM . WDM .

CWDM

DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing/ ) , , . WDM ? CWDM (Coarse wavelength division multiplexing/ ).

, CWDM DWDM. : (1) CWDM , 2 16 . ; (2) CWDM , DWDM , , . CWDM . DFB CWDM , . CWDM 30% DWDM. , CWDM .

DWDM CWDM. CWDM 1270 1610, 20, 16 .

DWDM, CWDM , 100. . CWDM . , CWDM , , Ethernet, SONET . , , , .

CWDM , . CWDM: (1)


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; (2) , . DWDM; (3) CWDM .

, 1990-, , WDM . DWDM , CWDM Ethernet, . , , .

1) WDM, DWDM CWDM? 2) WDM . 3) ? 4) WDM .


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2 WDM

:

.

.

, , . . . . 2-1.

Coat i ng Cl addi ng Cor e

n2 n1

. 2-1


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2a2b2a2b

2b 2a

n2

n1

n2n1

n( r )n2

. 2-2

, . . 2-2 . , . , . . , . , . . , n1 n2. . , . , , . . 2-2. , . . . , 10, 50. . 1.

, , , , DWDM . ITU-T


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G.652, G.653, G.654 G.655.

G.652 , 1310 . : . . , .

G.653 1550. , 1550, . .

G.654 . 1550. 1310. 1550 , 18/( ). . G.654 .

G.655 , G.653 1550 DWDM . DWDM .

, , . 1510 72 . , DWDM 10/.

: ?

2.3.1 ( )

8~9 , 1.3~1.6. - . , LP01 , . .


Huawei.

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G.652 1310 8.6~9.5 10%. G.655 1550 8~11 10%.

125.

2.3.2

: , . . .

OH-.

( , SiO2, GeO2 P2O5 ). . , . .

1310 1550, , 0.3~0.4/(1310) 0.17~0.25/ (1550). G.652 ITU-T, 1310 1550 , , 0.5/ 0.4/.

2.3.3

, . .

1) : .

2) : , , . .

3) : , .

. G.652 ITU-T 1300~1324

- 0.093/(2.). 1525~1575

20/(.). G.653 ITU-T 1550

0.085/(2.) 1525~1575,

3.5/(.). G.655 0.1~6.0 /(2.) 1530~1565.


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: .

Dispersion coefficient

(ps/nm km)

G.655 fiber with positive

dispersion coefficient

G.653 fiber

Wavelength (nm)1550

1310

G.652 fiber17

G.655 fiber with negative

dispersion coefficient

1) ? 2) ?


Huawei.

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3 DWDM

:

DWDM DWDM. / DWDM DWDM

. - . LD (Laser Diode/ ) LED (Light Emitting Diode/ ), - , . , .

LD LED , LD , LED . LED ; , , . LD PDH SDH.

: MLM SLM . , , . MLM , , . SLM 0.1 , . SLM , MLM .

DWDM . . , . , DWDM 50~60 500~600 SDH . DWDM , ( , (SBS), (SRS), (SPM), (XPM), (FWM)).

, DWDM :

3) ; 4) .


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3.1.1

- . : .

1.

, .. . LED LD, PDH SDH 2.5/, .

, . : , . , . , - (chirp), () , . (chirp) , . G.652,

100 2.5/.

DWDM , .

2.

: , .. , . . . 3-1.

, . , (chirp) . , , . , , .

, , .

2.5/ 300. DWDM , .


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. 3-1

, .

. . , , .

. . , .

(Ti) LiNbO2 , . : , .

, , : .

, DWDM. - , , , .

- , , . , . , . , . , . 3-2.


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Absorption

region Absorption

region

Biased

Unbiased

1 0 0 2

1 is the absorption side wavelength of unbiased modulator

2 is the absorption side wavelength of biased modulator

0 is the operating wavelength of the constant light source

. 3-2 -

- , . , , . . , InGaAsP - , (TEC). - (EML). 2.5/ 600, . OFB 20 .

(CW + LiNbO3) -, . 3-3.

LD

. 3-3 M-Z external modulator

, . - , . . , . . (chirp) . , , - .

3.1.2

DWDM . , .

( 0.8), DWDM . ,


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0.5 . 0.2. , .. , . .

- . 0.008/C. 25C. 15C 35C, EML 1.6. .

, (DFB) , . DFB 1.5 , 0.02/C 15C-35C. DFB . , MWQ-DFB DWDM (20 ).

, . 0.008 /, , . , . (, ). , .

. , . . . 3-4. .

LD

LD control circuit

Wavelength sensitive

component

Optical output

Signal

processingFor wavelength control

For wavelength monitoring

. 3-1

? :

DWDM ?


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. , , .

5) . 6) , ,

.

7) , , .

8) , .

9) .

, : PIN .

3.2.1 PIN

PIN , ( ) P N . , ( ), .

PIN , , .

3.2.2 (APD)

- , , . , . PIN , . , . , , - . PIN , APD , . APD . , , P-N . , . . .

PIN , .


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, . . . . , . -, . . -, , . . .

3.3.1

, . 3-5:

optical signal Amplified signal

. 3-1

, . , 2 . -, , . , . -, , , . , , . WDM , EDFA. EDFA . , .

2 : SOA FOA. SOA . , .

FOA SOA, ( ) FOA , . . FOA , . SOA, . . EDFA .


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, EDFA ( , ) , , , , , , . DWDM .

DWDM, EDFA BA, LA PA.

. , . , . EDFA, .

3.3.2 , (EDF)

EDF . , Er3+ . Er. Er 3- (1, 2 3 . 3-6), 1 , 2 , 3 .

Pump

E2 metastable state

E3 excited state

1550nm

E1 ground state

1550nm

Decay

light

signal lightsignal light

. 3-1 EDFA

EDF, 3. , , 2, ( ). 2 , . , . . 1550 , , , . , , EDF.


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3.3.3 EDFA

D c DWDM . . .

, EDFA 1549 1561 , 12 . 1530 1542 , 8 . DWDM , 1540 , .

DWDM, EDFA , . . 1 , (1525-1560 ), EDFA. . 2-7 EDFA , , .

, 1525-1540 EDFA , 1540-1564 . , 40 \.

Wavelength

1525nm-1565nm

non-aluminum-doped EDFA

Gain

1525nm-1565nm

aluminum-doped EDFA

Gain

Wavelength

. 3-1 EDFA

:

EDFA . 3-8.


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-{}-

Cascading amplification of amplifier gain unflatness

Cascading amplification of amplifier gain flatness

. 3-2 EDFA

3.3.4 EDFA

EDFA , WDM . , , . . , 7-8 , , 17 . , .

EDFA . . EDFA . , , , , - . , , EDFA . , EDFA , , . 3-9.

OUTPUTINPUT

Non-linear control

PIN PIN

TAPTAP P U M P

. 3-1

, . , 8 , 1 . . ,


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EDFA . , . , , .

:

EDFA . 3-10 3-11.

adding

wavelength

falling

wavelength >1dB

>1dB

. 3-2 EDFA

-{}-

Falling wavelength

adding wavelength

Falling wavelength

adding wavelength


Huawei.

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13) , , , .

14) : EDFA .

15) .

DWDM .

2. EDFA:

16) : Er EDFA 1550 . . , , 1310 .

17) : EDFA , . EDFA WDM .

18) : EDFA . , , , . EDFA. , - .

3.3.6

, , . , ( ) . . . . , . . , , ( 10 m). , . , , , .

, SRS, 13 , . , , . SRS . . .

3 :

19) . ,


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, . 3-12, 3- . , EDFA. EDFA ( , EDFA 80 ). (1270-1670 ) .

PUMP1 PUMP3

70~100nm

30nm

GAIN

PUMP2PUMP1 PUMP3

70~100nm

30nm

GAIN

PUMP2

. 3-1

20) . , , . , , . , , , FWM.

21) . EDFA, .

3.3.7

+17 +20 . .

, . , EDFA .

( ) 300.000 .

, , . , . . 3-13. ; . WDM WDM.


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: , , , .

, . .

WDM 1 2 - n - -

1

2

n

(a) Multiplexer

WDM 1 2 - n - -

1

2

n

(b) De-multiplexer . 3-1 DWDM

, WDM, ITU-T G.671.

4 . : , , , (AWG).

3.4.2

. . . . . . . 3-14. , , .

0.5 . , , , . 131 0.5 . 1 , 55 . , 3-8 . , ,


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. , . , . , 0.012 /C. , 0.0004 /C. , .

1 2 3 4 5 - n output (in)

1 2 - n input (out)

Diffraction

grating

. 3-1

. .

, . , . 10.000 , . . . , ( 150 /, 50 ). . / . DWDM.

Periodic variation of the refractive index (grating)

Ultraviole light interference

1 2 3 2

. 3-2

, . , .


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3.4.3

. - DTF. DTF , , . . 1/4 . . , . , , 180. 1/4 (90), , 360, , . . , , . , , . .

: , , , . . . , , , . , 0.0005 /C. , , . , .

, 4 16 , .

1-4

4

2

3

Self-focusing lens

1 filter

3 filter

Glass

1

. 3-1


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3.4.4

2 . , , , , . , . , . 2 , , . 2 . .

3.4.5

, . , . . , / (OADM). , .

(AWG) /, NTT, . , , , , . . 3-17.

1 2 - -

Wavegui de

gr at i ng

Fr ee space

Fan- l i ke

wavegui de

Fan- l i ke

wavegui de

. 3-1 AWG


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3.4.6

Table 3-1

()

() ()

0.5~10 131 -30 3~6

/

1~100 2~32 -25 2~6

10~100 2~6 -(10~45) 0.2~1.5

1~5 4~32 -25 6~11

3.4.7

. , : , , , , , , .

1. (OMU)

WDM . 2 16- 32- : . , . 3-2.

Table 3-1

.. 16- 32-

40

1548-1561 1530-1561

22

>25 >25

.


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2. (ODU)

WDM . 3 16- WDM: , . , . 3-3.

Table 3-1

.. 16- 32-

100 100

25

>25 >25

0.5 0.5

.

0.2 -20 * *

SDH , SDH (, E1, E2, D1-D12), (TM, ADM REG). SDH, DWDM . /, OA . , SDH, SDH . . DWDM . (OSC). , (EDFA), 1530-1565 , OSC EDFA (OSC ), 1510 . (CMI).

3.5.1 (OSC)

DWDM:

;

2- ;

1310 ;


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.

:

1) 980 1480 EDFA, , ~1480 .

2) 1310 , 1310 , .

3) . OSC . , , .

4) OA, . , (EDFA), 1528-1610 . , . : 1510 1625 .

ITU-T, DWDM . . OTM, ; . OLA. , , . . .

3.5.2

. 3-4.

Table 3-1

1510

2 /

CMI

(0~-7 )

MLM LD

*

. -48


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3.5.3

2 / G.703, G.704. . 3-18.

0 1 2 3 ........ 16 17 ....... 29 30 31

. 3-1

0: .

2 , . ; WDM.

1 , ( ), .

4 , DCC , 8 DCC . WDM. 2 , .

, .

:

22) - , M-Z. 23) ?

?

24) ? EDFA.

25) DWDM?


Huawei.

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4 DWDM

:

ITU-T WDM.

ITU-T WDM

( , ITU-T) WDM. :

ITU-T G.652(1993) Characteristics of single-mode fiber cable -

ITU-T G0.653(1993) Characteristics of dispersion shifted single-mode fiber cable -

ITU-T G.655(1996) Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion shifted single-mode optical fiber cable

ITU-T G.661(1993) Definition and test methods for the relevant generic parameters of optical fiber amplifiers

ITU-T G.662(1994) Main characteristics of optical amplifier equipment and sub-systems

ITU-T G.663(1996) Optical amplifier related transmission problems ,

ITU-T G.671(1996) Requirements for passive optical components

ITU-T G.681(1997) Functional characteristics of interoffice and long-haul line systems using optical amplifiers, including optical multiplexing , ,

ITU-T G.691(1997) Optical interface for single channel systems with optical amplifier SDH and STM-64 systems SDH STM-64

ITU-T G.692(1998) Optical interface for multi-channel systems with optical amplifier


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, ITU-T G.692 WDM. . Tx 1, Tx 2 TxN . ( ) . . .

. 4-1 WDM

WDM :

S1Sn:

1n;

R1RMn:

OM/OA 1n;

MPI-S: OM/OA;

S': ;

R': ;

MPI-R: OA/OD;

SD1SDn: OA/OD;

R1Rn: .

2 : 1310 1550 . , 192.1-196.1 .


Huawei.

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192.1-196.1 .

. G.692 193.1 100 50 .

WDM 2 : . 4- . WDM, G.652 G.655 , G.692 , . 4-1.

Table 4-1

() 50

() 100

()

196.05 1529.16

196.00 196.00 1529.55

195.95 1529.94

195.90 195.90 1530.33

195.85 1530.72

195.80 195.80 1531.12

195.75 1531.51

195.70 195.70 1531.90

195.65 1532.29

195.60 195.60 1532.68

195.55 1533.07

195.50 195.50 1533.47

195.45 1533.86

195.40 195.40 1534.25

195.35 1534.64

195.30 195.30 1535.04

195.25 1535.43

195.20 195.20 1535.82

195.15 1536.22

195.10 195.10 1536.61

195.05 1537.00

195.00 195.00 1537.40

194.95 1537.79

194.90 194.90 1538.19

194.85 1538.58

194.80 194.80 1538.98

194.75 1539.37

194.70 194.70 1539.77

194.65 1540.16

194.60 194.60 1540.56

194.55 1540.95

194.50 194.50 1541.35

194.45 1541.75

194.40 194.40 1542.14

194.35 1542.54

194.30 194.30 1542.94

194.25 1543.33

194.20 194.20 1543.73

194.15 1544.13

194.10 194.10 1544.53

194.05 1544.92

194.00 194.00 1545.32


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() 50

() 100

()

193.95 1545.72

193.90 193.90 1546.12

193.85 1546.52

193.80 193.80 1546.92

193.75 1547.32

193.70 193.70 1547.72

193.65 1548.11

193.60 193.60 1548.51

193.55 1548.91

193.50 193.50 1549.32

193.45 1549.72

193.40 193.40 1550.12

193.35 1550.52

193.30 193.30 1550.92

193.25 1551.32

193.20 193.20 1551.72

193.15 1552.12

193.10 193.10 1552.52

193.05 1552.93

193.00 193.00 1553.33

192.95 1553.73

192.90 192.90 1554.13

192.85 1554.54

192.80 192.80 1554.94

192.75 1555.34

192.70 192.70 1555.75

192.65 1556.15

192.60 192.60 1556.55

192.55 1556.96

192.50 192.50 1557.36

192.45 1557.77

192.40 192.40 1558.17

192.35 1558.58

192.30 192.30 1558.98

192.25 1559.39

192.20 192.20 1559.79

192.15 1560.20

192.10 192.10 1560.61

:

1) ITU-T WDM? 2)

? ?


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ADM Add and Drop Multiplexer /

AGC Automatic Gain Control

ALC Automatic Level Control

ALS Automatic Laser Shutdown

APD Avalanche Photo Diode

APR Automatic Power Reduction

ASE Amplified Spontaneous Emission

AWG Arrayed Waveguide Grating

BA Booster Amplifier

BER Bit Error Ratio

CLNS Connectionless Network Layer Service

CMI Coded Mark Inversion

CRC Cyclical Redundancy Check

CSES Continuous Severely Errored Second

CWDM Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplex

DCC Data Communication Channel

DCF Dispersion Compensation Fibre

DCM Dispersion Compensation Module

DCN Data Communication Network

DDN Digital Data Network

DFB Distributed Feedback

DSP Digital Signal Processing

DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

ECC Embedded Control Channel

EDFA Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier ,

ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute

FEC Forward Error Correction

FIFO First In First Out

GE Gigabit Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet

GUI Graphic User Interface

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

ITU-T International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications sector

-

LA Line Amplifier

LAN Local Area Network

LCN Local Communication Network

LCT Local Craft Terminal

LD Laser Diode

MCF Message Communication Function

MD Mediation Device

MPI-R Main Path Interface at the Receiver

MPI-S Main Path Interface at the Transmitter

NE Network Element

NF Noise Figure

NRZ Non Return to Zero


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OA Optical Amplifier

OADM Optical Add and Drop Multiplexer /

OD Optical Demultiplexing

ODF Optical Distribution Frame

Overhead Processor

Unit

Overhead Processing

OLA Optical Line Amplifier

OM Optical Multiplexing

OS Operations System

OSC Optical Supervisory Channel

OSI Open Systems Interconnection

OSNR Optical Signal/Noise Ratio

OTM Optical Terminal Multiplexer

OTU Optical Transponder Unit

PA Pre-amplifier -

PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

PIN Positive Intrinsic Negative

PON Passive Optical Network

SCC System Control & Communication

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SNCP Subnetwork Connection Protection

STM Synchronous Transport Module

TCP/IP Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

/ -

TMN Telecommunication Management Network

TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic

WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing

WS Work Station

WDM WDM WDM WDMSDM (Space Division Multiplexing/ )TDM (Time Division Multiplexing/ )WDM ( Wavelength Division Multiplexing/ ) TDM WDM

DWDM WDM WDM WDM

WDM : WDM ,

CWDM

WDM ( )

DWDM

PIN (APD)

, (EDF) EDFA EDFA EDFA EDFA: EDFA:

(OMU) (ODU)

(OSC)

:

DWDM ITU-T WDM :

Documents

Принципы WDM на Русском