War and its impact on life in Germany 1939-1947

 What was life like during the early years of the war, 1939-41?

         The Nazi policy of Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) brought quick victories and little suffering to Germany. The German army even sent home luxury items from conquered countries like gold, paintings and silk stockings. The victories made Hitler more popular.

         Autarky and the controlling of supplies led to the introduction of rationing in 1939. This led to 2/5 of the German population having an improved diet.

         Everyone took part in the war effort. The Hitler Youth collected scrap metal to be recycled for the army. The children were evacuated from the cities in September 1940 to avoid bombing raids.

What was life like during the later war years, 1942-45?

         From 1942, the German people became far more involved in the war as the Nazi Party introduced a policy of “Total War.”

         Albert Speer was appointed Reich Minister for Armaments in 1943 and made sure the economy was fully geared up for the war. He closed down small factories and moved workers to bigger more efficient factories. He brought in cheap foreign workers and by 1944, 29% of all workers in Germany were foreign. He also introduced assembly lines to speed up production, which increased production per worker by 60%.

         From 1943, women from 17-45 were conscripted into munitions factories. By 1944, 42% of workers were women.

         From January 1943, following the German Army’s defeat in Russia, Goebbels began using more and more propaganda to boost morale and convince the public that Germany could still win the war. Military defeats and the bombing of German cities were used as propaganda tools to encourage the German people to continue fighting.

         Food rations were reduced in 1942 due to shortages caused by military defeats. There was a lot of illegal trading in rationed goods on the black market.

         From 1942, the Allies began to bomb German cities heavily to disrupt German war production destroy the morale of the German public. 2,700,000 bombs were dropped, killing 650,000 German civilians.

         By 1944, the German Army was stretched so Hitler created the Volkssturm (People’s Army) as a last line of defence. The Volkssturm was made up of men too old, young or injured to join the regular

army. They had to supply their own weapons and they were poorly trained, although they did help to defend Berlin from the Russians in 1945.

How were Jews treated during the war years?

         Initially, all Jews were gathered together in Ghettos, which were walled-in to prevent them from leaving. Conditions in the Ghettos were appalling and 55,000 Jews died in the Warsaw Ghetto alone.

         Following the invasion of Russia in 1941, Einsatzgruppen (Killing Squads) raided Russian towns that had been captured by the German Army to look for any Jews. They marched the Jews to the outskirts of their towns where they were forced to dig their own graves before they were shot. By 1943, the Einsatzgruppen had killed 2,000,000 Russian Jews.

         In January 1942, leading Nazis met at Wannsee in Berlin to work out the “Final Solution.” They decided to build Death Camps in Poland at Auschwitz, Treblinka, Sobibor and Belzec. From March 1942, Jews from all over occupied Europe were being transported to these camps.

         On arrival at the Death Camps, fit and healthy Jews were put to work. The rest were sent to the gas chambers. Zyklon B gas was used to kill the Jews. The gas chambers were very efficient. At Treblinka, 140,000 Jews were being killed every month. Many Jews were also used for medical experiments. By 1945, over 6,000,000 had been killed.

What opposition was there to Nazi rule within Germany from civilians?

         Some young people joined the Edelweiss Pirates. They would try to beat up Hitler Youth patrols and hand out Allied propaganda leaflets. In 1944, Barthel Schink, the 16 year old leader of the Cologne Pirates was hanged by the Nazis.

         The Swing Youth met in bars and nightclubs to listen to banned jazz and swing music.

         The White Rose Group was set up by Hans and Sophie Scholl at Munich University in 1941. They wrote and distributed 6 anti-Nazi leaflets, describing the atrocities that they were committing. However, in February 1943, they were caught and executed by the Gestapo.

         Many religious groups and individuals opposed the Nazis. Martin Niemoller set up the Confessional Church in opposition to the National Reich Church and was incarcerated in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Dietrich Bonhoeffer helped some Jews to escape and was arrested by the Gestapo. Bishop Clemens von Galen was a Catholic priest who was arrested for preaching about the horrors of Nazi atrocities.

What opposition was there to Nazi rule within Germany from the military?

         Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg had been badly wounded during the failed invasion of Russia. He also hated the brutality of the SS and the mistreatment of Jews. He devised “Operation Valkyrie”, which involved placing a bomb in a briefcase beside Hitler to kill him.

         As Chief-of-Staff to the Home Army Commander, von Stauffenberg met with Hitler regularly.

         On July 20th, 1944, von Stauffenberg planted the bomb. He had been disturbed setting the detonator so the bomb was smaller than it should have been. He placed the briefcase containing the bomb 2 metres away from Hitler but it was accidentally moved away during the meeting. When the bomb went off, one man was killed, but Hitler was protected from serious injury by a solid oak table.

         Von Stauffenberg was arrested on his return to Berlin. Hitler took revenge on the army and 5,746 people suspected of being involved in the plot were executed.

How was Germany defeated?

         The D Day landings of June 6th, 1944, provided the Allies with a foothold in Europe to fight back against the Nazis. By August 25th, Paris had been liberated.

         The failure of Operation Market Garden slowed the Allies advance to Berlin from the west.

         The Germans used their remaining reserves in a last ditch attack at “The Battle of the Bulge” which failed. On March 9th, 1945, the Allies entered Germany from the west with the Russians reaching Berlin in late April from the east.

         The final Russian assault on Berlin began on April 16th, 1945. By April 24th, there was house to house fighting in the city between the Russians and the Volkssturm. On may 8th, the German Army finally surrendered.

         On April 30th, 1945, Hitler committed suicide and Admiral Donitz replaced him as Fuhrer.

How was Germany punished by the Allies?

         At the Yalta Conference in February, 1945, the Allies decided to split Germany and Berlin into 4 zones controlled by the USA, the UK, France and Russia.

         At the Potsdam Conference in July, 1945, the Allies decided to demilitarise Germany and re-establish democracy. Germany had to pay reparations, mostly to Russia and the Nazi Party was banned.

         At the Nuremburg Trials, the Allies put 22 senior Nazis on trial for waging war, crimes against peace, crimes against humanity and war crimes.

         200 other Nazis were put on trial. 142 were found guilty, 24 were given the death sentence, 20 were

given life in prison, and 98 received other prison sentences.

What happened to Germany after the war?

         After the war Germany went through a period of Denazification. 90,000 Nazis were held in detention and a further 2,000,000 were banned from working. 30,000 different pro Nazi books were destroyed.

         In 1947, the American, British and French zones merged to become The Federal Republic of Germany, which was a capitalist western democracy. The Russian zone became the German Democratic Republic, which was communist. Germany remained split until reunification in 1990.

Did the strongest opposition to the Nazis during the war years come from the German military? [10 marks]In some ways the strongest opposition to the Nazis during the war years did come from the German military.

Operation Valkyrie and the July Bomb Plot.

In other ways strongest opposition to the Nazis during the war years did not come from the German military.

The Edelweiss Pirates.The Swing Youth.The White Rose.Religious groups.

What was life like during the early years of the war, 1939-41?

Life in wartime Germany

Total War' - the organisation of entire societies for war in a social, economic, and even spiritual sense. There were, of course, protests and debates, but the vast majority of people fought or supported it with the 'Home Front' because they believed that victory for their own country was worth the cost. Total war was what Hitler believed was necessary if Germany was to dominate Europe and the world.

Early years of the war

Initially the war had very little effect on the people of Germany. There were no food shortages and the initial successes of the army led to luxury items such as gold and silk and new foods being imported into Germany. The reason people were not affected was due to careful rationing and the use of autarky. In fact as many as 2/5 German’s diet improved as a result of rationing.

As in England evacuation of young people from the cities occurred in 1940 and again in 1943. Young people were encouraged to get involved in the war effort with the Hitler Youth collecting scrap metal, clothing, books to recycle these goods for the war effort.

Despite Nazi views on the role of women more and more were working in Industry with upward of 6.2 women working outside the home by 1939. By 1943 the labour shortages caused by 13 million men being conscripted led to women between the ages of 17 and 45 being encouraged to work. By 1944 41.5% of the workforce being female.

Propaganda

Propaganda was used to maintain support for the war on the home front. Up to 1942 the propaganda was focused on highlighting the successes of their military campaigns on both the eastern and western fronts. However, after Germany’s defeat at Stalingrad in January 1943 and the commencement of Allied bombing raids on Germany the focus became on the importance of victory. Posters highlighted that Germany needed to win and encouraged increased support for the war effort from civilians. Various propaganda campaigns were launched to keep up morale and to encourage people to support the war effort. Goebbels claimed that between December 1941 and January 1942 Germans gave 1.5 million furs and 67 million woollen garments to help clothe the German army in Russia. Other campaigns urged people to save fuel, work harder and even try to avoid tooth decay. Extra food rations were given out at Christmas 1942 to help keep up morale.

There is much evidence to suggest that Nazi propaganda has been so effective that public confidence in Hitler’s leadership remained high, even when Germany was on the verge of defeat. Historians have agreed no explanation of this, but have drawn attention to a range of factors. Goebbels worked incessantly in the Ministry of Propaganda. He pursued clever tactics in stressing to Germans what the consequences of defeat might be: pillage and rape at the hands of vengeful and barbaric Russians, for instance. Public faith in Hitler’s personal infallibility also remained high until the very last stages of the war.

Later years of the war 1942-1945

By 1943 it was clear that the war was not going to go Germany’s way. The Government began preparations for “Total War” with every part of German society geared to the war effort, producing arms, growing food, caring for the sick or fighting. Anything that did not contribute to the war effort was eliminated.

Moves to improve productivity were reinforced by the appointment of Speer as Reich Minister for Armaments and Production in September 1943. This post gave Speer responsibility for all industrial output and raw materials. Almost immediately, Speer attempted to reorganise and rationalise these sectors of the economy. Many firms were still not working double shifts and production was dispersed. Speer aimed to introduce labour-saving, time-saving and space-saving measures, thereby boosting production. The results of his work were impressive:

The Armaments Commission was set up in 1943. As a result, the economy became more productive. The Armaments Commission created by Speer worked to standardise production, thereby allowing greater mass production.

Central control of raw materials, the reduction of hand-working practices and more realistic contracts saw a rise in output per head in the armaments industry.

Better processes cut the amount of precious raw materials used, for example the use of aluminium in gun production was reduced by 93 per cent after rationalisation had taken place.

It must be remembered that this was in the period when the workforce was in itself becoming less productive as a result of the number of men being conscripted into the army. Despite Allied bombing, the last years of the war saw a significant improvement in industrial production and an increase in military expenditure.

Despite the increases in production as a result of rationalisation, there was still a shortage of labour and the attitude of the regime towards women and Jews reflected the continuing confusion in economic policy. It also shows that, when attempts were made to introduce policy that ran counter to Hitler’s world view, they often floundered, however sensible or logical. The critical need of the German economy for more labour during the war was not to be solved by employing greater numbers of women, and the regime’s genocidal policies were such that it chose to murder rather than make use of one of the most skilled workforces in Europe.

Between 1939 and 1944, only 200,000 extra women entered the workforce despite the chronic lack of labour. In 1939, the number of women in employment was 14,6 million, a figure which actually declined to 14.2 million in 1941 and peaked at 14.9 million in 1944. Hitler’s refusal to allow conscription of women into the workforce was ideologically based: the Nazi view of the role of women revolved around Kinder, Kuche, Kirche (Children, Kitchen, Home). Even with the move towards “Total War”, the subsequent campaign to encourage women to work from January 1943 had little effect with only 400,000 extra women being recruited by the end of the war. Moves to improve productivity were reinforced by the appointment of Albert Speer as Reich Minister for Armaments and Production in September 1943. He was given responsibility for all industrial output and raw materials.

Despite Speer’s impressive efforts, economic production in Germany during the war remained disorganised. The Nazi state was too chaotic with too many competing agencies / power blocks for any consistent policy to be formulated. Often, when clear direction was given from the centre, it countered economic logic. This stems from the fact that much of Nazism as an ideology was both irrational and illogical. Until the ideology was undermined by military failure, however, its aims were supported at least implicitly by large sections of the financial and industrial world.

What was the effect of Allied bombing raids?

From 1942 the Allies began bombing raids on German cities.1,442,280 raids in which 2,700,000 bombs were dropped and 650,00 civilians were killed.By the end of the war ,more than 3.5 million German civilians were killed.Due to the disruption to industry workers now had to work 60 hour weeks.The bombings made millions of Germans homeless.Key cities such as Berlin and Hamburg became little more than ruins.

What was the Home Guard (Volkssturm)

German civilian home defence organization, established September 1944 to supplement the regular armed forces toward the end of World War II. All civilian males between 16 and 60 capable of bearing arms were liable for service. Although organized and trained

on military lines, the shortage of weapons and instructors made it largely ineffective. In January 1945 Hitler ordered it should be amalgamated with regular army units, which accounted for the large number of schoolboys and old men taken prisoner by the Allies in the final days of the war.

How else did the war affect German civilians?

In 1942 food rations were reduced and people were encouraged to use the weird and wonderful foods brought back from conquered places. Recipes included ‘Baked udder with herbs’, ‘stuffed calves heart’ and ‘Daisy salad’.

By 1941 women could only have 1 ½ cigarettes per day and old shoes given up when new ones were bought.

A black market of unrationed goods sprung up.

What opposition was there to Nazi rule?

Military opposition

Many in the military opposed Hitler as they had lost faith in the war effort and wanted to accept a peace treaty and avoid further military losses. Major Claus von Stauffenberg emerged as the leader of the military group opposed to Nazi rule. In 1942 he decided to kill Adolf Hitler. He was joined by Wilhelm Canaris, Carl Goerdeler, Julius Leber, Ulrich Hassell, Hans Oster, Peter von Wartenburg, Henning von Tresckow, Friedrich Olbricht, Werner von Haeften, Fabian Schlabrendorff, Ludwig Beck and Erwin von Witzleben.

After Adolf Hitler, Hermann Goering and Heinrich Himmler had been assassination it was planned for troops in Berlin to seize key government buildings, telephone and signal centres and radio stations.

At least six attempts were aborted before Claus von Stauffenberg decided on trying again during a conference attended by Hitler on 20th July, 1944. It was decided to drop plans to kill Goering and Himmler at the same time. Stauffenberg, who had never met Hitler before, carried the bomb in a briefcase and placed it on the floor while he left to make a phone-call. The bomb exploded killing four men in the hut. Hitler's right arm was badly injured but he survived the bomb blast.

The plan was for Ludwig Beck, Erwin von Witzleben and Erich Fromm to take control of the German Army. This idea was abandoned when it became known that Adolf Hitler had survived the assassination attempt. In an attempt to protect himself, Fromm organized the execution of Claus von Stauffenberg along with two other conspirators, Friedrich Olbricht and Werner von Haeften, in the courtyard of the War Ministry. It was later reported the Stauffenberg died shouting "Long live free Germany".

As a result of the July Plot, the new chief of staff, Heinz Guderian demanded the resignation of any officer who did not fully support the ideals of the Nazi Party. Over the

next few months Guderian sat with Gerd von Rundstedt and Wilhelm Keitel on the Army Court of Honour that expelled hundreds of officers suspected of being opposed to the policies of Adolf Hitler. This removed them from court martial jurisdiction and turned them over to Roland Freisler and his People Court.

Over the next few months most of the group including Wilhelm Canaris, Carl Goerdeler, Julius Leber, Ulrich Hassell, Hans Oster, Peter von Wartenburg, Henning von Tresckow, Ludwig Beck, Erwin von Witzleben and Erich Fromm were either executed or committed suicide.

It is etimated that around 4,980 Germans were executed after the July Plot. Hitler decided that the leaders should have a slow death. They were hung with piano wire from meat-hooks. Their executions were filmed and later shown to senior members of both the NSDAP and the armed forces.

Civilian Opposition

Youth groups – White Rose Group – Hans and Sophie Scholl led Munich students in the “White Rose” group which distributed anti-Nazi leaflets and sought to sabotage the German war effort. In 1943 the Scholls led an anti-Nazi demonstration in Munich. As a result they were arrested by the Gestapo, tried and executed in February 1943.

Army – July Bomb Plot 1944 – Operation Valkyrie – most serious attempt to assassinate Hitler. On 20th July 1944 a bomb left by Claus von Stauffenberg exploded at Hitler’s headquarters. Unfortunately the briefcase carrying the bomb had been moved from its position where it might well have killed Hitler. As a result Hitler suffered only minor injuries.

Grumbling, or moaning as it is also known, was the lowest type of opposition to the Nazis. Often in the privacy of their own homes, people might tell an ant-Hitler joke or complain about the way their Jewish friends were being treated.

Passive resistance was when Germans publicly showed they didn’t support the Nazis by refusing to do exactly as they were told. They may refuse to give the “Heil Hitler” salute or refuse to give money to the Hitler Youth member as he went from house to house collecting funds.

Open opposition was when Germans openly declared their dislike of Nazi ideas and policies. Some groups like the White Rose urged Germans to get rid of Hitler. They handed out anti-Nazi leaflets, put up posters and wrote graffiti on walls. Other groups blew up factories producing weapons or acted as spies and passed on military secrets to other countries. The leaders of Germany’s two main religious faiths – Protestants (40 million members) and Catholics (22 million members) – made some criticism of the Nazis too. For example, in 1941, the Catholic Church spoke out against Hitler’s abuse of human rights, particularly the killing of physically and mentally disabled people.

It was difficult - and dangerous - to oppose Hitler. However, some brave people did try:

1. The Catholic Archbishop of Munster, von Galen, led a successful campaign to end euthanasia of mentally-disabled people.

2. Some Catholic priests opposed Hitler. In 1937, the Pope's message 'With Burning Concern' attacked Hitler as 'a mad prophet with repulsive arrogance' and was read in every Catholic church.

3. Many Protestant pastors, led by Martin Niemöller, formed the Confessional Church in opposition to Hitler's Reich Church. Niemöller was held in a concentration camp during the period 1937-1945. Another Protestant pastor, Dietrich Bonhöffer, took part in the 1944 bomb plot and was executed.

A paramilitary wing of the Social Democratic Party, called the Reichsbanner, sabotaged railway lines and acted as spies. During the war, 'swing' groups were formed. These were young people who rejected Nazi values, drank alcohol and danced to jazz. More violent groups were called the Edelweiss Pirates. They daubed anti-Nazi slogans, sheltered deserters and beat up Nazi officials. In 1944, the Cologne Pirates (the Edelweiss Pirates based in Cologne) killed the Gestapo chief, so the Nazis publicly hanged 12 of them.

No individual groups managed to sabotage Hitler’s plans, although they all managed to take some resources away from more important matters.

Opposition from young people was important; the Edelweiss Pirates were strong in certain cities such as Cologne voicing opposition to the Hitler Youth; 16 year old Barthel Schink was executed in Nov. 1944; the Swing Youth were active in several cities, listening to British and US music; the White Rose group was strong in MunichUniversity calling for an end to the war; its leaders Hans and Sophie Scholl were executed in 1943. However, there were other forms of opposition to Nazi rule; religious leaders such as Martin Niemoller (Confessional Church) and Dietrich Bonhoeffer voiced their opposition and were arrested; the Catholic Bishop von Galen led opposition to the euthanasia policy and had it stopped; there was opposition from the military centred around General Beck; Operation Valkyrie – the July Bomb Plot 1944, but they failed in their attempts to kill Hitler. Opposition to Nazi rule thus took many forms and met with varying degrees of success, that of young people playing a not insignificant role.

The treatment of the Jews in wartime Germany

The origin of the "Final Solution," the Nazi plan to exterminate the Jewish people, remains uncertain. What is clear is that the genocide of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of Nazi policy, under the rule of Adolf Hitler. The "Final Solution" was implemented in stages. After the Nazi party rise to power, state-enforced racism resulted in anti-Jewish legislation, boycotts, "Aryanization," and finally the "Night of Broken Glass" pogrom, all of which aimed to remove the Jews from German society. After the beginning of World War II, anti-Jewish policy evolved into a comprehensive plan to concentrate and eventually annihilate European Jewry.The Nazis established ghettos in occupied Poland. Polish and western European Jews were deported to these ghettos. During the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941,

mobile killing squads (Einsatzgruppen) began killing entire Jewish communities. The methods used, mainly shooting or gas vans, were soon regarded as inefficient and as a psychological burden on the killers.After the Wannsee Conference in January 1942, the Nazis began the systematic deportation of Jews from all over Europe to six extermination camps established in former Polish territory -- Chelmno , Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Majdanek. Extermination camps were killing centers designed to carry out genocide. About three million Jews were gassed in extermination camps.In its entirety, the "Final Solution" consisted of gassings, shootings, random acts of terror, disease, and starvation that accounted for the deaths of about six million Jews -- two-thirds of European Jewry.

Germany in 1945

The first air raid on Berlin had been in August 1940. By 1942 the raids were more frequent and more intense. At the same time the number of doctors available to treat victims was going down. As the air-raids worsened many Germans left the cities and were evacuated to villages or rural towns. In the cities the air raids became increasingly ferocious. The first in a series of “thousand bomber raids” was launched against Cologne in May 1942, and in August of the following year another such raid killed 40,000 civilians in Hamburg. From mid-1944, Germany’s enemies enjoyed almost total aerial superiority, and the vulnerability of German towns to devastating aerial attack became even greater. The final official statistics for the damage caused to Germany by aerial bombardment alone are staggering. In the years immediately after the war, the Federal Statistical Office in Wiesbaden established that 593,000 German civilians had been killed by this means, and that 3,370,000 buildings had been destroyed, including 600,000 in Berlin alone.

Why did Germany surrender?

The Allied powers had been invading Germany; Russia was attacking from the east, Britain and America from the west; German forces had been unable to stop this advance; Germany was facing economic collapse by early 1945; her infrastructure and main cities were in ruins; the battle for Berlin April 1945; Hitler’s suicide; the new leadership agrees to unconditional surrender.

What happened to Germany after their defeat?

Germany was divided into zones of occupation; There were four zones – British, American, French, Soviet; Berlin was also divided into four zones; Germany was partitioned; it was occupied by Allied forces. These zones went through a process of de-Nazification to remove all of the pro Nazi propaganda engrained into Germany.

What happened at the Nuremberg War Trials?

The Nuremberg War Crime Trials were held between 1945 to 1949. However, the most famous trials at Nuremberg were those of the major war criminals and these were held from November 20th, 1945 to October 1st, 1946. The trials at Nuremberg held after these dates were for the so-called lesser war criminals.

As the war reached its end in 1945, the Allies had become aware of appalling atrocities that had taken place in Eastern Europe - what was later called the Holocaust. The outrage caused by these appalling discoveries led to a clamour amongst the Allies that those responsible should be brought to account along with those in the Nazi hierarchy who had waged war in general.

The city of Nuremberg was chosen for the trials of the 'major war criminals'. Nuremberg had witnessed the infamous Nazi Party rallies and by holding the trials there, it would emphasise the party's end. Also the large Palace of Justice had been largely undamaged by Allied bombing and it contained a large prison within its complex. 

The first trials at Nuremberg were for 24 senior Nazis. The International Military Tribunal formulated four charges, all or some of which were made against all 24 men. The four charges were:

    1) Participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of crime against peace.        

    2) Planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression and other crime against peace.

    3) War Crimes

    4) Crimes against humanity.   

Name Information Sentence

Bormann, MartinNazi Party Secretary after Hess fled Nazi Germany. Not at the trial and sentenced in his absence. Bormann was not charged with Indictment 2.

Death

Dönitz, KarlCommander of Germany's U-boats and initiated wolf-pack tactics. 1943 on, led Germany's Navy and succeeded Hitler on the death of the Führer. Dönitz was not charged with Indictment 4

10 years in prison.

Frick, Wilhelm Hitler's Minister of the Interior. Death

Fritzsche, Hans Radio commentator under Hitler. Not charged with Indictment 4. Acquitted

Göering, HermannCommander of the Luftwaffe and various departments in the SS. Committed suicide just before his execution.

Death

Hess, Rudolf Hitler's deputy before his flight to Scotland. Life in prison.

Jodl, Alfred Senior army commander. Posthumously pardoned in 1953. Death

Kaltenbrunner, ErnstHighest ranking member of SS to survive the war. Involved with the Einzatsgruppen units in Russia and security in Germany itself. Not charged with Indictment 2. 

Death

Keitel, Wilhelm Head of OKW Death

Krupp, Gustav Senior Nazi industrialist; medically unfit for trial. -----

Ley, RobertSenior Nazi industrialist; commanded the German Labour Front. Committed suicide before his verdict.

-----

Von Papen, Franz Had served as German chancellor prior to Hitler Acquited

Schacht, Hjalmar Pre-war president of the Reichsback. Not charged with Indictments 3 and 4. Acquited

Schirach, Baldur vonHead of the Hitler Youth and later Gauleiter of Vienna. Not charged with Indictments 2 and 3.

20 years in prison

Seysss-Inquart, Arthur

Gauleiter of Holland Death

Speer, Albert Minister of Armaments. Not charged with Indictments 1 and 2. 20 years in prison