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The Telecomm nications Revol tion

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d r Subir K. c hatterJee

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The Telecomm nicationsRevol tion

Mobile Val e AddedServices in India

M kesh K marand

Ram K mar Kakani

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Published byEsha BteilleSocial Science Press69 Jor Bagh, Ne Delhi 110 003

M kesh K mar and Ram K mar Kakani 01M kesh K mar and Ram K mar Kakani 01

All rights reserved. No part o this p blication may be reprod ced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any orm orby any means, itho t the prior permission in riting o SocialScience Press, or as expressly permitted by la , or nder termsagreed ith the appropriate reprographics rights organization.Enq iries concerning reprod ction o tside the scope o the abovesho ld be sent to Social Science Press, at the address above.

Yo m st not circ late this book in any other binding or coverand yo m st impose this same condition on any acq irer.

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ISBN: 9 1 3 6199 1 3 619

Advisory Board

T.N. MadanDipankar G pta

Jonathan ParryC.J. F llerVeena DasBibek DebroyKa shik BasAb saleh Shari Alaka BasPratap Bhan Mehta

Set in Plantin 10/1Typeset by Eleven Arts, Delhi 110 03Printed by .................

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Contents2

List o Tables and Exhibits viiPre ace xiii

Acknowledgements xvii Abbreviations xixIntroduction 00

SECTION I: INTRODuCTION

1. Introd ction to Indian Telecomm nications Ind stry 3. un inding o Telecom Technical Jargon 34

3. Mobile Economics 6

SECTION II: MOBILE VAS INDuSTRY IN INDIAAND OTHER MARKETS

4. Mobile Val e Added Services (mVAS) Ind stry:Yo ng O spring o Mobile Ind stry 9

. Mobile Val e Added Services Ind stry: India in aGlobal Context 11

SECTION III: ROLE OF TECHNOLOGIESAND REGuLATIONS

6. Role o Technologies in Shaping the mVAS Ind stry 14. Role o Reg lation in Shaping the mVAS Ind stry 16

SECTION IV: ANALYSIS OF INDIAN MOBILEINDuSTRY wITH FOCuS ON VAS

. Indian Mobile Ind stry: An Empirical Analysis 03

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vi Contents

9. The Mobile VAS Ind stry: Str ct re, Val e Chainand Stakeholders 33

SECTION V: BuSINESS MODELS ANDSCENARIO PLANNING

10. B siness Models in the mVAS Ind stry 111. F t re o the Mobile VAS Ind stry in India 33

Appendix A:A.1: Data on Telecom Service S bscriptions in India

As on 31st March 011A.3: Data on Technology ise wireless S bscription in

IndiaAs on March 011A.3: Data on Financials o Telecom Sector in India,

d ring 1st and nd Q arter o 01011A.4: Data on Reven e rom Access Services only

(Landline, Mobile, Internet etc.) Service AreaCategory iseD ring 1st & nd Q arter o

01011

Appendix B: Select List o NonMSP Players in mVASInd stry in IndiaBrie Description 3

Appendix C: mVAS and Its Mis se

Appendix D: Company ise List o Access ServicesLicences (As on 1 1 010)

Appendix E: List o MSPs in India in 010 364 364Appendix F: S rvey on Peoples usage Pattern o mobileVAS in India: A Report 36

Web Resources 3 6

Index 3 1

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Tables and Exhibits

Tables1.1 Distrib tion o Exchanges and Eq ipped Capacity

o vario s types o s itches in Indian TelecomSystem at the end o March 19 9

1. Telecom Indicators o Major Co ntries in 199 111.3 Gro th o Net ork and Telephone Demand

(1991 001) 131.4 Year ise N mber o Cell lar Licenses A arded

d ring 19949 11. Comparison o n mber o MSPs bet een 00 03

and 01011 31.6 Comparison o Mou o Postpaid and Prepaid

Mobile Services 43.1 Year ise n mber o licences granted

(Demand or Licence by Ind stry) 643. Parameters or Net ork Per ormance

and their Benchmark Val e 44.1 Generic Classifcation o mVAS products 1014.2 MSPs and Service area ise percentage change

o ARPu in third q arter over second q arter o FY 009 111

5.1 List o MSPne tral mVAS prod cts in theIndian mVAS market 1 0

5.2 List o MSPled mVAS prod cts inIndian mVAS market 1

5.3 Top Three websites Accessed nder Di erentCategories on Mobile Handsets d ring AprilSeptember 009 1 9

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viii Tables and Exhibits

6.1 Vario s Mobile Telephony Systems p to 3 rd Generation (3G) Standards 1 0

6.2 Cell lar Mobile Technologies 1606.4 world ide Mobile Terminal Sales to End users

in Q arter 1, 010 166.5 world ide Smartphone Sales to End users by

Operating System in Q arter 1, 010 167.1 MVNO Models compared ith MSP, MNO

and Franchisee 18.1 India: Category and Telecom service area ise

Pop lation Distrib tion 048.2 Val es o APPu or di erent val es o TOE/TOR

(For a given ARPu o Rs 164 per month perc stomer) 1

8.3 Change in Reven e or a Given Change in usage(given ass mptions) 1

8.4 Mobile Ind strys Operating Expendit restoReven e or FY 010

8.5 Mobile Ind strys Operating Expendit restoReven e or FY 009 6

8.6 Mobile Ind strys Operating Expendit restoReven e or FY 00 6

9.1 Year ise FDI Info in the Indian TelecomSector 36

9. Str ct ral Analysis: Assessment on Key Parametersor Category I mVAS Players (MSPs, MVNOs, etc.) 4

9.3 Str ct ral Analysis: Assessment on Key Parametersor Category II mVAS Players (P re VAS Providers

s ch as SIs and ASPs) 49.4 Str ct ral Analysis: Assessment on Key Parameters

or Category III mVAS Players (Content Providers,GSPs, etc.) 49

9. Str ct ral Analysis: Assessment on Key Parametersor Category IV mVAS Players (Mobile Handset

Man act rers) 09.6 List o Services O ered by OnMobile 69. Roles and Objectives o mVAS Stakeholders 6

9. TRAI Cons ltation on mVAS Ind stry: S mmaryo Stakeholders vie in 009

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5.5 Average Spend (by c stomer) per Connection 1415.6 Proportion o people sing a mobile handset to

access internet at home, 010 146.1 Gro th in Peak Data Rates, Cell Capacity,

Spectr m and Average Spectral E ciency 16.2 Simpli ed Block Diagram o a Typical Mobile

Handset 167.1 MNP rate verse time 1 17.2 Deconstr cted val e chain o mobile ind stry

in E rope 1 9.1 Trends in n mber o q arterly addition o

c stomers (GSM and CDMA), telecomservicearea ise 0

8.2 Percentage contrib tion o o r categories o serviceareas to ards q arterly addition o total c stomers(GSM and CDMA) in India (Mar03 to Mar04) 06

8.3 Percentage contrib tion o o r categories o serviceareas to ards q arterly addition o total c stomers(GSM and CDMA) in India (J n0 to J n09) 0

8.4 Plot o Val e o Degrees o Propensity 08.5 Trend o All India Blended ARPu (GSM only)

in India (d ring Dec0 to Sept10) 008.6 Trends in Average Cost per O tgoing Call per

min te (GSM only) 138.7 Trends in Percentage Red ction (q arterly) in

Average Cost per O tgoing Call per min te(GSM only) 14

8.8 Trends in All India Blended Mou (GSM only)(d ring Dec0 and Sept10) 1

8.9 Trends in Gro th Rates o Mou and C stomerBase (GSM only) 16

8.10 Plot o Target Incremental Val e o AverageMonthly (or Daily) Mou, y x / (1 x), here yis percentage change in sage (% u i)and x ispercentage change in tari (% T i). 0

9.1 Pictorial vie o linkages o vario s ind stries tomVAS 40

9. Telecom Sectors Linkage ith the rest o theEconomy 41

9.3 Interrivalry transition matrix 3

x Tables and Exhibits

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9.4 Direct Service ProvidersS pplier Chain 619. mVAS Val e Chain 610.1 Elementary Val e Chain o mVAS 10. VAS Reven e Distrib tions among Access Modes

in FY 00 10.3 B siness Model (TypeI) in Mobile M sic Ind stry 910.4 B siness Model (TypeII) in Mobile M sic Ind stry 9310. B siness Model (TypeIII) in Mobile M sic

Ind stry 910.6 B siness Model (TypeIV) in Mobile M sic Ind stry 9610. Game Boy Advance (GBA) console by Nintendo 9910. B siness Model (TypeI) in Mobile Game Ind stry 30110.9 B siness Model (TypeII) in Mobile Game

Ind stry 3010.10 B siness Model (TypeIII) in Mobile Game

Ind stry 30410.11 B siness Model (TypeIV) in Mobile Game

Ind stry 3010.1 user Pre erence Map or Online Transaction 3110.13 B siness Model (TypeI) in MCommerce

Ind stry 3110.14 B siness Model (TypeII) in MCommerce

Ind stry 31910.1 B siness Model (TypeIII) in MCommerce

Ind stry 3 110.16 B siness Model (TypeIV) in MCommerce

Ind stry 310.1 A Complete Cycle o a mCommerce transaction. 3 9

11.1 Scenario Development Process Flo 336

Tables and Exhibits xi

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Preface

T he basic concept o this book has evolved rom a dissertationork c m research by the rst a thor on Scenario Planning o Indian Mobile VAS Ind stry at the XLRI Jamshedp r in 00 .

The dynamism o Mobile VAS ind stry provides eno gh impet sto the readers or st dying it in detail. It is a technology intensiveind stry. It rides over the march o technology and in the processo technological developments, it too gets shaped. This ind stry isvery sensitive to a change in reg latory environment as there is areg latoryconnect at m ltiple stages o the val e chain. In additionto reg lation o mobile VAS by the telecom reg lator and mbankingservices by the central banker, content and copyrights are also s bjectto reg lations.

Mobile VAS has nlimited potential to create val e or itsstakeholders. It has the potential to inf ence the li e o every ordinaryh man being irrespective o their place in the social strata and theira areness levels. Innovation and technology drive this ind stry.The ability to earn and manage partnerships in this ind stry is anessential ingredient. This ind stry is niq ely positioned in the senseit thrives on the mobile ser base created by Mobile Service Providers(MSPs), b t at the same time, it has the potential to create a marketval e larger than the one created by its creator i.e., the basic mobileservices (voice and SMS). This has been the case since inception;hence, the mobile VAS ind stry need not necessarily be dominatedby the mobile service providers only.

Mobile VAS has proved to have even greater potential thaneCommerce; in act mCommerce is only a part o Mobile VASo erings. Given the rising penetration and pop larity o Smartphones, it appears that the time is not ar a ay hen mCommerce

ill o treach eCommerce, given its advantages o ease o se,

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reliability and the larger n mber o sers. At the same time, learningto se mobile phones ill al ays be easier, a ordable and be lesstime cons ming as compared to a comp ter, hich means thepropensity o gro th o Mobile VAS ill be m ch higher as the rateo adoption o mobile services ill be higher. Having said that, therestill seems a strong possibility o convergence o mCommerce itheCommerce.

D ring the dissertation ork at XLRI, e came across a n mbero reports on Mobile VAS available on Internet; b t e co ld not

nd a single book excl sively or Mobile VAS ind stry explainingthe complex linkages and dependencies o players and ind stries

ritten especially ith an Indian perspective.The entire book has been divided into ve sections. These

sections are:Section I: Introd ctionSection II: Mobile VAS Ind stry in India and Other MarketsMobile VAS Ind stry in India and Other MarketsSection III: Role o Technologies and Reg lationsSection IV: Analysis o Indian Mobile Ind stry ith Foc s onVASSection V: B siness Models and Scenario Planning.Section I b ilds the base or readers providing them ith a historical

perspective o the Indian telecom ind stry, technical terminology o telecomm nications, and basic variables o the mobile ind stryinf encing its economics. The section also introd ces the reader tokey events related to the telecom policies o the Indian government.This section has been especially designed keeping in mind the generalreaders, so that they can nderstand the telecom ind stry, as ellas those ho ish to kno the history o the Indian telecom sector.Section I consists o three chapters, namely, Introduction to IndianTelecommunications Industry (Chapter 1), Unwinding o Telecom Technical

Jargon (Chapter 2), and Mobile Economics (Chapter 3). Chapter 1 deals ith the historical aspect o the Indian telecom

sector right rom start o the 1 0s. In the latter part o the chapteremphasis has been given to telecom policies in India and its historyand the present state o mobile telephony in India. Chapter liststelecom related abbreviations and jargon commonly sed andp blished by vario s agencies s ch as the Telecom Reg latory

A thority o India (TRAI), the Department o Telecomm nications(DOT), telecom magazines, jo rnals, and related media. wherever

xiv Preface

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appropriate, technical terms have been de ned along ith relevantexamples and diagrams. Chapter 3 describes, in brie , variables o the mobile ind stry hich inf ence the economics o this ind stry.The kno ledge o these variables is essential to appreciate thedisc ssion and analysis o mVAS ind stry d ring the later partso the book.

Section II describes the Indian mVAS ind stry as ell as trends o mVAS in other large markets. This section consists o t o chapters,namely, Mobile Value Added Services (mVAS) Industry: Young O spring o Mobile Industry (Chapter 4) and Mobile Value Added ServicesIndustry: India in a Global Context (Chapter 5).

Chapter 4 talks abo t the evol tion o mVAS in India, economiccomp lsions o mobile service providers (MSPs), and broadclassi cation o mVAS prod cts. It also provides the reader itha favo r o the vario s types o mVAS in the co ntry. Chapter goes on to disc ss the broad trends in mVAS especially on the typesmentioned in chapter 4. The oc s o the disc ssion is not j st limitedto India there ore; e disc ss the broad trends o mVAS in otherco ntries s ch as the Americas and E rope, Japan and So th Korea,and China. A coverage o the o tside orld especially the developed

orld may give s an inkling o ho things might pan o t in the neart re or India as ell, b t more importantly, it gives s an idea o

comparative trends among key nations.Tho gh there are many actors external to mVAS ind stry b t

technologies and reg lations have been o nd to be the t o mostimportant actors hich have potential to change the str ct re o the ind stry itsel and there ore disc ssed in detail. Section III deals

ith these t o essential external actors ith a chapter oc sing oneach one o them, namely, Role o Technologies in Shaping the mVAS Industry (Chapter 6) and Role o Regulation in Shaping the mVAS Industry (Chapter 7) .

Chapter 6 deals ith technologies at t o levels, technologies atthe level o mobile ( ireless) comm nications, and technologies atthe level o end ser handsets. Development o technologies at bothlevels has a direct and long lasting impact on the mVAS ind stry.Chapter deals ith the vario s reg lations o TRAI and DOT hichhave a direct and/or indirect impact on mVAS ind stry.

Section IV analyses the mobile ind stry rst, and therea ter,mVAS ind stry has been analyzed rom three di erent perspectives.

Preface xv

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This section consists o t o chapters, namely, Indian Mobile Industry: An Empirical Analysis (Chapter 8) and The Mobile VAS Industry:Structure, Value Chain and Stakeholders (Chapter 9) .

Chapter analyses the pattern o vario s ind stry indicatorsempirically, and also establishes a mathematical relation to analyzethe impact o tari change on reven e ith expected gro th inthe sage time. Mathematical relationships among vario s mobileMathematical relationships among vario s mobileind stry parameters have been derived and interdependencies amongparameters have been explained. Chapter 9 ses analytical inp tsChapter 9 ses analytical inp ts

rom a s rvey done ith mobile sers on the present and t re o mobile VAS in India and examines the mVAS ind stry rom threedi erent perspectives, Str ct ral analysis, val e chain analysis, andstakeholders analysis.

Section V is on B siness Models and Scenario Planning in theIndian mVAS ind stry. Having analyzed the parent and the siblingind stries in detail, e end this book by describing and disc ssingthe possible b siness models in the mVAS ind stry. Cases o threes bind stries, viz. the mobile m sic ind stry, mobile game ind stryand mobile commerce, have been taken p and b siness models o these three ind stries have been described. Nearly all deliberations onind stry tend to end ith a debate on the emerging scenarios. This

ork is no di erent. B t predicting t re is ra ght ith risk risko ailing to be spot on . we take that risk and have a disc ssion onscenario planning. Th s, Section V consists o t o chapters, namely,Business Models in the mVAS Industry (Chapter 10) and Future o the

Mobile VAS Industry in India (Chapter 11) .we end the book ith a list o appendices hich detail main

acts related to the Indian mVAS ind stry s ch as key b sinessdata on MSPs and a list o VAS players in India to act as a readyre erence along ith s mmarized ndings o the s rvey done by son mVAS.

xvi Preface

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Acknowledgements

T he central themes o this book mentioned in the Pre ace,especially the oc s on the role o technology and reg lationin the mVAS ind stry ere initially concept alized in 00 d ringthe research o the rst a thor in XLRI Jamshedp r.

The co ntless disc ssions and debates d ring the adda s ithcolleag es in the Department o Telecomm nications (DoT), BharatSanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), XLRI Jamshedp r, and rom thesecond a thors st dent days at Indian Instit te o Management(IIM) Calc tta have been a signi cant inf ence in feshing o tthe ideas and the approach in this book. M ch credit or this orkgoes to those long ho rs o critical, ncompromising, q estioningintellect al exchanges. The debates ith some o them, most o hocame to kno a little more on the telecom reg lation, technology, andalso to learn making se o mVAS (a ter p rchasing a ne mobile)did contrib te in s bstantial meas re to evolving this book. weackno ledge ith gratit de their contrib tions to this book simplybeca se in the process they o ten ended p clari ying o r conceptsand nlearning o r mistakes. we ackno ledge ith gratit de theircontrib tions to this book.

Among others, e specially ackno ledge the contrib tions o Ashok Jaj , Atan Ghosh, Gopal Chandra Bas , Manis Das, SantoshSingh, and Sanjeev Verma, ith hom many o the technical details

ere debated over the years leading to an improved clarity o o rvie s. Rajan Asa a, Rakesh K mar, Sadhna Sinha, and MarellaSrinivas ith their s bstantial practical kno ledge also enhancedo r nderstanding o the s bject matter.

Pro essor uday Bhate (nMore Cons ltants), Dr Santosh Sangem(XLRI), Dr Bis atosh Saha (IIM Calc tta), Dr ParthasarathiBanerjee (NISTADS Delhi), and Sh. R N Palai (BSNL) provided

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comments on the rst dra t. Their insight l tho ghts and attentionto detail are greatly appreciated.

Many colleag es have read the man script. They have alsocontrib ted ideas. Partic lar thanks go to Bincymol PJ, G Saradha,OVL Kiran K mar, Jackson Fernandez, and R mit D gar. O r othercolleag es in telecom area and also those having orays in mVAS havecontin o sly inspired o r thinking on many topics in this book.

A special note o appreciation is extended to Payal Kakani andespecially to Shiv Shankar K mar or their skill l data tab lation,typing and ormatting o large material in a readable orm.

we o ld like to thank Meenakshi Cha la and other teammembers o the Social Science Press. In partic lar, e thank EshaBteille, hose skill l pers asion and editorial ork helped clari yand steady o r ork enormo sly.

Most importantly, many thanks to o r parents, Sh ManoranjanK mar, Smt Shak ntala Devi, Late Sh M kand Lal Kakani, and Smt.Kar na Bai Kakani; o r li e partners, Richa Rachana and Vipra; andto o r children, Srija, Shristhi, Adiya, Ananya, Kriti, Dhr va Govind,and Kannan or patiently providing s pport and nderstanding.

we take this opport nity to dedicate this ork to the Goddessin each o s she is the one ho charts, makes, and drives all o sto do good things. May she be ith all o s, always !

Finally, e o ld like to express that the vie s expressed hereinare o r o n and do not represent the vie s o the organizations eare a liated to i.e., DoT and XLRI, or o any other name mentionedabove. we o n all the errors in this ork and look or ard toredeeming the same in the next edition.

xviii AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

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1G First generation ireless comm nication standardsG Second generation ireless comm nication standards

3G Third generation ireless comm nication standards3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project (in ireless

comm nications)4G Fo rth generation ireless comm nication standardsAC A thentication Centre

AdRBT Advertisement Ring Back ToneAGR Adj sted Gross Reven eAMPS Advanced Mobile Phone SystemARPu Average Reven e Per userARPM Average Reven e Per Min teASP Application Service ProviderA P Application to PersonBC Billing CentreBREw Binary R ntime Environment or wirelessBS Base StationBSS Base Station S bsystemBSC Base Station ControllerBTS Base Transceiver StationBSNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, a Government o India

o ned telecom enterpriseBwA Broadband wireless AccessCA Content AggregatorCAF C stomer Acq isition FormCAGR Compo nd Ann al Gro th RateCCCH Common Control ChannelCCR Call Completion RateCDMA Code Division M ltiple Access

Abbreviations

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CDOT Centre or Development o TelematicsCLDC Connected Limited Device Con g rationCMSP Cell lar Mobile Service ProviderCMTS Cell lar Mobile Telephone ServiceCO Content O nerCOAI Cell lar Operators Association o IndiaCPP Calling Party PayCRBT Caller Ring Back ToneCSC Common Short CodesDCS Digital Cell lar SystemDEL Direct Exchange LineDOT Department o Telecomm nicationsDSP Direct Service ProviderEBIT Earnings Be ore Interest and TaxesEDGE Enhanced Data Rates or Global Evol tionETACS Extended Total Access Comm nication SystemETSI E ropean Telecomm nications Standards Instit teEVDO Enhanced VersionData OnlyFCC Federal Comm nications CommissionFM Freq ency Mod lationFDI Foreign Direct InvestmentFDMA Freq ency Division M ltiple AccessFIPB Foreign Investment Promotion BoardFSP Fixed Service ProviderGBA Game Boy Advance (Nintendo 3 Bit Game Boy)GDP Gross Domestic Prod ctGPRS General Packet Radio ServiceGSM Global System o Mobile Comm nications

GSP Goods and Service ProviderHLR Home Location RegisterHSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSPA+ High Speed Packet Access +HSDPA High Speed Do nlink Packet AccessHSuPA High Speed uplink Packet AccessHSCSD High Speed Circ it S itched DataIAMAI Internet and Mobile Association o IndiaICT In ormation and Comm nication Technology

IEEE Instit te o Electrical and Electronics EngineersIMEI International Mobile Eq ipment IdentityIMSI International Mobile S bscriber Identity

xx Abbreviations

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IMT International Mobile Telecomm nications 000000

IMT International Mobile Telecomm nicationsAdvancedAdvancedIN Intelligent Net orkIP Internet ProtocolISP Internet Service ProviderISDN Integrated Service Digital Net orkISPAI Internet Service Providers Association o IndiaITD Indian Telegraph DepartmentITES In ormation Technology Enabled ServicesITu International Telecomm nication unionITuR International Telecomm nication unionRadio

Comm nications SectorIVRS Interactive Voice Response SystemIuC Interconnect user Charges

J ME Java Micro Edition JTACS Japanese Total Access Comm nication SystemLAN Local Area Net orkLBS Location Based ServicesLTE Long Term Evol tionLTE Long Term Evol tionTime Division D plexTDDLTE Long Term Evol tion Freq ency Division D pleFDDMIDP Mobile In ormation Device Pro le (S n Java APIs)MIS Management In ormation SystemMIMO M ltiple Inp t M ltiple O tp t

MMS M ltimedia Messaging ServiceMNP Mobile N mber PortabilityMNO Mobile Net ork OperatorMNPO Mobile N mber Portability OperatorMOu Min tes o usageMSC Mobile S itching CentreMSP Mobile Service ProviderMTNL Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, a Government o

Indiao ned telecom enterprise ith operations restricted

to only t o biggest metros i.e., M mbai and DelhiMVNO Mobile Virt al Net ork OperatorNGN Next Generation Net ork

Abbreviations xxi

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NFC Near Field Comm nicationNLD National Long DistanceNMT Nordic Mobile TelephonyNNP National N mbering PlanNTP National Telecom Policy 19941994NTP Ne Telecom Policy 19991999NTT Nippon Telegraph and Telephone CorporationOECD Organ izatio n or Econom ic Cooper ation and

Development ( also known as , O ice o EconomicCooperation and Development)

OEM Original Eq ipment Man act rerOFC Optical Fibre CableOFDMA Orthogonal Freq ency Division M ltiple AccessOPEX Operational Expendit reOMA Open Mobile AllianceOS Operating SystemPCO P blic Call O cePDC Personal Digital Cell larPDA Personal Digital Assistant (electronic handheld

in ormation device)POI Point o InterconnectionPSP PlayStation Portable (Sony)PSTN P blic S itching Telephone Net orkP&T Post & Telegraph DepartmentPTO P blic Telephone OperatorsP P Person to Person

QoS Q ality o ServiceRAN Radio Access Net orkRPM Reven e Per Min te o usageRFID Radio Freq ency Identi cation DeviceSDK So t are Development KitsSIM S bscriber Identity Mod leSMS Short Messaging ServiceSPC Stored Program ControlSSA Secondary S itching Area

ST Service TestingSTD S bscriber Tr nk DialingTCH Tra c Channel

xxii Abbreviations

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TCP Transmission Control ProtocolTDSAT Telecom Disp tes Settlement and Appellate Trib nalTRAI Telecom Reg latory A thority o IndiaTSP Telecom Service ProviderTTO Telecom Tari OrderTDMA Time Division M ltiple AccessTD Time DivisionSynchrono s Code Division M ltipleSDMA AccessAccessTMSI Temporary Mobile S bscribers IdentityuNDP united Nations Development ProgrammeuSO universal Service ObligationuSOF universal Service Obligation F nduSSD unstr ct red S pplementary Service DatauMS uni ed Messaging ServiceuMTS universal Mobile Telecomm nications SystemVAS Val e Added ServicesVLR Visitor Location RegisterVASP Val e Added Service ProviderVOD Video on DemandVSNL Videsh Sanchar Nigam LimitedVSAT Very Small Apert re TerminalwAP wireless Application ProtocolwCDMA wideband Code Division M ltiple AccesswiFi wireless FidelitywiMax world ide Interoperability or Micro ave AccesswLAN wireless Local Area Net orkwMAN wireless Metropolitan Area Net orkwRAN wireless Regional Area Net ork

wLL wireless Local LoopXML Extensible Mark p Lang age

Abbreviations xxiii