0046168b-4367-4914-98ce-b89bff57f0c3-150920121650-lva1-app6892

7/24/2019 0046168b-4367-4914-98ce-b89bff57f0c3-150920121650-lva1-app6892

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Emissions/Environmental Pollutants


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SO2Historical Trends (1900 2000) & Efects


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Overvie o! "as Processin# $ndustr%


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asic 'laus vs odied 'laus Process

Basic Claus reaction

Introduced in 1883 by English

Scientist Carl Friedrich Claus

highly exothermic

difcult to control

Low sulur recoery efciency

oerheating o the reactor

Modifed Claus

introduced in 1"38 by a #erman

com$any% I Farbenindustrie '

im$roement on the basic Claus $rocess

ree (ame oxidation ahead o catalyst

bed

catalytic ste$s reision

high S)E ranging rom "*+""&",

basis o most sulur recoery units in use

today


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Process Scheme

odied 'laus Process !or Sul!ur *ecover%


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Principal steps:

Combustion StepCatalytic Steps

1+ 'om,ustion (*eaction -urnace)

-em$erature is usually between 1.**oF / 0**oF

Com$lete combustion o all hydrocarbons $resent

Conersion o 123 0S in eed to S40

.H o- 223 100 tu 415

.H o- 20 600 tu 425



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2+ 'laus *eaction ('atal%tic 'onverter) Catalyst is actiated alumina

)eaction $roceeds at tem$erature 5 .**oF

.H o- 61 300 tu 435

Overall reaction:

.H o- 276 600 tu 465



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Other Side Reactions:

Reaction Furnace:

S

Reheater (hydrolysis)

H2S + CO2

2H2S + CO2



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Process Control:

4$timum conersion o 0S to sulur is goerned by6

constant 061 stoichiometric ratio o 0S to S40

achieed by arying urnace air (ow rate

deiation rom ratio results in decreased S)E



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-here are two basic $rocess a$$roaches de$ending on 0S

concentration in eed stream6

Straight through 7 S$lit (ow

'laus Process Tec8nolo#%

HS Conc in Feed!

mol"

Process #ariation

1** Straight through

3* Straight through $lus acid gas2air $reheat

1 3* S$lit (ow or straight through with eed and2or air$reheat

1* 1 S$lit (ow with acid gas and2or air $reheat

1* S$lit (ow with uel added or with acid gas and air$reheat or direct oxidation

5 Sulur recycle or ariation o direct oxidation orother sulur recoery $rocesses


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Strai$ht throu$h Claus process



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Split%Flo& Claus Process



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'ail as: Contains ;0% C40% 04% C4% 0% unreacted 0S and S40% C4S% CS0% sulur a$or%

etc&

Limits oerall sulur recoery efciency to "


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T"'; (Tail "as 'lean ;CA'?

A= 'moco% AlacB / eatch

0& Direct 4xidation Su$erClaus% 4D4= acobs Engineering /obil

3& S40 )ecoery Gell+man Lord Luigi Aamag

>oxidiHe to S40% absorband recycle to Claus?

& 0S )ecoery AS) =arsons

>reduce to 0S% absorb /recycle to Claus?

SC4-DE'

Shell:4=


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ideo cli$


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Ot8er Sul!ur *emoval Processes

Small scale*atch processes

5 0*lbs o sulur recoery

scaenger $rocesses e&g&

Iron S$onge

Jinc 4xide

Chemsweet

Sula+checB

Medium scale recovery

*&0 0 L-D o elemental sulur

Includes Lo+Cat 11 / CrystaSul


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Sul!ur *ecover% Process :


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Sul+ur , its properties

Solid at ambient tem$eratures

Solid sul+ur at am*ienttemperature

aseous sul+ur allotropes

S-

S.

S

S/! S0! S1! S23 detected *ut not +ullycharacteri4ed

Sul!ur

'r%stalline :mor


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Sul!ur =a


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Design a Sulur )ecoery =lant with6

Ca$acity 8* L-D

Sulur )ecoery o @ "",

:sing odiMed Claus =rocess

Pro,lem Statement >E='O P?:@T

-eed 'onditions 'om< mol !rac mols/8r-em$ N 10*oF 0S *&" 1"8&

Flow )ate N 00*& mols2hr C40 *&* 8&80=ressure N 8 $sig N 00&.$sia 04 *&* 11&*3'ir blower discharge -em$ N18*oF C0 *&*1 0&01

1 220+70


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H%s%s odel


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Proma odel


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*esult Proma

:ir -lo *ate =s S*E & -urnaceTem


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*esult H%s%s

Optimum air 5o& rate:

Sul+ur Recovery 67ciency:

Sulur in entering 0S N*&"700*&730 N


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*esult Hand 'alculation

" Conversion:


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Furnace 'emperature ,

Conversion:


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From =lot%

y N 00&18mols2hr

B 'onversion (22+1CD(2/3 H2

S in !eed)

1A+A B

't y N 00&18 mols2hr% O$ N 31


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ndcatalytic converter outlet

temperature

/rdcatalytic converter outlet

temperature


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Heat >ut%

Proma9:Hysys:

Hand Calculation:


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*esult Summar%

HSS P*O:F H:@> ':?'S*EG B ""&0. ".&0 ".&1

:ir -lo *ateG mols/8r .0&* ut% (tu/8r) 0&". 0*&8. 1&.

T%0** $$m? 1*** 1

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0046168b-4367-4914-98ce-b89bff57f0c3-150920121650-lva1-app6892