Upload
seni-nabou
View
217
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
1/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
Deep Sea Mineral Resources
The Challenge Of Environmental Sustainability
Dr. Jan H. Steffen
IUCN Oceania
SPC-EU EDF10 Deep Sea Minerals (DSM) Project
1st Regional Workshop
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
2/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
IUCN in a Nutshell
> 1,000 organizations 81 States 110 government agencies > 800 NGOs
10,000 individual scientists andexperts in 6 Commissions
Secretariat with 1,100 staff inmore than 60 countries
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
3/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
The Deep Sea
Oceans cover 71% of the Earthssurface 50% of the surface of the Earth covered
by ocean more than 3,000 meters deep
One of the largest reservoirs ofbiodiversity on the planet
One of the least studied ecosystems Only 0.0001% of the deep seafloor has been
subject to biological investigations
About 50% of animals collected from areasdeeper than 3,000m are new species
Gold corals (Gerardia spp.) found onseamounts live for up to 1,800 years
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
4/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
Deep Sea Habitats with Mining Potential
Abyssal plains Polymetallic nodules (nickel, copper, cobalt, and
manganese)
Upper flanks of guyot-type seamounts Manganese crusts (cobalt, some vanadium,
molybdenum and platinum)
Hydrothermal vents of mid-ocean ridges andback-arc spreading centers
Polymetallic sulphide deposits (copper, lead andzinc, gold and silver)
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
5/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
Mining Impacts On Deep Sea Biodiversity
Dredging for nodules Disturbance of large seabed areas Dispersal of sediment clouds
Polymetallic sulphide mining Destruction of active and inactive
hydrothermal vents and their associatedcommunities
Dispersal of toxic materials
Extraction of cobalt rich crusts Destruction of benthic seamount
communities and dependent fauna
Sediment accumulation rates in theabyssal zones are low, approximately
0.5mm per thousand years
High rate of endemism on hydrothermalvents
~ 500 species described, 90% are endemic Biomass around vents can be 5001,000
times higher than in the surrounding deep
sea
High rate of endemism on seamounts 30% -50% 200 of 100,000 seamounts sampled Rocky substrates are rare habitats,
occupying 4% of the sea floor
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
6/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
Related Environmental Impacts
Offsite impacts due to the dispersion oftoxic and particulate material in oceancurrents and from sea surface
discharges
Accumulative effects Eutrophication effects
Accidents involving mining gear andsupport vessels
Morgan et al., 1999
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
7/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
Deep Sea Fisheries
Source: UBC
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
8/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
Minimizing Mining Impact
International Seabed Authority PIFS-SOPAC: Madang Guidelines 1999
International Marine Minerals Society -Code for Environmental Management of
Marine Mining
CBD-COP 8, Curitiba, 2006 Marine andcoastal biological diversity: Conservation
and sustainable use of deep seabedgenetic resources beyond the limits ofnational jurisdiction
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
9/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
CBD Guidance on MPAs
CBD-COP 8, Curitiba 2006
Encourage the establishment of MPAs beyondnational jurisdiction
Devise new mechanisms/instruments to achieveeffective and enforceable MPAs and networks
CBD-COP 9, Bonn 2008
Adoption of CBD criteria for identifying ecologicallyor biologically significant areas (EBSA) in need of
protection
Adoption of scientific guidance for designingrepresentative networks of MPAs
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
10/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
Progress Towards 2012 MPA Targets
5096 Designated MPAs worldwide (WDPA), 377 proposed Pacific Region: 2576 MPAs 0.8 % of oceans protected, 0.5 % in high seas (12.8 % terrestrial) Most MPAs are under-resourced, offering little in the way of real protection
2012 WSSD/CBD goals
An effectively managed,representative, global
system of marine
protected areas (MPAs)
covering 10% of all
marine ecological regions,
comprising both multipleuse areas and strictly
protected areas
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
11/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
How long will it take ?
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
12/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
How are PICS doing ?
Most PICS are currently in theprocess of establishing
representative MPA networks
Many PICS do not have the datato inform this process fully
Bold decisions: Phoenix IslandsProtected Area
Managing Straddling Stocks andHighly Migratory Species require
use of Precautionary Principle
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
13/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
GOBI
A global partnership
To establish and support internationalscientific collaboration to assist States andrelevant regional and global organisations to
identify EBSAs using the best availablescientific data, tools, and methods
To provide guidance on how the CBDsscientific criteria can be interpreted andapplied towards management, including
representative networks of marine protected
areas
To assist in developing regional analyses withrelevant organisations and stakeholders www.gobi.org
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
14/27
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
15/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
IUCN
Coordination
Advisory Board
SCB
DFAO
GEFIMO
IOC
ISAUNEP
UNDP
Science Board
AquaMaps
BirdLife InternationalCensus of Marine Life
CenSeamCSIRO
Duke University, MGEL
IOC/UNESCOMCBI
OBISTOPP
UNEP-WCMCUNU-IAS
Data,
Research,
EBSA
Analyses &Meta-
analyses
EBSA ANALYSES and
MAPS
To be presented at:
-CBD SBSTTA 14 (2010)-CBD COP 10 (2010)-CBD COP 11 (2012)
GOBI
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
16/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
Marine Spatial Planning Status & Needs
Geological resource mapping vs biological resource mapping
Applications/granting of exploration licenses in Fiji, Vanuatu, SolomonIslands, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Palau, Federated
States of Micronesia, Cook Islands, Kiribati
Biological data, as well as policy, legislation, regulations required onregional and national level
Lack of funding & technical / human capacity for biological datacollection
Integration of environmental assessment costs in license fees and fiscalframeworks
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
17/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
GOODS
Biogeographic classification Assist governments in further identifying
ways to safeguard marine biodiversity inmarine areas beyond national jurisdiction
and in support of ocean management
measures, including MPAs
Planning tool to assimilate multiple layersof information and extrapolation of existingdata into large bioregions or provinces
assemblages of flora, fauna and the supportingenvironmental factors contained within distinct butdynamic spatial boundaries
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
18/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
Seamount Summit Depths
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
19/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
Lower Bathyal Provinces: 800-3000 m
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
20/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
Abyssal Provinces: 3500-6500 m
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
21/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
Marine Eco-regions of the World
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
22/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
DSM - Environmental Priorities
Strategic environmental assessments of the likely impacts of deep-seamining on the marine environment, including the potential cumulative effectsin conjunction with other human activities
Prepared and implemented ecosystem-based oceans managementstrategies, laws and regulations that:
Collected adequate baseline information on the marine environment wheremining could potentially occur including the location of sensitive deep seahabitats/ecosystems
Established a comprehensive network of well-managed protected areas toprotect vulnerable marine ecosystems, ecologically or biologically significant
areas, depleted, threatened or endangered species, and representative
examples of deep-sea ecosystems
Adopted a precautionary approach that assumes that deep-sea mining will haveadverse ecological impacts in the absence of compelling evidence to the contrary
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
23/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
Our Responsibility to Future Generations
Humans changed the way the world works. Now they have to changethe way they think about it, too
Source: The Economist, Welcome to the Anthropocene, May 26, 2011
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
24/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
Vinaka
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
25/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
CBD - COP 8 Decision VIII/21
Curitiba, 20 - 31 March 2006
Marine and coastal biological diversity: Conservation and sustainable use of deep seabed genetic
resources beyond the limits of national jurisdiction
The Conference of the Parties
1. Notes that deep seabed ecosystems beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, includinghydrothermal vent, cold seep, seamount, coldwater coral and sponge reef ecosystems, contain
genetic resources of great interest for their biodiversity value and for scientific research as well as
for present and future sustainable development and commercial applications;
2. Recognizes that given the vulnerability and general lack of scientific knowledge of deep seabedbiodiversity, there is an urgent need to enhance scientific research and cooperation and to provide
for the conservation and sustainable use of these genetic resources in the context of theprecautionary approach;
3. Concernedabout the threats to genetic resources in the deep seabed beyond nationaljurisdiction, requests Parties and urges other States, having identified activities and processes
under their jurisdiction and control which may have significant adverse impacts on deep seabed
ecosystems and species in these areas, as requested in paragraph 56 of decision VII/5, to take
measures to urgently manage such practices in vulnerable deep seabed ecosystems with a view
to the conservation and sustainable use of resources, and report on measures taken as part ofthe national reporting process;
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
26/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
CBD - COP 8 Decision VIII/21
4.Also invites Parties, other Governments, research institutions and other relevant organizationsto make available information on research activities related to deep seabed genetic resources
beyond the limits of national jurisdiction and ensure that the results of such marine scientificresearch and analysis, when available, are effectively disseminated through international
channels, as appropriate, in accordance with international law, including the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea, and requests the Executive Secretary, in collaboration with
relevant organizations, to compile and further disseminate such information through the clearing-
house mechanism;
5. Expresses its awareness of a preliminary range of options which Parties and other States,individually or in cooperation, may utilize for the protection of deep seabed genetic resourcesbeyond national jurisdiction, which may include: (i) the use of codes of conduct, guidelines and
principles; and (ii) reduction and management of threats including through: permits and
environmental impact assessments; establishment of marine protected areas; prohibition of
detrimental and destructive practices in vulnerable areas; and emphasizes the needfor further
work in developing all of these options and other options, in particular within the framework of theUnited Nations;
6. Recognizes also that the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea regulates activitiesin the marine areas beyond national jurisdiction, and urges Parties and other States to cooperatewithin the relevant international and/or regional organizations in order to promote the
conservation, management and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national
jurisdiction, including deep seabed genetic resources;
8/6/2019 01-Iucn-wwf Present. Dsm Ws 6.11
27/27
IUCN Oceania Regional Office
CBD - COP 8 Decision VIII/21
7. Requests the Executive Secretary, in collaboration with the United Nations Division for OceanAffairs and the Law of the Sea, and other relevant international organizations, to further analyse
and explore options for preventing and mitigating the impacts of some activities to selectedseabed habitats and report the findings to future meetings of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific,
Technical and Technological Advice;
8. Notes the existence of the scientific information generated through other programmes of workincluding that on protected areas;
9. Emphasizes the urgent need, especially in developing countries, to build capacities relating todeep seabed biodiversity, including taxonomic capacity; to promote scientific and technical
cooperation and technology transfer; and to exchange information regarding activities undertaken
within the deep seabed beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.