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8/2/2019 01-Owa200002 Wcdma Ran Fudamental
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www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
WCDMA RAN
Fundamental
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Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know the development of 3G
Outline the advantage of CDMA principle
Characterize code sequence
Outline the fundamentals of RAN
Describe feature of wireless propagation
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Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Fundamental
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Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Fundamental
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Different Service, Different Technology
AMPS
TACS
NMT
Others
1G 1980sAnalog
GSM
CDMA
IS-95
TDMAIS-136
PDC
2G 1990sDigital
Technologiesdrive
3GIMT-2000
UMTS
WCDMA
cdma2000
Demandsdrive
TD-
SCDMA
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers
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Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page6
3G Evolution
Proposal of 3G
IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile
communication system
The third generation mobile communication was first proposedin 1985and was renamed as IMT-2000 in the year of 1996
Commercialization: around the year of 2000
Work band : around 2000MHz
The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps
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3G Spectrum Allocation
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Bands WCDMA Used
Main bands 1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
Supplementary bands: different country maybe different
1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)
1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
Frequency channel numbercentral frequency5, for mainband:
UL frequency channel number96129888
DL frequency channel number : 1056210838
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3G Application Service
Time Delay
BER
background
conversational
streaming
interactive
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The Core technology of 3G: CDMA
CDMA
WCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: WCDMA - FDD/TDD
TD-SCDMACN: based on MAP
RTT: TD-SCDMA
cdma2000CN: based on ANSI 41 and MIP
RTT: cdma2000
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WCDMA Protocol Version Evolution
3GPP Rel993GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel5
2000 2001 2002
GSM/GPRS CN
WCDMA RTT
IMS
HSDPA 3GPP Rel6
MBMS
HSUPA
2005
CS domain change toNGN
WCDMA RTT
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WCDMA System Architecture
RNS
RNC
RNS
RNC
Core Network
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Iu-CS Iu-PS
Iur
Iub IubIub Iub
CN
UTRAN
UEUu
CS PS
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Protocol Mode for UTRAN Terrestrial Interface
The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes
are logically independent of each other.
Application
Protocol
Data
Stream(s)
ALCAP(s)
TransportNetwork
Layer
Physical Layer
SignallingBearer(s)
Control Plane User Plane
Transport NetworkUser Plane
Transport NetworkControl Plane
RadioNetwork
Layer
SignallingBearer(s)
DataBearer(s)
Transport NetworkUser Plane
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Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Fundamental
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Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
Multiple Access Technology
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
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Multiple Access Technology
power
FDMA
power
TDMA
power
CDMA
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Multiple Access and Duplex
Technology
Duplex Technology
Frequency division duplex (FDD)
Time division duplex (TDD)
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Duplex Technology
Time
Frequency
Power
TDD
USER 2
USER 1
DL
UL
DLDL
UL
FDD
Time
Frequency
Power
UL DL
USER 2
USER 1
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Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page19
Contents
1. 3G Overview
2. CDMA Principle
3. WCDMA Fundamental
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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
SourceCoding
ChannelCoding
Spreading Modulation
SourceDecoding
ChannelDecoding
Despreading Demodulation
Transmission
Reception
chipmodulated
signalbit symbol
ServiceSignal
RadioChannel
ServiceSignal
Transmitter
Receiver
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Process Gain
Process Gain
Process gain differs for each service.
If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE
needs more power for this service, then the coverage of this
service will be smaller, vice versa.
)ratebit
ratechiplog(10GainocessPr
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WCDMA Source Coding
AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech A integrated speech codec with 8 source
rates.
The AMR bit rates can be controlled by the
RAN depending on the system load and
quality of the speech connections.
Video Phone Service
H.324is used for VP Service in CS domain.
Includes: video codec, speech codec, data
protocols, multiplexing and etc.
CODEC Bit Rate (kbps)
AMR_12.20 12.2 (GSM EFR)
AMR_10.20 10.2
AMR_7.95 7.95
AMR_7.40 7.4 (CDMA EFR)
AMR_6.70 6.7 (PDC EFR)
AMR_5.90 5.9
AMR_5.15 5.15
AMR_4.75 4.75
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WCDMA Channel Coding
Effect Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when
interference occurs
Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay
Types No Coding
Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
Turbo Coding (1/3)
Code Blockof N Bits
No Coding
1/2 ConvolutionalCoding
1/3 ConvolutionalCoding
1/3 Turbo Coding
Uncoded N bits
Coded 2N+16 bits
Coded 3N+24 bits
Coded 3N+12 bits
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WCDMA Interleaving
Effect Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error
Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
1110
1.........
............
...000
0100
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 . . . 1 0 1 1 1
1110
1.........
.. ..........
.. .000
00100 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
Inter-columnpermutation
Output bits
Input bits
Interleaving periods:
10, 20, 40, or 80 ms
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Correlation
Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals.
Identical and Orthogonal signals:
Correlation = 0Orthogonal signals
-1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 11 1 1 1
+1
-1
+1
-1
+1
-1
+1
-1
Correlation = 1Identical signals
-1 1 -1 11 1 1 1
-1 1 -1 1
C1
C2+1
+1
C1
C2
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Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding
UE1: 1 1
UE2: 1 1
C1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 11C2 : 1111 1111UE1c1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
UE2c2 1111 1111
UE1c1 UE2c2 2 02 0 2 0 2 0
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Orthogonal Code Usage - Decoding
UE1C1 UE2C2: 2 02 0 2 0 20
UE1 Dispreading by c1: 1 1 1 1 1 1 11Dispreading result: 2 02 0 2 0 2 0Integral judgment: 4 (means1) 4 (means1)
UE2 Dispreading by c2: 11 11 11 11Dispreading result: 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0Integral judgment: 4 (means1) 4 (means1)
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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Spreading code
Spreading code
Signal
Combination
Narrowband signal
f
P(f)
Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Noise & Other Signal
P(f)
f
Noise+Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Recovered signal
P(f)
f
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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Max allowed interference
Eb/NoRequirement
Power
Max interference causedby UE
Processing Gain
Ebit
Interference fromother UE Echip
Eb / No = Ec / Io PG
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Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps
Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
Data bit
OVSFcode
Scrambling
code
Chips after
spreading
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WCDMA Channelization Code
OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as
channelization code
SF = 8SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,2,1 = (1, -1)
Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1)
Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
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WCDMA Channelization Code
SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates low SF code
Low data rates high SF code
Radio bearer SF Radio bearer SF
Speech 4.75 UL 128 Speech 4.75 DL 256
Speech 12.2 UL 64 Speech 12.2 DL 128
Data 64 kbps UL 16 Data 64 kbps DL 32
Data 128 kbps UL 8 Data 128 kbps DL 16
Data 144 kbps UL 8 Data 144 kbps DL 16
Data 384 kbps UL 4 Data 384 kbps DL 8
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Purpose of Channelization Code
Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical
channels of one transmitter
For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one cell
For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one UE
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Purpose of Scrambling Code
Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters
For downlink, Scrambling code is used to separate different
cells
For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different UE
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Scrambling Code
Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.
In UMTS, Gold codes were chosen for their very low peak cross-
correlation.
There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used for
scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH. Uplink scrambling
codes are assigned by higher layers.
For downlink physical channels, 8192 scrambling codes are used.
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Downlink Scrambling Code
A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are
included in a set.
Scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Set 0
Set 1
Set 511
Primaryscrambling code 0
Secondaryscrambling code 1
Secondaryscrambling code 15
Primaryscrambling code
511*16
Secondaryscrambling code
511*16+15
8192scrambling
codes
512 sets
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Primary Scrambling Code Group
Primaryscramblingcodes fordownlink
physicalchannels
Group 0
Primary
scrambling code 0
Primaryscrambling code
8*63
Primaryscrambling code
8*63 +7512 primaryscrambling
codes
Group 1
Group 63
Primaryscrambling code 1
Primaryscrambling code 8
64 primaryscrambling code
groups
Each group consists of 8primary scrambling codes
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Code Multiplexing
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code
Channelization code 1
Channelization code 2
Channelization code 3
User 1 signal
User 2 signal
User 3 signal
NodeB
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Code Multiplexing
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level
NodeB
Scrambling code 3
User 3 signal
Channelization code
Scrambling code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code
Scrambling code 1
User 1 signal
Channelization code
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Modulation Overview
1 00 1
time
Basic steady radiowave:
carrier = A.cos(2pFt+f)Amplitude Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2pFt+f)Frequency Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2pFt+f)Phase Shift Keying:
A.cos(2pFt+f)
Data to be transmitted:Digital Input
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Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - BPSK
1
t
1 10
1
t-1
NRZ coding
fo
BPSK
Modulated
BPSKsignal
Carrier
Informationsignal
f=0 f=p f=0
1 102 3 4 9875 6
1 102 3 4 9875 6
Digital Input
High FrequencyCarrier
BPSK Waveform
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Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - QPSK
-1 -1
1 102 3 4 9875 6
1 102 3 4 9875 6
NRZ Input
I di-Bit Stream
Q di-Bit Stream
IComponent
Q
Component
QPSK Waveform
1
1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
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Modulation Overview
NRZcoding
90o
NRZcoding
QPSK
Q(t)
I(t)
fo
A
A Acos(ot)
Acos(ot + p/2)
f1 1 p/41 -1 7p/4-1 1 3p/4-1 -1 5p/4
)cos(2: f oAQPSK
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Demodulation
QPSK Constellation Diagram
1 102 3 4 9875 6
QPSK Waveform
1,1
-1,-1
-1,1
1,-1
1 -11 -1 1 -1-11-1 1
-1,1
NRZ Output
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WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to differenttransmitting abilities in air interface
HSDPA: adopt 16QAMR99/R4: adopt QPSK
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Wireless Propagation
ReceivedSignal
TransmittedSignal
Transmission Loss:Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Time
Amplitude
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Propagation of Radio SignalSignal at Transmitter
Signal at Receiver
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
dB
0
0dBm
-20-15
-10
-5
5
10
15
20
Fading
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Fading Categories
Fading Categories Slow Fading
Fast Fading
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Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals forcombining
Reduce the effects of fading
Fast fading caused by multi-path
Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity
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Diversity
Time diversity Channel coding, Block interleaving
Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth frequency spectrum
Space diversity Receive space diversity
Transmit space diversity
Polarization diversity
Vertical polarization
Horizontal polarization
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Principle of RAKE Receiver
Receive set
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator Calculate thetime delay andsignal strength
CombinerThe
combinedsignal
tt
s(t) s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receiveperformance of the system
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Summary
In this course, we have discussed basic concepts of WCDMA:
Spreading / Despreading principle
UTRAN Voice Coding
UTRAN Channel Coding
UTRAN Spreading Code
UTRAN Scrambling Code
UTRAN Modulation
UTRAN Transmission/Receiving
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