E CNG ON TAP C S SINH HOC

11

E CNG ON TAP SINH HOC AI CNG

(Cac bai giang cho sinh vien cac khoa Hoa hoc va a chat)

Tai lieu tham khao : Pham Thanh Ho. Sinh hoc ai cng. NXB ai hoc Quoc gia TPHCM, 2002.

Pham Thanh Ho. Nhap mon Cong nghe sinh hoc. NXB Giao duc. TPHCM. 2005. Cac chng 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11 va 12.Sau ay la noi dung tom tat co bo sung va cac hng dan e on tap.

VE E THI : moi e lam bai trong 60 phut, gom 50 cau hoi trac nghiem.

I. SINH HOC CAC KHOA HOC VE S SONG.

1. The nao la sinh hoc ?

Thng Sinh hoc c nh ngha n gian la : " Khoa hoc ve s song ".a. S a dang va thong nhat cua s song : a dang cac loai, He thong th bac cua nhieu mc to chc khac nhau, s thong nhat.b. Cac tnh chat ac trng cho s song : Vat chat : S phc tap va mc to chc cao, Nang lng : s chuyen hoa phc tap, Thong tin: on nh, chnh xac va lien tuc.

c. Cac bieu hien cua s song : Trao oi chat ( metabolism ), s noi can bang (homeostasis), s tang trng ( growth), s van ong, s phan ng ( responsiveness ), s sinh san, s thch nghi.

d. Cac nh ngha hien nay ve s song.

" S song la mot dang hoat ong vat chat phc tap trong thien nhien do s tng tac gia 3 yeu to vat chat, nang lng va thong tin .

" S song - o la s duy tr va tai tao tch cc cau truc ac thu kem theo tieu ton nang lng ".2. Cac hoc thuyet khai quat cua sinh hoc.

a. Phat sinh sinh vat ( biogenesis )

Thuyet nay cho rang " Tat ca cac sinh vat ch bat nguon t sinh vat " . Theo tieng La tinh : " Omnis vivum ex vivo ". T thi Aristotle ngi ta quan niem nhieu sinh vat ln co the phat sinh t chat vo c nh ca sinh ra t bun, giun t at, ruoi t tht thoi. o la thuyet ngau sinh. Vao the ky 19, Pasteur a chng minh mot cach chac chan rang ngay ca vi sinh vat cung khong xuat hien t chat vo sinh bang ngau sinh.

b. Hoc thuyet te bao ( The cell theory )

c. Hoc thuyet ve gen ( The gene theory )

d. Hoc thuyet tien hoa the gii hu c (The theory of organic evolution)

e. Cac enzyme va qua trnh trao oi chat ( Enzymes and metabolism )

f. Gen kiem tra qua trnh trao oi chat ( Gene control of metabolism )

Theo gia thuyet " 1 gen -1 enzym, moi phan ng sinh hoa trong hoat ong song c kiem soat bi mot enzym ac biet, enzym en lt mnh c kiem soat bi 1 gen.

g. Hoc thuyet trung tam ( central dogma ) cua sinh hoc phan t.

DNA ----------> RNAm----------> protein

sao chep phien ma dch ma

S o neu tren c goi la " hoc thuyet trung tam " cua sinh hoc phan t.

h. Cac hormone ieu hoa chc nang cua te bao.

Nam 1905, E.Staling a neu ra thuat ng hormone e ch " mot chat bat ky trong nhng ieu kien bnh thng c tao thanh trong cac te bao cua mot bo phan nao o cua c the va c mau chuyen ti cac bo phan xa hn cua c the, anh hng co li cho c the noi chung ". Cac hormone thc hien nhng c che ieu hoa the dch c the ong vat. Thc vat cung co hormone, o la cac chat ieu hoa sinh trng gi vai tro quan trong trong s phat trien, ra hoa, ket trai va phan ng lai cac tac ong cua moi trng.

i. Hoat ong than kinh cap cao.

j. Cac moi quan he tng ho gia cac sinh vat va moi trng.

Nam 1934 Stanley a ra khai niem he sinh moi ( ecosystems ) e ch tap hp tat ca cac sinh vat va moi trng vo sinh cua mot vung nhat nh. Cac sinh vat cua he sinh moi quan he tng ho vi cac sinh vat khac cung son chung vi moi trng xung quanh.

Tom lai, Sinh hoc la mot nganh khoa hoc t nhien rong ln, rat phc tap, co nhieu ng dung trc tiep va gian tiep en loai ngi, khong nhng trong i song hang ngay ma ca nhng van e tam c the gii va tng lai cua nhan loai ng ai.

S song la phng thc ton tai cua vat chat, xuat hien theo qui luat cap o cac hp chat cao phan t (polymer), c ac trng bi cac cau truc bien ong va linh hoat, bi chc nang trao oi, va ca cac qua trnh t ieu hoa, t hoi phuc, tch luy va truyen at thong tin di truyen .

4. Nhng nguyen tac can nam vng khi nghien cu sinh hoc1. Cac kien thc sinh hoc phai nam trong he thong tien hoa cua the gii sinh vat.

2. Te bao la n v nghien cu cua sinh hoc.

3. S thong nhat gia cau truc va chc nang bieu hien tat ca cac mc to chc khac nhau.

4. Tat ca cac sinh vat eu co thanh phan cau tao vat ly va hoa hoc nh gii vo sinh va toan bo cac qua trnh song eu tuan theo cac quy luat vat ly va hoa hoc.

5. Cac sinh vat phai thu nhan nang lng va vat lieu e duy tr cau truc ac thu, roi thai phe pham ra ngoai.

6. Bo gen cha thong tin di truyen cho s sinh san va phat trien.

7. Nghien cu sinh hoc phai at trong tien trnh cua s phat trien ca the.

8. S pho bien cua cac c che phan hoi trong the gii sinh vat.

9. S tha ke cua cac qua trnh sinh hoc.

NHNG IEM CAN NH

1. S song khac vo sinh: s a dang v mo, cau tao vat chat phc tap tinh vi, he thong phan ng hoa hoc chuyen hoa nang lng, thong tin.

2. Cac bieu hien cua s song: trao oi chat, noi can bang, van ong, tang trng, ap lai kch thch, sinh san va thch nghi.

3. Sinh hoc co nhieu ng dung thc tien trc tiep oi vi c the ngi, cung cap phng tien song va giai quyet nhieu thach thc cua xa hoi loai ngi.

4. Can nh 9 nguyen tac can ban khi nghien cu sinh hoc

CAU HOI ON TAP

1. So sanh s tng phan gia cac sinh vat va vo sinh.

2. Toan bo cac phan ng hoa hoc xay ra trong c the c goi la g ?

3. Xu hng cac sinh vat duy tr moi trng ben trong on nh goi la g ?

4. Nhng tn hieu ben ngoai va ben trong c the gay ra nhng phan ng chu ong g cua sinh vat ?

5. thc vat co s van ong khong ?

6. Bieu hien nao cua s song am bao s noi tiep cua the he ?

7. e song con, cac sinh vat phai co nhng bieu hien tng ng vi moi trng song c goi la g ?

8. S a dang cua the gii sinh vat bieu hien the gii v mo nh the nao?

9. i sau vao the gii vi mo, cac sinh vat co nhng ac iem g?

10. n v c s e nghien cu sinh hoc la g?

II. HOA HOC CUA S SONG.

1. Thanh phan hoa hoc va cau tao cac phan t chat hu c.

Te bao song tuy co cau tao rat phc tap va a dang nhng no cung c cau tao t cac nguyen to trong thien nhien, chu yeu la H, O, N va C vi nhng tnh chat ac biet cua chung. Trong cac chat vo c, nc la chat n gian lai gi vai tro quan trong nhat, cac vi to nh I, Fe, Co,... tuy so lng rat t nhng khong the thieu c. Te bao cha nhieu hp chat hu c co sn la cac nguyen t C, gom 4 nhom phan t nho: Glucid, Lipid, cac acid amin va cac nucleotid. Nhieu chat n gian la cac n v cau truc tao nen cac ai phan t sinh hoc nh polysaccharid, protein, acid nucleic. Cac protein am nhan nhieu chc nang quan trong cua s song nh xuc tac, cau truc, van chuyen, van ong, bao ve va hoat tnh ieu hoa. Cac acid nucleic gi vai tro cha thong tin di truyen. Nhng tng tac hoa hoc yeu rat quan trong cho s song. S song tuy rat phc tap, khong the giai thch n gian theo quan iem c gii, nhng con ngi co the nhan thc c, ch khong sieu hnh nh sinh lc luan.

2. ac iem cac phan ng hoa hoc trong c the song.

Cac phan ng hoa hoc xay ra trong c the song cung tuan theo cac qua luat vat ly hoa hoc thong thng. Hoat ong song cung tuan theo quy luat nhiet ong hoc I va II. Cac sinh vat la nhng he thong h phai thu nhan nang lng t ben ngoai dang cac hp chat hu c ong hoa chung e duy tr trat t sinh hoc. S bien oi nang lng cung c thc hien nh cac phan ng oxy hoa kh : oxy hoa giai phong nang lng va kh th tch tr nang lng. Cac phan ng oxy hoa kh thc hien qua nhieu nac trung gian va khong trc tiep vi oxy ma ch ket hp cuoi chuoi phan ng. Cac phan ng c thc hien nhe nhang vi nhiet o khong cao, ap suat khong thay oi ln, nhng co tnh ac hieu ln va hieu qua cao nh co cac chat xuc tac sinh hoc la cac enzyme.

Ngoai ra, phan ng hoa hoc xay ra trong c the song co cac ac iem : Thu nhan : chu ong, tinh vi trong moi quan he tng tac hai hoa vi moi trng.

Cac nh hng chung : Theo trat t sinh hoc; moi quan he : phan t, gen va te bao; va da vao cau truc phc tap va to chc tinh vi Cach thc hien cac phan ng hoa hoc cua te bao : ieu kien thc hien phan ng : ang nhiet, ang ap; Cac chat xuc tac la enzyme; Trao oi chat dien ra lien tuc va t ong hoa cao va s a dang cac phan ng).

Tn hieu te bao

NHNG IEM CAN NH

1. S song cau tao t cac nguyen to trong thien nhien, chu yeu C, H, O, N vi nhieu tnh chat ac biet.

2. Protein: cau truc bac I, II, III va IV; cac motif, domain va cac phc hp protein.3. Acid nucleic: mach n, mach kep, s cuon lai.

4. Vai tro cua cac lien ket yeu: nh hnh cau truc khong gian 3 chieu, s bat cap ac hieu be mat t lap rap, phan ng nhanh nhay...

5. S a dang cua cac phan t sinh hoc da tren nhng nguyen tac n gian the hien qua s o pha he cac chat.

6. Trat t sinh hoc va he thong h.

7. Phan ng oxy hoa giai phong nang lng va kh th tch tr nang lng.

8. Cac enzyme la cac chat xuc tac sinh hoc : ban chat protein, trung tam phan ng, tnh ac hieu, giam nang lng hoat hoa lam tang toc o phan ng.

CAU HOI ON TAP

1. Ke cac tnh chat hoa hoc cua C, H, O, N thuan li cho cau truc cac phan t cua chat song.

2. Nc ong vai tro quan trong nhat cho hoat ong song bieu hien nhng tnh chat nao ?

3. S a dang cac hp chat hu c bieu hien nhng mat nao ? 4. Vai tro sinh hoc cua : Protein va Acid nucleic.

5. Co hang nghn loai protein, do au co s khac nhau trong cau truc gia chung ?

6. So sanh nhng iem giong nhau va khac nhau gia protein va acid nucleic.

7. Cac lien ket yeu co vai tro quan trong nh the nao trong hoat ong song?

8. S a dang cac phan t sinh hoc da tren cac nguyen tac nao ?

9. V sao noi hoat ong song khong c gii ma cung khong sinh lc luan ?

10. Trat t sinh hoc la g va c duy tr nh g ?

11. Enzyme la g va co tam quan trong nh the nao oi vi phan ng hoa hoc trong te bao ?

12. Nh ac tnh g cua enzyme ma trong te bao co the ong thi xay ra nhieu phan ng hoa hoc ?

III. HOC THUYET TE BAO

Phan Hoa hoc cua s song cho thay cac sinh vat co cau truc hoa hoc rat phc tap t nhng chat n gian en cac ai phan t sinh hoc. Tuy nhien, ch cac chat hoa hoc phc tap cha u e co hoat ong song, chung phai c to chc lai thanh cau truc vi cac phc he phan t cua nhieu bao quan co nhng chc nang chuyen biet khac nhau e hnh thanh te bao la n v c s cua s song. Cac ac tnh cua s song ch bieu hien thong nhat, ong bo, hai hoa, ay u mc te bao va cao hn. Viec hieu ro cau truc cua te bao la c s e nam vng cac c nguyen can ban cua s song.

1. Hoc thuyet te bao.

Nam 1655, ong R. Hooke dung knh hien vi quan sat manh nut chai thay co nhieu lo nho giong hnh to ong goi la te bao (the cell). Hoc thuyet te bao (cell theory) cho rang tat ca cac sinh vat c cau tao t cac te bao do hai nha khoa hoc c, J. Schleiden cong bo vao nam 1838 va T. Schwann, nam 1839.

Ngay nay, hoc thuyet te bao hien ai khang nh rang tat ca cac sinh vat eu cau tao nen t te bao va cac san pham cua te bao, nhng te bao mi c tao nen t s phan chia cua nhng te bao trc no, co s giong nhau can ban ve thanh phan hoa hoc va cac hoat tnh trao oi chat gia tat ca cac loai te bao va hoat ong cua c the la s tch hp hoat tnh cua cac n v te bao oc lap.

Te bao c coi la n v nho nhat cua s song, viec nghien cu sau hoat ong song cua te bao giup hieu ro cac c nguyen can ban cua s song nen sinh hoc te bao la mon sinh hoc hien ai ang phat trien manh.

Tren thc te, tat ca cac sinh vat, ke ca con ngi eu co cau tao te bao va la san pham cua s tien hoa t te bao au tien. T duy cua bo nao ngi cung la san pham cua 10 t te bao than kinh. Khong nghi ng g na, te bao la mot sang tao co gia tr nhat cua s tien hoa.

2. Cau truc cua te bao.

Te bao la n v can ban cua s song, chung co hnh dang va kch thc khac nhau tuy theo loai va tuy loai mo trong c the. Co hai kieu te bao chnh: te bao tien nhan (Procaryotae) va te bao nhan thc (Eucaryotae). Te bao nhan thc co cau truc phc tap hn vi nhieu bao quan vi chc nang khac nhau. Cac te bao c gii han bang mang sinh chat co cau truc lp oi lipid. Cau tao mang lipid oi la tnh chat chung cho cac mang sinh hoc trong te bao ke ca mang bao quan. Mang te bao ieu hoa s ra vao cac chat va van chuyen thc an vao nuoi te bao, thai can ba, tiep nhan va truyen thong tin. Cac bao quan co cau truc mang thc hien nhieu chc nang khac nhau nh li noi chat tong hp protein va tao lipid; bo Golgi sang loc va ong goi cac ai phan t e tiet ra, lysosome lam nhiem vu tieu hoa. Ti the va luc lap la cac bao quan bien oi nang lng va thu nhan nang lng cung cap cho cac hoat ong song. Nhan te bao la ni cha thong tin di truyen ieu khien moi hoat ong cua te bao, ni tong hp ARNr va lap rap ribosome e ra te bao chat tong hp protein. The trong suot (cytosol) la ni xay ra nhieu phan ng trao oi chat va cho gap g cua cac day chuyen phan ng sinh hoa. Cac vi si va vi quan lam sn noi bao va cac c quan van ong. Toan bo cac cau phan te bao hp thanh mot the thong nhat hoat ong nhp nhang thc hien cac chc nang can ban cua s song.

3. Ho hap cua te bao.

Cac sinh vat d dng (heterotrophic) thu nhan nang lng dang cac thc an hu c. Mot phan cac chat tren dung cho sinh tong hp, phan con lai c phan huy e tao nang lng cho cac hoat ong te bao. Qua trnh phan huy hao kh (aerobic) cac thc an kem theo tong hp ATP c goi la ho hap te bao (cellular respiration). Ho hap cua te bao la qua trnh trai qua nhieu bc do enzym xuc tac, nh o te bao chiet rut nang lng t glucose, polysaccharide, lipid, protein va cac chat hu c khac. Ho hap noi chung la hao kh, oi hoi phai co oxy.

Trong ho hap hao kh hoan toan, cac chat dinh dng c phan huy en thanh CO2 va nc. Mot trong nhng con ng chung cua ho hap la phan cat ng glucose vi phng trnh tong quat nh sau:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O ( 6CO2 + 12H2O + nang lng

Qua trnh d hoa t thu nhan cac chat dinh dng en b phan huy hoan toan gom 3 giai oan ln :

Giai oan 1 : s tieu hoa. Cac phan t polymer ln c phan huy thanh cac n chat (monomer), nh protein thanh acid amin, cac polysaccharide thanh glucid (glucose) va lipid thanh acid beo va glycerol. Cac phan ng phan huy nay chu yeu xay ra ngoai te bao do cac enzyme c tiet ra ngoai.

Giai oan 2 : S phan huy te bao chat. Cac phan t nho va c tao ra xam nhap vao te bao va chu s phan huy manh hn te bao chat. ay xay ra qua trnh ng phan bien cac ng nh glucose thanh pyruvate e xam nhap vao ti the. Trong ti the pyruvate c chuyen hoa thanh nhom acetyl cua hp chat acetyl-coenzyme A .

Giai oan 3 : S bien oi nang lng trong ti the. Giai oan 3 xay ra trong ti the, nhom acetyl cua acetyl-CoA qua chu trnh acid citric (chu trnh Krebs) va he thong chuyen ien t c oxy hoa hoan toan en thanh CO2 va nc. Trong qua trnh oxy hoa cuoi cung nay mot so lng ln ATP c tao thanh.

4. Quang hp.

Ngay nay, nguon nang lng chu yeu cho s song tren trai at eu thu nhan qua quang hp. Cac c che quang hp rat tinh vi, o la mot qua trnh lng t - sinh - ly - hoa hoc (Quantic biophysicochemical process). Quang hp khong nhng cung cap nang lng ma con lam giau O2 cho kh quyen dan en xuat hien c che ho hap. Cay xanh lam sach bau kh quyen khoi CO2 va tao O2 nen la nhan to moi sinh quan trong cho loai ngi.

Quang hp co phng trnh tong quat nh sau:

Chlorophyll

6CO2 + 12H2O + anh sang 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O

Quang hp la qua trnh trao oi chat ch thc hien te bao thc vat xanh, tao, mot so nguyen sinh ong vat va cac vi khuan quang hp. Trong quang hp nang lng anh sang mat tri c te bao thu nhan nh sac to chlorophyll va s dung e kh cac chat CO2 va H2O thanh carbohydrate va O2. Thc chat cua quang hp la s chuyen hoa nang lng anh sang thanh nang lng hoa hoc dang cac lien ket phan t.

Quang hp bat au bang thu nhan nang lng mat tri e phan giai H2O va chuyen hydro t H2O qua CO2 tao hydrate carbon. Chat tao ra la 1 hexose, ng saccarose hay tinh bot. Thc chat quang hp la qua trnh kh CO2 bang hydro lay t H2O. Cac phan ng quang hp co vai tro quan trong la d tr nang lng. Khi thc hien quang hp thc vat khong tao them cung khong huy hoai vat chat hay nang lng. Chung nh co cau truc ac biet ch bien quan nang thanh hoa nang va tch tr dang cac hp chat hu c.

Trong khi o ho hap ngc lai, no phan huy glucose va cac chat hu c e giai phong nang lng hoan tra hydro lai cho oxy kh quyen e tai lap H2O. Ho hap la qua trnh oxy hoa, cac C trong glucose c oxy hoa hoan toan en thanh CO2. Hai qua trnh quang hp va ho hap dien ra song song, oi lap nhau, nhng la hai nhan to quan trong duy tr s song on nh tren trai at.

S tien hoa a a thien nhien en trang thai can bang gia ho hap va quang hp the nao e ham lng CO2 trong kh quyen mc co nh la 0,03% thap hn cho toi hao oi vi quang hp va gi cho lng O2 co nh 20,9% la lng oxy cao hn nhu cau cho ho hap; mac du ho hap xay ra lien tuc ngay va em, con quang hp ch c thc hien ban ngay. Nh vay quang hp khong nhng thu nhan nang lng vu tru e duy tr s song ma co vai tro lam sach bau kh quyen cho s song phat trien manh.

Mot tai hoa ang e doa s song cua loai ngi la nhieu rng cay xanh b tan pha, san xuat cong nghiep thai ra qua nhieu CO2 nen nhng ngi bao ve sinh moi thanh lap cac "ang xanh".

Qua trnh quang hp gom 2 pha chu yeu :

Pha sang thu nhan va tch tr nang lng dang ATP va NADPH, c thc hien mang thylakoid cua luc lap. H2O uc quang thuy giai phong thch O2.

Pha toi s dung nang lng e tong hp nen cac chat hu c xay ra dch cua luc lap. Trong pha nay CO2 c co nh qua chu trnh Calvin.

NHNG IEM CAN NH

1. Hoc thuyet te bao: cau tao te bao, te bao sinh ra te bao, hoat ong trao oi chat can ban giong nhau va s ket hp hoat ong chung.

2. ac iem chung cua cac te bao: cau truc mang va kch thc nho be.

3. Mang sinh chat va he thong mang trong te bao.

4. Cac bao quan co cau tao mang: li noi chat - tong hp cac chat, bo Golgi - goi va tiet ra, Lysosome - phan huy.

5. Cac bao quan chuyen hoa nang lng : ti the - ho hap va luc lap - quang hp.

6. Nhan te bao cha thong tin di truyen.

7. Cac giai oan phan huy chat dinh dng: s tieu hoa, s phan huy te bao chat va bien oi nang lng trong ti the.

8. ng phan : cac phan ng ng phan va s len men.

9. Cac phan ng cua chu trnh acid citric (chu trnh Krebs).

10. Chuoi chuyen ien t thc hien mang trong ti the.

11. nh ngha va phng tnh tong quat cua quang hp.

12. Chu trnh carbon trong t nhien.

13. Hai pha cua quang hp: pha sang chuyen ien t hap thu nang lng va pha toi co nh carbon.

14. Vai tro cua chlorophyll trong quang hp.

15. Chu trnh Calvin.

CAU HOI ON TAP

1. Hoc thuyet te bao co y ngha nh the nao?

2. Vai tro cua nhan trong hoat ong song cua te bao.

3. Ti the co nhng te bao nao va neu ro s lien quan gia cau truc va chc nang ho hap.

4. ac iem cau truc cua luc lap va chc nang.

5. Lysosome co vai tro g? Neu lysosome v ra trong te bao th ra sao?

6. Ba giai oan phan huy chat dinh dng thc hien au?

7. S phan huy ng yem kh c goi la g va hieu qua nang lng bao nhieu?

8. San pham cuoi cua ng phan la chat g?

9. Chat nao vao ti the trc tiep tham gia chu trnh Krebs?

10. Chu trnh Krebs tao ra bao nhieu ATP va CO2?

11. Chat nao t chu trnh Krebs vao chuoi chuyen ien t ?

12. Chuoi chuyen ien t tao ra bao nhieu ATP ?

13. Quang hp c thc hien nhom sinh vat nao va do cau truc nao cua te bao ?

14. V sao cac ang bao ve moi sinh ac ten la ang xanh.

15. Nang lng anh sang cuoi cung c tch luy vao ATP nh the nao?

16. Pha sang cung cap cho pha toi bao nhieu ATP va NADPH ?

17. Chu trnh Calvin co vai tro g ?

IV. DI TRUYEN HOC

1. S xac lap khai niem ve gen.

Vao nam 1865, Gregor Mendel la ngi au tien phat hien cac quy luat can ban cua tnh di truyen. en nam 1900, Hugo de Vries (Ha Lan), K.Correns (c) va Tchermak (Ao) oc lap vi nhau a phat hien lai cac quy luat Mendel. Nam 1900 la nam ra i cua di truyen hoc va the ky 20 la the ky phat trien cua di truyen hoc. Ten goi mon di truyen hoc (Genetics t ch La tinh Genetikos - lien quan en nguon goc, sinh san) do W. Bateson neu vao nam 1906. Vao nam 1909, W.Johansen neu ra cac thuat ng nh Gen (t ch Hy Lap genes - dong giong, sinh san, bat nguon), kieu gen (genotype) va kieu hnh (phenotype). Tnh di truyen khong do s hoa hp ma co c s vat chat la cac gen co tnh gian oan va oc lap. Lch s di truyen hoc gan chat vi s phat trien va cu the hoa khai niem ve gen, cung s bieu hien cua chung.

Quy luat Mendel th nhat goi la quy luat phan li hay giao t thuan khiet: Trong c the cac gen ton tai theo tng oi khi tao thanh giao t tng oi gen phan li nhau va moi gen i vao mot giao t. Sau khi hai giao t giao phoi vi nhau cac gen tng ng lai hp thanh tng oi trong hp t.

Quy luat th hai cua Mendel hay con goi la quy luat phan ly oc lap va to hp t do: Cac gen cua tng cap trong phan bao giam nhiem phan ly nhau mot cach oc lap vi cac thanh vien cua nhng cap gen khac va chung hp lai trong cac giao t ang c tao thanh mot cach ngau nhien.

S di truyen do tng tac gen.

Nhieu so lieu c tch luy khang nh s ung an cua cac quy luat Mendel, ong thi cho thay tac ong cua gen phc tap va a dang hn nhieu:

- Mot gen co the anh hng en nhieu dau hieu.

- Ngc lai nhieu gen co the anh hng en mot dau hieu.

- Ngoai ra trong mot so trng hp con co s tng tac gia cac gen.

Cac kieu tng tac gen : bo tr, at che, a gen hay cong gop (lien quan en tnh trang so lng), a hieu.

Nhng phc tap trong bieu hien cua gen : gen bien oi, gen co s bieu hien b gii han bi gii tnh, gen co s bieu hien phu thuoc gii tnh.

Nh vay s bieu hien ra kieu hnh co c do tac ong qua lai cua nhieu gen trong c the va kieu gen la mot he thong phc tap co quan he chat che gia cac gen vi nhau. Khong co nhan to di truyen nao mang tnh chat oc lap tuyet oi theo quan niem nh thi Mendel.2. S phat trien cua thuyet di truyen nhiem sac the.S ket hp gia di truyen hoc va te bao hoc a tao nen bc phat trien tiep theo cua di truyen hoc. T nam 1911, T.H.Morgan a tien hanh th nghiem tren ruoi giam Drosophila melanogaster xay ng nen thuyet di truyen nhiem sac the. Cac ket qua chng minh cac gen nam tren nhiem sac the, xep theo ng thang, tao thanh nhom lien ket gen. Ban o di tuyen nhiem sac the c xay dng.

Vao nam 1941,G.Beadle va E.Tatum neu ra thuyet 1 gen - 1 enzyme chng minh gen kiem tra cac phan ng sinh hoa.

3. S phat trien cua di truyen hoc phan t.

Nam 1944, O.Avery, McLeod va McCarty thc hien bien nap, chng minh trc tiep DNA la chat di truyen. Nhng mai en nam 1952 vai tro di truyen cua AND mi c xac nhan.

Nam 1953, mo hnh cau truc ADN cua Watson-Crick ra i, c coi la phat minh ln nhat cua the k, tao ra bc ngoac mi cho di truyen hoc va sinh hoc noi chung. Cac th nghiem nghien cu di truyen hoc co the tien hanh trong ong nghiem (in vitro).

Hoc thuyet trung tam (central dogma) cua sinh hoc phan t ra i :

DNA ( RNA( protein

sao chep phien ma dch ma

Nam 1961, M.Nirenberg va J.Matthei tm ra bo ma di truyen au tien. en gia nhng nam 60, toan bo 64 codon (bo ba ma) a c xac nh (nhom cua Nirenberg va nhom cua H.Khorana).

Nam 1961, F.Jacob, J.Monod tm ra c che di truyen ieu hoa tong hp protein.

CAC KHAI NIEM CAN LU Y

1. Cac khai niem Gen, kieu gen va kieu hnh.

2. Cac quy luat Mendel I va II.

3. S tng tac gen.

4. Thuyet di truyen nhiem sac the cua Morgan.

5. Gia thuyet 1 gen 1 enzyme.

6. ADN la vat chat di truyen. Ma di truyen.

7. Hoc thuyet trung tam cua sinh hoc phan t.

CAU HOI ON TAP

1. Gen la g ? S phat trien khai niem ve gen t tru tng en cau truc phan t nh the nao ?

2. Noi dung chnh cua thuyet nhiem sac the la g ?

3. DNA co cau truc phan t nh the nao ?

4. Mat ma di truyen la g ?

5. Qua trnh sinh tong hp protein qua cac bc nh the nao ?

6. Chng trnh giai ma bo gen ngi la g va c thc hien en au ?

7. Neu nhng iem chnh trong chien lc y hoc trong the ky 21.

8. Neu v du ve chan oan mi da tren nucleic acid.

9. The nao la cong nghe protein ? Neu v du.

10. Neu v du cho thay ky thuat di truyen vt gii han tien hoa trong chon giong.

11. V sao noi ky thuat di truyen ang s ?

12. ao ly sinh hoc la g ?

13. Neu cong nhan DNA la chat di truyen, ieu o co ngha la co chat vnh cu khong ? V sao ?

V. HOC THUYET TIEN HOA

1. Hoc thuyet tien hoa cua Darwin.

Noi dung can ban "Nguon goc cac loai" cua Darwin giai thch tom tat qua trnh tien hoa nh sau :

Bien d von co bat ky mot nhom ong vat, thc vat va cac ca the khac nhau nhieu iem. Ngay trong hau the cua mot cap bo me ta cung khong tm thay hai ca the giong y het nhau.

So lng ca the sinh ra cua moi loai co tren the gii nhieu hn so song con. Tuy nhien v so lng cua moi loai trong ieu kien thien nhien tng oi on nh nen phan ln hau the moi the he b chet.

V sinh ra nhieu ca the hn so song con nen xay ra cuoc au tranh sinh ton gianh thc an cho . No co the la cuoc au tranh tch cc cho s song chet hoac canh tranh t hieu qua hn nh luc han hoac lanh.

Trong so cac bien d sinh vat mot so giup ch cho s song con trong au tranh sinh ton. So khac lam sinh vat b chet. Quan iem "S song con cua cac dang thch nghi nhat" la trung tam cua hoc thuyet chon loc t nhien.

Cac ca the song con tao c s cho cac the he sau, nhng bien d thuan li di truyen lai cho hau the.

Do o moi the he ngay cang thch nghi hn vi moi trng, cung vi s bien oi moi trng co s thch nghi tiep tuc. Neu chon loc t nhien tac ong trong mot thi gian dai th mot so dang co the thanh loai oc lap. Do s phan ly dau hieu mot so co the thch nghi vi mot kieu bien oi moi trng, mot so khac bien oi theo kieu khac th t mot loai to tien co the xuat hien nhieu loai.

Ket thuc tac pham "Nguon goc cac loai" Darwin viet rang :"... tat ca nhng dang tuyet ep khac nhau va phu thuoc phc tap lan nhau c tao nen nh cac quy luat hien van ang con tac dung xung quanh chung ta. Cac quy luat o la s tang trng va sinh san theo ngha rong nhat, tnh di truyen hau nh can thiet bat nguon trc tiep t s sinh san, tnh bien d phu thuoc tac dung trc tiep va gian tiep cua ieu kien song hay s luyen tap va khong luyen tap, cap so nhan va hau qua cua no la chon loc t nhien keo theo s phan ly dau hieu va s diet vong cua dang kem hoan thien hn. Nh vay t cuoc chien tranh quay cuong trong thien nhien, t s oi khat va cai chet dien ra cai ket qua cao nhat la s tao thanh cac dang ong vat cao cap"

Nh vay cac nhan to tien hoa chnh theo Darwin la bien d, di truyen va chon loc t nhien. Chung ta nh rang Darwin cha biet cac quy luat di truyen tuy ong co nhan manh bien d di truyen la quan trong. Ong nhn thay ung cac loai bien d nhng co mot so sai lam. C s hoc thuyet tien hoa cua Darwin la thuyet chon loc t nhien. Chon loc t nhien la nhan to chu yeu va la ong lc cua tien hoa.

2. Hoc thuyet tien hoa hien ai

ai tien hoa va tieu tien hoa. Quan the la n v tien hoa : Quan the can bang; phng trnh Hardy-Weinberg Bien d va vai tro cua cac loai bien d.

Chon loc t nhien va s tien hoa thch nghi.

3. Tien trnh phat trien s song tren qua at.

Cac nien ai cua s phat trien s song. Nguon goc s song :

S song a xuat hien cach nay t nhat 3,5 t nam do cac qua trnh vat ly va hoa hoc cua qua at. T khi xuat hien en nay s tien hoa a hoan thien cac dang sinh vat : t Prokaryotae en Eukaryotae, t n bao en a bao va s phat trien cua sinh vat a bao. Cuoi cung la s xuat hien cua loai ngi t bo Primates.

Cac so lieu mi thu nhan c lam sang to hn van e nguon goc s song, nhat la vai tro cua RNA.

Trong 2 t nam au ch co prokaryota phat trien. Cac vi khuan quang hp a lam giau oxy cho kh quyen, tao ieu kien cho s ra i cua sinh vat co nhan (Eukaryotae). Cng o trao oi chat Eukaryotae c tang len ang ke nh ho hap oxy hoa. Nhp o tien hoa ngay cang nhanh hn. Cac sinh vat a bao co cau truc phc tap, co s chuyen hoa chc nang cua tng nhom te bao va s hoat ong hai hoa gia chung. Nh o, cac sinh vat a tien len can, chinh phuc nhng khong gian mi va phat trien tnh t tr, duy tr s on nh moi trng ben trong c the.

Nguon goc loai ngi :

oi vi nguon goc cua loai ngi, th s bien oi cua hai chan sau e ng thang la yeu to quan trong au tien tach ngi khoi sinh vat ke can. Sau o la phat trien nhanh cua bo nao va co tieng noi. S tien hoa cua con ngi qua cac dang sau : ngi vn Australopithecus, ngi kheo leo Homo habilis, ngi ng thang Homo erectus, ngi thong minh Homo sapiens, ngi hien ai Homo sapiens spiens. Trong qua trnh hnh thanh con ngi, luc au cac yeu to sinh hoc la chu yeu, ve sau la cac nhan to xa hoi. Lao ong va che tao cong cu la nhng yeu to thuc ay s phat trien xa hoi loai ngi.

CAC KHAI NIEM CAN LU Y

1. S o lch trnh tien hoa va cac giai oan chu yeu.

2. S xuat hien cac chat hu c phan t nho.

3. S tao thanh cac phc hp ai phan t.

4. S xuat hien te bao au tien.

5. S phat trien t Prokaryotae en Eukaryotae.

6. S phat trien t n bao en a bao.

7. Cac gii sinh vat chnh hien nay.

8. S tien hoa cua bo Primates.

9. Nhng iem giong nhau va khac nhau gia ngi vi vn.

10. Nhng khac biet chu yeu gia ngi va sinh vat ke can.

CAU HOI ON TAP

1. Hoc thuyet tien hoa cua Darwin : bien d, di truyen va chon loc t nhien.

2. Quan iem cua Darwin ve au tranh sinh ton.

3. Giai thch cua Darwin ve s thch nghi va a dang cua sinh gii.

4. Lch trnh phat sinh va phat trien s song tren Qua at.

5. Nhng ieu kien nao cua qua at co xa a en tao thanh cac chat hu c ?

6. Cac gia thuyet nao ve nguon goc s song a c neu ra ?

7. V sao ngay nay vai tro cua RNA trong s xuat hien s song c chu y ac biet ?

8. Neu nhng khac biet chnh gia prokaryota va eukaryota.

9. S lam giau oxy cho kh quyen dan en nhng ket qua tien hoa g ?

10. Cac sinh vat a bao co nhng ac iem g trong cau truc ?

11. Bo Primates co nhng ac iem g ?

12. Lucy la ai ?

13. Trong bien oi sinh hoc cua to tien loai ngi th bien oi nao quan trong au tien lam khac vi nhng ho hang ke can ?

14. Cai gia phai tra cho s phat trien tr tue con ngi la g ?

CAU HOI ON TAP VE HOC THUYET TIEN HOA

1. Trong tieu s Darwin, s kien nao co y ngha quan trong nhat dan en quan iem tien hoa?

2. V sao Darwin lay cac ac iem cua vat nuoi va cay trong e giai thch s tien hoa?

3. Dang chon loc nao a den s khac nhau gia uc va cai?

4. Darwin a giai thch s thch nghi nh the nao?

5. Darwin a giai thch s a dang nh the nao?

6. The nao la ai va tieu tien hoa?

7. ot bien co vai tro g trong tien hoa ?

8. V sao noi tai to hp la nguon bien d quan trong nhat?

9. V sao noi sinh san hu tnh lam tang nhanh toc o tien hoa?

10. Nhng ieu kien nao cua qua at co xa a en tao thanh cac chat hu c ?

11. Cac gia thuyet nao ve nguon goc s song a c neu ra ?

12. V sao ngay nay vai tro cua RNA trong s xuat hien s song c chu y ac biet ?

13. S lam giau oxy cho kh quyen dan en nhng ket qua tien hoa g ?

14. Bo Primates co nhng ac iem g ?

15. Lucy la ai ?

16. Trong cac bien oi sinh hoc cua to tien loai ngi, bien oi nao quan trong au tien khac vi nhng ho hang ke can ?

17. Cai gia phai tra cho s phat trien tr tue con ngi la g ?

VI. S A DANG SINH HOC1. He thong phan loai cac sinh vat.

He thong phan loai t nhien cua Lin-ne va cach goi ten cac loai.

Khai niem Taxon hoc.

He thong phan loai 5 gii va phan loai da tren nucleic acid.

2. Virus va prion.

3. Vi khuan thc : Gram dng, Gram am va Mycoplasma. S phan bo cac vi khuan va vai tro cua chung trong sinh quyen.

4. Co vi khuan va cac nhom : sinh kh metan, chu nhiet va acid, chu muoi,

5. Cac sinh vat co nhan Eukaryotae. Gii Protista : Protozoa, Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, Pyrrophyta. Gii nam : Zoomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota.

Gii thc vat (Plantae) : Bryophyta (reu), Pteridophyta (dng x), Spermatophyta (Thc vat co hat)

Gii ong vat (Animalia) : mot so nganh chu yeu va nganh day song.

Lin-ne a xay dng he thong phan loai t nhien mo ta s a dang sinh gii. Taxon la khoa hoc ve phan loai cac sinh vat. S a dang sinh hoc co y ngha quan trong cho moi sinh va s phat trien cua xa hoi loai ngi. He thong phan loai da vao rRNA at ra nhieu van e mi.

Cac Prokaryotae n bao co mat khap ni va co vai tro quan trong cho vong tuan hoan vat chat. Cac Protista gom nhng sinh vat d dng va t dng. Nam la nhng sinh vat d dng hap thu cac chat qua mang. Thc vat san xuat chat hu c, cung cap Oxy va hap thu CO2. Cac ong vat la nhng sinh vat tieu thu.NHNG IEM CAN NH

1. He thong phan loai t nhien cua Lin-ne.

2. Taxon hoc va cac he thong phan loai.

3. Phan loai da tren nucleic acid va cac gii.

4. Virus va prion.

5. S phan bo cac vi khuan va vai tro cua chung trong sinh quyen.

6. Cac nhom vi khuan : Gram dng, Gram am va Mycoplasma.

7. Co vi khuan va cac nhom : sinh kh metan, chu nhiet va acid, chu muoi,

8. Gii Protista : Protozoa, Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, Pyrrophyta.9. Gii nam : Zoomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota. Nam cong sinh va a y.

10. Gii thc vat (Plantae) : Bryophyta (reu), Pteridophyta (dng x), Spermatophyta (Thc vat co hat). Vai tro cua thc vat trong i song va sinh quyen.

11. Gii ong vat (Animalia) : mot so nganh chu yeu va nganh day song.

CAU HOI ON TAP

1. Nhng iem chnh cua he thong phan loai cua Lin-ne ?

2. Taxon hoc la g ?

3. Phan loai da tren nucleic acid can c vao phan t nao ?

4. Thoa c Rio de Janeiro la g ?

5. Neu cac ac iem cua virus va prion.

6. S phan bo cac vi khuan nh the nao ?

7. Vai tro cua vi khuan trong sinh quyen ?

8. Hay neu cac ac iem cua cac nhom vi khuan chnh.

9. V sao noi co vi khuan la cac sinh vat cc oan ?

10. Neu ac iem cua Protista : Protozoa, Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, Pyrrophyta.11. Hay mo ta cac nhom nam : Zoomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota.

12. Nam cong sinh va a y co nhng ac iem g ?

13. Trnh bay ve nhng nhom chu yeu cua gii thc vat (Plantae) : Bryophyta (reu), Pteridophyta (dng x), Spermatophyta (Thc vat co hat).

14. Neu vai tro cua thc vat trong i song va sinh quyen.

15. Neu cac ac iem cua gii gii ong vat (Animalia) chung va nganh day song.

CAU HOI TRAC NGHIEMPHAN SINH HOC

CHNG II . C S HOA HOC CUA S SONG

Chon cau tra li ung nhat trong so cac cau gi y.

2.39. Bac cau truc nao gi vai tro quan trong nhat trong phan t protein :

a) Cau truc bac mot.

b) Cau truc bac hai.

c) Cau truc bac ba.

d) Cau truc bac bon.

2.40. Sat (Fe) la mot nguyen to gan chat vi enzym va rat can cho hoat tnh cua enzym. Trng hp nay, Fe la :

a. Cofactor.

b. Coenzym.

c. Nhom prosthetic.

d. Chat c che.

2.41. ac iem nao sau ay phu hp vi protein cau truc keratin :

a. Protein khoi cau.

b. De tan trong nc

c. Cau truc cap 1 ac trng.

d. Trung tam hoat ong

e. Noi - S - S - gia cac chuoi polypeptide.

2.45. Protein nao sau ay khong phai la protein van chuyen :

a) Myoglobine.

b) Albumin huyet tng.

c) Insulin

d) Globulin mang sat.

2.46. Protein nao sau ay la protein van ong :

a) Myosin.

b) Trombine.

c) Khang the.

d) Kenh protein cua mang.

2.47. Cai nao trong nhng mo ta sau ay thch hp nhat cho cac nucleotide?

a. Base nitric va nhom phosphate.

b. Base nitric, nhom phosphate va ng 5C.

c. Base nitric va ng 5C.

d. ng 5C va adenine hay uracil.

e. ng 5C, nhom phosphate va purine.

2.48. iem nao khong phai la khac biet cau truc gia ADN va ARN :

a) Mach kep va mach n.

b) Desoxyribose va ribose.

c) Thymine va Uracil.

d) Polynucleotide.

CHNG III. CAU TRUC CUA TE BAO

Hay tra li cac cau sau ay ung hay sai va sa sai:

3.1. S khuech tan trong khong kh nhanh hn trong nc.

3.2. Cac te bao cua cu khoai tay la nhc trng so vi nc ngot.

3.3. Neu at vao moi trng u trng manh, te bao cua c the ban se b be.

3.4. Nc ngot co ap suat tham thau cao hn so vi te bao chat cua te bao thc vat.

3.5. Cac te bao nhan c nc va cac chat hoa tan nh am bao (Pinocytocis).

3.6. Vach te bao th cap day ac biet co te bao thc vat c chuyen hoa lam cho da.

3.7. Theo mo hnh hien nay cua mang, cac permease co le la cac protein choan ca cac khe xuyen qua mang.

3.8. Te bao trong moi trng nhc trng co xu hng mat nc.

3.9. Vach s cap cua te bao thc vat gan vi mang te bao hn vach th cap.

3.10. Chc nang ban au cua cac ribosome la ni tong hp lipid.

3.11. Trong cac te bao procaryote bo Golgi la mot bao quan co thng xuyen.

3.12. Nhan te bao cha thong tin di truyen.

3.13. Ti the va luc lap la cac bao quan co chc nang bien oi nang lng.

3.14. Te bao co kch thc nho nen t le be mat/khoi lng ln.

3.15. Phan ln chc nang ac hieu cua mang te bao lien quan en cac protein mang.

Chon cau tra li ung trong so nhieu cau gi y:

3.16. Theo mo hnh cau truc cua mang te bao c chap nhan hien nay, phan ngoai cua mang te bao gom:

a. Cac phan ngoai k nc cua cac phan t.

b. Cac phan a nc cua cac phan t.

c. Cac phan t khong tch ien.

d. Cac au khong phan cc cua cac phan t.

3.18Khi mot manh la cay at vao nc cat:

a. Cac te bao la nhc trng oi vi nc.

b. Nc la nhc trng oi vi te bao la.

c. Te bao ang trng oi vi nc.

d. Nc la u trng oi vi te bao.

3.24. Muc nao sau ay ung cho vach te bao thc vat:

a. Nc, khong kh va cac chat hoa tan co the di chuyen t do qua vach te bao.

b. Vach th cap nam ben ngoai vach s cap.

c. Giup te bao thc vat song c trong moi trng u trng ma khong b be ra.

d. Phien gia nam gia cac vach s cap va th cap.

e. Vach te bao s cap c cau tao sao cho no xac nh chat nao co the vao va ra khoi te bao.

3.30. Cai nao sau ay ln nhat:

a) Chloroplast

c) Ti the

e) Lo cua mang nhan

b) Ribosome

d) E.coli

3.34. Cau truc nao sau ay co cha ADN?

a) Nhan te bao

c) Nhiem sac the

e) Tat ca cac muc tren

b) Ti the

d) Luc lap

3.41. Te bao thc vat khac vi te bao ong vat bi co :

a. Nhan

b. Luc lapc. Ti the

d. Ribosome.

3.48. Glycocalyx te bao ong vat co iem nao tng ong vi vach te bao thc vat trong so sau ay:

a. khung chac bao boc te bao.

b. khong dnh chat mang te bao

c. cau tao la ng a.

d. co the kham chat khac ( suberin, lignin) nen khong tham nc hoac cng ran.

CHNG IV. NANG LNG VA S TRAO OI CHAT

Xac nh noi dung cac cau sau ung hay sai, neu sai th sa.

4.1. ATP c s dung lam nguon nang lng cho cac phan ng sinh tong hp.

4.2. Cac cau truc va phan ng hoa hoc trong c the c duy tr theo trat t sinh hoc.

4.3. Cac vitamin la nhng chat quan trong v chung ieu hoa trao oi chat.

4.4. Khi xay ra phan ng hoa hoc , co s bien oi nang lng t do.

4.5. S ieu hoa ngc la khi san pham cuoi tch tu nhieu se c che phan ng au lam ngng sinh tong hp.

4.6. Cac enzyme tao thanh phc hp mot cac ngau nhien khong lien quan en day chuyen phan ng.

4.7. Nang lng mat tri la nguon nang lng cho s song tren trai at.

4.8. S gan cac enzyme thanh chuoi tren cac mang te bao va bao quan giup chung khoi b phan huy.

4. 9. ATP la tien te nang lng.

4.10. Cac coenzyme lam nhiem vu thu nhan cac nhom hoa hoc ac hieu.

Chon cau tra li ung:

4.11. Te bao song cung tuan theo quy luat nhiet ong hoc II v :

a. Hoat ong cua te bao song lam tang s hon loan moi trng xung quanh.

b. Cac phan ng thu nhiet.

c. Thay oi nang lng t do.

d. Hap thu nang lng mat tri.

4.17. Toc o cua cac phan ng hoa hoc tang nh :

a. Giam nang lng hoat hoa. b. Giam nong o cac chat phan ng.

c. Lam lanh phan ng. d. Lay chat xuc tac i.

e. Hai trong so cac muc tren ay ung.

4.21.Phan ng thuy giai ATP tao ra AMP va 2 Pi trai qua may giai oan?

a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4

e) 5

4.24. Tac nhan nao sau ay co tac dung lam giam nang lng hoat hoa :

a. nhiet o

d. coenzyme

b. chat xuc tac hoa hoc

c. enzyme.

e. (b) va (c) ung

4.39. Cac con ng trao oi chat c ieu hoa bi :

a. Enzyme xuc tac phan ng b phan huy.

c. pH.

b. S thay oi hoat tnh enzyme.

d. San pham canh tranh.

CHNG V. HO HAP TE BAO

Hay xac nh cac cau sau ay ung hay sai, neu sai th sa:

5.1. Phan ln cac ATP mi c tao nen do s phan huy hao kh hoan toan glucose thanh CO2 va nc a c tong hp nen do s di chuyen ien t qua chuoi ho hap.

5.2. S ho hap hoan toan 1 phan t acid pyruvic se cho nhieu ATP hn s ho hap hoan toan 1 phan t acid acetic.

5.3. S ho hap hoan toan mot phan t glucose tao nen CO2.

5.4. Chu trnh acid citric keo theo s oxy hoa cac acid amin va lipid cung tot nh glucose.

5.5. Phan ng PGAL thanh acid pyruvic xay ra ben trong ti the.

5.6. S be gay mot phan t glucose tao 2PGAL san sinh ra 2 ATP mi.

5.7. Mot gram lipid tao ra mot nang lng bang mot gram glucid.

5.8. Tat ca cac phan ng ho hap hao kh xay ra trong ti the.

5.9. Phan ln nang lng ATP c tao ra khi oxy hoa glucose sinh ra qua tong hp hoa tham thau.

5.10. thc vat, ng phan xay ra trong ti the.

Chon cau tra li ung trong cac gi y:

5.11. Cac enzyme xuc tac cac phan ng chu trnh Krebs tm thay trong bao quan nao cua Eukaryotae?

a) Luc lap

c) Lysosome

e) Li noi chat

b) Ribosome

d) Ti the

5.12. Mot trong nhng san pham cua s bien dng hoan toan glucose la:

a) Nc

c) Acid lactic

e) Acid pyruvic

b) NADH2

d) Acetyl coenzyme

5.18. Khi mot sinh vat tam thi thieu O2 no nhan nang lng t:

a. Chu trnh Krebs

b. ng phan va len men

c. Oxy hoa acid pyruvic thanh CoA.d. Chuoi ho hap chuyen ien t.

e. 2 trong so tren

5.23. Cac giai oan cua oxy hoa glucose c ke sau, giai oan nao sau ay tao ra nhieu ATP hn ca khi glucose b oxy hoa hoan toan tao ra CO2 va nc?

a. Giai oan I: ng phan.

b. Giai oan II: oxy hoa acid pyruvic thanh CoA

c. Giai oan III: chu trnh Krebs.

d. Giai oan IV: phosphoryl oxy hoa

3.35. Chu trnh Krebs s dung acetyl-CoA lam chat xuat phat. Bao nhieu CO2 tao ra trong 100 vong cua chu trnh?

a) 100

b) 200

c) 300

d) 400

e) 1000

5.44. NAD, FAD, oi vi cac enzyme dehydrogenase ( th du NAD oi vi dehydrogenase ru trong s len men , FAD oi vi succinate dehydrogenase trong chu trnh Krebs ) la :

a. C chat

c. Nhom prosthetic

b. Chat ieu tiet d lap the

d. Coenzyme

5.48. Thoai bien moi phan t acid pyruvic do len men k kh, te bao trc tiep tao ra c t qua trnh nay :

a. 2ATP

b. 1 ATP

c. 4ATP.

d. 0 ATP

5.49. Cytochrome co the tham gia trong chuoi chuyen ien t ho hap do cytochrome

a. la coenzyme cua mot so dehydrogenase.

b. co nhan heme cha Fe

c. co nhieu noi oi khong vng.

d. co kha nang chuyen 2 ien t va 1 H+

e. moi cytochrome chuyen 1 ien t

5.59. Pha tao nang lung cua cac phan ng ng phan gom bao nhieu bc :

a. 3

b. 5

c. 4

d. 6

CHNG VI. QUANG HP

Xac nh noi dung cac cau sau ay ung hay sai, neu sai th sa:

6.1. PGAL la san pham co nang lng cao on nh cua quang hp.

6.2. Mang thylakoid co chc nang quang hp trong luc lap.

6.3 .Trong quang phosphoryl hoa chlorophyll tac ong ca ien t ban au va chat cuoi.

6.4. Kh O2 thoat ra trong quang hp t s phan huy nc.

6.5. Nc phai c phan huy trong quang phosphoryl hoa vong .

6.6. ATP c tao ra ca pha toi va pha sang.

6.7. PGAL ch c tao ra phan ng sang.

6.8. Kh O2 c tao ra trong phosphoryl hoa khong vong ch khong trong phosphoryl hoa vong.

6.9. Cac phan ng sang trong quang hp cung cap nang lng cho pha toi.

6.10. NADPH c tao ca trong phosphoryl hoa khong vong va phosphoryl hoa vong.

6.11. Pha sang cung cap ATP va NADPH cho qua trnh kh PGA trong giai oan toi.

6.12. Trong n v quang hp , nang lng anh sang c chuyen t carotenoid en diep luc to.

6.13. Trong n v quang hp , nang lng anh sang c chuyen t diep luc to a en diep luc to b e sac to nay thc hien cac phan ng quang hoa hoc.

6.14. Pha sang cua quang hp cung cap oxy cho cac phan ng cua chu trnh Calvin.

6.15. S bien oi CO2 thanh ng trc tiep can nang lng anhsang, s tao thanh O2 ch can anh sang mot cach gian tiep.

Chon cau tra li ung trong so nhieu gi y:

6.17. Diep luc to ( chlorophyll) co mau xanh luc, v

a. diep luc to khong hap thu bc xa xanh luc cua anh sang mat tri

b. diep luc to hap thu bc xa xanh luc cua anh sang

c. o la mau hon hp cac tia sang ma diep luc to hap thu

6.23. San pham cuoi cung cua phosphoryl hoa khong vong la:

a) O2, ATP, NADPH

c) Nc, ADP, NADPe) Nc, CO2, ATP

b) CO2, PGAL

d) PGAL, ADP, Ribulose

6.29. Trong quang hp, nc c phan huy e:

a. Tao O2 can cho phan ng toi.

b. Cung cap cac ien t e kh NADP.

c. Cung cap ien t cho quang phosphoryl hoa vong.

d. Cung cap ien t can cho oxy hoa P680 va P700.

6.46. Chuoi chuyen ien t quang hp vong nh sau :

a. P700 kch thch > plastocyanine > plastoquinone > ferrodoxine.

b. P680 > plastocyanine > plastoquinone > ferrodoxine.

c. P700 kch thch > ferrodoxine> plastoquinone > plastocyanine.

d. P680 > plastocyanine > NADP reductase > ferrodoxine.

6.50. Thc vat nao co quang hp ma co ng CO2 tach ri ve khong gian vi chu trnh Calvin :

a. Thc vat C4.

b. Thc vat C3.

c. Thc vat CAM.

d. Vi khuan sulfur luc va nau.

CHNG VII. C S PHAN T CUA TNH DI TRUYEN

A. Th tr nh:

Di ay la danh sach cac s kien quan trong a en nhng kien thc hien ai cua chung ta ve ban chat cua gen va tac ong cua chung. Hay gan cac nha nghien cu sau ay vi cong trnh cua ho.

a) Feulgen

b) Chargaff

c) Griffith

d) Hershey va Chase

e) Meselson va Stahlf) Watson va Chrick

g) Wilkin va Franklin

7.1. Gia thuyet ve mo hnh xoan kep DNA.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

7.2. Bien nap vi khuan.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

7.3. Dung bacteriophage co dau phong xa gay nhiem vi khuan. a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

7.4. Phat minh ra bat ky loai DNA nao so lng A=T va G=C.a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

7.5. Cac nghien cu tan xa tia X cua DNA.

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

7.6. Dung DNA anh dau N15 e chng minh sao chep ban bao ton. a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

Hay gan moi muc di ay vao cac noi dung ben canh:

a. Lien ket ng - phosphate7.7. Khung cua phan t DNA. a. b. c. d. e.

b. Cac purine

7.8. Cac lc gia hai mach polynucleotid. a. b. c. d. e.

c. Cac pirimidines

7.9. Cac base nit co mot vong. a. b. c. d. e.

d. Lien ket cong hoa tr

7.10. Cac base nit co hai vong. a. b. c. d. e.

e. Lien ket hydro

7.11. Adenine va Guanine. a. b. c. d. e.

7.12. Cytosine va Thynine. a. b. c. d. e.

B. Th kien thc va hieu biet: Chon mot cau tra li tot nhat.

7.13.iem nao sau ay khong can cho chng minh rang DNA la chat di truyen?

a) So lng DNA cua nhan la co nh trong cac te bao cua bat ky loai nao, nhng ch co mot na trong nhan cua cac giao t.

b) Moi loai co so lng bang nhau cua adenine va thynine; guanine va cytonine.

c) So lng DNA cua nhan gap oi trc khi chia te bao.

d) Ch co DNA cua bacteriophage xam nhap va te bao vi khuan chu mi.

7.17.Cau truc DNA do Watson va Crick neu len phu thuoc vao tat ca cac s kien sau, tr:

a) DNA co kha nang t sao chep chnh xac.

b) Trnh t cac base cua DNA thay oi t sinh vat nay sang sinh vat khac.

c) DNA cha base nit, ng va phosphate.

d) Chu ky tia X la 3,4nm, 2nm va 0,34nm.

e) Quy tac cua Chargaff la A=T va G=C.

7.19. Gia s thoa man u cac ieu kien e te bao E.coli chia nhanh vi thymine phong xa. Se co ket qua nh the nao neu mot te bao sao chep DNA va chia mot lan khi hien dien base phong xa?

a) Mot te bao con, nhng khong phai cai kia, se co phong xa DNA.

b) Khong te bao con nao co DNA phong xa.

c) Ca 4 loai base cua DNA eu se phong xa.

d) Thymine phong xa se bat cap vi guanine khong phong xa.

e) DNA ca hai te bao con eu mang dau phong xa.

7.24. Xac nh van e nao sau ay la sai:

a) Trong tong hp DNA lien ket cong hoa tr tao nen gia 3'-OH va nhom 5'-P.

b) Noi chung, enzyme sao chep DNA E.coli la DNA-polymeraseIII.

c) Mot mach n cua DNA co the c sao chep neu co 4 loai nucleoside triphosphate va DNA-polymerase I.

d) RNA "moi" phai co trnh t bo sung vi vai oan DNA mi khi s tong hp DNA c.

7.30. Replicon la :

a) iem xuat phat sao chep.

b) n v sao chep.

c) iem cham dt sao chep.

d) Khong muc nao ke tren.

7.36. DNA trong te bao song c bao ve nh c che :

a) Khang nguyen - khang the.

b) Bien oi va endonuclease cat han che.

c) He thong cap cu SOS.

d) Exonuclease.

7.37. Ngoai hoat tnh polymer hoa, cac DNA-polymerase con co hoat tnh exonuclease :

a) e lap cac nucletid bo sung chnh xac hn.

b) e sa sai trong sao chep.

c) e giam xoan khi sao chep.

d) e oan mi c tong hp khong b cac nucleotid khac cat.

CHNG VIII. SINH TONG HP PROTEIN

A. Th tr nh:

Cac cau hoi 1-15 e cap en van e sau: ch ro moi mot cau truc hay chc nang la ung oi vi:

a) Ch DNAb) Ch RNAc) Ca DNA lan RNA d) Khong DNA lan RNA

8.1. Thng ch mot mach n

a.b.c. d.

8.2. Cha cac pyrimidine

a.b.c. d.

8.3. Cha deoxyribose

a.b.c. d.

8.4. Cuon lai trong chuoi xoan kep

a.b.c. d.

8.5. Cha thymine

a.b.c. d.

8.6. Cha cytosine

a.b.c. d.

8.7. Cau truc alpha

a.b.c. d.

8.8. Mang acid amin en ribosome

a.b.c. d.

8.9. Co mat trong ribosome

a.b.c. d.

8.10. Tham gia vao phien ma

a.b.c. d.

8.11. Tham gia vao dch ma

a.b.c. d.

8.12. Cau truc bac bon.

a.b.c. d.

8.13. Cha uracil

a.b.c. d.

8.14. Cau truc beta

a.b.c. d.

8.15. Thc hien phan ng noi cac acid amin.a.b.c. d.

B. Th kien thc va hieu biet: Chon mot cau tra li tot nhat.

8.16. ien vao khoang trong

DNA (mach 1)

--------T G T - - - - - - - - --

DNA (mach 2)

-- ------- A C--- ---- T T --------

RNA (t mach 2)

-- --------U--------C A ----------

Cac anticodon cua RNAt--- ------------------- -------G C A

8.17. Muc nao sau ay khong la sai hong trong chu trnh Phenylalnine :

a) Bach tang.

b) Alcaptonuria.

c) Mat kha nang tong hp Arginine.

d) Tysosinosis.

Cac cau hoi 20-26 e cap en van e sau :

Mot mach cua phan t DNA co trnh t base nh sau: 3 T A C C T T C A G C G T 5

8.20. Trnh t cac base mach bo sung cua DNA nh the nao?

a) 3 A T G G A A G T C G C A 5

b) 5 A T G G A A G T C G C A 3

c) 3 A U G G A A G U C G CA 5

d) 5 A U G G A A G U C G C A 3

8.21. Trnh t cac base tren mach mRNA c tong hp t mach goc tren nh the nao?

a) 5 A T G G A A G T C G C A 3

b) 3 A T G G A A G T C G C A 5

c) 3 A U G G A A G U C G C A 5

d) 5 A U G G A A G U C G C A 3

8.22. Ten cua bao quan ni xay ra tong hp mRNA?

a) Ribosome.

b) Li noi chat.

c) Nhan te bao.

d) Khong muc nao ke tren.

8.24. Cac anticodon oi vi mRNA c phien ma t oan DNA neu tren?

a) T A C C T T C A G C G T

b) U A C C U U C A G C G U

c) A U G G A A G U C G C A

d) A T G G A A G T C G C A

8.25. Ten cua bao quan ni codon va anticodon bat cap vi nhau?

a) Ribosome.

b) Li noi chat.

c) Te bao chat.

d) Khong muc nao ke tren.

8.26. S dung bang ma di truyen va trnh t cac codon tren mach mRNA xac nh trnh t cua cac acid amin c ma hoa do oan tren.

a) Methionine-Acid glutamic-Valine-Glycine.

b) Isoleucine-Acid glutamic-Valine-Alanine.

c) Methionine-Acid aspartic-Valine-Alanine.

d) Methionine-Acid glutamic-Valine-Alanine.

Cac cau hoi 34 - 37 lien quan en tnh huong sau:

Sau ay la trnh t ngan cua mRNA, s dung trnh t nay va bang ma di truyen tren tra li 4 cau hoi sau: 5 A U G C C C U A C U A C 3

8.34. Trnh t mach khuon DNA cua gen ma hoa cho mRNA thong tin se la (gia s au 3 nam ben trai cau)

a) A U G C C C A A C U A C

b) T A C G G G A T G A T G

c) U T G C C C U U C T A C

d) U A C G G G U U G A U G

e) A T G C C C T A C T A C

8.35. Anticodon RNAt gan vao codon th nhat la

a) U A Cc) A U Ge) A T Gb) T A Cd) G U A

8.36. Protein c ma hoa bi RNAm tren se co bao nhieu acid amin.

a) 1

b) 3

c) 4

d) 5

e) 12

8.37. Acid amin th hai cua mach polypeptid se la:

a) lysine

c) glycine

e) phenylalanine

b) proline

d) acid aspartic

8.44. Phan t DNA mach kep vi trnh t nh sau, nam trong he thong phien ma - dch ma invivo, tao ra chuoi polypeptide co chieu dai 5 acid amin. Mach nao cua DNA c phien ma? (mach Watson hay mach Crick) Hng phien ma theo chieu nao?

Watson TAC ATG ATC ATT TCA CGG AAT TTC TAG CAT GTA.

Crick ATG TAC TAG TAA AGT GCC TTA AAG ATC GTA CAT.

a) Mach Watson dc oc t trai sang phai.

b) Mach Watson c oc t phai sang trai.

c) Mach Crick c oc t trai sang phai.

d) Mach Crick c oc t phai sang trai.

e) Khong co mach nao (xac nh e lam g?)

Gi y: Se nhanh hn neu nh c codon xuat phat methionine (AUG) va codon cham dt (stop codon) trong cac bo ba tren DNA. Biet rang co 5 acid amin, khong can noi ro chung ten g. (xem bang ma di truyen).

8.50. Ribozyme la :

a) Cac enzym noi cac acid amin.

b) Cac enzym gan cac n v ribosome cho dch ma.

c) Cac enzym giup mRNA gan vao ribosome e dch ma.

d) Cac RNA co kha nang xuc tac.

8.51. Te bao Prokaryota co ribosome thuoc loai :

a) 80 S.

b) 70S.

c) 60S.

d) 40S.

8.52.n v ln cua ribosome Prokaryota la ;

a) n v 30S b) a) n v 40S c) a) n v 50Sd) a) n v 60S

8.66. ot bien nham ngha ( missense) lam :

a) dng viec tong hp mach polypeptid iem ot bien.

b) thay the acid amin nay bang acid amin khac.

c) thay oi base, nhng khong lam thay oi kieu hnh hoang dai.

d) mat oan nucleotid.

CHNG IX. DI TRUYEN HOC VI RUS, VI KHUAN VA KY THUAT TAI TO HP DNA

Xac nh noi dung cac cau sau ung sai :

9.1. Virus co cac bo gen rat a dang.

9.2. Capsid la mang bao ngoai cung cua virus, co nhieu gai.

9.3. Cac virus cua vi khuan goi la bacteriophage.

9.4. Cac virus co the song va sinh san ngoai te bao.

9.5. Trong chu trng tan DNA cua phage gan vao bo gen cua vi khuan.

9.6. Cau tao cua viroid thc vat gom 1 phan t RNA nho va vai phan t protein.

9.7. Cac virus sao chep DNA va RNA theo 3 con ng khac nhau.

9.8. Cac qua trnh sinh san hu tnh khong ien hnh vi khuan c goi la can hu tnh.

9.9. Tai nap la hien tng truyen thong tin nh DNA.

9.10. Trong bien nap te bao co kha nang nhan bat ky loai DNA nao.

9.11. Khi sinh san trong te bao vi khuan, vo protein cua phage co the rap nham DNA cua vi khuan.

9.12. Nhan to F+ la mot loai plasmid.

9.13. Transposon la oan gen di ong.

9.14. Chc nang sinh hoc cua restriction endonuclease la bao ve chong s xam nhap cua DNA la.

9.15. Co the sinh tonh hp gen t mRNA.

Chon cau tra li ung nhat trong so nhieu cau gi y :

9.16. Virus co thanh phan cau tao can ban gom :

a) Vo capsid va ruot acid nucleic.

b) Mang bao va ruot acid nucleic.

c) Vo capsid, mang bao va ruot RNA.

d) Vo capsid va ruot DNA.

9.18. Mang bao co thanh phan :

a) protein.

b) Phospholipid, protein va glycoprotein.

c) protein va glycoprotein.

d) glycoprotein.

9.19. Capsid cua bacteriophage co cau truc gom :

a) au a dien.

b) au a dien va bao uoi.

c) au a dien va si goc

d) au a dien

9.23. iem nao sau ay ung vi chu trnh tiem tan cua bacteriophage :

a) enzym au tien c tao ra cat DNA cua te bao chu.

b) Sao chep DNA nh cac enzym do chung t tong hp .

c) Sau moi vong sao chep, DNA con c bao ngay bang sid.

d) DNA cua phage gan vao DNA cua te bao chu.

9.27. Sao chep bo gen cua Retrovirus theo c che :

a) RNA mach n > RNA mach kep > RNA mach n.

b) RNA mach n > RNA mach kep > DNA mach kep.

c) RNA mach n > RNA-cDNA lai > DNA mach kep.

d) RNA mach n > DNA mach kep > DNA mach kep.

9.28. iem nao khong la ac iem cua di truyen vi khuan :

a) Bo gen la DNA tran.

b) Hp t toan phan.

c) Mot nhom lien ket gen.

d) Truyen thong tin mot chieu.

9.30. Cap nao sau ay cho hieu qua bien nap ?

a) DNA mach n va te bao R khong co kha nang dung nap

b) DNA mach kep va te bao R co kha nang dung nap

c) DNA mach n va te bao R co kha nang dung nap

d) DNA mach kep va te bao R khong co kha nang dung nap

9.31. Tai nap la :

a) Phage xam nhap vi khuan

b) Phage A mang gen cua phage B a vao vi khuan

c) Phage mang gen cua vi khuan A a vao vi khuan B.d) Vi khuan A chuyen gen vao vi khuan B

9.32. Sau khi phage xam nhap vi khuan , s kien nao co y ngha quan trong nhat trong tai nap ?

a) Phage cat DNA cua vi khuan va sao chep phage tong hp vo capsid

b) Phage tong hp vo capsid.

c) 1 - 2% vo protein cua capsid lap nham DNA cua vi khuan

d) Vo protein cua capsid lap DNA cua phage.

9.33. Te bao vi khuan E. coli nao c goi la Hfr ?

a. Khong co plasmid.

b. Co plasmid dang t do.

c. Co plasmid c gan vao bo gen cua te bao chu.

d. Co mang DNA cua phage.

9.37. iem nao sau ay khong la ac iem cua tai to hp vi khuan ?

a) Truyen thong tin mot chieu t the cho sang the nhan

b) Trao oi cac oan vat chat di truyen tng ng bang nhau

c) Tai to hp gia cac phan t chat di truyen

d) S bat cap cac chat di truyen ( DNA ) ch co 1 oan ngan.

9.38. Cap nao sau ay khong ung vi ky thuat tai to hp DNA ?

a) Enzym Restriction endonuclease - cac oan RFLP

b) DNA ligase - enzym cat DNA tao cac au "co ket"

c) DNA polymerase - dung trong khuech ai DNA. d) Reserve transcriptase - tao c - DNA t mRNA

9.40. Trong cac trnh t mach kep cua DNA, iem cat nao cua Eco RI.

a. AAGG

b.AGTC

c.GGCC

d.AATT

TTCC

TCAG

CCGG

TTAA

9.42. Cap nao sau ay lien quan en thu nhan gen DNA ?

a. Reserve transcriptase - c-DNA t mRNA

b. Restriction endonuclease - cac oan RFLP

c. DNA ligase - noi DNA.

d. Phage lamda - vector chuyen gen.

9.43. Trong ky thuat tai to hp DNA, vector chuyen gen la

a. enzym cat DNA thanh cac oan ngan

b. cac "au mut co ket" cua oan DNA

c. plasmid hay phage c dung e a gen vao te bao song

d. mau DNA dung e xac nh mot gen nao o

9.44. YAC la g ?

a. Vector plasmid.

b. Nhiem sac the nhan tao nam men.

c. Vector la phage.

d. Enzym chuyen biet.

9.45. Muc nao sau ay khong thuoc ve phng phap thu nhan gen :

a. Tong hp bang phng phap hoa hoc.

b. Trch DNA t bo gen va cat nho.

c. Lai DNA.

d. Sinh tong hp gen t mRNA.

9.46. Khuon e tao ra c-DNA la

a. DNA

b. mRNA

c. Plasmid

d. mau th DNA

9.47. Muc nao sau ay khong thuoc ve ng dung cua ky thuat tai to hp DNA ?

a. Xac nh trnh t cac nucleotid cua gen.

b. Dung vi sinh vat san xuat protein cua ngi.

c. Phng phap chan oan mi bang lai acid nucleic.d. Gay ot bien bang tia t ngoai.

9.50. Phng phap cha benh di truyen la :

a. a gen e khang benh vao ngi.

b. Lieu phap gen.

c. Vaccine DNA.

d. YAC.

CHUNG X. IEU HOA S BIEU HIEN CUA GEN VA S BIET HOA TE BAO

Xac nh noi dung cac cau sau ung sai, neu sai th sa :

10.1. ieu hoa bieu hien gen khac nhau nhieu gia Prokaryota va Eukaryota.

10.2. ieu hoa thch nghi do cac bien o khong thuan nghch.

10.3. Cac enzym c tong hp eu c goi la cam ng.

10.4. Cac gen c cau phien ma lien tuc.

10.5. Operon lactose, chat cam ng gan vi Operator e hoat hoa Operon.

10.6. oan Operator co the kiem soat 1 day gen cau truc.

10.7. Operon tryptophan co 5 gen cau truc.

10.8. Chat ong km ham gan vao Operator lam bat hoat Operon.

10.9. Vung phnh cua nhiem sac the la cho tong hp nhieu mRNA.

10.10. Cac cho phnh khong di chuyen doc theo nhiem sac the.

Cau 11 - 15 c tra li bang 1 trong cac gi y chung sau :

a. Cam ng bi c chat. b. ong km ham bi san pham cuoi.

c. repressor co hoat tnh.

d. repressor mat hoat tnh

10.11. Trong he thong cam ng c chat, cai nao c gen ieu hoa tong hp :

a. b. c. d.

10.12. Kieu c che kiem soat theo mo hnh operon lactose cua Jacob-Monod:

a. b. c. d.

10.13. Km ham vung operator :

a. b. c. d.

10.14. Ket hp vi chat ong km ham lam dng phien ma :

a. b. c. d.

10.15. RNA polymerase thc hien c phien ma khi :

a. b. c. d.

Chon cau tra li ung nhat trong so nhieu cau gi y :

10.16. vi khuan, cac gen cau truc c phien ma khi :

a. Thieu chat cam ng.

b. Protein km ham bat hoat.

c. Promotor bat hoat.

d. Operator b ong.

10.19. he thong cam ng, mRNA c tao ra en khi nao th dng:

a. Chat km ham khong c tao ra.

b. Chat cam ng a het.

c. Chat km ham gan vi Operator.

d. Chat km ham co hoat tnh gan vi chat cam ng.

10.20. Khi lactose xam nhap te bao E.coli th :

a. Lactose gan vi protein km ham.

b. Chat km ham gan vi Regulator.

c. Lactose gan vi Regulator.

d. Chat km ham gan vi RNA polymerase.

10.22. Gen ieu hoa (Regulator) :

a. ma hoa cac chat cam ng.

b. ma hoa protein cam ng.

c. la khoa ong m cac gen cau truc.

d. khong cho chat cam ng xam nhap vao te bao.

10.25. Chat cam ng co kha nang la :

a. chat gan vi operator e hoat hoa.

b. chat gan vi cac gen cau truc e hoat hoa.

c. chat gan vi repressor (chat km ham) e lam bat hoat.

d. chat gan vi oan promoter e hoat hoa.

10.26. Trong he thong Operon lactose, RNA polymerase :

a. gan vi operator e phien ma.

b. gan vi promoter khi repressor bat hoat.

c. gan vi promoter khi lactose hoat hoa regulator.

d. gan vi cac gen cau truc.

10.27. Nong o cua cac enzym nao sau ay khong chu s kiem soat cua Operon :

a. Enzym cam ng.

b. Enzym c che.

c. Enzym tieu hoa.

d. Enzym c cau.

10.30. Se xay ra ieu g khi te bao E.coli khong co ng lactose :

a. Protein regulator gan vi operator.

b. Protein regulator gan vi promoter.

c. Protein regulator b bat hoat.

d. Protein regulator gan vi RNA polymerase.

10.32. te bao E.coli , tryptophan sau khi c tong hp d tha no se thanh chat g ?

a. Chat km ham.

b. Chat km ham RNA polymerase.

c. Chat km ham cac gen cau truc.

d. Chat ong km ham.

10.33. te bao E.coli , tryptophan sau khi c tong hp d tha no se:

a. gan vi RNA polymerase lam ngng phien ma.

b. gan vi chat km ham lam hoat hoa.

c. lam ngng tong hp protein km ham.

d. gan vi operator.

10.34. Muc nao sau ay ung cho Operon lactose :

a. ong lai khi co c chat.

b. M ra khi co c chat.

c. ong lai khi chat can tong hp d tha.

d. Luc nao cung m.

10.37. iem nao sau ay la sai khi noi ve cac he thong enzym cam ng hay km ham :

a. Cac enzym km ham thng c ieu hoa bi san pham cuoi, con cac enzym cam ng c ieu hoa bi lng c chat.

b. Cac enzym km ham thng c km ham bi san pham cuoi, con cac enzym cam ng c hoat hoa bi c chat.

c. Cac enzym km ham thng c ieu hoa bi kiem soat am, con cac enzym cam ng c ieu hoa kiem soat dng tnh.

d. Cac enzym km ham oi hoi chat ong km ham e c che phien ma cua gen, con cac enzym cam ng khong can chat ong km ham.

10.42. Co the cac cho phnh tren tren nhiem sac the khong lo la bieu hien cua :

a. Cac gen b km ham.

b. Cac gen co hoat tnh manh.

c. Cac iem sao chep DNA manh.

d. Cac iem tong hp nhieu acid amin.

10.43. Nhiem sac the khong lo cua ruoi dam co mot so cho phnh thng xuyen, o la :

a. Vung cac gen hoat ong rat manh.

b. Vung sao chep DNA manh.

c. Vung cac gen ieu hoa co bieu hien.

d. Vung enzym restriction hoat ong manh.

10.44. C che ieu hoa nao la nguon goc can ban cac sai khac gia nhng te bao biet hoa:

a. ieu hoa noi tiep.

b. ieu hoa sau phien ma.

c. ieu hoa phien ma.

d. ieu hoa dch ma.

10.45. Hormone ecdyson co tac dung :

a. Tao cac cho phnh sm.

b. Tao cac cho phnh muon.

c. Tao cac cho phnh sm va muon.

d. Km ham viec tao cac cho phnh.

CHNG XI. NHIEM SAC THE VA S PHAN BAO EUKARYOTAEChon cau tra li ung nhat trong so nhieu cau gi y :

11.27. Vung khong nhuom mau cua nhiem sac the c goi la :

a. Chat nguyen nhiem sac.

b. Chat d nhiem sac.

c. Chat vo nhiem sac.

d. Chat nhiem sac (chromatine).

11.29. Trong giai oan S cua chu trnh te bao, te bao :

a. chu s phan chia te bao chat ( cytokinesis )

b. ang xay ra chia giam nhiem

c. sao chep ADN cua no.

d. ang chia nguyen nhiem

e. bc vao gian ky ( interphase )

11.30. Giai oan nao cua chu trnh te bao la dai nhat ?

a. Ky sau ( anaphase )

b. gian ky ( interphase )

c. Ky gia ( metaphase )

d. Ky trc ( prophase ) e. Ky cuoi ( telophase )

11.32. S kien nao sau ay xay ra trong nguyen phan ?

a. Cac nhiem sac the oi (co 2 chromatid ch em)b. Hai te bao con 2n tng t te bao me c tao ra

c. Trao oi cheo xay ra gia cac nhiem sac the tng cac cc.

d. Cac nhiem sac the tng ong tiep hp.

e. Hai trong cac s kien tren.

11.33. S kien nao sau ay xay ra giam phan I ?

a. Cac te bao con lng boi c tao thanh.

b. Cac nhiem sac the n (1 chromatid) chuyen dch ve cac cc.

c. So lng nhiem sac the giam t 2n xuong con 1n.

d. Cac nhiem sac the tng ong bat cap.

11.45. Kieu sinh san hu tnh co ac iem :

a. do giam phan.

b. the he con giong me.

c. the he con khac me.

d. a va b.

e. a va c

11.46. Vong i cua sinh vat la :

a. Chu trnh sinh san hu tnh.

b. Chu trnh sinh san vo tnh.

c. S noi tiep the he n boi va lng boi.

d. Khong co muc nao ke tren.

CHNG XII. DI TRUYEN HOC MENDEL

Chon cau tra li ung nhat trong so nhieu cau gi y :

12.1. au, hoa nach la troi so vi hoa nh . T le kieu hnh hau the se nh the nao neu lai gia cay co hoa nach la d hp t vi cay co hoa nh?

a. 3 nach la : 1 nh

b. 3 nh : 1 nach la

c. 1 nach la : 1 nh

d. tat ca hoa nach la

e. khong co t le nao nh tren

12.2. Benh vay ca bam sinh c di truyen do mot gen lan . Gia s ngi an ba mac benh, ket hon vi ngi an ong bnh thng khong mang gen benh. Bao nhieu phan tram con ho se b benh?

a. 0%

b. 25%

c. 33%

d. 50%

e. 75%

12.3. mot loai bm dang mau sang co s di truyen do mot gen lan . Neu mot bm mau sang lai vi bm mau sam nay co mot trong hai bo me mau sang , th the he con bao nhieu phan tram co mau sang?

a. 25%

b. 33%

c. 50%

d. 75%

e. 100%

12.4. Gen troi W tao long cng cho; allel W lan cua no tao long mem . Mot nhom cho d hp t long cng c giao phoi vi nhau va tat ca con lai F1 c lai phan tch. T le kieu hnh se nh the nao the he con co c do lai phan tch ?

a. 3 long cng : 1 mem

b. 1 long cng : 1 mem

c. 3 long mem : 1 cng

d. 100% long cng

e. khong co t le nao ke tren la ung

12.5. bo cau mau xam phu thuoc vao gen troi G ( gray) tren nhiem sac the thng . Hai con bo cau xam giao phoi vi nhau e ra 1 bo cau con khong xam trong nam au. Neu nam sau cap bo cau xam tren tiep tuc e con th t le bo cau xam la bao nhieu?

a. 100%

b. 75%

c. 50%

d. 25%

e. 0%

12.34. Gen co s bieu hien phu thuoc gii tnh la :

a/.Gen bieu hien troi gii tnh nay, lan gii tnh khac.b/. Gen co s bieu hien ch mot gii tnh.

c/. Gen khong co s bieu hien kieu hnh , nhng anh hng bieu hien kieu hnh gen khac.

d/. gen lien ket vi gii tnh.

CHNG XIII. DI TRUYEN HOC NHIEM SAC THE

Chon cau tra li ung nhat trong so nhieu cau gi y :

13.1. Gia s kha nang cuon li tron thanh ong ( troi) lien ket vi mot dang lun cung troi. Neu cha me eu d hp t ca hai allel vi hai troi tren mot nhiem sac the , con hai allel lan tren cai kia, th t le kieu hnh cac con se nh the nao? ( Gia s khong co trao oi cheo).

a. 3 li cuon tron lun : 1 bnh thng

b. 9 li cuon tron lun:3 khong cuon tron lun :1 khong cuon tron-cao bnh thng

c. 1 cuon li tron lun : 1 khong cuon li cao thng

1 cuon li tron - cao bnh thng : 1 khong cuon li lun

d. 1 cuon li tron lun :1 bnh thng

e. khong co t le nao nh tren

13.2. Hai gen A va B lien ket vi nhau. T le phan ly kieu gen va kieu hnh se nh the nao cac con neu co s giao phoi gia cha me ma ca hai eu la Ab/aB. ( Gia s khong co trao oi cheo, nhng co bieu hien troi ) .

a. Kieu gen va kieu hnh 3 : 1.

b. Kieu gen va kieu hnh 1 : 2 : 1

c. Kieu gen 1 : 2 : 1 , kieu hnh 3 : 1.

d. Kieu gen va kieu hnh 9 : 3 : 3 : 1

e. Khong co t le nao nh tren

13. 3. C che xac nh gii tnh con ong la :

a. Con c ong giao t XX.

b. Con c d giao t XY.

c. Con c n boi.

d. Con cai d giao t XY.

13.4. C che xac nh gii tnh con chau chau la :

a. Con c ong giao t XX.

b. Con c d giao t XY.

c. Con c d giao t XO.

d. Con cai d giao t XY.

13.35. Nhng iem nao sau ay khong chng minh gen nam tren nhiem sac the ?

a/. S di truyen lien ket hoan toan.

b/. Hien tng troi khong hoan toan.

c/. So nhom lien ket gen toi a bang so cap nhiem sac the.

d/. S di truyen lien ket vi gii tnh.

13.40. Nhng gen nao co s di truyen te bao chat :

a. Gen cua ti the.

b. Gen cua luc lap.c. Gen xac nh gii tnh.

d. a va b.

CHNG XIV. HOC THUYET TIEN HOA CUA DARWIN

Xac nh noi dung cac cau sau ung sai, neu sai th sa :

14.1. Cac giong vat nuoi va cay trong bat nguon t nhieu to tien hoang dai ban au.

14.2. Chon loc nhan tao a hoan thien cac giong vat nuoi cay trong.

14.3. Theo Darwin, nhng sai khac ca the la khi iem cua nhng sai khac gia cac loai.

14.4. Theo Darwin, trong au tranh sinh ton ke manh se chien thang.

14.5. S phan ly dau hieu la yeu to hang au giup cac sinh vat thch nghi.

Chon cau tra li ung nhat trong so nhieu cau gi y :

14.10. Dang chon loc nao hoan thien nhanh cac giong vat nuoi cay trong :

a. Chon loc co phng phap.b. Chon loc t phat.c. Chon loc gii tnh.d. Chon loc ca the.

14.12. au tranh sinh ton hieu theo ngha rong la :

a. Chay nhanh e tranh ke thu.

b. Co sc khoe chong lai ke thu.

c. Sinh san nhieu hau the.

d. Kha nang chong benh tat.

14.13. S a dang co c chu yeu nh qua trnh :

a. Phan ly dau hieu.

b. S song sot qua cuoc au tranh sinh ton.

c. Chon loc gii tnh.

d. Chon loc ca the.

14.15. S thch nghi ca the c xac nh bi :

a. kha nang canh tranh oi vi nguon dinh dng gii han

b. thanh cong trong gop nhieu gen cho cac the he tng lai.

c. kha nang thoat khoi ke thu va tranh c cac sinh vat ky sinh

d. sc manh vu lc

e. sc e khang benh

CHNG XV. QUAN THE LA N V TIEN HOA

Xac nh noi dung cac cau sau ung sai, neu sai th sa :

15.1. Tieu tien hoa la s tien hoa mc quan the.

15.2. Hoc thuyet tieu tien hoa con goi la thuyet tien hoa tong hp.

15.3. Quan the la tap hp cua nhieu ca the tam thi song tren 1 vung lanh tho.

15.4. Giao phoi t do la yeu to quan trong hang au oi vi quan the di truyen.

15.5. Cac nha di truyen hoc nghien cu quan the gen.

Chon cau tra li ung nhat trong so nhieu cau gi y :

15.11. Phan ln s a dang di truyen nhng quan the t nhien xuat hien do:

a. s huy diet co chon loc cua ke thu.

b. s di c hay nhap c cua cac ca the

c. cac ot bien mi.

d. tai to hp do sinh san hu tnh

15.14. Muc nao sau ay la ieu kien tien quyet cua quan the can bang ?

a. giao phoi t do

c. khong co ot bien

b. khong co chon loc t nhiend. cac alen lan chiem u the.

e. a, b, c

15.18. Quan the ngi Uc co tan so cua IA = 0,6 , IB = 0,2 trong cac nhom mau A - B - O. ieu o co ngha :

a. Tan so cua i = 0,2

c. Tan so cua nhom mau A la 0,6

b. Tan so cua nhom mau B la 0,6 d. Tan so nhom mau AB = 0,6

15.20. Ngi ta nhan thay cac cho con t nhng la e co so lng trung bnh th nuoi tot hn. o la v du ve :

a. chon loc on nh

c. chon loc cc oan

b. chon loc nh hng

d. quan the can bang

CHNG XVII. S PHAT SINH VA PHAT TRIEN S SONG TREN TRAI AT

Xac nh noi dung cac cau sau ung sai, neu sai th sa :

17.1. S song xuat hien cach nay 3 t nam.

17.2. Cac sinh vat au tien la cac vi khuan yem kh.

17.3. Cac Eukaryotae au tien xuat hien cach nay khoang 1,5 t nam.

17.4. Loai ngi xuat hien cach nay 500.000 nam.

17.5. Lucy la mau xng so cua Proconsul.

Chon cau tra li ung nhat trong so nhieu cau gi y :

17.14. Chat nao khong co trong kh quyen co xa trc khi xuat hien quang hp?

a). Nc

b). Oxy c). NH3

d). CH4

17.15. Trong th nghiem cua mnh, Miller tong hp c tat ca cac chat sau, tr :

a. cac acid amin

b. acid acetic

c).acid lacticd). khong co muc nao ke ra ay

17.18. Trong nhng iem sau, iem nao khong la khac biet can ban gia giong ngi Homo vi cac loai vn to :

a. Ngi co tieng noi

c. Ngi che tao cong cu tinh vi

b. Ngi ng thang

d. Ngi khong co uoi

17.19. Th t nao sau ay phan anh ung tien hoa cua loai ngi :

a. Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens

b. Australopithecus Homo sapiens Homo erectus Homo habilis

c. Homo erectus Homo sapiens Homo habilis Australopithecus

d. Australopithecus Homo erectus Homo habilis Homo sapiens

17.20. Can c vao au noi rang Lucy a ng thang :

a. xng ban chan

b. xng so

c. xng chau

d. xng ui

CHNG XVIII.

S A DANG SINH HOC

18.1 d. Muc nao sau ay the hien s khac nhau chnh xac gia sinh vat t dng va d dng ?

a. Ch cac sinh vat d dng oi hoi cac chat hoa hoc t moi trng.

b. Ho hap te bao la oc nhat oi vi cac sinh vat d dng.

c. Ch sinh vat d dng co ti the.

d. Cac sinh vat t dng, ch khong phai sinh vat d dng, co the t nuoi song bat au t CO2 va cac chat dinh dng khac hoan toan t chat vo c.

e. Ch cac sinh vat d dng oi hoi Oxygen.

e18.2. Nam khac can ban vi thc vat xanh v:

a. Nam la thc vat a bao.

b. Nam khong co vach cellulose.

c. Nam khong the tong hp protein.

d. Nam khong the hap thu nc.

e. Nam khong co kha nang tong hp glucose t CO2 va H2O.

18.3 b. Mot trong cac tnh chat nao sau ay la chung cho tat ca nam ?

a. Cong sinh.

b. D dng.

c. Gay benh.d. Hoai sinh.e. Ky sinh.

18.4 e. Nam cong sinh la :

a. Cac cau truc sinh san hu tnh c tao ra do a y.

b. Si t nam moc trc tiep vao mo cay chu.c. Cac he si t nam tao vong quanh re.

d. Si t nam lng boi tao qua the.e. S ket hp lam li ca oi ben gia thc vat va nam.

18.5. b. Thanh phan cong sinh quang hp a y thng la :

a. Reu.

b. Tao luc.

c. Tao o.

d. Nam nang.

18.6. b Nhng c che thch nghi tren can sau ay giup cho s tien hoa cua thc vat co hat, tr .

a. s thu phan.

b. s van chuyen nc theo mo dan.

c. s phat tan cay mi nh hat.

d. Cac cay me lng boi tao bao t.

18.7. a. Phan ln mo qua phat trien t

a. Bau cua noan.

b. Voi nhuy vach day.

c. Noan n rong.

d. Re bien oi.

18.8. b Nhng c che thch nghi tren can sau ay giup cho s tien hoa cua thc vat co hat, tr .

a. S thu phan.

b. S van chuyen nc theo mo dan.

c. s phat tan cay mi nh hat.

d. Cac cay me lng boi tao bao t.

18.9.b. Mot trong nhng iem khac nhau gia hat au va hat bap la :

a. Hat au co vo boc nhng hat bap th khong co.

b. Hat au co 2 t diep; hat bap co 1 t diep.

c. Hat bap co d tr dinh dng, con hat au th khong co d tr dinh dng.

d. Phoi cua hat au co 2 mo phan sinh nh, con phoi hat bap ch co mot mo phan sinh.

LI GIAI

Chng II. 39. a. 40. a.. 41. e. 45. c. 46. a. 47. b 48. d.

Chng III. 1. . 2. s. 3. s. 4. s. 5. . 6. 7.s. 8. s. 9. s. 10. s. 11. s. 12.. 13. . 14. . 15.. 16. b. 18.b.24. d. 30. a. 34. e. 41. b. 48. c.

IV. 1. . 2. . 3. s. 4. . 5. . 6. s. 7.. 8. S. 9. . 10.s 11. a. 17. a. 21. 2. 24. e. 39. b.

V. 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. s. 6. . 7.S. 8. S. 9. . 10. s. 11.d 12. a. 18. b. 23. d. 35. b. 44. d. 48.d. 49. e. 59. b.

VI. 1. s. 2. . 3. S. 4. . 5. s. 6.s. 7.S. 8. . 9. . 10.s. 11.. 12.. 13.s. 14.s. 15.s. 17. a. 23. a. 29. b. 46. c.50.a.

VII. 1. f. 2. c. 3. d. 4. b. 5. g. 6. e. 7.a. 8. e. 9.c 10. b. 11. b. 12. c. 13. b. 17. b. 19. e. 24. c. 30. b. 36.b.37.b.

VIII. 1.b. 2. c. 3. a. 4. a. 5.a. 6.c 7.d 8.b. 9.b. 10.c. 11.b. 12.d. 13.b. 14.d. 15.d. 16.t ien. 17.c. 20.b. 21.d. 22.c. 23.b. 24.b. 25.a. 26.d. 34.b. 35.a. 36.c. 37.b. 44. Watson . b. 50.d. 51.b. 52.b. 66.b.

IX. 1.. 2.s. 3.. 4.s. 5.s. 6.s. 7.. 8.. 9.s. 10.s. 11.. 12.. 13.. 14.. 15.. 16.a. 18.b. 19.a

23.d. 27. c. 28.b. 30.b. 31.c. 32.c. 33.c. 37.b. 38.b. 40.d. 42.a. 43.c. 44.b. 45.c. 46.b. 47.d. 50.b.

X. 1.. 2.s. 3.s. 4.. 5.s. 6.. 7.. 8.s. 9.. 10.s. 11.c. 12.a. 13. b va c. 14.b. 15.d.

. 16.b. 19.b. 20.a. 22.c.. 25.c. 26.b. . 27.c. 30.a. 32.d. 33.b. 34.b.. 37.c.. 42.b. 43.a. 44.c. 45.c.

XI.27. a. 29. c. 30.b. 32. b. 33. d. 45. e. 46. c.

XII. 1.c. 2.a. 3. c. 4. b. 5.b. 34.a.

XIII. 1.a. 2.b. 3.c. 4. c. 35. b. 40. d.

XIV. 1.s. 2.. 3. . 4.s. 5. s. 10. a. 12.c. 13.a. 15. b.

XV.1.. 2.s. 3. s. 4.. 5. . 11. d. 14.e. 18.a. 20. a.

XVI. 1s. 2. . 3. s. 4. . 5. . 6. s. 7.s. 8.s. 9.. 10.. 11.c. 12 d. 16. c. 17.e. 18. a. 20.b. 21. b. 24. a. 25. c. 26. b. 29. b. 30.b. 31.c. 36. c. 39. a. 40. a.

XVII. 1.s. 2.. 3. . 4.s. 5. s. 14. b. 15.d. 18.d. 19. a. 20. c.

Ch. XVIII. 18.1. d. 18.2. e 18.3. b. 18.4. e. 18.5. b. 18.6. b. 18.7. a. 18.8. b. 18.8. b.PHAN CONG NGHE SINH HOC(Sach Nhap mon cong nghe sinh hoc)CHNG 4. CAC NG DUNG CUA CONG NGHE GEN

4.1. Trong the k XXI, .. cho phep s dung bat ki gen nao va nguon tai nguyen sinh vat tr nen vo tan

4.2. Nghien cu proteomics .. gap nghn lan so vi genomics,

4.3. au nam , D an bo gen ngi bat au vi kinh ph t USD trong nam va se ket thuc vao

4.4. Nhng moc can ban trong cong bo ket qua :

Ngay 26/6/2000 : Cong bo.

Thang 2/2001 : Cac phan tch cua c cong bo.

Ngay 14/4/2003 : D an bo gen ngi ..

4.5. Bo gen ngi cha Gb4.6. Tong so gen c anh gia khoang en . gen

4.7. Khoang ............... en % trnh t c phien ma ra RNA.

4.8. Cac trnh t lap lai khong ma hoa cho protein (DNA rac) chiem t nhat % bo gen ngi.

4.9. Metabolomis : ng dung cong nghe gen ieu khien .

4.10. Thap nien 1990, phat hien cac RNA mi nh . (RNAi) va ...

Cac cau hoi 11 15 co chung cac so nam nh sau :

a. Nam 2000.

b. 1996.

c. 1997.

d. 1998.

e. 2002

4.11. Vi khuan Escherichia coli (Prokaryotae) c ket thuc giai ky t chuoi nam :

a. b. c.

d.

e.

4.12. Nam men Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Eukaryotae) c ket thuc giai ky t chuoi nam :

a. b. c.

d.

e.

4.13. Thc vat Arabidopsis thaliana (Eukaryotae) c ket thuc giai ky t chuoi nam :

a. b. c.

d.

e.

14. Tuyen trung Caenorhabditis elegans (Eukaryotae) c ket thuc giai ky t chuoi nam :

a. b. c.

d.

e.

15. Ruoi giam Drosophila melanogaster (Eukaryotae) c ket thuc giai ky t chuoi nam :

a. b. c.

d.

e.

16. thi cao iem D an bo gen ngi, may giai k t chuoi at toc o bao nhieu nucleotide/giay ?

a. 100 N/giay. b. 500 N/giay. c. 1000 N/giay.d. 5000 N/giay. e. 10.000 N/giay.

17. Van e nao khong thuoc nghien cu Proteomics ?

a. Cau hnh.

b. Tinh sach.

c. V tr protein. d. Cac tng tac.18. Loai RNA nao sau ay thuoc spliceomics ?

a. mRNA trng thanh.

b. mRNA co uoi polyA.

c. Ban phien ma RNA s cap.

d. RNA sau khi cat bo intron.19. Antisense mRNA la g ?

a. Mot loai oligonucleotide.

b. mRNA c tong hp t mach khong ma hoa cho protein.

c. mRNA co trnh t nucleotide ngc chieu vi 1 loai mRNA.d. a va b. e. b va c.

20. RNAi co tnh chat nao ?

a. RNA mach kep.

b. RNA mach n.

c. Gay bien oi thuan nghch.

d. a va c. e. b va c.

21. Cac RNA nao co the lam gen im lang ?

a. RNAi.b. Antisense RNA.c. Ribozyme. d. a va b. e. b va c.

22. Phng phap thay the ung tng nucleotide tren gen goi la g ?

a. Dideoxy.

b. ot bien iem nh hng.

c. Antisense RNA.

d. i doc theo nhiem sac the.

23. iem nao khong can trong ot bien iem nh hng ?

a. Taq polymerase.b. Oligonucleotide.c. Vector phage M13.

d. Ligase.

24. r-Interferon alpha het han bang sang che (patent) vao nam nao ?

a. 2000.

b. 2001.

c. 2002. d. 2003. e. 2006.

25. Enzyme nao c cai bien chat lng lam tang ai lc vi c chat bang cong nghe protein ?

a. Lysozyme.

b. Xylanase.

c. Subtilin. d. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase.

26. Enzyme nao c bien oi chat lng e thch ng vi pH kiem lam chat tay ra ?

a. Insulin.

b. Subtilin.

c. Lysozyme.

d. Hirudin.

27. e te bao E. coli co kha nang tong hp chat melanin, 1 gen t vi khuan c chuyen vao no e tao chat g ?

a. Dopaquinone.

b. Diacetyl.

c. Naphthalene.

d. Acetoin.

28. Gen ma hoa cho enzyme g c a vao te bao nam men e tao ra acetoin thay cho diacetyl ?

a. Tyrosinase.

b. (-acetolactate decarboxylase.

c. Naphthalene dioxygenase.

d. Dehydrogenase.

29. Protein tr lieu cho ngi nao c san xuat nh bo ?

a. Lactoferrin.

b. Alpha-1 antitrypsin.

c. Somatotropine.d. Globine mau.

30. In dau di truyen da vao loai nucleic acid nao ?

a. Tat ca DNA cua te bao.

b. Mini-satellite DNA.

c. DNA d tha cua te bao.

d. RNA cua ti the.

31. Th nghiem chan oan lai nucleic acid co 3 thanh phan can ban, ngoai tr :

a. Mau do DNA. b. DNA muc tieu c. Gen anh daud. Bo phat hien tn hieu.

4.32. Ribozyme la g ?

a. Cac phan t RNA co kha nang xuc tac t nhien (cac enzyme RNA).

b. RNA nho.

c. RNA can thiep.

d. a va b.

4.33. Ky thuat nao khong ng dung trong chan oan phan t ?

a. Lai nucleic acid.

b. PCR. c. RFLP

d. ien di hai chieu.

4. 34. iem nao la u the cua phng phap chan oan mi da vao nucleic acid ?

a. Khong can nuoi cay mau.

b. Phat hien cac viroid.

c. Dung chnh gen gay benh lam mau th.d. a va b.

e. a, b va c.

4. 35. In dau di truyen c ng dung rong rai trong :

a. Hnh s.

b. Phap y. c. Tm gen benh.d. a va b.e. a, b va c.

4.36. Cac DNA marker da vao PCR (PCR-based) gom cac phng phap sau, ngoai tr :

a. ALP.

b. AFLP. c. SSR.d. SSCP.e. RFLP.

4.37. Cac DNA marker da vao lai DNA/ DNA (hybridization-based) gom :

a. RFLP.b. AFLP.c. minisatellite.

d. a va b.e. b va c.

4.38. iem nao khong ung vi nhng li the cua DNA marker so vi marker hnh thai va isozyme marker :

a. o lng trc tiep cac vat lieu di truyen.

b. Co nhieu marker trong quan the.

c. o lng khong chi phoi anh hng moi trng.

d. Chu anh hng cua cac giai oan phat trien.

4.39. Cac microarray hay array co cau tao can ban gom cac phan can ban sau, tr :

a. Mot gia ran co cac cham nho DNA (chip).

b. Cac gia la phien mong lam bang phien knh hoac mang nilon hay mieng plastic.

c. Cac RNA hoac DNA (RNA/DNA) khung dch ma.

d. RNA hoac DNA c anh dau phat huynh quang.4. 40. iem nao khong thuoc cac ng dung cua cong nghe gen oi vi con ngi ?

a. SNP.

b. Proteomics.

c. Pharmacogenomics.

d. Protein mau toan phan.

4. 41. Trong lieu phap gen phng phap nao a gen vao ngi benh an toan hn ca ?

a. In vivo.

b. In situ.

c. Ex vivo.

d. a va b.

CHNG 7. CONG NGHE LEN MEN

7.1. .. la s tch luy cac san pham trao oi chat hu ch trong qua trnh nuoi cay vi sinh vat.

7.2. Viec nuoi vi sinh vat vi quy mo ln (10 lt en 1000000 lt) thng c goi la

7.3. Cac qua trnh cong nghiep vt xa cac c che

7.4. Tach te bao thuoc cong oan nao cua s len men : ..

7.5. Phan ng phat trien co the trnh bay :

Te bao + [nguon . + nguon N + ] + O2 (

( . te bao + San pham . + CO2 + H2O

7.6. Moi nguon N trong moi trng c bieu th tng ng vi nitrogen di dang ..................

Cac cau 7. 7 7.9 co chung cac e muc sau :

a. Phoi tron nguyen lieu.

b. Tang sinh khoi te bao

c. Kien thc ve truyen khoi

d. Li tam hay loc

7.7. Muc nao lien quan en cong oan trc len men (Upstream) ?a.b.c.d. e. b va c

7.8. Muc nao lien quan en cong oan len men ?

a.b.c.d. e. b va c

7. 9. Muc nao lien quan en cong oan sau len men ?

a.b.c.d. e. b va c

Cac cau 7.10 7.12 co chung cac e muc sau :

a. ieu chnh hoat tnh sinh hoc

b. Pha v te bao

c. Kh trung

d. Thong kh

7. 10. Muc nao lien quan en cong oan trc len men (Upstream) ?a.b.c.d. e. a va d

7.11. Muc nao lien quan en cong oan len men ?

a.b.c.d. e. a va d

7.12. Muc nao lien quan en cong oan sau len men ?

a.b.c.d. e. a va d

7.13. Trong len men, cac pha nao co vai tro quyet nh e tao san pham ?

a. Pha lag.b. Pha logarit (ham mu). c. Pha on nh. d. Pha suy tan. e. b va c

7.14. Nong o cao cua ethanol, cac acid hu c, amino acid gay ra phan ng g ?

a. Gii han c chat.b. c che c chat.c. c che san pham. d. Toc o tang trng giam

7.15. Nc chiet bap (corn stup liquor), cao bap co bao nhieu loai amino acid ?

a. 5.

b. 10.

c. 15.

d. 20

Cac cau 7. 16 7.9 co chung cac e muc sau :

a. Nguon nitrogen tong hp.

b. Nguon carbon

c. Nguon nitrogen t nhien

d. Chat pha bot7.16. Mat r ng va bot thuoc loai nguyen lieu nao ?

a.b.c.d. e. b va c

7.17. SA va DAP thuoc loai nguyen lieu nao ?

a.b.c.d. e. b va c

7. 18. Cao bap, cao nam men thuoc loai nguyen lieu nao ?

a.b.c.d. e. b va c

7. 19. Dau da, dau au nanh,. thuoc loai nguyen lieu nao ?a.b.c.d. e. b va c

7.20. Thiet b kh trung thng dung trong cong nghe len men la :

a. Hi nc di ap suat.

b. He thong loc.

c. X ly hoa chat.d. Phong xa.

7.21. Yeu to nao anh hng ln en oxygen dang hoa tan trong qua trnh len men ?

a. Nhiet o tang.

b. Nong o cac chat trong nc tang.

c. Mat o te bao tang cao.

d. a va b.

e. a, b va c.

7.22. Trong cung cap oxygen, kieu len men nao thong kh manh nh bm kh (compressor) ?

a. Len men ban ran.b. Len men chm.c. Len men be mat.d. Len men ban ran.

7.23. Trong cung cap oxygen, kieu len men nao cho nang suat cao nhat vi vi khuan Acetobacter xylinum ?

a. Len men ban ran.b. Len men chm.c. Len men be mat.d. Nuoi cay lac.

7.24. C