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•! O construtor de uma classe é um método especial que não possui retorno, leva o mesmo nome da classe e pode conter ou não parâmetros.
•! Sempre que uma classe é instanciada (new), o método de construção é chamado.
•! Se o construtor não for declarado na classe, Java adiciona automaticamente um construtor vazio no bytecode.
•! Se na declaração da classe, existe algum construtor declarado, o construtor vazio não é inserido.
•! Os parâmetros definidos em um construtor não vazio precisam ser passados no momento de instanciação (new) da classe. –! Ex: Conta() {}, Conta(double saldo){ }
•! Construtores podem ser sobrecarregados.
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// Exemplos de constantes
final float PI = 3.141592;
final boolean DEBUG = false;
final int LEFT = 0;
final int RIGHT = 1;
final int CENTER = 2;
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// Aritmética simples
i = 2 + 4; // adição
i = 4 - 2; // subtração
i = 3 * 4; // multiplicação
i = 5 / 2; // divisão
i = 5 % 2; // módulo
// Atribuições com operações aritméticas
x += y; // x = x + y;
x -= y; // x = x - y;
x *= y; // x = x * y;
x /= y; // x = x / y;
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// Incremento e decremento pós-fixados
// Atribui para incrementar.
x = 1;
y = x++; // x será 2; y será 1
y = x--; // x será 0; y será 1
// Incremento e decremento prefixados
// Incrementa para atribuir.
x = 1;
y = ++x; // x será 2; y será 2
y = --x; // x será 0; y será 0
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// Comparações em números
i == 3; // igual (também em objetos)
i != 3; // diferente (também em objetos)
i > 3; // maior
i < 3; // menor
i <= 3; // menor ou igual
i >= 3; // maior ou igual
// Operações lógicas
b = b1 && b2; // AND
b = b1 || b2; // OR
b = !b1; // NOT
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// Operações em bits (inteiros)
i = i & 0; // AND bitwise (0)
i = i | i; // OR bitwise (-32,768)
i = i ^ i; // XOR bitwise (0)
i = i << 4; // move 4 bits com S para esquerda
i = i >> 3; // move 3 bits com S para direita
i = i >>> 2; // move com zeros para a direita
i = ~i; // complemento
x <<= y; // x = x << y;
x >>= y; // x = x >> y;
x >>>= y; // x = x >>>y;
x &= y; // x = x & y;
x |= y; // x = x | y;
x ^= y; // x = x ^ y;
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// operações e suas precedências
. [] () » ++ -- ! ~ instanceof »
new (type)exp » * / % » + - »
<< >> >>> » < > <= >= » == != »
& » ^ » | » && » || » (cond)?t_exp:f_exp »
= += -= *= /= %= ^= &= |= <<= >>= >>>=
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// if then
if (x>y) {
// se verdadeiro execute aqui
};
// if then else
if (x>y) {
// se verdadeiro execute aqui
}
else {
//se falso execute
};
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switch (varDecisao) { case valor1:
{// se varDecisao == valor1 }
break;
case valor2: {// se varDecisao == valor2
} break;
...
default: {// se nenhum
} break;
};
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// Estrutura for (inicialização; teste; incremento)
{
bloco de execução
}
// Exemplo
for (i=0; i<100; i++)
{
bloco de execução
}
// Erro comum
for (i=0; i<100; i++);
a++;
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// Estrutura
while (condição)
{
bloco de execução }
// Exemplo
i = 0;
while (i<arranjo1.length) {
bloco de execução
i++;
}
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// Estrutura
do {
bloco de execução
} while (condição)
// Exemplo
i = 0;
do {
bloco de execução
i++;
} while (i<10)
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// Exemplo
i = 0; while (i<arranjo1.length)
{ bloco de execução if
resultado = arranjo[i]; break;
} }
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// Exemplo sai:
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++) { // ciclo 1
for (int j=1;j<=5;j++) { // ciclo 2
if (i + j > 5) {
break sai;
}
}
}
// vai sair aqui (pulando dois ciclos)
}
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// Arranjos (arrays)
int vetorzinho[]; // array unidimensional int[] outroVetor; // a mesma coisa
float[][] umaTabela; // array bidimensional
// Arrays de tipos complexos(instancias de classes)
Font[] variasFontes;
String[] nomes;
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// Inicializando
int[] maisUmVetor = new int[10];
String[] nomes = new String[100];
// criando e inicializando um arranjo int[] conjunto = {9, 13, 15, 16, 20, 23};
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// Clonando
int[] a = {940, 880, 830, 790, 750, 660, 650, 590, 510, 440};
int[] b = new int[10];
// clonando um arranjo
b = a.clone(); b[3] = 5;
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Entre sua altura em cm: 180!
Entre seu peso em kg: 80.5!
Seu índice de massa corporal é: 24.84568.!
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