02 ehfupfj;jpd; guk;gy; - E-thaksalawa...,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 27 tuyhW juk; 7 02 ehfupfj;jpd; guk;gy;,g;glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sgb> fpNuf;fk; vd;Dk; ngauhy; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ>

,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf tuyhW juk; 727

ehfupfj;jpd; guk;gy;02

,g;glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sgb> fpNuf;fk; vd;Dk; ngauhy; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ>

mNahdpad; flYf;Fk; <[pad; flYf;Fk; ,ilNa flypDs; ePz;bUf;Fk;

Flh ehlhFk;. mjw;Fj; njw;Nf fpNuf;fk; cl;gl Vida jPTf; $l;lq;fs;

midj;Jk; ,jidr; rhUk;.

fpNuf;fk; kiyfspdhyhd ehnlhd;nwhFk;. ,q;Fs;s xypk;gpf; kiy

Vida kiyfistpl uk;kpakhd Njhw;wj;ijf; nfhz;lJ. mj;NjhL

gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;> gy;YUtf; flw;fiufSld; ,jkhd fhyepiyAk; nfhz;l

fpNuf;fk; nghUshjhu eyd;fs; gytw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhf

mike;Js;sd.

kj;jpa jiuf;fly;

fpwPl;

];gl;lh•

• xypk;gpah

nfhupe; •• jpgp];

• vnjd;];

mNahdpad;fly;

JUf;fprpd;d Mrpah

gy;Nfhupah

my;Nghdpah

fpNuf;fk;

xypk;gpf; kiy

krpNlhdpah

ku;kuh fly;

• JNuha;

fUq;fly;

];jhd;Gy;

<[pad

; fly;

•


Muk;gKk; guk;gYk;

tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fs;

Ø goq; fijfs;

Ø N`hkupd; ~,ypal;|> ~xbrp| vDk; fhtpaq;fs;

Ø n`rpal;bd; ~NtiyAk; ehSk;| vd;Dk; E}y;

Ø njhy;nghUl;fs;

tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; tpjj;jpy; fpNuf;f tuyhW fp.K.

Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; Muk;gkhfp cs;sJ. mjd; Muk;gf;Fbfs;

kj;jpa Mrpahtpd; ];nlg;]; Gy;ntspfspypUe;J te;j Mupa ,dj;jtu;fs;

vd;W ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.

epu;thf eltbf;iffs;

Muk;gj;jpy; FbNawpa Mupau;fs; rpW fpuhkq;fshfj; jkJ FbapUg;Gf;fis

mikj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. fhyf;fpukj;jpy; ,f;fpuhkq;fs; efuq;fshf

tsu;r;rpaile;jd. gpd;du; ,it efu muRfshf tsu;r;rp mile;jd. fpNuf;f

ehfupfk; ,e;efuq;fis kj;jpa epiyaq;fshff; nfhz;Nl tsu;r;rp ngw;wJ.

efu muRfs; vd;gJ : efuq;fis kj;jpahff; nfhz;L epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lrpwpa Rje;jpu epu;thf KiwahFk;.

efu muRfspd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfs;

¬ rpwpa epyg;gpuNjrj;ijf; nfhz;lit.

¬ efiu ikakhff; nfhz;L mike;jit.

¬ Fbkf;fs;> ngz;fSk; gps;isfSk;> mbikfs;> me;epau;fs; vd

ehd;F njhFjpapduhd kf;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

¬ FbAupik fpNuf;f Mz;fSf;F kl;LNk toq;fg;gl;lJ.

¬ jiyefu; ~mf;nuhnghyp];| vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. nghUl;fis tpw;fTk;

jkf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw thq;fTk; ,q;F xd;W $bdu;.

¬ xt;nthU efu muRf;Fk; mjpgjpahf Mz; my;yJ ngz; nja;tk;

xd;wpUe;jJ.

¬ mj;nja;tj;jpw;F mf;Nuhnghyp]pd; mjp cau;e;j ,lj;jpy; Nfhtpy;

xd;W fl;lg;gl;lJ. cjhuzkhf vnjd;]; efuj;jpd; mjpgjp mjPdh

Njtijf;F ~ghj;jPdd;| Myak; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ.


[dehafj;jpd; Njhw;wk;

,d;iwa cyfpy; Kf;fpa Ml;rpKiwahd [dehafj;jpd; gpwg;gplkhf

vnjd;]; efuk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. guhakile;j Mz;fs; kl;LNk ,q;F

Fbkf;fshff; fUjg;gl;ldu;. efu muRfs; kpfTk; rpwpa myFfshff;

fhzg;gl;likahy; Rje;jpuf;Fbfs; rpW njhifapduhfNt fhzg;gl;ldu;.

Mifahy; mjpfhupfisj; njupT nra;tJk; mtu;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaj;jpw;F

Vw;gNt ,;lk;ngw;wJ. mt;thW Fbkf;fspd; thf;fpd; %yk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l

epu;thfpfs;> kf;fSf;Fg; gjpy; $Wk; flikg;ghL cilNahuhthu;.

vnjd;]py; cUthd mf;Fbahl;rp ~Neub [dehaf| Kiwahff;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,d;W kf;fs;> thf;Fupikiag; gad;gLj;jp gpujpepjpfisj;

njupT nra;J mDg;Gtjw;Fg; gjpyhf md;W mjpfhuk; gilj;j midtUk;

Neubahf epu;thf tplaq;fspy; rk;ge;jg;gl;ldu;.

tptrha> tu;j;jf eltbf;iffs;

fpNuf;fj;jpd; gpujhd njhopy; tptrhakhFk;. mq;F gapuplg;gl;l gapu;fSs;

NfhJikAk;> ghu;ypAk; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngw;wd. ,tw;NwhL kj;jpaj;jiuf;

flw;fhyepiy fhuzkhf jpuhl;irAk; xypt;Tk; tpistpf;fg;gl;ld. tptrha

eltbf;iffSf;fhfTk;> ghiyg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;> ,iwr;rpf;fh

nts;shLfSk; nrk;kwpMLfSk; khLfSk; tsu;f;fg;gl;ld.

fpNuf;f efu muRfSs; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; vnjd;]; efuNk

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. mjw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzk;> mq;F fhzg;gl;l JiwKfq;

fNsahFk;. mf;fhyj;jpy; tu;j;jfk; nra;tJ jho;e;j njhopyhfNt fUjg;gl;lJ.

Mifahy; mjpy; me;epau;fs; <Lgl;ldu;. vnjd;]; tzpfu;fs;> kl;ghz;lq;-

fs;> xypt; vz;nza;> moF rhjdq;fs;> nts;spapdhyhd nghUl;fs;

vd;gtw;iw Vw;Wkjp nra;jdu;. ,e;jpah> ,yq;if> rPdh Nghd;w ehLfspypUe;J

nghUl;fs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.

fpNuf;fuhd njhykp cyfg; glj;ij tiutjw;fhd tpguq;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhz;lJ ntspehl;L tu;j;jfu;fsplk; ,Ue;NjahFk;. fpNuf;fu;fs; ,yq;ifia

~jg;uNgd;| vDk; ngauhy; mioj;jdu;.


Rje;jpur; rpe;jid

fpNuf;fu;fs; murpay; nghUspapy; Jiwfspy; kl;Lkpd;wp fy;tpj;-

JiwapYk; $ba mf;fiw nrYj;jpAs;sdu; vd mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mjd;

tpisthf jj;Jt QhdpfSk; tpQ;QhdpfSk; mq;F Njhw;wk; ngw;wdu;.

cyfj;jpw;F fpNuf;fk; toq;fpa ngUq;nfhilahf ,tu;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

Rje;jpu rpe;jidahsu;fs;

Nrhf;uB];

tho;e;j fhyk; : fp.K. 469 - 399

rpwg;Gf;fs; : ve;jnthU KbitANah fUj;ijANah Vw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;F mjid tpthjj;jpw;F cl;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,tuJ jj;JtkhFk;.

Nghjidapd; %ykhftd;wp> Nfs;tp - gjpy;

%yk; tplaq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; fy;tp-

Kiw xd;iw ifahz;lhu;.

jj;JtQhdpfs;

Nrhf;uB];

gpNsl;Nlh

mup];Nlhl;ly;

tpQ;Qhdpfs;

`pg;Nghfpub];

bNkhfpub];

a+f;fpsp;l;

Mf;fpkpb];

igjfu];

muNlh];jPdP];

nùf;yPl;];

mup];lhf];

→→→→→

→→→→→

→→→→→

→→→→→

→→→→→

→→→→→

→→→→→

→→→→→

→→→→→

→→→→→

→→→→→

glk; 2.2


gpNsl;Nlh

tho;e;j fhyk; : fp.K. 429 - 347

rpwg;Gf;fs; : « Nrhf;fpuB]pd; rpwe;j khztuhf tpsq;fp-

aik

« Nrhf;fpuB]pd; fUj;Jf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lik

« Kd;khjpupahd munrhd;iwg; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;

fis toq;Ftjw;fhf FbauR (Republic)

(Fbahl;rp) vDk; E}iy Mf;fpaik.

« ~mf;flkp| vDk; fy;tp epiyaj;ij elj;jpr;

nrd;wik

mup];Nlhl;ly;

tho;e;j fhyk; : fp.K. 384 - 322

rpwg;Gf;fs; : « gpNsl;Nlhtpd; Kf;fpa khztu;.

« etPd murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; gpjhthff;

fUjg;gLgtu;.

« g +k p Nfhs tbthdJ vd ;gjw ;fhd

fhuzq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;batu;.

« ,tu; xU jj;JtQhdp kl;Lky;y. tpQ;QhdpAk;

fy;tpapayhsUkhthu;.

« ,ir> jhtutpay;> tpQ;Qhdk; Kjypa

gy;NtW tplaq;fspYk; gue;j mwpT ,tuplk;

fhzg;gl;ljhy; ,tu; xU kfh Nkijahff;

fUjg;gl;lhu;.

glk; 2.4

glk; 2.3


tpQ;Qhdpfs;

`pg;NghfpuB]; (fp.K. 460 - 377)`pg;NghfpuB]; (fp.K. 460 - 377)`pg;NghfpuB]; (fp.K. 460 - 377)`pg;NghfpuB]; (fp.K. 460 - 377)`pg;NghfpuB]; (fp.K. 460 - 377)

« Nkiyj;Nja itj;jpaj; Jiwapd; je;ijahff; fUj;jg;gLfpd;whu;.

« ,d;iwa itj;jpau;fSk; ,tuJ thrfq;fisNa rj;jpag;gpukhzk;

nra;fpd;wdu;.

« fpNuf;f ehfupfj;jpy; fy;tpia toq;fpaJ jdpahu; ghlrhiyfSk;

jdpg;gl;l Mrpupau;fSNk. cjhuzkhf gpNsl;Nlhtpd; ~mf;flkp| vd;w

epiyaKk; mup];Nlhbypd; ~iyrpak;| vd;w epiyaKNkahFk;.

Mf;fpkpb]; (fp.K. 287 - 212)

« ,tu; fzpj; Jiwapy; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfisr; nra;j Nkijahthu;.

« ePupy; xU nghUis ,l;lhy; mg;nghUspd; epiwf;Fr; rkkhd msT ePu;

ntspNaw;wg;gLk; vd;w %yjj;Jtj;ij fz;lwpe;jhu;.

rka ek;gpf;if

cyfpd; Vida ehfupfq;fisg; Nghd;Nw ,aw;ifg; gilg;GfSf;Fj;

nja;t me;j];J toq;fg;gl;L fhw;W> re;jpud;> rKj;jpuk; vd;gd tzf;f

topghLfspy; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngw;wd.

fpNuf;fu; tzq;fpa Vida nja;tq;fs;

♦♦♦♦♦ g+Nfhsj;jpd; mjpgjp : rpA];g+Nfhsj;jpd; mjpgjp : rpA];g+Nfhsj;jpd; mjpgjp : rpA];g+Nfhsj;jpd; mjpgjp : rpA];g+Nfhsj;jpd; mjpgjp : rpA];

vy;yhf; flTs;fspdJk; mjpgjpahf rpAi]f; fUjpdu;. n`huhdh vDk;

ngz; nja;tk; mtuJ kidtpahths;. mjPdh kfshths;. g+Nfhsj;ijj;

jhq;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gjhf mtu;fs; fUjpa ù;fpa+yp]; kfdhthu;. xypk;gpf;

tpisahl;bid Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ Kjyplk; rpA]; nja;tj;jpw;Nf toq;fg;gl;lJ.

#upaf; flTshf mg;gNyh nja;tKk;> rKj;jpuf; flTshf nghirld;

nja;tKk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; ngw;wdu;.

,q;F jug;gl;l tplaq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhd juTfisr; Nrfupj;J fpNuf;fjj;JtQhdpfs; gw;wpa rpwpa E}y; xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.

nraw;ghL


♦♦♦♦♦ tzf;fj;jpw;Fupa ngz; nja;tq;fs;tzf;fj;jpw;Fupa ngz; nja;tq;fs;tzf;fj;jpw;Fupa ngz; nja;tq;fs;tzf;fj;jpw;Fupa ngz; nja;tq;fs;tzf;fj;jpw;Fupa ngz; nja;tq;fs;

mf;fhyf; fpNuf;fu;fs; Mz; nja;tq;fis kl;Lky;y ngz; nja;tq;fisAk;

topg;gl;ljw;fhd rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd. mtu;fshy; tzq;fg;gl;l

mt;thwhd ,U nja;tq;fis nùhdhitAk; mjPdhitAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

I N`huhdh : ilNld; vd;Dk; guhf;fpukrhypapd; kfshd ,ts;> rpA];

nja;tj;jpd; kidtpAkhthu;. vu]; nja;tk;> mtspd;

kfdhthd;. Aj;jj;jpd; mjpgjpahf ,td; fUjg;gLfpwhd;.

mj;NjhL ngz;nja;tq;fSs; nghwhik kpf;ftshf ,ts;

fUjg;gLfpwhs;.

II mjPdh : rpA]; nja;tj;jpd; mjPj tpUg;gj;jpw;Fupa kfNs mjPdh.

mtspd; rpwg;ghd MAjk; <l;b (Thunder bolt) MFk;.

,tSf;fhf Vnjd;]py; Myaq;fs; gy epu;khzpf;fg;gl;ld.

fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s glj;jpy; Vnjd;]py; mike;jpUe;j

ghj;jPdd; Myak; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. (glk; 2.5)

mtu;fs; jkJ flTsu;fSf;F Myak; mikj;J topgl;ldu;. xypk;g];

kiy cr;rpapy; nja;tq;fspd; thoplq;fs; ,Ug;gjhff; fUJk; ek;gpf;if

mtu;fs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gl;lJ. fpNuf;f rka tplaq;fspy; Kf;fpakhd

gz;ghff; fUjj;jf;fJ FUkhu;fs; vd;w $l;lj;jpdu; fhzg;glhikahFk;.

mtu;fSila topghLfspy; gypapLjy; Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whFk;. gpuhzpfisg;

gypapl;L mtw;wpd; khkprj;ij cz;gJ fpNuf;fu;fspd; gof;fkhFk;.

ghj;jPdd; Myak;glk; 2.5


fiyfSk; fl;llq;fSk;

fl;ll epu;khzj;jpy; cyf tuyhw;wpy; fpNuf;fu;fs; Kf;fpa ,lnkhd;iw

tfpf;fpd;wdu;. ed;F nrg;gdplg;gl;l Rz;zf;fw;fshYk;> gspq;Ff;fw;fshYk;

fl;llq;fs; fl;Ltjpy; kpfTk; Gfo; ngw;W ,Ue;jdu;. ~ngupf;fpsp]pd;| Ml;rpf;

fhyk; fl;ll epu;khzj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhykhFk;.

efuq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhd fl;llq;fs; khb tPLfshf ,Ue;jNjhL> mit

vy;yh trjpfSld; $bajhAk; fhzg;gl;ld. nja;tq;fSf;fhf mofhd

Myaq;fisAk;> ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Nfhl;ilfisAk; kpfTk; gyk; tha;e;jjhf

epu;khzpj;jdu;.

rpw;gf;fiy

fpNuf;fu;fs; rpw;gq;fis tbtikg;gjpy;

ty;yik kpf;Nfhuha; ,Ue;jjhf mwpa

Kbf pd ;wJ. kd pj cliy r piyahf

nrJf;Ftjw;F Kd;du;> mtu;fs; ,J njhlu;ghf

ePz;l ehl;fSf;F mtjhdpg;Gfis Nkw;nfhz;-

Ls;sdu;. rpiy xd;iw nrJf;Fk; NghJ vYk;Gfs;>

rij ,ioaq;fs; kw;Wk; clypd; xt;nthU

mq;fq;fspYk; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpdu;. ~gupjptl;lk;

tPRgtdpd; rpiy| ,tw;Wf;fhd Mjhukhf Fwpg;-

gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

kf;fs; tho;f;if

fpNuf;f rKjhaj;jpy; rpwpa myF FLk;gkhFk;. kf;fspy; ngUk;ghyh-

NdhUk; fpuhkq;fspNyNa trpj;jdu;. Mlk;gukhd nghUl;fspd; ghtid

Fiwthdgbahy; fpNuf;fu;fspilNa ngUkstpy; rkj;Jtk; epytpaij

fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

fpNuf;ff; fiyQu;fshy; nrJf;fg;gl;l Vida rpiyfs; gw;wpa tplaq;fisr;Nrfupj;J mg;gilg;Gfs; njhlu;ghfTk;> gilg;ghspfspd; ngau;fisAk;Fwpj;J rpW E}y; xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.

nraw;ghL

gupjp vwpgtdpd; rpiyglk; 2.6


czT> cil> tPL

« ngUk;ghd;ikNahuhd tptrhapfspd; tPLfs; rpwpaitahFk;.

« efuq;fspy; khb tPLfs; fhzg;gl;ld.

« eLtpy; Kw;wKk; mijr; #o miwfs;> rikayiw> fsQ;rpa miw

vd;gd fhzg;gl;ld.

« Milfs; vspikahfTk; ,ay;ghfTk; fhzg;gl;ld.

« khkprk; rpw;wstpNyNa czthff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ngUk;ghYk; nja;t

g+i[fs; ,lk;ngWk; Ntisfspy; ePu; fyf;fg;gl;l itd; [duQ;rfkhd

ghdkhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

« ntq;fhak;> kuf;fwpfs;> kPd;> czTfs;> ghu;ypf;fQ;rp vd;gd gpujhd

czhff; fhzg;gl;ld.

tpisahl;L

« fpNuf;f ehfupfj;jpy; tpisahl;L Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpj;jJ.

« md;wpypUe;J ,d;Wtiu njhlu;r;rpahf epd;W epyTk; xypk;gpf; tpisahl;L

tpoh> md;iwa fpNuf;f ehfupfj;jpd;NghJ kpfTk; Nfhyhfykhf

elj;jg;gl;lJ.

« XLjy;> ghue;J}f;Fjy;> gupjptl;lk; tPRjy;> ePe;Jjy; Nghd;w gy;NtW

tpisahl;Lf;fSk;> xypk;gpf; Nghl;bfspy; ,lk;ngw;wd.

,yf;fpak;

,d;WNghy; md;Wk; ftpij> ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.

fpNuf;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kd;dzpapy; epfo;e;jnjd;gjw;F mNef rhd;Wfs;

cs;sd. N`hkupd; ,ypal; kw;Wk; xbrp Mfpa ,uz;Lk; gpurpj;jp ngw;w tPu

fhtpaq;fshFk;.

kfh fhtpaq;fs;

« ,ypal; : fpNuf;fu;fs; bNuha; efuj;jpw;F vjpuhfg; Gupe;j Nghu; rk;ge;jg;-

gl;l fijfshy; MdJ.

« xb]p : bNuha; rz;ilf;Fr; nrd;w fpNuf;f ,strud; xUtd;> Nghupd;

gpd;du; vjpu;Nehf;fpa f\;lq;fis tpgupf;fpd;wJ.


ciueilfs;

fpNuf;f ghu]Pf Aj;jj;ijg; gpd;dzpahf itj;J E}y; xd;iw vOjpa

nùNlhl;l]; tuyhw;wpd; gpjhthff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;. mtu; Kf;fpakhd

ciueil vOj;jhsuhfTk; jpfo;e;jhu;. jpArpl;B]{k; mup];Nlhl;lYk;

Kf;fpakhd ciueil vOj;jhsu;fshtu;.

ehlf vOj;jhsu;fs;

<];fPy];> nrhNghf;sp];> AUgPb];> vup];Nlhngdp]; vd;Nghu; ehlf

vOj;jhsu;fshfTk;> jahupg;ghsu;fshfTk; Gfo;ngw;wpUe;jdu;. ,d;W

gpugy;akhf tpsq;Fk; eifr;Rit ehlfq;fs;> rhfr ehlfq;fs; vd;gdTk;

mf;fhyj;jpYk; fhzg;gl;ld. ~~nrlu; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; eifr;Rit ehlf

tiffSk; md;W gpugykhf ,Ue;jd.

kfh mnyf;rhe;jupd; vOr;rpAk; Nguurpd; guk;gYk;

nk]pNlhdpahtpd; gpypg; kd;ddpd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ fpNuf;f kf;fspd;

Mjuitg; ngw;W> mf;fhyj;jpy; Nguunrhd;whf cUthf;fpf; nfhz;bUe;j

ghurPfj;ijj; jhf;FtjhFk;. mtUila vz;zk; g+u;j;jpaila Kd;du;

nfhiyfhud; xUtdhy; kuzj;ijj; jOtpdhu;.

mjd;gpd; kd;ddhd gpypg;gpd; kfdhd mnyf;]he;jUf;F rpk;khrdj;Jld;

ngUk;gil xd;Wk; fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ. mg;NghJ mtUila taJ ,UgjhFk;

vd;whYk; jpwiktha;e;j jsgjpahd mtu; fpsu;r;rp nra;j fpNuf;fu;fis

mlf;fpaNj Kjypy; nra;j tplakhFk;.

mjd; gpd;du; rpd;dhrpah> Mgpupf;fh> kj;jpa jiuf;flypd; fpof;Ff;

flw;fiu> vfpg;J> ggpNyhdpah> ghu]Pfk;> tlNkw;F ,e;jpah Mfpa

gpuNjrq;fspy; ngUk;gug;ig ntw;wpf; nfhz;L jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij epiyepWj;-

jpdhu;. mnyf;]he;jupd; Aj;j eltbf;iffspd; tpisTfshtd.

« iey;ejpf; fopKfj;ij mz;b mnyf;]he;jpupah efuj;ij epu;khzpj;jik

« fpNuf;fj;ij Kjd;Kiwahf If;fpag;gLj;jpaik. fpNuf;fupd; fiyfspd;

nry;thf;if tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtiu tpahgpf;fr; nra;jik

« Ma;Tfspy; <Lgl;l fpNuf;fu;fspd; kdjpy; Gjpa jj;Jtq;fs; Njhw;wk;

ngw;wik.

« fpNuf;f Mjpf;fk; gy ehLfspy; gutpaik


fpNuf;fu;fsplkpUe;J

« [dehaf Ml;rpKiw

« efu > fl;ll epu;khzq;fs;

« fzpjKiwfs;

« itj;jpa tpQ;Qhdk;

« thdrh];jpuk;

« g+Nfhs glk;

« xypk;gpf; tpisahl;L

« ky;Aj;jk;> gupjp tPRjy;> <l;b vwpjy;> Fjpiu Xl;lk; Mfpa tpisahl;Lf;fs;

« clw;gapw;rp

« ehlff; fiyAk;> kfh fhtpaq;fSk; fpilf;fg;ngw;wd.

01. fpNuf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j efu muRfspd; ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

02. fpNuf;f ehl;by; Fbkf;fshff; fUjg;gl;Nlhu; ahtu;?

03. [dehafk; Muk;gkhfpa efu muR vJ?

04. fpNuf;f nja;tq;fspd; kw;Wk; Njtijfspd; ngau;fisj; jUf.

05. fpNuf;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tPu fhtpaq;fs; ,uz;bd; ngau;fisj; jUf.

06. fpNuf;fu;fspilNa gpugy;ak; ngw;w tpisahl;Lf;fs; ahit?

07. cyfg; glj;ij Kjypy; tiue;jtu; ahu;?

08. fpNuf;f jj;JtQhdpfs; ,UtuJ ngau;fis jUf.

09. ,yf;fpa ngUq; fhtpaq;fs; vOjpatu;fs; ,Utupd; ngaiuj; jUf.

10. Gtp Nfhs tbtpdJ vdf; fz;lwpe;jtu; ahu;?

E}yfg; Gj;jfq;fspypUe;J tplaq;fisr; Nrfupj;J kfh mnyf;]he;ju; gw;wpRtu;g; Gj;jpupiff;F fl;Liu xd;W vOJf.etPd cyfpw;Ff; fpNuf;f ehfupfk; %yk; ngwg;gl;litfisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jf.

nraw;ghL

gapw;rp


cNuhk;

Muk;gKk; guk;gYk;

cNuhkhdpa goq;fijapd;gb cNuhk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJ. nuhkpAy];

kw;Wk; uPk]; vd;Dk; ,ul;ilr; rNfhjuu;fspy; xUtdhd nuhkpAy]hy;

MFk;. mjdhy; mJ cNuhk; vd;Dk; ngaiug; ngw;wJ. mJ fp.K 753 ,y;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

,j;jhyp KOtJk; gutpapUe;j Mupaf; Fbfs; vd ek;gg;gLk;

,yj;jPdpau;fspd; epu;thf kj;jpa];jhdkhfTk; jiyefuhfTk; cNuhk; gpurpj;jp

ngw;wpUe;jJ. Mifahy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,j;jhypau;fis ,yj;jPdpau;fs; vd;Wk;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;ldu;.

cNuhk; efuk; kj;jpa jiuf; flYf;Fs; ePz;bUf;Fk; Flhehl;bd;

flw;fiuf;F mz;ikapy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. mjd; vy;iyfisf; fPo;tUkhW

Fwpg;gplyhk;.

tlf;F vy;iy - my;g;]; kiyj; njhlu;

njw;F vy;iy - kj;jpaj; jiuf; fly;

fpof;F vy;iy - vl;upahl;bf; fly;

Nkw;F vy;iy - kj;jpaj; jiuf; fly;

Ml;rp Kiw

Muk;gj;jpy; r%f mikg;G Fyk; Nfhj;jpuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

mike;jpUe;jJ. vd;whYk; cNuhk; efuk; cUthf;fg;gl;L FWfpa fhyj;jpDs;

mjd; Ml;rp xUtuplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;;lJ.

kd;du; Ml;rp Kiwik cUthf;fg;gl;L Ke;E}W Mz;Lfs; fle;j

gpd;du; mur FLk;gj;jpdu; jd;dpr;irahfr; nraw;glj; njhlq;fpdu;. mjdhy;

ftiyAw;w cNuhkdpau;fs; mtu;fis mbj;Jtpul;b> jpUk;gTk; vr;re;ju;g;gj;-

jpYk; cNuhkpd; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ij kd;du; xUtUf;F toq;Ftjpy;iy

vd;W jPu;khdpj;J fp.K 509 ,y; FO Ml;rp Kiw xd;iw nraw;gLj;jpdu;.

cNuhk FO Ml;rp

FO Ml;rp Kiwapy; $ba mjpfhuk; ~nfhd;]y;| vd miof;fg;gl;l

mjpfhupfs; ,Utu; trk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mtu;fspd; Ml;rp mjpfhuk;

Xuhz;Lf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; mtu;fs; gilj;jsgjp-

ahfTk; ePjpgjpahfTk; nraw;gl Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ.


[_ypa]; rP]iug; gw;wpa gy;NtWtplaq;fis xd;W Nru;j;J rQ;rpifxd;wpw;F vOJq;fs;.

nraw;ghL

~nfhd;]y;fs;| kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;ldu;. FO Ml;rp Kiwap;y;

nrdl; rigf;F Kf;fpa ,lk; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,r;rigapd; mq;fj;jtu;fs;

%j;j FbfspypUe;J njupT nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

NguuR

cNuhk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l Muk;g fhyj;jpd;NghJ mtu;fSf;F mijr;

#o;e;j gpuNjrk; kl;LNk cupikahf ,Ue;jJ> fp.gp. 270 mstpy; KO

,j;jhypf; Flh ehl;ilAk;> Nuhku;fs; jkjhf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;. mjd; gpwF

mtu;fs; ];ghdpah> ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;]; kw;Wk; tl Mgpupf;fg; ngUk;

gpuNjrq;fisj; jk;Kld; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; ntw;wp ngw;wdu;.

cNuhkg; Nguuru;fs;

01. [_ypa]; rP]u; 01. [_ypa]; rP]u; 01. [_ypa]; rP]u; 01. [_ypa]; rP]u; 01. [_ypa]; rP]u;

« fp.K. 59 - 44 fhyj;jpy; Mz;l ,tu; fPu;j;jp kpf;f

kd;duhthu;.

« NguuruhFtjw;F Kd;du; Nfhy; vd miof;-

fg ;gl ;l ,d ;iwa g puhd ;r pd ; MSeuhf

tpsq;fpdhu;. cNuhkhdpa muir iud; ejptiu

tp];jupj;jhu;.

« [_ypa]; rP]upd; ntw;wpfshy; nghk;ig vd;gtd;

,tu; kPJ nghwhikAw;whd;.

« ,q;fpyhe;ij ntw;wp nfhz;ljd; gpd;du;

Nuhkhdpau;fs; ,tUf;F ~nfhd;]y;|

gjtpia toq;fpdhu;.

« Nguuir epu;tfpg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd

epu;thfKiw xd;iw cUthf;fpa

NjhL> nrdl; rigapd; mq;fj;jtu;

njhifiaAk; mjpfupj;jhu;.

02. Xf];;l]; rP]u;02. Xf];;l]; rP]u;02. Xf];;l]; rP]u;02. Xf];;l]; rP]u;02. Xf];;l]; rP]u;

cNuhkg; Nguurpd; nghw;fhyk;nghw;fhyk;nghw;fhyk;nghw;fhyk;nghw;fhyk; ,tuJ Ml;rpapd;NghJ cjakhdJ. nrdl;

rigapd; tpUg;Gf;F Vw;g njupT nra;ag;gl;l mtu; kf;fspd; cupikfs;

kPsg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

[_ypa]; rP]u;glk; 2.7


ty;yikkpf;f Nguuruhd ,tuJ Nritfs; tUkhW ty;yikkpf;f Nguuruhd ,tuJ Nritfs; tUkhW ty;yikkpf;f Nguuruhd ,tuJ Nritfs; tUkhW ty;yikkpf;f Nguuruhd ,tuJ Nritfs; tUkhW ty;yikkpf;f Nguuruhd ,tuJ Nritfs; tUkhW

« mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhz;lik

« nghJf; fl;llq;fs;> ghijfs;> ghyq;fs;> ePu;r;rpy;Yfs;> muq;fq;fs;

Mfpatw;iw cUthf;fpaik.

« ,tuJ Mf;fq;fs; ~nfhNyhrpak;| muq;fk; ~nfunfy;yh| ePr;ry; jlhfk;

vd;gd Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

03. ePNuh kd;dd;03. ePNuh kd;dd;03. ePNuh kd;dd;03. ePNuh kd;dd;03. ePNuh kd;dd;

« fp.K 37 brk;gu; khjk; 15y; gpwe;jhu;.

« fp.gp. 54-68 tiu ,td; Nuhkg; Nguurdhfj;

jpfo;e;jhd;.

« 17 tJ tajpy; Kjyhk; FNshba]; Nguurdpd;

kuzj;jpd; gpd; gjtpNaw;whd;.

« jdJ jha;> kidtp cl;gl ngUe;njhifah

Ndhiuf; nfhd;whd;.

« cNuhik Mz;l kpf Nkhrkhd murdhthd;.

« ,td; ,irg;gpupadhf jpfo;e;jhd;.

« ePNuh kd;dd; gpby; thrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ

cNuhk; jPg;gw;wp vupe;jJ.

« cNuhk; jPg;gw;wpajw;F fpwp];jt gf;ju;fs; kPJ Fw;wQ;rhl;b kpUfj;jdkhf

mtu;fisf; nfhd;wopj;jhd;.

04 .04.04.04.04. nfufy;yh Nguurd;nfufy;yh Nguurd;nfufy;yh Nguurd;nfufy;yh Nguurd;nfufy;yh Nguurd;

« fp.gp 188 - 217 cNuhik Mz;l Nguurdpd; cz;ikahd ngau;

khu;f]; xsNuypa]; me;Njhdpa]; vd;gjhFk;.

« mtd; nfufy;yh ngaupy; miof;fg;gl;ljw;F fhuzk; Nfhy; ehl;by;

nfufy;yh vd;w ngaiu cila Milia cNuhkhdpau;fSf;F

mwpKfk; nra;jikahyhFk;.

« fp.gp 212 Mz;by; mtu; midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; Nuhkhdpaf; FbAupikia

toq;fpdhu;.

ePNuh kd;dd;glk; 2.8


05. kfh nfhd;];ld;ijd; Nguurd; (fp.gp 274 - 337) 05. kfh nfhd;];ld;ijd; Nguurd; (fp.gp 274 - 337) 05. kfh nfhd;];ld;ijd; Nguurd; (fp.gp 274 - 337) 05. kfh nfhd;];ld;ijd; Nguurd; (fp.gp 274 - 337) 05. kfh nfhd;];ld;ijd; Nguurd; (fp.gp 274 - 337)

« ,tu; fp.gp 306y; Nguurdhfg; gjtpNaw;whu;.

« fp.gp 306 - 337 tiu cNuhik Ml;rp nra;jhu;

« fpwp];jt rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpa KjyhtJ Nguuruhfj; jpfo;e;jik

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jf;FupajhFk;.

« fp.gp. 330 Mk; Mz;by; kPsTk; ,uz;L gFjpfshf gpupe;jpUe;j

cNuhkhdpag; Nguuir xd;WgLj;jpdhu;.

« mjpypUe;J 1453 Mk; Mz;Ltiu fpof;F Nuhkg; Nguurpd; jiyefuhf

mJ jpfo;e;jJ.

06. [];Bdpad; Nguurd;06. [];Bdpad; Nguurd;06. [];Bdpad; Nguurd;06. [];Bdpad; Nguurd;06. [];Bdpad; Nguurd;

« [];Bdpad; NguurNd cyfpd; Kf;fpakhd rl;lf;Nfhitahd [];Bdpad;

rl;lf;Nfhitia mwpKfg;gLj;jpa kd;ddhthd;.

rl;lKk; rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpAk;

Guhjd cNuhkhdpau;fsplk; ,Ue;J etPd cyfpw;F fpilj;j ngUk;

nghf;fp\khf cNuhkhdpar; rl;lKiw fUjj;jf;fJ. fp.K. 150 ,y; Muk;gkhd

cNuhkhdpar; rl;lq;fs; nrg;NgLfspy; vOjg;gl;L tu;j;jf kj;jpa

epiyaq;fspy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nuhkr; rl;lq;fspd; ,ay;Gfs;

« tof;if tprhupj;jy;.

« rhl;rpfis xg;Gtpj;jy;.

« [_up rigapd; %yk; ,Wjpj; jPu;g;G toq;fy;.

« re;Njf egu; Fw;wthspahff; fhzg;gLk;tiu mtu; epuguhjpahff; fUjg;-

gl;L jz;lid toq;FtjpypUe;J jLf;fg;gly;.

« rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midj;J kf;fSk; rkj;Jtkhf kjpf;fg;gl;lik.

lr;Rf;fhuu; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wp Ml;rpia

epiy epWj;jpa gpd;du; ,yq;ifapYk; cNuhkhdpa lr;R rl;lj;ij

mwpKfg;gLj;jpdu;. vdNt ,J cNuhkd; lr;R rl;lk; vd toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

rkak;

cNuhk; cUthd Muk;g fhyfl;lj;jpy; mtu;fSf;nfd;W Kiwahf

cUthf;fg;gl;l rkak; xd;W ,Uf;ftpy;iy. cyfpy; fhzg;gl;l gioa

fyhrhuq;fisg; Nghd;W ,tu;fSk; ntapy;> kio> fhw;W> ,b> kpd;dy;

Nghd;w ,aw;ifapd; epfo;TfSf;F ,iwj;jd;ik mspj;J tzq;fp tuyhapdu;.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; nja;t me;j];Jg; ngw;w rpy ,aw;ifg; gilg;GfSf;F

cUtkspj;J tzq;Fjy; kf;fspilNa nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wJ.


mtu;fsJ topghLfspy; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l nja;tq;fshtd

« [_g;gpl;lu; - thdj;jpd; mjpgjp

« kpdu;th - ifj;njhopy;fSf;F mjpgjp / (Njtij)

« khu;]; - Aj;jj;jpw;F mjpgjp

« nrNu]; - ey;y tpisr;rYf;F mjpgjp (Njtij)

« tPd]; - fhjYf;F mjpgjp

« neg;ba+d; - flYf;F mjpgjp

cNuhkhdpag; NguuRf;F ngUe;njhz;lhw;wpa Nguuru;fSk; flTshff;

fUjg;gLk; Nghf;F kf;fspilNa gutj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,jd;gb

cNuhkhdpau;fs; Md;kPf jpUg;jpiag; ngw gy;NtW nja;tq;fis tzq;fpdu;

vdj; njupa tUfpwJ. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w fpwp];jtk;

mtu;fSf;F Gjpa rkakhf miktjpy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. fp.gp 3k; E}w;whz;by;

cNuhk ,uhr;rpak; ngUk; gpuNjrq;fspy; fpwp];jt kjk; gutpaJ. cNhuk

Nguurd; fpwp];jt kjj;ij mopf;f nra;j gpuaj;jidfs; ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy.

mjd; gpd; cNuhkg; Nguurpd; mur kjkhf fpwp];jt kjk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

cNuhk rhk;uhr;rpaj;jpy; fpwp];jt rkak; guTjy; gw;wpa Nkyjpf

tpguq;fis Ie;jhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; fw;fyhk;.

tu;j;jfk;

fPioj;Nja Nkiyj;Nja tu;j;jfj;jpy; cNuhk; kj;jpa epiyakha;

mike;J ngUk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. mtu;fspd; gpujhd tu;j;jf

efukhf mnyf;]he;jpupah jpfo;e;jJ. ,t;tu;j;jf efiu ikakhff; nfhz;L

kj;jpaj; jiuf; fliyr; #oTs;s ehLfSlDk; ,e;jpah> rPdh> ,yq;if

Nghd;w ehL fSlDk; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.

,yq;ifapd; mEuhjGu fhyj;jpy; tu;j;jff; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis

Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j ehLfspy; cNuhk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ.

mtu;fs; Mguz cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd Kj;J> khzpf;fk;> ahid

vd;gtw;iw ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;Nj jUtpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. ghjpfhga murd;

,yq;if tu;j;jfj; J}Jf;FOit NuhKf;F mDg;gp> nrk;gtsq;fisg; ngw;W

mtw;iwf; nfhz;L &td;ntyprhait myq;fupj;jjhf kfhtk;rj;jpy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,NjNghy cNuhkhdpag; Nguurd; FNshbair re;jpf;f

,d;DnkhU J}Jf; FOtpdu; nrd;wjhf gpspdpapd; mwpf;ifapy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.


NkYk; Nuhkhdpau;fs; mtu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd gl;Lg;Gilit> thridg;

nghUl;fs;> gPq;fhd; ghj;jpuq;fs;> moFrhjdq;fs;> kUe;Jtiffs; vd;gtw;iw

rPdhtpy; ,Ue;J jUtpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.

,t;thW ,e;jpah> rPdh> ,yq;if Nghd;w ehLfspy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf;

nfhz;l tpahghug; gz;lq;fis INuhg;ghtpy; tpw;Wg; ngUQ; nry;tijr;

Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;s cNuhku;fshy; KbAkha; ,Ue;jJ.

tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; cNuhk ehzak; ngUkstpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;-

gl;Ls;sJ. Ie;jhk;> Mwhk; E}w;whz;LfSf;Fupa cNuhk ehzaq;fs;

ngUkstpy; khe;Njhl;lk;> fw;gpl;b> khj;jiw> njtpEtu Mfpa JiwKfq;-

fspypUe;J kl;Lky;yhJ mEuhjGuk;> rpfpupah> kp`pe;jiy Nghd;w cs;ehl;L

efuq;fspYk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 1950 Mk; Mz;by; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

mfo;tha;Tfspd; NghJ jp];] k`huhikapy; njgu thtpapy; ngUksT

cNuhk ehzaq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.

kf;fs; tho;f;if

cNuhkhdpau;fspilNa FLk;gk; r%fj;jpd; Kf;fpa myfhff;

fUjg;gl;lJ. je;ijNa FLk;gj; jiytdhff; jpfo;e;jikahy; midtUk;

mtuJ nrhy;Yf;Ff; fPo;g;gbe;J ele;jdu;. ngw;NwhUf;Fg; gps;isfs; fPo;g;gbe;J

elg;gJ cNuhk r%fj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd gz;ghff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,j;jd;ik

gz;ghu;e;j r%fnkhd;W cUthtjw;F mbg;gil mk;rkhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

1. cNuhkhdpau; ,yq;ifAld; tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;l JiwKfq;fis,yq;ifg; glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

2. cNuhkg; Nguurdf;Fk; ,yq;iff;Fk; ,ilapy; eilngw;w tu;j;jfnjhlu;Gfs; gw;wp ghlrhiy rQ;rpiff;F mwpf;if xd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.

nraw;ghL


cNuhk r%fj;jpy; ngz;fs;

« ngz;fs; r%fj;jpy; Kf;fpa mq;fkhtu;.

« jhia kupahijf;Fupatshff; fUjpdu;.

« Mz;fSld; rk me;j];J ngz;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

« FLg;gj;jpYk; r%fj;jpYk; ngz;fSf;F nfsutkhd ,lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

fy;tp

cNuhkhdpau;fs; fy;tpiaf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; ngUk; Mu;tk; fhl;bdu;.

cNuhkhdpaupd; fy;tp eltbf;iffspy; vOJjy;> thrpj;jy;> tpgupj;jy;>

vd;gd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;fjha; ,Ue;jd. Kf;fpakhd ghlq;fshf ju;f;ftpay;>

fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> itj;jpak; vd;gd fhzg;gl;ld.

tpQ;Qhd mwpT

cNuhkhdpau;fs; itj;jpa eltbf;iffSf;F tpNrl ftdj;ijr;

nrYj;jpdu;. mjw;fhf NehahspfSf;F rpfpr;iraspf;f jFjp tha;e;j

itj;jpau;fis Nritf;F mku;j;jpdu;. ntspthupahf itj;jpa rpfpr;ir

ngWtjw;F gy;NtW ,lq;fspYk; itj;jpa epiyaq;fis epWtpdu;. ,e;jf;

fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Gfo; ngw;w itj;jpau;; fyd; Mthu;. mtu; fpNuf;f

kUj;Jt tpQ;Qhdk; rk;ge;jkhf 500 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis Mf;fpAs;shu;.

mnyf;];rhe;jpupahtpd; thdpay; tpQ;Qhdpahd nrhrpfpd]; vd;gtuhy;

nra;ag;gl;l [_ypa]; ehl;fhl;bapd; mwpKfk; cNuhkhdpau;fspd; tpQ;Qhd

mwpTf;F ,d;ndhU mj;jhl;rpahFk;.

[_ypa]; ehl;fhl;b vd;gJ :

Mz;bw;fhd ehl;fis 365.25 vdf; fzpj;J ehd;F Mz;LfSf;F xU

Kiw nel;lhz;lhff; nfhs;sg;gLjy; MFk;.

fl;llf; fiy

g pukhz;lkhd fl ;llq ;fis e pu ;khzpg ;gj py ; cNuhku ;fs ;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;JFupatu;fshtu;. tpy; tbtpy; tisTfs; Nfhstbtkhd

cr;rpfSld; $ba fl;llq;fis epu;khzpg;gjpy; ,tu;fs; ty;ytuha;


,Ue;jdu;. RfNghf tho;tpy; ehl;lk; cilatu;fshf mtu;fs; ,Ue;jikahy;

fl;ll epu;khzj;jpYk; mjd; gpujpgypg;Gj; njd;gl;lJ Mifahy; fl;llq;fs;

$l gpukhz;lkhdjhff; fhzg;gl;ld.

cNuhku;fs; Kiwahd ngUe;njUf;fis mikg;gjpy; ty;ytu;fsha;f;

fhzg;gl;ldu;. KOg; NguuRk; ngUe;njUf;fshy; jiyefuj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;

bUe;jd.

,yf;fpaKk; fiyfSk;

cNuhkhdpa ,yf;fpak;> fpNuf;f ,yf;fpaj;ij Kd;Ndhbahff; nfhz;Ls;-

sjhfj; njupfpd;wJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nkhop ,yj;jPd; Mf ,Ue;jJ. ,yj;jPdpd;

nghw;fhyk; cjakhdJ xf];l]; Nguurupd; fhyj;jpyhFk;.

cNuhku;fSf;F rpj;jpuf; fiyapy; mw;Gjkhd Mw;wy; ,Ue;jJ. tpNrlkhf

epwg;gad;ghl;bYk;> ,UisAk; xspiaAk; fhl;Ltjpy; mjpf fuprid

nrYj;jpaikf;F Negps;]; mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpd; rpj;jpuq;fs; rhd;W gfu;fpd;wd.

fpNuf;fu;fisg; Nghd;Nw kl;ghz;lq;fis mOFgLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; ,tu;fs;

rpj;jpuq;fis tiue;Js;sdu;. mj;NjhL gilg;gpd; ,ay;G Jyq;Fk; tz;zk;

mtu;fs; rpw;gq;fisg; gilg;gjpYk; jpwik ngw;wtu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;.

cjhuzkhf : xf];l]; NguurdpdJ rpiyiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

cNuhk fl ;llf ; fiyapd ;

kwf;fKbahj epu;khzq;fshf

ghjpdd; fl;llq;fs; Njthyak;>

nfhNyhrpak; tpisahl;luq;F>

epkp]pd; Myak;> ];gpypl; efupy;

Nguurd; lNahf;sp]d; khspif>

tu;j;jf kj;jpa epiyakhd

ng]pypfh fl;llk; vd;gtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;. nfhNyhrpak; tpisahl;luq;Fglk; 2.9


cNuhkg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

¬ muRupik njhlu;ghd njspthd nfhs;if xd;wpy;yhik.

¬ N[u;kdpa Nfhj;jpuq;fisr; rhu;e;j kf;fs; kPJ Mf;fpukpg;G

¬ ,uhZtj;jplk; fhzg;gl;l vy;iyaw;w mjpfhuKk; mtu;fspd; xOf;fr;

rPu;NfLk;.

¬ gytPdkhd jiyik.

¬ cs;ehl;L Aj;jj;jhy; jhdpa cw;gj;jp Fiwe;J Nghdik.

¬ jFjpaw;wtu;fspd; Nguurpd; epu;thfpfshf epakpf;fg;gl;lik.

¬ $basT tup t#ypf;Fk; nfhs;if.

¬ Vio - gzf;fhuu; ,ilNa fhzg;gl;l ngUk; Vw;wj;jho;T.

gapw;rp

01. Nuhik mikg;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa ,uz;L Gtpapay;

fhuzpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

02. cNuhkhGup efuk; ve;j ejpf;fiuNahuj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ?

03. cNuhkhdpa FO Ml;rp gw;wp RUf;fkhd mwpKfk; xd;iwr; nra;f.

04. ePu; tpUk;gpa cNuhkgg; Nguuru; xUtiug; gw;wp fl;Liu tiuf.

05. cNuhku;fs; vq;fsplkpUe;Jk; ehk; cNuhku;fsplkpUe;Jk; ngw;w

tpahghug; nghUl;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa gl;baypLf.

06. ,yq;ifapy; cNuhk ehzaq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fisg;

GwTUtg; glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

07. cNuhkg; NguuR tPo;r;rpAw nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa nghUshjhuf;

fhuzpfs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.


,e;jpah

%yhjhuq;fs;%yhjhuq;fs;%yhjhuq;fs;%yhjhuq;fs;%yhjhuq;fs;

¬ Ntjq;fs; (,Uf;F> aRu;> rhkk;> mju;tdk;)

¬ gpuhkzq;fs;

¬ cgepljq;fs;

¬ Guhzq;fs;

¬ kfhghujk;> ,uhkazk; Nghd;w fhtpaq;fs;

ghujk;> [k;Gj ;j Pgk ; vd

miof;fg;gl;l ,e;jpahtpy; rpe;J

fq;ifr; rkntspfspy; Mupau;fs;

f p .K 1500 Mk; Mz;lstpy ;

FbNawpdhu;fs;. ,t;thW mtu;fs;

FbNawpaNghJ Kjypy; Nfhj;jpu

mbg ;gilapyhd mikg ;igf ;

nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

Ntj fhyj;jpy; rpwpa Nfhj;jpuq;fs; gpujhd Nfhj;jpuq;fs; gythfg;

gpupTw;wd. Nfhj;jpuq;fSf;fpilNa mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf

Nkhjy;fs; Muk;gkhfpd. ,jd; gpujpgydhf mf;fhy murpaypy; ~ghuj|

Nfhj;jpuk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. ghuj Nfhj;jpuj;jpd; Kf;fpa

,lq;fshf ru];tjp> JU]j;tjP ejpf;fiufs; mike;jpUe;jd.

gjpdhW ghupa FbapUg;Gf;fspd; Njhw;wk;

,jw;F Kd;du; ehk; fw;w Nfhj;jpu murpay; Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf

,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; mur Ml;rp Kiwia ikakhff; nfhz;l gjpdhW

FbapUg;Gf;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

,e;jpahitf; Fwpg;gjw;fhd NtWngau;fisAk; mit cUthtjw;fhdfhuzq;fisAk; gl;baypLf.

nraw;ghL


gjpdhW ghupa FbNaw;wq;fs;

FbapUg;Gfs;FbapUg;Gfs;FbapUg;Gfs;FbapUg;Gfs;FbapUg;Gfs; jiyefuq;fs;jiyefuq;fs;jiyefuq;fs;jiyefuq;fs;jiyefuq;fs;

01. mq;fk; (tq;f Njrk;) rk;gh

02. kfjk; uh[fpUjk;

03. fhrp thuzhrp

04. Nfhryk; nrntj; efu; (ru];tjp)

05. t[;[p itrhyp

06. ky;yh Frpefu; kw;Wk; ghth

07. Nrjp Af;jpkjp (Rj;jkjp)

08. tj;]k; nfsrhk;gp

09. FU ,e;jpu gpu];jh

10. ghQ;rhyk; fk;gpyh (fhk;gPyk;)

11. kj;rpah tpul;lh (tpuhj;)

12. #uNrdk; kJuh

13. m];rhf (mrhf;fh) Nghl;lhyp (ghl;ypah)

14. mte;jp c[;[pdp

15. fhe;jhuk; jl;rrPyk;

16. fhk;Ngh[k; Jthufh


ngsj;j> rkz rka E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lgb gjpdhW ghupa

FbapUg;GfspYk; ,uz;Ltpjkhd Ml;rp Kiwfs; epytpd.

¬ FO Ml;rp ($l;lhr;rp)

¬ mur Ml;rp

FO Ml;rpFO Ml;rpFO Ml;rpFO Ml;rpFO Ml;rp

¬ rig xd;wpdhy; epu;thfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

¬ KjpNahu;> ,isNahu; xd;W$b fye;Jiuahb jPu;khdq;fis

Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

¬ gpujhdpia thf;fspg;gjd; %yk; njupT nra;jy;.

¬ kf;fs; $Lk; kz;lgq;fspy; $l;lj;ij elj;Jjy;.

¬ %j;j Fbfspd; nrhw;fSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gly;.

¬ gpujhd muir rpwpa gFjpfshfg; gpupj;jy;.

FO Ml;rp ypr;rtpg; gpuNjrj;jpy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mtu;fs; jkJ

epu;thfj;ijr; rpwg;ghfr; nra;tjw;fhf gpujhd muir> gy rpW gpupTfshf;fpdu;.

rpwpa epu;thf myFfspd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; gpujhd epu;thf rigf;Fr; r%fkspf;f

Ntz;bapUe;jJ. [dehaf ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;l ,k;Kiwia Gj;jUk;

ghul;bAs;shu;.

mur Ml;rpmur Ml;rpmur Ml;rpmur Ml;rpmur Ml;rp

,uhr;rpak; murd; xUtdhy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

NguuRf;fhyk;

gjpdhW ghupa FbapUg;GfSs; kfjk;> ghupa NguuR xd;iw

cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; ty;yikiag; ngw;wJ. kfjk; Vida FbapUg;Gf;fis

tp;l gykiltjw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs; gq;fspj;jd. mitahtd.


¬ ,jd; jiyefuhd uh[fpUjk; ,aw;ifg; ghJfhg;igf; nfhz;bUe;jik.

¬ fq;if Mw;wpd; mUNf mike;jpUe;jikahy; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffSf;F

tha;g;ghf ,Ue;jik.

¬ Nrhd; ejpg;gs;sj;jhf;fpy; jq;fk; Nghd;w fdpaq;fs; fpilf;fg; ngw;wik.

¬ ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;F tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gpuNjrkhff;

fhzg;gl;lik.

¬ gpuhkz> ,e;J rkaq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf rkz rkag; ngupahu;fs;

Njhd;wpaik.

gpk;gprhu kd;dd;

kfjg; Nguuirf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; Muk;g eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;ltu;

gpk;gprhu kd;dNd Mthu;. gjpide;jhtJ tajpy; gjtpNaw;w mtu;

rkhjhdkhd> nraw;wpwd; kpf;f nfhs;if xd;iwf; iff;nfhz;lhu;. mjw;fhd

topKiwfshtd.

¬ Vida FbapUg;GfSld; el;Gwit Nkw;nfhs;sy;> cjhuzkhf mte;jp

kd;dDf;F rpfpr;iraspf;f jdJ itj;jpauhd [Ptf vd;gtiu mDg;gp

itj;jik.

¬ tpthfj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lik. cjhuzkhf Nfhriyapy;

kd;ddpd; jq;ifia tpthfk; nra;J nfhz;lik.

¬ rl;lj;ij rupahf mKy; elj;jpaik.

¬ fpuhk epu;thfj;ij Kiwahf elj;jpr; nrd;wik.

¬ Kiwahd ghijj; njhFjp xd;iw mikj;jik.

¬ mur mjpfhupfspd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lik.


m[hrj; kd;dd;

m[hrj; kd;dUk; gpk;gprhu kd;diug; Nghd;Nw rpwe;j Ml;rpahs-

dhthd;. je;ijapd; kuzj;jpd; gpd; ,oe;j fhrp FbapUg;ig kPsTk; muRld;

Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. fq;if ejpapd; mUNf ,uj;jpdr; Ruq;fk; xd;W

njhlu;ghf ypr;rtpAld; Vw;gl;l gpur;rpidia rkhjhdkhfj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;s

Kaw;rp nra;jhd;. vd;whYk; NjitahdNghjpy; Aj;j Kiwfisf;

ifahz;Ls;sNjhL> mq;F etPd Aj;j jhq;fpfspd; mikg;ig ntFthf

xj;j fy;nywpAk; ,ae;jpuq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

gpk;gpurhu kw;Wk; m[hrj; vd;Dk; je;ij - kfd; ,UtupdJk; rpwe;j

epu;thfj;jpd; fhuzkhf kfjk; NguuR xd;whf tpuptile;jJ.

rka rpe;jidfspd; tsu;r;rp

,e;J rkak;

,e;J rkak; njhlu;ghf Ntjq;fspypUe;Jk; gpuhkzq;fs;> cgepljq;fs;

Mfpa %yhjhuq;fspypUe;Jk; tpguq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. mjpy;

nrhy;yg;gLtjpypUe;J mtu;fs; ,aw;if mk;rq;fSf;Fj; nja;tPfj; jd;ikia

toq;fpAs;sdu;. nja;tq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tFj;Js;sdu;.

¬ Mfhaj;ij mz;b - kpj;jpud;> tUzd;

(,ilAyf nja;tk;)

¬ tpz;ntspia mz;b - ,e;jpud;> thANjtd;

(tpz;Zyf nja;tk;)

¬ Gtpia mz;b - mf;dp> Nrhkd;

(kz;Zyf nja;tk;)

rkz rkak;

rkz rkaj;jpd; ];jhgfu; k`htPuu; vDk; epfz;;lehj Gj;j vd;gtuhthu;.

rkz rkak; gpujhdkhd ,U gpuTfshff; fhzg;gl;lJ. mitahdtd.

¬ jpfk;gu

¬ ];Ntjhk;gu

mjpf mfpk;irf; nfhs;iffisf; filggpbf;Fk; rkz kjj;jpdu;> Rthrpj;jypd;

NghJ $l rpW gpuhzpfs; kuzj;jpw;F cl;glyhk;; vd;W vz;zp jkJ

thia %b kiwj;Jf; nfhs;thu;fs;;.


ngsj;j rkak;

Gj;ju; ngUkhdpd; jj;Jtq;fspd; mbg;-

gilahf mike ;jjhFk ; . ey ;y

kdpju;fis r%fj;jpw;F toq;FtJ>

Yk;gpdpapy; ry; ee;jtdj;jpy; gpwe;j mtu;

Qhdk; ngw;wJk; gpd; fhykhdJk; mur

t pUl ; r e poy pNy MFk ; . rkz

Nghjfu;fisg; Nghd;Nw Gj;jngUkhDk;

gypaply;> ahfk;> Nts;tp elj;Jjy; vd;gtw;wpy; epuhfupj;jhu;. Gj;j epiyia

mile;j gpd;du; ehL efu;fspy; gpuahzk; nra;j Gj;j ngUkhd; vy;yh

capu;fspdJk; eyidNa ehbdhu;. ,ilepiyahd nfhs;ifiaf; ifahz;L

KO cyfj;jpw;Fk; Gj;njhspiag; gha;r;rpdhu;.

,yf;fpaKk; fiyAk;

Ntjfhyk;

¬ ,Uf;F Ntjk; tha;nkhop %yk; toq;fp te;jJ.

¬ mJ vOj;JUg; ngw;wJ gpw;fhyj;jpyhFk;.

¬ ,yf;fpa ghly;fspy; jfty;fisAk; ngw KbAk;.

¬ ghly;fspy; mjpfkhdit flTs;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

rkz> Gj;j rkaq;fspilNafhzg;gLk; xw;Wik Ntw;Wikfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

nraw;ghL

udf;g+upy; cs;s rkz Myak;glk; 2.11

rkz rkaj;jtupd; tha;%b ,Uj;jy;glk; 2.10


gpw;gl;l Ntjfhyk;

¬ ,e;j Afj;jpw;F rhkk;> aRu;> mju;td> Ntjq;fs; cupadthFk;.

tPufhtpaq;fs;

,uhkhazk; - ,uhku;> rPij fij

kfhghujk; - ghz;ltu;fSf;Fk; nfsutu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ele;j Aj;jk;

gw;wpa fij

r%f mikg;G

,f;fhyj;jpy; ghujj;jpy; ehd;F Fyq;fs; (tu;zq;fs;) fhzg;gl;ld.

¬ gpuhkzu;

¬ rj;jpupau;

¬ itrpau;

¬ #j;jpuu;

gpuhkzu;

¬ Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F me;je;j eltbf;iffSf;fhd MNyhridfisAk;

topfhl;ly;fisAk; Gupgtu;fs;.

¬ rka tplaq;fspy; jiyikia Vw;W nraw;gLjy;.

rj;jpupau;

¬ epu;thf eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

¬ ehl;Lkf;fis vjpupfsplkpUe;J fhg;ghw;Wjy;.

¬ Aj;j eltbf;iffis Kd;dpd;W elj;Jjy;.

¬ fy;tp eltbf;iffspy; <LgLjy;.

,uhkhazj;jpypUe;J xUgFjpia vLj;J rpWfij xd;iwgilf;f.

nraw;ghL


itrpau;

¬ tptrhak; nra;jy;.

¬ tu;j;jfk; nra;jy;.

¬ tpyq;F tsu;j;jy;.

#j;jpuu;

¬ vy;yhf; Fyj;jtu;fSf;Fk; gzptpil nra;jy;.

¬ mOf;Ffis mfw;Wjy;.

nghUshjhuk;

tptrhak;

¬ gpujhd tho;f;ifj; njhopyhFk;.

¬ jhdpaq;fs; cupa Nghfq;fspy; tpistpf;fg;gl;;ld.

¬ jhdpar; nra;iff;Fj; Njitahd ePiu kioahYk; ePu;g;ghrdj;jpd;

%yKk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;.

¬ tptrha eltbf;iffs; rPuhf eilngWtjw;F gy;NtW tifg;gl;l

g+i[fis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.

¬ tptrha eltbf;iffSf;fhfTk; czTj; NjitfSf;fhfTk; ke;ij

tsu;g;gpy; <Lgl;ldu;.

tu;j;jfk;

¬ tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhf js;Stz;bfisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;.

¬ ,f;fhy tu;j;jfj; jhgdq;fs; ~fpy;l;| vDk; ngauhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ld.

¬ ve;NeuKk; muru;fSf;F cjtpa nrl;bahu;fs; nry;te;ju;fshf

kjpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

¬ tu;j;jfj;jpy; gz;lkhw;W ,lk;ngw;wNghJ gzKk; ghtpf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.


¬ tu;j;jf eltbf;iffSs; ngUkstpy; <Lgl;ltu;fs; itrpa Fyj;ju;fs;

vd;whYk; nghUshjhu eyd;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf #j;jpuu; ePq;fyhf

Vida Fyj;jtu;fSk; tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jikf;fhd

Mjhuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

¬ tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;bUe;NjhuJ tho;f;if kpfTk; rpwg;ghf mike;jpUe;jJ.

ifj;njhopy;

,f;fhyf; ifj;njhopy;fspy; jr;Rj; njhopy; Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Ue;jJ>

thfdq;fisr; nra;jy;> tptrha cgfuzq;fisr; nra;jy; vd;gd

jr;ru;fspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. thfdr; rf;fuq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;gtu;fs;

kpfTk; nfl;bj;jdkhdtu;fs; vdf; ftpQu; xUtu; jdJ ftpijapy;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. Nfj;jy; Nghd;w cNyhfg; nghUl;fisr; nra;jy;> Njhyhy;

gy;NtW nghUl;fisr; nra;jy;> ghapioj;jy;> Gilit nerT nra;jy;>

kPd; gpbj;jy;> jq;f eiffis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> gpuhzpfspd; cNuhkk;>

Njhy; vd;gtw;why; Milfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ifj;njhopy;fSk;

mf;fhyj;jpy; gutyhff; fhzg;gl;;ld.

fy;tp

epiyahd r%fj;jpy; mj;jpatrpakhd Xu; mq;fk; fy;tpahFk;. mq;F

ngUk;ghYk; fy;tp rkak; rhu;e;jjha; ,Ue;jJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; mwpT

ngUk;ghYk; tha;g;ghlk; %yNk ,lk;ngw;wJ. fy;tpiaf; fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;

nghWg;G gpukzu;fSf;Nf toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. FUFyj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;J

fw;wy; mf;fhyj;jpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;ggl;l xU Kiwahf ,Ue;jJ

jprhghnkhf;fplk; fw;gjw;F rj;jpupa Fyg; gps;isfSk; ngUk;gzf;fhug;

gps;isfSk; nrd;wdu;. fy;tp eltbf;iffs; g+u;j;jpaile;J FUjl;riz

toq;fpa gpd;du; kPsTk; ngw;Nwhuplk; nry;tjw;Fk; mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.

(jprhghnkhf; - FUFyfy;tpapd; Mrpupa Kd;Ndhbfs;.)

01. ,e;jpahtpy; epytpa rkaq;fspy; ePu; tpUk;Gk; rkankhd;iwj; njupTnra;J> mJ rk;ge;jkhd rpW E}y; xd;iw Mf;Ff.

02. md;iwa ghujj;jpy; epytpa ehd;F Fyq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl;L mJrk;ge;jkhf ckJ mgpg;gpuhaj;ijf; nfhz;Nl fl;Liu xd;iw tiuf.

nraw;ghL


ypr;[tp Ml;rpKiwf; $lhf...

¬ %j;NjhUf;F fPo;g;gbjy;

¬ jiyikj;Jtj;ij kjpj;jy;

¬ fye;Jiuahb KbTfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;

¬ VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;

¬ nghJ eyg; gz;G vd;gd Vw;gl;ld.

,j;jifa cj;jk Fzq;fis ehKk; gpd;gw;wp thoyhk;

gapw;rp

01. gjpdhW ngUq; FbapUg;Gfspy; Ie;jpd; ngau;fisj; jUf.

02. gpk;gprhu kd;dd; jpUkzj; njhlu;Gfis vk; kd;dDld; itj;Jf;

nfhz;lhd;?

03. kfjg; Nguurpy; epytpa rkaq;fs; ,uz;Lk; vit?

04. Ntjq;fs; ehd;ifg; ngaupLf.

05. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l ifj;njhopy;fs; Ie;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.


mNugpah

Muk;gKk; guk;gYk;

,q;F ghiytdg; gpuNjrj;jpd; glk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ghiytdq;fshyhd

,d;iwa kj;jpa fpof;F tyaj;ijr; Nru;e;j ehLfspd; ehfupfj;jpd; Muk;gKk;

guk;gYk; gw;wp ,g;ghlj;jpd; %yk; fw;Wf; nfhs;Nthk;. mNugpahtpd;

vy;iyfisf; fPo;tUkhW Fwpg;gplyhk;.

¬ tlfpof;fhf - Xkhd;> ghurPff; Flh

¬ Nkw;fhf - nrq;fly;

¬ njd;fpof;fhf - mugpf;fly;

¬ tlNkw;fhf - kj;jpaj;jiuf;fly;

¬ tlf;fhf - JUf;fpAk; Mu;kPdpahTk;

¬ fpof;fhf - <uhf;

mNugpa ghiytdk;glk; 2.12


mNugpahtpd; gpujhd ,ay;Gfs;

¬ ghiytdf; fhyepiy

¬ rhjhuz ntg;gepiy 40oC - 50oC tiu.

¬ tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rp 100mm ,w;Fk; FiwT.

¬ kzy; gug;ghy; %lg;gl;l epyg;gFjp.

¬ rpy ,lq;fspy; ghiytdr; Nrhiyfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

¬ gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; kpf tsu;r;rp fz;l fyhrhuk; xd;W fhzg;gl;lJ.

,];yhj;jpd; Muk;gKk; gutYk;

,];yhkpa rkak; mNugpahTf;F mwpKfkhdJ fp.gp Mwhk;

E}w;whz;byhFk;. ,];yhkpa rkaj;jpd; ];jhgfu; K`kJ egp Mthu;.

,tu; fp.gp. 570 Mz;by; kf;fh efupy; mtjupj;jhu;.

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mtiuj; jPu;f;fjuprpahf fUjpa kf;fs; egp vd ehkk;

#l;b mioj;jdu;. ,sikg; gpuhaj;jpNyNa mtu; ngw;Nwhiu ,oe;jhu;.

,jdhy; Kiwahd fy;tpia mtuhy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s ,aytpy;iy. ,sk;

tajpy; ML Nka;g;gtuhfTk;> thypg tajpy; tpahghuf; FOtpdUld;

nry;gtuhfTk; jdJ tho;f;ifia Muk;gpj;jhu;.

,Ug;gj;ije;jhtJ tajpy; rPkhl;bahd tpjit fjP[hit mtu;

jpUkzk; Gupe;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. thypg tajpy; ,Ue;Nj kjr; rpe;jidAld;

$ba tho;f;ifia mtu; tho;e;jhu;. jpahdj;jpy; <LgLtij tof;fkhff;

nfhz;bUe;jhu;. kf;fh efUf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;j ~`puh| Fifapy; jpahdj;jpy;

,Uf;Fk;NghJ mtUf;F my;yh ;̀thy; ~my; Fu;Md;| mUsg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ

mtupd; taJ ehw;gjhFk;.

mjpypUe;J mtu; my;yh`;tpd; mUs; nkhopfis jkJ

ez;gu;fspilNa Nghjpf;fj; njhlq;fpdhu;. mtu;fs; mtw;iw vOjpAk; kddk;

nra;Jk; Nrfupj;Jk; itf;fj; njhlq;fpdu;. jhd; gpwe;j g+kpapy; ntspg;gilahf

mtw;iwg; Nghjpf;fj; njhlq;fpaTld;> jdJ Kd;ida ek;gpf;iffSf;F

khw;wkhf ,J ,Ue;jikahy; mq;Fs;s kf;fs; fLk; vjpu;g;igj; njuptpj;jdu;.


mtUila capUf;Nf Mgj;J Neu;e ;jNghJ my;yh`;tpd;

fl;lisg;gbNa mtu; kf;fhitf; iftpl;L kjPdh efUf;F fp.gp 622 Mk;

Mz;by; nrd;wile;jhu;. ,J ,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wgbahy;

mjid ~`p[;uhj;| vdf; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,];yhkpa tUlf;

fzpg;igAk; mjpypUe;Nj Muk;gpj;jdu;.

,];yhkpa Nghjidfshtd

¬ Vf nja;t topghLk; cUt topghLfis epuhfupj;jYk;

¬ midtiuAk; rNfhjuj;Jtj;Jld; elj;jp xw;Wikahf tho;jy;

¬ jk;khy; ,ad;wtiu gpwUf;F cjTjy;

¬ ngha;> Gwk; NgRjiy Kw;whfj; jtpu;j;jy;

¬ fsT Gupjiyf; fLq; Fw;wkhff; fUJjy;

egpfshupd; tho;Tld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Gdpj g+kpahf kf;fh cs;sJ.

mjdhy; ,];yhkpau;fs; jk; tho;f;ifapy; xU KiwNaDk; kf;fhTf;F

nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj mtu;fspd; vjpu;g;ghu;g;ghFk;.

egpfshupd; Nghjidg;gb

¬ jpdKk; Ie;JNtis my;yh ;̀it njho Ntz;Lk;.

¬ nts;spf;fpoikfspy; gs;spthrYf;Fr; nrd;W tzf;f topghLfspy;

<Lgl Ntz;Lk;.

¬ ngz;fs; gs;spthrYf;Fr; nry;tJ jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vd;whYk; jkJ

tPLfspNyh> njhopy; GupAk; ,lq;fspNyh Ie;JNtisj; njhOifapy;

<Lgl Ntz;Lk;.

¬ tUlj;jpy; xUKiw uk;ohd; khjk; KOtJk; cgthrk; Nkw;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ #upad; cjpg;gjw;F Kd;dpUe;J #upad;

m];jkpf;Fk;tiu vijAk; cz;zNth gUfNth $lhJ. ,k;khjk;

KOtJk; rKfj;jpw;F ed;ik GupAk; fhupaq;fspy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;.

mk;khj KbTld; ukohd; Nehd;Gg; ngUehs; nfhz;lhlg;gLk;.


¬ jk;kplKs;s nrhj;Jf;fspy; ,uz;liu tPjj;ij Vio vspa kf;fSf;F

fl;lhakhfj; ju;kk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; (]f;fhj;).

¬ trjp cs;stu;fs; tho;f;ifapy; xUKiwahtJ kf;fhtpw;Fr; nrd;W

`[; flikia epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.

nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;

,];yhj;jpd; guk;gYld; muhgpa nkhopapYk; ,yf;fpaj;jpYk;

ngUkhw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. mtu;fSila mjp cd;djkhd Ntj E}yhd

Gdpj Fu;Md; mUsg;gl;lbUg;gJk; muGnkhopapyhFk;. egpfs; ehafj;jpd;

Nghjidfisf; nfhz;l my; `jP]; vDk; gy fpue;jq;fs; muGnkhopapy;

njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rka rk;ge;jkhd gy;NtW Mf;fq;fshy; muGnkhopAk;

mjd; ,yf;fpaq;fSk; nrOik ngw;wd.

muhgpau;fs; ,];yhj;ij jOtpa gpd;du; kpfg; ngupa NguuR xd;iwj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;. jhk; ntw;wpf; nfhz;l kf;fsplk; ,Ue;Jk; gy;NtW

tplaq;fisf; fw;Wf; nfhz;L jkf;Fj; njupe;jtw;iw mk;kf;fSf;Ff; fw;Wf;

nfhLj;jdu;.

muhgpau;fs; ,urid ftpijfis vOJtjpy; $ba tpUg;gpidf;

fhl;bdu;.

cjhuzj;jpw;F

,];yhkpa Kf;fpa ngUehl;fisg; gw;wp jfty;fis Nrfupj;J Rtu;gj;jpupiff;Ffl;Liu xd;iw tiuf.

nraw;ghL

~Mapuj;Njhu; ,uTfs;| vDk; fijiaAk; cku; ifahkpd; ~Uigahj;|

fhtpaj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.


tu;j;jfk;

Mjp fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj muhgpau;fs; tpahghu eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghf

Gfo;ngw;wpUe;jdu;. jkJ ehl;by; tptrha eltbf;iffSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

#oy; fhzg;glhikahy; mtu;fs; tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lglj; J}z;lg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.

ghiytdj;ijg; gw;wpa gue;j mwpT. el;rj;jpuq;fisg; gw;wpa mtjhdpg;G

vd;gd tu;j;jf eltbf;iffSf;fhfg; ngUkstpy; Jizaha; ,Ue;jd.

cyf ehLfs; gytw;wpYk; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;s muG ehzaq;fs; mtu;fspd;

tu;j;jfj;jpw;fhd mj;jhl;rpaha; jpfo;fpd;wd.

« muhgpau;fs; tu;j;jfj; njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;bUe;j ehLfs;> ,e;jpah>

,yq;if> rPdh> Mgpupf;f ehLfs; MfpadthFk;.

« ,yq;ifapUe;J ngw;Wr; nrd;w nghUl;fs;> Kj;J> khzpf;fk;> ahidj;

je;jk;. fWth> kpsF vd;gdthFk;.

tpQ;Qhd itj;jpa eltbf;iffs;

mNugpau; Gtpapay;> ,urhadtpay;> thdpay;> fzpjk; Mfpa tplag;

gug;gpy; gy;NtW jfty;fisg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. ,e;jpahtpy; Fg;ju; fhyj;jpy;

tho;e;j mwpQu;fsplk; ,Ue;J fw;Wf; nfhz;l jrk Kiwapyhd fzpj

vz;zf;fUit INuhg;gpau;fSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ muhgpau;fNs. ,d;iwa

cyfk; KOtjpYk; toq;fg;gLfpd;w 1> 2> 3 vDk; vz; fzpj ,yf;fq;fs;

,e;J muhgpa ,yf;fq;fs; vd;Nw toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. mtu;fshy; NkYk;

nrk;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;L tpUj;jpAwr; nra;ag;gl;l ,d;ndhU tplak; Nfj;jpu

fzpjkhFk;.

muhgpau; thdpaypYk; $ba Mu;tk; fhl;bdu;. ,j;Jiwapy; gue;Jgl;l

Mokhd mwpit mtu;fs; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. cNuhkg; NguuR tPo;r;rp

mile;jjd; gpd;du; vfpg;J> gy];jPdk;> Nkw;fj;ija ehLfis muhgpau;

Mf;fpukpj;j NghJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l njhykp> mup];Nlhl;by; Nghd;Nwhupd;

ngWkjpahd fpNuf;f E}y;fis muhgpapy; nkhop; ngau;j;jdu;. mt;thW

nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;l E}y;fSs; njhykpapd; ~my;khnf];l;| vDk; E}Yk;

xd;whFk;.

kUj;Jt tpQ;Qhdk;

« ghurPfj;jpy; itj;J> fpNuf;f kUj;Jt tpQ;Qhdk; rk;ge;jkhd mwpit

muhgpau; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;.

« fpNuf;f - Nuhkhdpa fUj;Jf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L muhgpa

tpQ;Qhd Kiw fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJ.


« muhgpahtpy; tho;e;j my; - uh]p 910 Mk; Mz;by; mk;ik Nehia

,dk; fz;lhu;.

« gy;NtW Neha; epthuzpfshd ,urhad %yq;fisAk; mtu;fs;

cyfj;jpw;F mwpaj; je;jdu;.

ifj;njhopy;

,g;nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd

njhopw;rhiyfis mikj;jpUe;jdu;. fljhrp

cw;gj;jp gw;wpAk; mtu;fs; ed;F njupe;J

itj;jpUe;jdu;. INuhg;gpau;fSf;F fljhrp-

apd; cgNahfj;ijf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jtu;fSk;

muhgpau;fNs.

fl;ll epu;khzk;

muhgpa fl;ll epu;khzf; fiyapy;

mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ rkak; rhu;e;j

fl;llq;fspNyahFk;. fl;llq;fspd; jdpr ;

rpwg;gpay;ghf mike;jJ Nfhs tbtpy; mike;j

cr;rpfshFk;.

gs;spthry;fs; tprhykhd fjTfSk;

$iug ; gFj p tisTfSld ; $bajhf

mikf;fg;gLk;. mq;F ~n`so;;| vdg;gLk; ngha;if

xd;W fl;lhakhf mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,t;thwhd

fl;lq;fs; lk];f];> rkhuh nfhNlhth Nghd;w

efuq;fspy; gutyhff; fhzyhk;. vkJ ehl;bYk;

,t;thwhd gs;spthry;fis ePq;fs; ghu;j;jpUg;gPu;fs;.

kf;fs; tho;f;if

mNugpahtpy; Muk;gj;jpy; FbNawpatu;fs; Nfhj;jpuq;fshf ehNlhb

tho;f;ifNa tho;e;jdu;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; rpWrpW fpuhkq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mit efuq;fshf khwpd. epu;khzj;jpd;NghJ ghJfhg;gpy;

mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jp Rw;W kjpy;fis mikj;jdu;.

« fiyg;nghUl;fs;

« gPq;fhd; ghz;lq;fs;

« cNyhf ghz;lq;fs;

« Njhypyhd cw;gj;jpfs;

kd;du; mg;Jy;yhgs;spthry;> mk;khd;>N[hu;jhd;> glk; 2.13


mNugpau;fspd; gpujhd czthf ghy;> NguPr;rk;gok;> khkprk; vd;git

,Ue;jd. Milfspy; kpfTk; [duQ;rfkhdJ gUj;jpj; JzpapyhditahFk;.

ePz;l ~[pg;gh| vDk; Milfis mzpe;J ,Lg;igr; Rw;wp gl;b xd;iw

mzpe;jdu;. jiyia Jzpahy; %b> new;wpiar; Rw;wp fWg;Gg; gl;b xd;iwf;

fl;bapUg;gu;.

1. nghjpfis Rke;J nfhz;L ghiytdj;jpy; gpuahzQ; nra;Ak;xl;lfnkhd;wpd; glj;ij tiuf.

2. fpNuf;f> cNuhk;> muhgpa ehfupfq;fspy; kf;fs; tho;f;if ,ay;Gfisml;ltiz xd;wpy; fhl;Lf.

nraw;ghL

muhgpau;fsplkpUe;J ekf;F ........muhgpau;fsplkpUe;J ekf;F ........muhgpau;fsplkpUe;J ekf;F ........muhgpau;fsplkpUe;J ekf;F ........muhgpau;fsplkpUe;J ekf;F ........

« fl;ll epu;khzf; fiy

« gy;NtW ifj;njhopy; El;gq;fs;

« thdpay;> ,urhadtpay;> fzpjtpay;> Gtpapay; Nghd;wtw;wpy;

tpla uPjpahdJk; gpuNahf uPjpahdJkhd mwpT

« ,];yhj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xOf;ftpay;

« ~Mapuj;Njhu; ,uTfs;| vd;Dk; rpwhu;fisf; ftUk; fijfs;

vd;gd kuGupikahff; fpilfg;ngw;Ws;sd.

1 muhgpahtpw;Fl;gLk; ehLfs; vit?

2 jw;NghJ muhgpa ehLfspy; cs;s gpujhd fdpa tsk; vJ?

3 fPo;tUk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; rpwpa RUf;f RUf;ff; Fwpg;gpid vOJf.

I Gdpj my;Fu;Md;

II uk;ohd; gz;bif

III kf;fh

7 muhgpauplk; fhzg;gLk; ifj;njhopy;fs; vit?

8 ,tu;fs; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;l ehLfis

tiug;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

nraw;ghL

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