GVHD: TS. V nh Long SVTH: L Th Ngn inh Th Hoi

TPHCM, Ngy 8 thng 4 nm 2011

1. GII THIU CHUNG: Thu gom cht thi rn l qu trnh thu nht rc t cc nh dn, cc cng s hay t nhng im thu gom, cht chung ln xe v ch n a im x l, chuyn tip, trung chuyn hay chn lp. Thu gom cht thi rn trong khu th l vn kh khn, phc tp bi v cht thi rn khu dn c, thng mi v cng nghip pht sinh t mi nh, mi khu thng mi, cng nghip cng nh trn cc ng ph, cng vin v ngay c khu vc trng. S pht trin nh nm ca cc vng ngoi ln cn trung tm th lm phc tp thm cho cng tc thu gom. Khi cht thi rn pht sinh phn tn vi tng khi lng cht thi rn gia tng lm cho cng tc thu gom tr nn phc tp hn, bi v chi ph nhin liu v nhn cng cao. Trong tng s tin chi tr cho cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn v b cht thi rn, chi ph cho cng tc thu gom chim khong 50 70% tng chi ph.

Do , cng tc thu gom l mt trong nhng vn cn xem xt. Cng tc thu gom c xem xt 4 kha cnh sau: Cc loi dch v thu gom.

Cc loi h thng thu gom, loi thit b s dng v yu cu nhn cng ca cc h thng . Phn tch h thng thu gom, bao gm cc quan h ton hc c th s dng tnh ton nhn cng, s xe thu gom. Phng php tng qut thit lp h thng thu gom. 2. CC NI DUNG CHNH 2.1. Cc loi dch v thu gom cht thi rn Thut ng thu gom khng ch l vic thu nht cc loi cht thi rn t cc ngun pht sinh khc nhau m cn bao gm c cng tc vn chuyn cht thi rn n cc v tr m xe thu gom rc c th n v vn chuyn cht thi rn n ni x l H thng dch v thu gom c chia lm 2 loi: h thng thu gom cht thi rn cha phn loi ti ngun v h thng thu gom cht thi rn c phn loi ti ngun 2.1.1. H thng thu gom cht thi rn cha phn loi ti ngun Cc cch thu gom cht thi rn dng ny c xem xt c th i vi tng ngun pht sinh: khu bit lp tng thp, khu dn c thp tng v trung bnh, khu dn c cao tng, khu thng mi v cng nghip a. Phng php p dng cho cc khu dn c bit lp thp tng: bao gm 1. L ng 2. Li i, ng hm 3. Mang i tr v 4. Mang i Dch v thu gom l ng (Curb): ch nh chu trch nhim t cc thng y rc l ng vo ngy thu gom v chu trch nhim mang cc thng b tr v v tr t chng tip tc cha cht thi.

Dch v thu gom li i ng hm (Alley): CTR c b vo thng rc cng cng, thng t u cc li i, ng hm xe rc d dng thu gom CTR. Dch v thu gom kiu mang i tr v (Setout setback): cc thng cha CTR c mang i v tr li cho ch nh sau khi b CTR, cng vic c thc hin bi cc i tr gip. i tr gip ny cng vi i thu gom chu trch nhim v vic d ti t cc thng cha CTR ln xe thu gom. Dch v thu gom kiu mang i (Setout): dch v kiu mang iv c bn ging nh dch v kiu mang i tr v, ch khc ch ch nh chu trch nhim mang cc thng rc cha CTR tr v v tr ban u.

b. Phng php p dng cho c thp tng v trung bnh: Dch v thu gom l ng l phng php ph bin cho cc khu dn c thp tng v trung bnh. Vi dch v ny, i thu gom c trch nhim vn chuyn cc thng cha y CTR t cc h gia nh n tuyn ng thu gom bng phng php th cng hoc c gii, ty thuc vo s lng cht thi rn cn vn chuyn, cn c gii bng cch dng xe c thit b nng

c. Phng php p dng cho cc khu dn c cao tng: i vi cc khu dn c cao tng, cc loi thng cha ln c s dng thu gom CTR. Ty thuc vo kch thc v kiu dng ca cc thng cha c s dng m p dng phng php c gii (xe thu gom c trang b b phn nng cc thng cha d dng d ti), hoc l ko cc thng cha n cc ni khc (ni ti ch) d ti. d. Phng php p dng cho cc khu thng mi cng nghip: C 2 phng php th cng v c kh u c s dng thu gom CTR t khu thng mi. trnh tnh trng kt xe, vic thu gom CTR ca cc khu thng mi ti nhiu thnh ph ln c thc hin vo ban m hoc sng sm. Khi p dng phng php thu gom th cng th CTR c t vo cc ti plastic hoc cc thng giy v c t dc theo ng ph thu gom. Phng php ny thng c thc hin bi 1 nhm 3 ngi, trong mt vi trng hp c th n 4 ngi: gm 1 ti x v t 2 n 3 ngi em CTR t cc thng cha trn l ng vo xe thu gom. Nu tnh trng n tc giao thng khng phi l vn chnh v khong khng gian lu tr CTR ph hp, th cc dch v thu gom CTR ti cc trung tm thng mi cng nghip c th s dng thng cha CTR c gn bnh xe di chuyn c, cc thng cha CTR c th gn kt 2 ci li trong trng hp cc xe p rc c kch thc ln v cc thng cha c dung tch ln. ty thuc vo kch thc v kiu thng cha CTR m p dng phng php c kh d ti ti ch hay ko cc thng cha CTR n ni khc d ti. hn ch vic tc nghn giao

thng, d ti bng phng php c kh thng c p dng khi thu gom vo ban m.

2.1.2. H thng thu gom cht thi rn phn loi ti ngun: Cc thnh phn CTR phn loi ti ngun cn phi c thu gom v em ti ch. Phng php c bn ang c s dng l thu gom dc theo l ng, s dng nhng phng tin thu gom thng thng hoc thit k cc thit b c bit chuyn dng. chng ta xem xt i vi 2 loi ngun pht thi c th: khu dn c v khu thng mi.

a. Ti khu dn c: CTR c phn loi theo nhiu cch: phn loi ti l ng khi chng vo xe ch thng thng hoc xe ch chuyn dng: phn loi bi ch nh mang n cc im thu mua. Hnh thc phn loi ti l ng gip ch nh khng phi mang i xa nn c nhiu ngi ng h. Cc chng trnh thu gom CTR ti ch thay i ty thuc vo quy nh ca cng ng. V d nh mt v chng trnh yu cu ngi dn phi chia cc thnh phn CTR khc nhau nh giy bo, nha, thy tinh, kim loi, v cha trong cc thng khc nhau. Cc chng trnh khc th s dng mt thng lu tr cc thnh phn CTR ti ch hoc s dng 2 thng: 1 thng ng giy, thng cn li dng cha cc thnh phn CTR ti ch nng nh : thy tinh, nhm v ion thic. Hot ng thu gom cc thnh phn CTR khc nhau s nh hng trc tip n vic thit k cc phng tin thu gom. Xe chuyn ch CTR phn loi phi c nhiu ngn cha ring. C nhiu kiu xe: xe kn hoc h, xe c thnh cao hoc thp, xe c thng cha nhiu ngn hoc ch nhiu thng cha ri ghp li, xe bc rc c gii hoc na c gii.

b. Ti khu thng mi: CTR c phn loi bi nhng t chc t nhn. Thnh phn CTR c th ti ch c cho vo tng thng ring. Cc loi thng cacton c b li v ngay l ng thu gom ring. Cc loi lon nhm thi ra t cc khu trung tm thng mi c p bp gim th tch trc khi thu gom.

2.2.

Cc h thng thu gom cht thi rn H thng thu gom c phn chia thnh nhiu dng ty theo tng quan im, chng hn nh phn chia theo phng thc hot ng, trang thit b s dng, loi CTR cn thu gom. Theo phng thc hot ng, h thng thu gom gm 2 dng: h thng dng thng cha di ng v h thng thng cha c nh.

2.2.1. H thng container di ng (HCS Hauled Container System): Trong h thng ny, cc container di ng c s dng cha y CTR v vn chuyn n bi , b CTR v tr tr v v tr thu gom ban u hoc v tr thu gom mi. H thng container di ng thch hp cho cc ngun pht sinh CTR c khi lng ln (trung tm thng mi, nh my ) bi v h thng ny s dng cc container c kch thc ln. iu ny gip gim thi gian vn chuyn, hn ch vic cha CTR thi gian di v hn ch cc iu kin v sinh km. Trong h thng ny, CTR vo container bng th cng nn h s s dng container thp. H s s dng container l t s gia th tch CTR chim ch v th tch ca container. 2.2.2. H thng container c nh (SCS Stationnary Container System):

Trong h thng ny, cc container c nh c s dng cha CTR. Chng ch c di chuyn t mt khong cch ngn t ngun pht sinh n v tr thu gom d ti. H thng ny ph thuc vo khi lng CTR v s im pht sinh CTR. Khc vi h thng contairner di ng, h thng container c nh c ly ti theo c phng php th cng v c kh. Hu ht cc xe thu gom s dng trong h thng ny thng c trang b thit b p CTR lm gim th tch, tng khi lng CTR vn chuyn. V vy, h s s dng th tch container trong h thng ny rt cao. y l u im chnh ca ca h thng container c nh so vi h thng container di ng. Trong h thng ny, xe thu gom s vn chuyn CTR n bi sau khi ti c cht y. Nhc im ln ca h thng ny l thn xe thu gom c cu to phc tp, s kh khn trong vic bo tr. Mt khc h thng ny khng thch hp thu gom rc c kch thc ln v CTR xy dng. Nhn cng trong h thng thu gom ph thuc vo vic ly ti c kh hay ly ti th cng. i vi h thng container c nh ly ti c kh, s lng nhn cng ging nh h thng container di ng l ngi. Trong trng hp ny, ti x li xe c th gip cng nhn trong vic di chuyn cc container y ti n xe thu gom v tr container v v tr ban u. nhng v tr t container cha CTR cch xa v tr thu gom nh cc khu thng mi, khu dn c trong nhiu hm nh s lng cng nhn s l 3 ngi, trong c 2 ngi ly ti. i vi h thng container c nh ly ti th cng, s lng nhn cng thay i t 1 n 3 ngi. Thng thng s gm 2 ngi khi s dng dch v thu gom kiu l ng v kiu li i ng hm. Ngoi ra, khi cn thit, i ly ti s tng hn 3 ngi.

2.3.

Phn tch h thng thu gom:

tnh ton s lng xe thu gom v s lng nhn cng cho cc loi h thng thu gom, cn phi xc nh thi gian tin hnh mi hot ng n v trong h thng. Bng cch chia hot ng thu gom thnh cc hot ng n v, chng ta c th nghin cu v thit lp cc biu thc tnh ton s dng cho trng hp chung, ng thi nh gi c cc bin s lin quan n cc hot ng thu gom. 2.3.1. nh ngha cc thut ng tnh ton s lng xe thu gom v s lng nhn cng cho cc loi h thng thu gom, cc hot ng n v phi c m t. Cc hot ng lin quan n vic thu gom CTR c th c chia thnh 4 hot ng n v sau:

S hot ng ca h thng container di ng c in

2.3.1.1. Thi gian ly ti (P): ph thuc vo loi h thng thu gom a. i vi h thng container di ng: hot ng theo phng php c in th thi gian ly ti (Pd) l tng thi gian li xe thu gom n v tr t container k tip sau khi mt container rng c th xung, thi gian nhc container y ti ln xe v thi gian th container rng xung sau khi cht thi trong c ln xe. i vi h thng container di ng hot ng theo phng php trao i container th thi gian ly ti l thi nhc container y ti v th container ny v tr k tip sau khi cht thi c ln xe. b. H thng container c nh (Pc): Thi gian ly ti l thi gian cht ti ln xe thu gom: Bt u tnh t khi xe dng v ly ti ti v tr t container u tin trn tuyn thu gom v kt thc khi container cui cng ca tuyn thu gom c d ti. Thi gian ly ti trong h thng container c nh ph thuc vo loi xe thu gom v phng php ly ti.

2.3.1.2. Thi gian vn chuyn (h): ph thuc vo loi h thng thu gom a. H thng container di ng: Thi gian vn chuyn l tng thi gian cn thit n v tr d ti (trm trung chuyn, trm thu hi vt liu, hay bi d ), bt u sau khi mt container y ti c t ln xe v kt thc sau khi xe ch container rng c th xung. Thi gian vn chuyn khng tnh n thi gian bi hay trm trung chuyn b. H thng container c nh: Thi gian vn chuyn l tng thi gian cn thit n v tr d ti (trm trung chuyn, trm thu hi vt liu, hay bi ), bt u khi container cui cng trn tuyn thu gom c d ti hoc xe y cht thi v kt thc sau khi ri khi v tr d ti cho n khi xe n v tr t container u tin trn tuyn thu gom tip theo. Thi gian vn chuyn khng k thi gian bi hay trm trung chuyn 2.3.1.3. Thi gian bi (s): L thi gian cn thit d ti ra khi cc container (i vi h thng container di ng) hoc xe thu gom (i vi h thng container c nh) ti v tr d ti (trm trung chuyn, trm ti thu hi vt liu hay bi ) bao gm c thi gian ch i d ti v thi gian d ti t cc container hay xe thu gom. 2.3.1.4. Thi gian khng sn xut (W):

L ton b thi gian hao ph cho cc hot ng khng sn xut, c th chia thnh 2 loi: thi gian hao ph cn thit v thi gian hao ph khng cn thit. Tuy

nhin trong thc t, c hai loi thi gian c xem xt cng vi nhau bi v chng phi c phn phi u trn hot ng tng th. Thi gian hao ph cn thit bao gm: thi gian hao ph cho vic kim tra xe khi i v khi v vo u v cui ngy, thi gian hao ph cho tc nghn giao thng v thi gian hao ph cho vic sa cha, bo qun cc thit b thi gian hao ph khng cn thit bao gm thi gian hao ph cho ba n tra vt qu thi gian quy nh v thi gian hao ph cho vic tr chuyn, tn gu, 2.3.2. H thng container di ng 2.3.2.1. Thi gian cn thit cho mt vn chuyn Thi gian cn thit cho mt chuyn vn chuyn cng chnh l thi gian b mt container, bng tng cng thi gian ly ti, bi , vn chuyn. Thi gian cn thit cho mt chuyn c tnh theo cng thc sau: Td = (Pd + s + h) Trong : Td : Thi gian cn thit cho mt chuyn, gi/ch Pd : Thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn, gi/ch s : Thi gian bi , gi/ch h : Thi gian vn chuyn cho mt chuyn, gi/ch Trong h thng container di ng, thi gian ly ti v thi gian bi l hng s. Tri li thi gian vn chuyn ph thuc vo tc xe thu gom v khong cch vn chuyn. Thi gian vn chuyn (h) c th tnh gn ng theo cng thc sau: h = a + bx Trong : h : thi gian vn chuyn, gi/ch a : hng s thi gian theo thc nghim, gi/ch b : hng s thi gian theo thc nghim, gi/ch x : khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu trung bnh, km/ch (2.2) (2.1)

Khi s v tr thu gom trong khu vc phc v c xc nh, khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu trung bnh c tnh t trng tm ca khu vc n bi v cng thc (2.2) c th p dng trong trng hp ny Thay th biu thc h cho phng trnh (2.2) vo (2.1) ta c thi gian cn thit cho mt chuyn c th biu din nh sau: Td = (Pd + s + a + bx) (2.3)

Trong h thng container di ng, thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn s c tnh theo cng thc:

Pd = pc + uc + dbc Trong : Pd : thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn, gi/ch pc : thi gian hao ph cho vic nng container, gi/ch

(2.4)

uc : thi gian hao ph cho vic th container d ti xung, gi/ch dbc : thi gian hao ph li xe gia cc v tr t container, gi/ch Nu khng bit thi gian trung bnh hao ph li xe gia cc container (dbc) th thi gian ny c th tnh theo cng thc (2.2). Khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu thay bng khong cch gia cc container v hng s thi gian vn chuyn c s dng tng ng vn tc l 24,1km/h. 2.3.2.2. S chuyn thu gom trong ngy

S chuyn thu gom cho mt xe trong mt ngy hot ng c th c tnh ton bng cch a vo h s thi gian khng sn xut W, cng thc tnh nh sau:

(2.5) Trong : Nd : s chuyn trong ngy, ch/ngy H : s gi lm vic trong ngy, gi/ngy W : h s k n cc yu t khng sn xut, biu din bng t s t1: thi gian li xe t trm iu vn n v tr t container u tin trong ngy, gi t2 : thi gian li xe t v tr t container cui cng trong ngy v trm iu vn, gi Td : thi gian cn thit cho mt chuyn, gi/ch Trong phng trnh (2.5), gi thit rng cc hot ng khng sn xut c th xy ra bt k thi im no trong ngy. H s k n cc hot ng khng sn xut trong phng trnh (2.5) thay i t 0,10 0,40, trung bnh l 0,15.

S chuyn c th thc hin trong ngy tnh ton t phng trnh (2.5) c th so snh vi s chuyn yu cu trong ngy (trong tun), c tnh bng cch s dng biu thc sau:

Trong : Nd: S chuyn trong ngy, ch/ngy. Vd: Th tch cht thi rn thu gom trung bnh hng ngy, m3/ngy. c : Th tch ca container, m3/ch. f : H s hiu dng trung bnh ca container (h s s dng container trung bnh) H s s dng container c th c nh ngha l t s ca th tch container b cht thi rn chim ch vi th tch hnh hc ca container. H s ny thay i theo kch thc ca container, nn phng trnh (2.6) phi dng h s s dng container c cht ti. H s c cht ti c th xc nh bng cch chia gi tr tng cng (c c t vic nhn s container ng vi tng kch thc vi h s s dng tng ng), cho tng s container.

Trong : fi : h s s dng container loi i ni : s lng container loi i 2.3.3. H thng container c nh Do c s khac bit gia vic ly ti c kh hay th cng nn cc loi h thng container c nh phi c xem xt ring bit. 2.3.3.1. H thng container c nh vi xe thu gom ly ti c kh

i vi h thng s dng xe thu gom cht ti t ng, thi gian cho mt chuyn biu din nh sau: Tc = (Pc + s + a +bx) Trong : Tc : thi gian cho 1 chuyn i vi h thng container c nh, gi/ch. Pc : thi gian ly ti cho mt chuyn, gi/ch. s: a: b: x: thi gian ly ti bi , gi/ch. hng s thc nghim, gi/ch. hng s thc nghim, gi/km. khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu trung bnh, km/ch. (2.7)

Ging nh h thng container di ng, nu khng c s liu khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu trung bnh th khong cch ny ly bng khong cch t trng tm ca khu vc phc v n bi . Ch c s khc nhau gia phng trnh (2.7) v (2.3) i vi h thng container di ng l s hng thi gian ly ti. i vi h thng container c nh, thi gian ly ti c tnh theo cng thc: Pc = Ct (uc) + (np 1) (dbc) Trong : Pc : thi gian ly ti cho 1 chuyn, gi/ch. Ct : s container b (d ti) trong mt chuyn thu gom, container/ch. uc : thi gian ly ti trung bnh cho mt container, gi/container. np : s v tr t container trn mt chuyn thu gom, v tr/ch. dbc : thi gian trung bnh hao ph li xe gia cc v tr t container, gi/v tr. S hng (np 1) biu th cho s ln xe thu gom s i gia cc v tr container, v bng s v tr t container tr i 1. Ging nh trng hp h thng container di (2.8)

ng, nu khng bit thi gian hao ph li xe gia cc v tr t container, th thi gian ny c tnh ton theo phng trnh (2.2), trong thay th khong cch vn chuyn 2 chiu bng khong cch gia cc container v hng s thi gian vn chuyn tng ng vi 24,1km/h. S container c b trn mt chuyn thu gom t l thun vi th tch ca xe thu gom v t s nn bung cha ca xe thu gom. S container ny c tnh theo cng thc:

(2.9) Trong : Ct : s container b trn mt chuyn, container/ch v: th tch xe thu gom, m3/ch. r : t s nn. c : th tch ca container, m3/container. f : h s s dng container c cht ti. S chuyn phi thc hin trong ngy c th tnh ton theo biu thc sau:

(2.10) Trong : Nd: s chuyn thu gom thc hin hng ngy, ch/ngy Vd: khi lng trung bnh ngy ca cht thi thu gom, m3/ngy Thi gian cng tc trong ngy khi k n cc yu t khng sn xut c th tnh nh sau: (2.11) Trong :

t1 : thi gian li xe t trm iu vn n v tr t container u tin ly ti trn tuyn thu gom u tin trong ngy, gi. t2: thi gian li xe t v tr t container cui cng trn tuyn thu gom sau cng ca ngy cng tc n trm iu vn, gi. 2.3.3.2. H thng container c nh ly ti th cng

Phn tch v thit k h thng thu gom cht thi rn th vi xe thu gom cht thi th cng c th tm tt nh sau: nu H l s gi lm vic trong ngy v s chuyn thu gom trong ngy c nh hay bit, th thi gian cn thit cho hot ng thu gom c th tnh bng phng trnh (3.11), bi v tt c cc h s bit hoc c th gi nh. Khi thi gian ly ti trn mt chuyn bit, s v tr ly ti m cht thi c th thu gom trn mt chuyn c tnh nh sau:

Trong : Np : 60: S v tr thu gom trong mt chuyn, v tr/chuyn H s chuyn i t gi sang pht, 60 pht/gi

PSCS: Thi gian ly ti trn mt chuyn, gi/chuyn n: tp: S ngi thu gom, ngi thi gian ly ti ti mi v tr thu gom, ngi.pht/v tr.

Thi gian ly ti tp ti mi v tr ph thuc vo thi gian hao ph li xe gia cc v tr t container, s container ti mi v tr thu gom v % v tr thu gom t gn nhau. Biu thc tnh nh sau: tp = dbc + k1Cn +k2(PRH) Trong : tp: Thi gian ly ti trung bnh ti mi v tr thu gom, ngi . pht/v tr dbc: Thi gian trung bnh hao ph li xe gia cc v tr t container, pht/v tr (3.13)

k1: Hng s lin h vi thi gian ly ti 1 container, pht/container. Cn: S container trung bnh mi v tr ly ti. k2 : Hng s lin h vi thi gian hao ph thu gom cht thi t sau vn ca mt cn h, pht/PRH PRH: S v tr thu gom t pha sau nh, %. Khi bit s v tr thu gom trn chuyn, ta c th tnh c kch thc thch hp ca xe thu gom nh sau:

(3.14) Trong : V: Th tch xe thu gom, m3/ch Vp: Th tch cht thi rn thu gom trn mt v tr ly rc, m3/v tr Np: S v tr thu gom trn mt chuyn, v tr/ch r: h s nn Nhiu khu nh c tn sut thu gom l 2 ln/tun th nhu cu v nhn cng trong ln thu gom th 2 trong tun bng 0,9 0,95 ln so vi nhu cu nhn cng cho ln thu gom th nht trong tun. Thng thng nhu cu nhn cng khng khc nhiu bi v thi gian vn chuyn container gn nh bng nhau cho c container y v container cht ti mt phn. Thng thng s chnh lch ny khng c ch trong tnh ton nhn cng. 2.4. Vch tuyn thu gom

hot ng thu gom v vn chuyn CTR cho tng khu vc t hiu qu cao nht, cc nh qun l phi nm vng tnh hnh tng khu vc c th c th vch tuyn thu gom hp l nht, lch trnh cho tng tuyn thu gom ngn nht. T , c th xc nh c nhu cu v nhn lc, thi gian v phng tin vn chuyn cn thit. Thng thng, b tr tuyn thu gom l bi ton th dn, khng c quy lut chung p dng cho tt c cc trng hp. V vy, bi ton vch tuyn thu gom hin nay vn l mt qu trnh tm ti, ch yu s dng kh nng phn on.

Mt s nguyn tc chung hng dn khi vch tuyn thu gom nh sau: Xc nh nhng chnh sch, ng li v lut l hin hnh lin quan n h thng qun l cht thi rn, v tr thu gom v tn sut thu gom. Kho st c im h thng thu gom hin hnh nh l: s ngi ca i thu gom, loi xe thu gom. nhng ni c th, tuyn thu gom phi c b tr cho n bt u v kt thc gn ng ph chnh. S dng nhng ro cn a l t nhin nh l ng ranh gii ca tuyn thu gom. nhng khu vc c dc cao, tuyn thu gom phi c bt u nh dc v i tin xung dc khi xe thu gom c cht ti nng dn. Tuyn thu gom phi c b tr sao cho container cui cng c thu gom trn tuyn t gn bi nht. CTR pht sinh nhng v tr tc nghn giao thng phi c thu gom vo thi im sm nht trong ngy. Cc ngun c khi lng CTR pht sinh ln phi c phc v nhiu ln vo thi gian u ca ngy cng tc. Nhng im thu gom nm ri rc (ni c khi lng CTR pht sinh nh) c cng s ln thu gom, phi sp xp thu gom trn cng mt chuyn trong cng mt ngy. 2.4.1. Thit lp vch tuyn thu gom Thng thng, thit lp tuyn thu gom bao gm 4 bc: 1. Chun b bn v tr trn biu din cc d liu v thng tin lin quan n cc ngun pht sinh cht thi. 2. Phn tch cc d liu v chun b cc bng biu tm tt thng tin. 3. B tr s cc tuyn thu gom. 4. c tnh cc tuyn thu gom s b v t a ra cc tuyn thu gom chnh xc bng phng php th dn. Trong , bc 1 v c bn ging nhau cho tt c cc loi h thng thu gom, cn cc bc 2,3,4 th khc nhau cho tng loi h thng thu gom nn s phn tch ring. Ch rng cc tuyn thu gom chnh xc sau khi c lp sn ( bc 4) s c thc hin bi ngi li xe thu gom ti a bn. Da trn kinh nghim thc t ca ngi li xe thu gom, mi tuyn thu gom s c iu chnh cho ph hp vi tng khu vc ring. Trong th ln, nhng ngi gim st tuyn thu gom chu trch nhim v vic ln lch cc tuyn thu gom. Trong nhiu trng hp, tuyn thu gom c vch ra da

trn kinh nghim iu khin ca ngi gim st cng tc thu gom, c c qua nhiu nm cng tc trong cng mt khu vc. Bc 1: B tr tuyn thu gom Trn bn t l ln ca khu vc phc v (khu thng mi, khu cng nghip, hay khu vc nh dn), cc d liu sau y phi c ghi cho mi im thu gom CTR: v tr, tn sut thu gom, s container. Nu khu thng mi hay khu cng nghip s dng h thng container c nh cht thi c kh, th khi lng cht thi c tnh thu gom mi v tr thu gom cng phi ghi ln bn . i vi khu dn c, thng gi nh rng khi lng cht thi thu gom ti mi v tr s xp x bng nhau v bng khi lng cht thi trung bnh. Bi v b tr cc tuyn thu gom lin quan n mt chui cc bi ton th dn nn bn v nhp phi c s dng trc khi cc s liu c bn c ghi ln bn v cng tc. Ty thuc vo ln khu vc phc v v s im hu gom, c th chia khu vc phc v ra thnh nhng khu vc nh tng i ng nht nh: khu dn c, khu cng nghip, khu thng mi. i vi nhng ni c s v tr thu gom nh hn 20 30 th bc ny thng b qua. i vi nhng khu vc ln hn, bc ny cn phi thc hin v a vo cc h s tnh ton nh l tc pht sinh CTR v tn sut thu gom. Bc 2, 3, 4: i vi h thng container di ng Bc 2: Trn t ghi chng trnh phn phi, u tin ghi tn cc tiu tn sut thu gom, ln/tun; s v tr thu gom, tng, tng s container, s chuyn thu gom, chuyn/tun; v mt ct tch ri ghi cc ngy trong tun sut thi gian cht thi s c thu gom. Th hai, xc nh s v tr yu cu thu gom nhiu ln trong tun (v d: t th 2 n th 6 hoc th 2, 4 v 6) v ghi nhng thng tin ln t chng trnh phn phi. Bt u bng danh sch vi nhng v tr thu gom c s ln thu gom cao nht trong tun (v d: 5 ln/tun). Th ba, phn phi s container quy nh ch phc v 1 ln trong tun, s container trng trong ngy thu gom cn bng nhau. Tuyn thu gom s b c th c b tr khi nhng thng tin ny c bit. Bc 3: S dng cc iu kin cho bc 2, vic b tr tuyn thu gom c th c phc tho nh sau: Bt u t trm iu vn hoc bi u xe thu

gom, mt tuyn thu s c b tr ni tt c cc im thu gom phc v trong sut ngy cng tc. Bc k tip l sa i tuyn thu gom c s, k c cc container thm vo m n phc v cho mi ngy thu gom. Mi tuyn thu gom hng ngy phi c b tr n bt u v kt thc gn trm iu vn. Hot ng thu gom phi din ra mt cch cht ch. Bc 4: Khi nhng tuyn thu gom s b c b tr, khong cch trung bnh di chuyn gia cc v tr t container phi c tnh ton. Nu cc tuyn thu gom ny khng cn bng v phng din khong cch vn chuyn (15%) th chng phi c thit k li mi tuyn thu gom khng ch trong khong cch xp x ging nhau. Thng thng, mt s tuyn thu gom phi c th nghim trc khi quyt nh thc hin nhng tuyn sau. Khi lng xe thu gom ln hn 1 tuyn thu gom cho mi khu vc phc v phi c b tr v cng vic d ti cho mi chuyn xe phi cn bng. Bc 2, 3, 4: i vi h thng container c nh vi xe thu gom cht thi c kh Bc 2: Trn t ghi chng trnh phn phi, u tin ghi cc tiu nh sau: tn sut thu gom, ln/tun; s v tr thu gom; tng khi lng CTR v mt ct tch ring ghi cc ngy trong tun trong sut thi gian thu gom CTR. Th hai, xc nh s lng CTR thu gom t nhng v tr yu cu thu gom CTR nhiu ln trong tun (v d: th 2 n th 6; hoc 2, 4, 6) v ghi cc thng tin bit ln t chng trnh phn phi. Bt u danh sch bng cc v tr yu cu s ln thu gom cao nht trong tun (v d: 5 ln/tun). Th ba, s dng th tch hu ch ca xe thu gom (th tch xe thu gom l thuyt t s nn), xc nh s lng CTR tng thm mi ngy t nhng v tr ch thu gom 1 ln trong tun, phn phi sao cho s lng CTR thu gom (v s container b) trn mi chuyn c cn bng cho mi tuyn thu gom. Khi nhng iu kin ny bit th tuyn thu gom s b c th c b tr. Bc 3: Khi bit cc thng tin nu trn th vic b tr cc tuyn thu gom c th tip tc: Bt u t trsmj iu vn, mi tuyn thu gom phi c b tr

ni vi tt c cc im thu gom phc v sut mi ngy thu gom. Ty thuc vo khi lng CTR phi thu gom, c th b tr t 1 n vi tuyn thu gom. Bc k tip l sa i tuyn c bn, bao gm c cc im thu gom thm vo m n s phc v hon thnh vic cht ti. Vic sa i ny phi c thc hin cho khu vc pht sinh ging nhau c phc v vi cng mt tuyn thu gom. i vi cc khu vc ln c chia nh v cc khu vc chia nh c phc v thu gom hng ngy, cn phi thit lp cc tuyn thu gom c s cho mi khu vc chia nh. Gia nhng khu vc chia nh ny, trong mt vi trng hp c s ph thuc vo s chuyn thu gom c thc hin mi ngy. Bc 4: Khi cc tuyn thu gom c b tr th khi lng CTR v khong cch thu gom cho mi tuyn phi c xc nh. Trong mt vi trng hp, c th iu chnh li cc tuyn thu gom cn bng cng vic cht ti cho mi nhn cng. Sau khi cc tuyn thu gom c thit lp v tnh ton, chng phi c v ln bn chnh. Bc 2, 3, 4: i vi h thng container c nh cht ti th cng Bc 2: c tnh tng khi lng cht thi thu gom t nhng v tr ly mi ngy v hot ng thu gom c ch o hay iu khin. S dng th tch hu ch ca xe thu gom (th tch xe thu gom l thuyt t s nn), xc nh s h dn trung bnh c thu gom cht thi trong sut mi chuyn thu gom. Bc 3: Khi bit cc s liu ni trn, vic b tr tuyn thu gom c th tin hnh tip tc nh sau: Bt u t trm iu vn (hay garage), b tr hay vch nhng tuyn thu gom sao cho phi bao hm hay i qua tt c cc im thu gom c phc v trong sut tuyn. Cc tuyn ny phi c tr thu gom cui cng gn bi nht. Bc 4:

Khi tuyn thu gom c vch, s lng container v khong cch vn chuyn ca mi tuyn phi c xc nh. Cc s liu trn v nhu cu cng nhn trong mt ngy phi c kim tra li so vi thi gian cng tc trong mt ngy. Trong vi trng hp, c th iu chnh li tuyn thu gom cn bng khi lng cng vic cht ti, sau khi thit lp tuyn thu gom, v chng ln bn a chnh. 2.4.2. Thi gian biu Mt bng thi gian biu iu khin cho mi tuyn thu gom phi c chun b bi phng k thut v ngi iu hnh vn chuyn. Phi chun b cho mi ngi ti x mt bng thi gian biu m trong c ghi v tr v trnh t im thu gom. Thm vo , mt quyn sch ghi l trnh phi tc hin bi ti x li xe thu gom. Ti x s dng quyn s ghi l trnh ny kim tra cc v tr thu gom v k khai bng thanh ton tin, mt khc quyn s ny cng ghi chp li bt k vn no xy ra khi thc hin qu trnh thu gom. Cc thng tin ghi trong quyn s l trnh rt hu dng khi iu chnh hay sa i tuyn thu gom. Lun lun hon thin cc h thng thu gom Cc h thng thu gom t trc n nay hot ng ch yu da trn kinh nghim c tch ly theo thi gian. Qu trnh pht trin ca x hi nh hng nhiu n hiu qu hot ng ca cc h thng thu gom, chng hn: s gia tng dn s, s tng trng kinh t, tnh trng giao thng th khin mi phng thc hot ng thu gom cn c ci tin, b sung, nng cp, v vy phi hon thin cc h thng thu gom hin c. Cn c vo tnh hnh kinh t, x hi v k thut hin ti cng nh nhng d bo pht trin trong tng lai u t nghin cu tm ra mt h thng thu gom hot ng hiu qu hn. Chng hn, thng qua cc bc phn tch s liu, nghin cu thc t, lp h thng m phng, m hnh ha l bi ton dnh cho cc nh qun l bi s tr gip ca cc nh chuyn mn. Cc tiu ch chnh c trng cho hiu qu thu gom: Khi lng CTR c thu trong mt gi Tng s h c phc v trong mt gi lm vic ca mt ca Chi ph ca mt ngy thu gom Chi ph ca mi ln dng thu gom S lng ngi c phc v bi mt xe trong mt tun Tnh hiu qu ca tuyn thu gom cng c nh gi bi s ln tuyn thu gom b lp li (th hin bng ng nt t). S ln lp li cng thp, tuyn thu gom cng hiu qu v kinh t

2, 4, 6,12 l cc h dn

Hnh nh minh ha cc hnh thc thu gom v d ti CTR ti TPHCM