09 Chapter 3

v/;k; r`rh;

'kks/k izjpuk

3-1- Hkwfedk

vuqla/kku] ,d tfVy izfØ;k gS] ftlesa lEiw.kZ v/;;u dks O;ofLFkr

:i nsuk rFkk mls lgh fn'kk iznku djus ds fy, ,d O;ofLFkr izk:i dk

fuekZ.k djuk vko';d gksrk gSA ;g izk:i (Design) lnSo 'kks/k ls lEc)

leL;k dh izd`fr] mn~ns';ksa ,oa izdYiuk ds vuq:i gksrk gSA bl izdkj

vuqla/kku ds vkjfEHkd Lrj ij gh cuk, tkus okys blh izk:i dks

vuqla/kku izk:i dgk tkrk gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls 'kks/k vfHkdYi ,d ,slh

izjpuk vFkok :ijs[kk gS tks u dsoy v/;;u dks O;ofLFkr cukdj mls

lgh fn'kk iznku djrh gS] cfYd v/;;u ls lEcfU/kr n'kkvksa ij fu;a=.k

yxk, j[kus esa Hkh lgk;d fl) gksrh gSA 'kks/k vfHkdYi dk fuekZ.k bl

n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh mi;ksxh gS fd blds ek/;e ls fdlh Hkh 'kks/k dk;Z ds

fofHkUu vk;keksa rFkk mldh okLrfod izd`fr dks ljyrkiwoZd Kkr fd;k tk

ldrk gSA

'kks/k izjpuk dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, ih0 oh0 ;ax us Bhd gh fy[kk

gS&

"A Research design is the logical and systematic

planning and directing of a piece of research."1

1. P.V.Young - Scientific Social Survey and Research, P. 131.

72

vFkkZr~~ 'kks/k izjpuk ,d rkfdZd vkSj lqO;ofLFkr ;kstuk gS] tks 'kks/k

dk;Z dk funZs'ku djrh gSA

blh izdkj djfyaxj us fy[kk gS fd&

"Research design is the plan, structure and strategy

of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to

research questions and control variance".1

vFkkZr~~ 'kks/k izjpuk ,d ;kstuk cukoV rFkk dq'kyrkiwoZd dh xbZ

Nku&chu dk ifj.kke gS] tks 'kks/k iz'uksa ds mRrj ds :i esa izkIr fd, tkrs

gSa rFkk tks fofo/krk dks fu;af=r djrh gSA bl lanHkZ esa ,dkWQ us fy[kk

gS&

"Design is the process of making decisions before the

situation arises in which the decision in to be carried out. It

is process of deliberate anticipation directed towards

bringing as expected situation under control."2

vFkkZr~ izjpuk fu.kZ; fØ;kfUor djus dh fLFkfr vkus ls iwoZ gh

fu.kZ; fu/kkZfjr djus dh izfØ;k gSA ;g lqfopkfjr iwokZuqekuksa dh ,slh

izfØ;k gS tks laHkkfor fLFkfr dks fu;a=.k esa ykus ds fy, funZsf'kr dh tkrh

gSA

blls Li"V gS fd 'kks/k&dk;Z esa mifLFkr gksus okyh fLFkfr;kas dk

lQyrkiwoZd lkeuk djus ds fy, 'kks/k dh tks :ijs[kk cukbZ tkrh gS]

mlh dks ^'kks/k&izjpuk* dgrs gSaA3

1. F.N. Kerlinger- Foundation of Behavioural Research, p. 300.

2. Acoff L. Russel- The Design of Social Research, p. 5.

3- johUnz ukFk eq[kthZ& lkekftd 'kks/k ,oa lkaf[;dh] i`0 152A

73

3-2- 'kks/k fof/k

'kks/k fof/k dk fu/kkZj.k 'kks/k dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ds 'kks/kksa ds fy, vyx&vyx 'kks/k dh fof/k viuk;h

tkrh gSA 'kSf{kd vuqla/kkuksa esa eq[;r;k ik¡p izdkj dh 'kks/k fof/k;k¡ gSa &

o.kZukRed fof/k] iz;ksxkRed fof/k] ?kVuksRrj fof/k] ,sfrgkfld fof/k ,oa

nk'kZfud fof/kA 'kks/kdÙkkZ ds }kjk p;fur leL;k o.kZukRed vuqla/kku ds

vUrxZr vkrh gS ftlesa 'kks/k dh losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

3-2-1 o.kZukRed vuqla/kku

'kSf{kd 'kks/kksa ds vUrxZr o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dk iz;ksx cgqrk;r ls

fd;k tkrk gSA o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dk lEcU/k orZeku dh ?kVukvksa ds

v/;;u ls gSA ;g vuqla/kku v/;;u ds fo"k; dh fLFkfr dks Li"V djrk

gSA o.kZukRed vuqla/kku fof/k esa 'kks/kdrkZ ;g tkuus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS

fd fdlh leL;k ls lEcfU/kr orZeku ifjfLFkfr esa D;k D;k fofHkUu n'kk,¡

;k lEcU/k ekStwn gSa \ fdl izdkj ds vH;kl ;k O;ogkj izpfyr gSa \

dSlh ekU;rk,¡] n`f"Vdks.k ;k vfHko`fRr;k¡ yksxksa ds lkFk tqM+h gSa] os bl ij

fdl izdkj dk izHkko Mkyrh gSa rFkk fdl izdkj dh izo`fRr;k¡ fodflr gks

jgh gSaA1

okLro esa fdlh leL;k ds lek/kku esa vkxs c<+us ds iwoZ O;fDr dks

ml oLrq ls ifjfpr gksuk vko';d gS] ftlds {ks= esa og dk;Z dj jgk

gSA o.kZukRed vuqla/kkudrkZ dk lEcU/k dsoy rF;ksa dks ,d= djus ek= ls

1- ikjl ukFk jk;& vuqla/kku ifjp;] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds'ku]

vkxjk&3] 2002] i`0 119A

74

ugha gS vfirq ,d dq'ky vuqla/kkudrkZ dk y{; rks fofHkUu pjksa esa lEcU/k

<w¡<uk ,oa Hkfo";ok.kh djuk gksrk gSA

tkWu MCyw0 csLV ds vuqlkj % ^ô.kZukRed vuqla/kku ^D;k gS* \ dk

o.kZu ,oa fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vFkok lEcU/k tks okLro esa

orZeku gS] vH;kl tks pkyw gS] fo'okl] fopkj/kkjk vFkok vfHko`fRr;k¡ tks

ik;h tk jgh gSa] izfØ;k,¡ tks py jgh gSa] vuqHko tks izkIr fd;s tk jgs gSa

vFkok u;h fn'kk,¡ tks fodflr gks jgh gS] mUgha ls bldk lEcU/k gSA**1

mDr ifjHkk"kk ls Li"V gS fd o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dk lEcU/k

orZeku dh ?kVukvksa ls gksrk gS rFkk orZeku esa lapkfyr gks jgs ifjos'k ls

lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA

tktZ ,e0 ewys ds vuqlkj % ^ô.kZukRed vFkok losZ{k.k lEcU/kh

vuqla/kku f'k{kk ds {ks= esa lcls vf/kd O;ogkj esa vkrk gSA blds losZ

ukesZfVo losZ] fMfLØfIVo losZ] LVsVl ,oa o.kZukRed vuqla/kku vkfn vusd

uke gSaA ;g ,d foLr`r oxhZdj.k gS] ftlds vUrxZr vusd fof'k"V

fof/k;k¡ rFkk izfØ;k,¡ vkrh gS] mn~ns'; dh n`f"V ls os lc yxHkx leku

gksrh gSaA o.kZukRed vuqla/kku ?kVukvksa dh tk¡p mudh izkd`frd fLFkfr esa

djrk gSA blds mn~ns'; rkRdkfyd ,oa nwjxkeh gksrs gSaA**2

tkWu MCyw0 csLV ds vuqlkj % ^ô.kkZukRed losZ{k.k dh fof/k iz;qDr

djus okys 'kks/kksa ds rgr ,slh ?kVukvkas dk v/;;u gksrk gS tks ?kfVr gks

1- ikjl ukFk jk;& vuqla/kku ifjp; y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk&3]

2002] i`"B la0& 119A

2- George M. Moole- The Science of Education Research, 1963, p. 146..

75

pqdh gSa] blesa 'kks/kdrkZ ,sls rRoksa esa gsjQsj yk ldrk gS tks izs{k.k ,oa

o.kZu lss lEcfU/kr gS rFkk ftuesa og lEcU/kksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA**1

3-2-1-1 o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dh fo'ks"krk,¡

o.kZukRed vuqla/kku ds Li"Vhdj.k ,oa ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij

bldh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ n`f"Vxr gksrh gSa&2

1- o.kZukRed vuqla/kkuksa esa ,d gh LFkku ,oa le; esa cgqr ls

O;fDr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa vk¡dM+s izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA

2- bl vuqla/kku dh izd`fr Økl lsD'kuy (Cross-Sectional) gksrh gSA

rFkk blesa ^D;k* gS \ bldk Li"Vhdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA

3- o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dk lEcU/k fdlh O;fDr ls u gksdj

lEiw.kZ tula[;k vFkok mlds U;kn'kZ ls gksrk gSA

4- blds vUrxZr Li"V ,oa ikfjHkkf"kr leL;k ij dk;Z fd;k

tkrk gSA

5- o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dk ,d fof'k"V mn~ns'; gksrk gSA

6- blds fy, fof'k"V ,oa vuqekukRed iwoZ fu;kstu fd;k tkuk

vko';d gSA

7- blesa vk¡dM+ksa dh O;k[;k ,oa fo'ys"k.k esa lko/kkuh j[kh tkrh

gSA

1- ikjl ukFk jk;& vuqla/kku ifjp;] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk&3]

2002] i`0 120A

2- ogh] i`0 120A

76

8- o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dh izd`fr vR;Ur ljy ,oa tfVy nksuksa

gks ldrh gSA

9- o.kZukRed vuqla/kku esa o.kZu 'kkfCnd Hkh gks ldrk gS rFkk

bls xf.krh; lw= }kjk Hkh O;Dr dj ldrs gSaA

10- blds vUrxZr fdlh oSKkfud fu;e dk fu/kkZj.k ugha djrs gSa

vfirq leL;k ds lek/kku gsrq mi;ksxh lwpuk izkIr djrs gSaA

3-2-1-2 o.kZukRed vuqla/kku ds mn~ns';

o.kZukRed vuqla/kku ds fuEufyf[kr mn~ns'; gSa&1

1- orZeku fLFkfr dk Li"Vhdj.k rFkk Hkkoh fu;kstu vFkok

ifjorZu esa lgk;rk djukA

2- Hkkoh vuqla/kku ds izkFkfed v/;;u esa lgk;rk djuk ftlls

vuqla/kku dks vf/kd fu;fU=r ,oa oLrqfu"B cuk;k tk ldsA

3- ekuo O;ogkj ds fofHkUu i{kksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djukA

4- euksoSKkfud fo'ks"krkvksa ls ifjp; izkIr djuk rFkk 'kSf{kd

fu;kstu esa lgk;rk djukA

3-2-1-3 o.kZukRed vuqla/kku ds izdkj

o.kZukRed vuqla/kkuksa dk oxhZdj.k fofHkUu fo}kuksa us fHkUu&fHkUu

:iksa esa fd;k gSA2

okWu Mysu egksn; us o.kZukRed vuqla/kku ds

fuEufyf[kr izdkj cryk;s gSa&


2002] i`0 120A

2- ogh] i`0 120&121A

77

1- losZ{k.k v/;;u (Survey Studies)

2- vUrj lEcU/kksa dk v/;;u (Inter-Relationship Studies)

3- fodklkRed v/;;u (Development Studies)

izLrqr 'kks/k leL;k esa 'kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk losZ{k.k 'kks/k v/;;u dk iz;ksx

fd;k gSA blds vfrfjDr vU; izdkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k tkuk v/;;u dh

n`f"V ls mi;ksxh ugha gSA vr% losZ{k.k v/;;u fof/k dh gh tkudkjh izkIr

dh x;h gSA

3-2-1-4 losZ{k.k fof/k

losZ{k.k lEcU/kh vk¡dM+s laxzg djus ds rhu mn~ns'; gksrs gSa&

1- orZeku Lrj dk fu/kkZj.kA

2- orZeku Lrj ,oa ekU; Lrj esa rqyukA

3- orZeku Lrj dk fodkl djukA1

losZ{k.k fof/k ds rgr okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lEcfU/kr rF;ksa dh

'kh?kzrk ,oa 'kq)rkiwoZd vkdyu eq[; eqn~nk gksrk gSA blesa vk/kkj lkexzh

ladfyr djus gsrq lexz ls pquk gqvk izfrn'kZ vis{kkd`r cM+k j[kk tkrk

gSA losZ{k.k fof/k esa O;fDr dh vis{kk lkekU;hd`r rF;ksa] ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa

x.kukvksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA losZ{k.k lEcU/kh v/;;u dk {ks= rFkk

xgjkbZ leL;k dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

blds vuq:i gh losZ{k.k foLr`r ;k laf{kIr gks ldrk gSA losZ{k.k

fof/k dk iz;ksx orZeku esa cgqrk;r :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA blesa


2002] i`0 120A

78

i<+k;h&fy[kk;h NksM+ nsus okys ckydksas] rykd'kqnk iq#"kksa ;k efgykvksa] mPp

,oa fuEu 'kSf{kd vfHko`fRr okys Nk=&Nk=kvksa] fdlh dk;ZØe dh xq.koÙkk

;k mlds izfr n`f"Vdks.k fu/kkZj.k esa izfrfuf/kRo djus okys izfrn'kZ dk p;u

djds v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA ,sls 'kks/kksa dks gh izfrn'kZ losZ{k.k ds uke

tkuk tkrk gSA

djfyaxj ds vuqlkj1

% ^^losZ{k.k v/;;u dbZ izdkj dk gks ldrk

gSA ;g 'kks/k dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd fdl fof/k dk p;u fd;k

tk,A** losZ{k.k fof/k ds eq[; izdkj fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1- fo|ky; losZ{k.k (School Survey)

2- dk;Z fo'ys"k.k (Job Analysis)

3- izys[kh fo'ys"k.k (Documentary Analysis)

4- tuer losZ{k.k (Public Opinion Survey)

5- leqnk; losZ{k.k (Community Survey)

1- fo|ky; losZ{k.k & fo|ky; losZ{k.k esa fo|ky; esa miyC/k

lwpukvksa ;k mlls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu midj.kksa }kjk iznÙkksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls

izkIr fu"d"kksaZ ds vk/kkj ij fo|ky;ksa dh {kerk vkSj izHkko'khyrk dk

fodkl djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA blesa fo|ky;ksa ds losZ{k.k ds vk/kkj

ij mudk fodkl ,oa fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA losZ{k.k esa lwpuk,¡ fujh{k.k]

iz'ukoyh] lk{kkRdkj] ekud ijh{k.k] fu/kkZj.k ekiuh ,oa izkIrkad i= (Score

Cards) vkfn ds }kjk izkIr djds muds vk/kkj ij vusd iz'kkldh;] 'kSf{kd]


2002] i`0 123A

79

vkfFkZd rFkk ikB~;Øe lEcU/kh lq/kkj fd;s tkrs gSaA fo|ky; lEcU/kh

losZ{k.k rhu rjg ls fd;k tkrk gS&

i. oká O;fDr;ksa }kjk losZ{k.kA

ii. vkRe losZ{k.kA

iii. ljdkjh losZ{k.kA

fo|ky; losZ{k.k ds vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr pkj izdkj ds iznÙkksa dk

laxzg fd;k tkrk gS&

i. v/;;u dh lqfo/kk,¡A

ii. f'k{kd lEcU/kh lwpuk,¡A

iii. Nk=ksa dh izd`fr ls lEcfU/kr lwpuk,¡A

iv. 'kSf{kd izfØ;k dh izd`frA

2- dk;Z fo'ys"k.k & blds vUrxZr dk;Z i)fr] mldh leL;kvksa]

leku dk;ksZa dk leqfpr oxhZdj.k djus fofHkUu dk;ksaZ esa layXu O;fDr;ksa

ds fy, osru HkRrk vkfn fuf'pr djus] dk;Z {kerk ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z

forj.k djus] lsokdkyhu rFkk Hkkoh dk;ZdrkZvksa ds izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe rFkk

'kSf{kd lkexzh dk fuekZ.k djus gsrq dk;ZdrkZvksa dh izksUufr] LFkkukUrj.k]

iqu% izf'k{k.k rFkk iz'kkldh; laxBu ,oa fØ;k ds v/;;u gsrq lS+)kfUrd

:ijs[kk dk fuekZ.k vkfn fØ;k,¡ vkrh gSaA

3- izys[kh losZ{k.k & 'kks/kdÙkkZvksa ds fy, iznRr ladyu dh ;g

egÙoiw.kZ fof/k gSA bls oLrq fo'ys"k.k] dk;Z fo'ys"k.k ,oa lwpukRed

fo'ys"k.k Hkh dgrs gSaA bl fof/k dk iz;ksx ,sfrgkfld vuqla/kkuksa esa Hkh

fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds }kjk fo|ky; rFkk lekt dh fof'k"V voLFkkvksa

80

rFkk fØ;kvksa dk Kku izkIr gksrk gSA blesa Nk=ksa ds dk;Z dk fodkl] f'k{kk

ds mn~ns';ksa dk fu/kkZj.k rFkk O;fDr;ksa dh euksoSKkfud n'kkvksa] ewY;ksa]

#fp;kas] vfHko`fRr;ksa rFkk i{kikr dk Kku gksrk gSA

4- tuer losZ{k.k & vkS|ksfxd] jktuSfrd] 'kSf{kd ,oa vU; {ks=ksa esa

vusd uhfrxr ,oa rF; iw.kZ fu.kZ; ysus iM+rs gSaA blds fy, fdlh vuqeku

;k oS;fDrd fopkj dks vfHkO;Dr u djds tuer dks Kkr djus dk iz;kl

fd;k tkrk gSA ,d f'k{kk'kkL=h blds ek/;e ls ;g Kkr djus dk iz;kl

djrk gS fd fo|ky; fØ;kvksa] blds mRFkku ,oa blesa vko';drkvksa ds

lEcU/k esa turk D;k vuqHko dj jgh gSA tuer losZ{k.k ds fy, eq[;

:i ls iz'ukoyh ,oa lk{kkRdkj fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

5- leqnk; losZ{k.k & fo|ky; ,oa lekt ds ?kfu"V :i ls

lEcfU/kr gksus ds dkj.k f'k{kk'kkL=h lkeqnkf;d ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa

vk¡dM+s izkIr djrs gSaA leqnk; losZ{k.k }kjk fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa iz;ksx fd;k

tkrk gSA tSls& LokLF; lsok] cky vijk/k] tkrh; fHkUurk ,oa mlds

dkj.kksa dk v/;;u vFkok fdlh fof'k"V lkekftd vax ds fofHkUu igyqvksa

dk v/;;u vkfnA leqnk; losZ{k.k esa vuqla/kkudrkZ iz'ukoyh lk{kkRdkj]

izR;{k fujh{k.k rFkk vU; lkaf[;dh; fof/k;kas }kjk vf/kdkfj;ksa] lekftd

laLFkkvksa] ckydksa] f'k{kdksa rFkk fofHkUu vfHkys[kksa ls vk¡dM+s izkIr djrs gSaA

budh izd`fr vUrj&fo"k;kRed gksrh gS ftlds dkj.k fofHkUu lkekftd

izfØ;kvksa ds fo"k; esa vk¡dM+s izkIr djuk ljy gksrk gSA

81

3-2-1-4-1 losZ{k.k fof/k dh fo'ks"krk,¡

bls vkfne izdkj dk vuqla/kku ekuk tkrk gSA bldk okLrfod

Lo:i xos"k.kkRed ;k vUos"kh gksrk gS vkSj fdlh O;ogkj ls lEcfU/kr 'kks/k

ds izkjfEHkd pj.k esa bldh fo'ks"k :i ls mi;ksfxrk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA1

bldh fo'ks"krkvksa dks fuEukafdr :iksa ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS&

1- leL;k ls lEcfU/kr laxr pjksa dh tkudkjh vR;Yi gksus ij

;g fo'ks"k izklafxd gSA

2- blesa fdlh ifjfLFkfr dk tk;tk ysus rFkk mldh oLrqfLFkfr

Kkr djus ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk gSA

3- bl fof/k esa loZizFke ml lexz dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS

ftl ij lkekU;hdj.k visf{kr gksrk gSA

4- losZ{k.k fof/k ds vUxZr miyC/k vk/kkj lkexzh ds fo'ys"k.k

,oa la{ksihdj.k esa dbZ izdkj dh lkaf[;dh; fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx

fo'ks"k :i ls pfpZr jgk gSA

5- izk;% {ks= v/;;u (Field Study) ,oa iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku

(Experimental Research) dh fof/k;ksa ds vuqiz;ksx ls iwoZ bls

vfuok;Z ekuk tkrk gSA

6- O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls losZ{k.k fof/k dks vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ekuk

tkrk gSA


2002] i`0 124&130A

82

7- blds ek/;e ls fdlh dk;Z ;k ifjfLFkfr ds orZeku Lrj dk

fu/kkZj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

8- fdlh rF; ;k ?kVuk dh orZeku fLFkfr rFkk blds fy,

visf{kr vkn'kZ ,oa ekU; fLFkfr dh rqyuk bl fof/k ds }kjk

dh tkrh gSA

9- losZ{k.k fof/k ds }kjk izkIr fu"d"kks± ds vk/kkj ij orZeku Lrj

dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA

10- iznÙk fo'ys"k.k dh lkaf[;dh; fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx djus ds

dkj.k bl fof/k ls izkIr ifj.kke vis{kkd`r fo'kq) ,oa

rF;kRed gksrs gSaA

3-2-1-4-2 losZ{k.k ds vfHkdYi

losZ{k.k ds vfHkdYiksa dks QsfLVatj ,oa dkV~t ¼1953½ us ik¡p oxks±

esa foHkkftr fd;k gS ftlesa ls fdlh ,d dk iz;ksx losZ{k.k fof/k esa djuk

vko';d gksrk gSA ;s vfHkdYi ,d nwljs ls nks ckrksa esa fHkUurk j[krs gSaA

izFke izfrn'kZ pquus dh izfØ;k esa ,oa f}rh; izfrn'kZ ls fofo/k izdkj dh

lwpuk,¡ ;k muls vk/kkj ij lkexzh izkIr djus dh izfØ;k esaA losZ{k.k fof/k

ds vUrxZr iz;qDr gksus okys ik¡pksa izdkj ds vfHkdYi fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1- Hkkj jfgr izfrfu/;kRed izfrn'kZ vfHkdYi

2- fo'ks"k vkHkkj;qDr izfrfu/;kRed izfrn'kZ vfHkdYi

3- fojks/kh izfrn'kZ p;u vfHkdYiA

4- vkuqØfed izfrfu/;kRed izfrn'kZ vfHkdYiA

5- iqu% lk{kkRdkj vfHkdYiA

83

3-2-1-4-3 losZ{k.k fof/k esa iz;qDr lksiku

losZ{k.k fof/k ;k fdlh Hkh 'kks/k v/;;u esa fu/kkZfjr ;k ekU; lksikuksa

dh vfuok;Zrk gksrh gS ftldk ikyu fd;k tkuk vko';d gksrk gSA bUgha

lksikuksa dks losZ{k.k izokg Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blds vUrxZr losZ{k.k dh

leL;k ls ysdj mlds ifj.kkeksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;k rd dh fØ;k,¡

lEiUu dh tkrh gSA bl fof/k ds vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr lksikuksa dk vuqlj.k

fd;k tkrk gSA

1- lkekU; mn~ns';ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djukA

2- v/;;u ds fof'k"V mn~ns';ksa dk fu:i.k djukA

3- leL;k losZ{k.k gsrq izfrn'kZ (Sample) dk p;u djukA

4- vk/kkj lkexzh ds ladyu gsrq leqfpr izfof/k dk p;u djukA

5- losZ{k.k ds fy, dk;Z&{ks= dk fu/kkZj.k djukA

6- ladfyr iznÙkksa ds vk/kkj ij fo"k;&oLrq dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa

fu"d"kZ izkIr djukA

bl izdkj bu lksikuksa dk leqfpr iz;ksx djrs gq, fdlh 'kks/k

leL;k ds leqfpr funku dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA1

izLrqr vuqla/kku dh izd`fr fooj.kkRed gSA vr% blesa losZ{k.k

i)fr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA Nk= la?k dh izklafxdrk dks tkuus ds fy,

lEcfU/kr fo'ofo|ky;] egkfo|ky; ds Nk=] vfHkHkkod] izk/;kid vkSj

iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh@deZpkfj;ksa ls oS;fDrd Lrj ij 'kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk lEidZ

LFkkfir fd;k x;kA iz'ukoyh ds ek/;e ls muds vfHker dks tkuk x;kA


2002] i`0 136&140A

84

3-3 'kks/k lef"V ;k tula[;k

izLrqr vuqla/kku dk fo"k; {ks= ,oa bdkb;k¡ lekt ds O;kid {ks= dk

izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSaA bl vuqla/kku eas fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; ds

Nk=] muds vfHkHkkod] LukrdksÙkj ,oa Lukrd Lrj ds izk/;kid] lEcfU/kr

{ks= ds iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh vkSj deZpkjh v/;;u dh bdkb;ksa ds :i esa

gSaA

izLrqr vuqla/kku dks lhferrk iznku djrs gq, blesa okjk.klh tuin

ds egkRek xka/kh dk'kh fo|kihB o tkSuiqj ds ohj cgknqj flag iwokZapy

fo'ofo|ky; rFkk bu nksuksa fo'ofo|ky;kssa ls lEc) ,oa tuin ehjtkiqj]

lar jfonkl uxj] lksuHknz] xkthiqj rFkk vktex<+ ds egkfo|ky;ksa esa

v/;;ujr Nk=&Nk=kvksa] muds vfHkHkkod] iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh@deZpkfj;ksa

dks v/;;u dh bdkbZ ds :i esa U;kn'kZ i)fr dk iz;ksx djrs gq,

lekfo"V fd;k x;k gSA

lef"V dk rkRi;Z bdkb;kas ds ml lEiw.kZ lewg ls gS ftlds fy, pj

dk eku Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA lef"V dk lcls izeq[k xq.k ;g gS fd bl ij

fd, x, v/;;u ls tks ifj.kke izkIr gksrs gSa os izfrfuf/kdkjh] fo'kq) ,oa

fo'oluh; gqvk djrs gSaA

bdkb;ksa ds lewps lewg dks ftlds fy, pj dk eku fudkyuk

vHkh"V gS] tula[;k dgrs gSaA tula[;k dk vFkZ v/;;u dh lEiw.kZ

bdkb;ksa ds lewg ds :i esa fy;k tkrk gSA v/;;u dh bdkb;k¡ euq";]

i'kq] dksbZ oLrq] dksbZ ijh{k.k ;k iz;ksx ;k dqN Hkh gks ldrh gSA fdlh Hkh

85

'kks/k v/;;u esa loZizFke tula[;k dks ikfjHkkf"kr fd;k tkuk vfuok;Z

gksrk gSA D;ksafd blh ds Åij bldh bdkb;ksa dh ifjHkk"kk vkfJr gksrh gSA

tula[;k ds }kjk bl ckr dk iwoZ Li"Vhdj.k gks tkrk gS fd bdkb;ksa ds

fdu lewgksa dk p;u fd;k tkuk gS rFkk fdu lewgksa dks blls i`Fkd~ ekuk

x;k gSA1

tSls fdlh cqf) ijh{k.k ds v/;;u esa d{kk 10 ds 'kgjh {ks= ds

ckydksa dks tula[;k ds :i esa p;fur djrs le; bl ckr dk Li"V

mYys[k djuk iM+rk gS fd d{kk 10 ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fdl vk;q oxZ ds Nk=

gSaA 'kgjh {ks= ls vk'k; fdu {ks=ksa ls gS \ fo|ky; lEcU/kh mYys[k D;k gS

\ blls Li"V gS fd tula[;k dks bl :i esa Li"V fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd

blds vk/kkj ij fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk lds fd dkSu&lh oLrq tula[;k dh

bdkbZ gS vkSj dkSu&lh ughaA blh tula[;k ds ifjf/k ls izfrfuf/kdkjh

U;kn'kZ dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA

3-4 U;kn'kZ

tc fdlh tula[;k esa ls fdlh pj dk fof'k"V eku Kkr djus ds

fy, mldh dqN bdkb;ksa dk p;u dj fy;k tkrk gS rks bls U;kn'kZ dgrs

gSa rFkk bu bdkb;ksa dks p;u djus dh izfØ;k dks U;kn'kZu dgrs gSaA p;u

dh x;h bdkb;ksa dks gh U;kn'kZ dgsaxsA2

U;kn'kZ fdlh lEcfU/kr lexz dk ,d va'k gksrk gS] ftls fdlh

v/;;u ;k 'kks/k ds fy, pquk tkrk gS] D;ksafd lEiw.kZ lef"V dk v/;;u


2002] i`0 286A

2- ogh]] i`"B 286&289A

86

djuk u rks lEHko gS vkSj u gh okaNuh; gSA U;kn'kZ esa pquk gqvk y?kq :i

gh lEiw.kZ lef"V dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA ftu vuqla/kkuks esa lef"V dk

vkdkj cgqr cM+k gksrk gS vkSj mlds lEiw.kZ Hkkx dk v/;;u fd;k tkuk

lEHko ugha gksrk gS rks ogk¡ U;kn'kZ ds p;u dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

Li"Vr% U;kn'kZ lewps bdkbZ ls pquh gqbZ dqN ,slh bdkb;ksa dk lewg gS tks

lewph 'kks/k lef"V dk izfrfuf/kRo djsaA

U;kn'kZ dh vko';drk bl ckr esa gS fd tula[;k dh lHkh bdkb;ksa

dk v/;;u u rks okaNuh; gS vkSj u lEHko gh gSA tSls& fdlh cVyksbZ ds

lHkh pkoyksa dk ijh{k.k djuk fd og id x;k gS ;k ugha ;g ,d jlksb;s

ds fy, vko';d ,oa lEHko ugha gSA U;kn'kZ dk p;u djus ls vuko';d

Hkze ls cpk tk ldrk gSA U;kn'kZ dk eq[; mi;ksx fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- le; ,oa Je dh cpr

U;kn'kZ dk mi;ksx losZ{k.kksa esa vf/kd gksrk gSA blesa lhfer /ku]

le;] O;fDr ,oa lk/kuksa ls tula[;k ds fo"k; esa fdlh pj dh

izHkkodkfjrk dks Kkr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn tula[;k dh

lHkh bdkb;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tk,xk rks ;g vf/kd O;; lk/; gksxkA

vr% U;kn'kZ p;u dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

2- n{krk esa o`f)

ifj.kke ,oa mldks izkIr djus ds fy, fd, x, O;; ds vuqikr dks

gh n{krk dgrs gSaA ;fn lHkh bdkb;ksa dk v/;;u u djus ls ifj.kke esa

dqN =qfV jg x;h rks Hkh O;; esa vf/kd deh gks tkus ds dkj.k losZ{k.k dh

n{krk c<+ tkrh gSA

87

3- ifj.kke dh 'kq)rk

ifj.kkeksa dh 'kq)rk ifj.kkekas dh tkudkjh esa iz;qDr dh x;h

tu'kfDr dh izfrfuf/kdkfjrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA lHkh bdkb;ksa dk v/;;u

djus ds fy, O;fDr;ksa ,oa le; o lk/kuksa dh vko';drk iM+sxh ftUgsa

lhfer lk/kuksa ls izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

U;kn'kZ dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy, dqN fuf'pr izfØ;kvksa dk lgkjk

fy;k tkrk gSA ftls U;kn'kZu dgrs gSaA blds vUrxZr U;kn'kZ dh izd`fr ds

vuq:i vyx&vyx izfof/k;ksa ds }kjk U;kn'kZ dk p;u djrs gSaA

blds izeq[k xq.k fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1- U;kn'kZ lef"V dh rqyuk esa lhfer gksrk gSA vr% le;] Je

,oa foÙk dh cpr gksrh gS vkSj blls iz'kklu esa ljyrk gksrh

gSA

2- U;kn'kZ dk p;u 'kks/k dk egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA ;fn U;kn'kZ dk

p;u oSKkfud fof/k;ksa ls fd;k tkrk gS rks vuqla/kku ds

ifj.kke vf/kd fo'oluh; gksrs gSaA

3- U;kn'kZ dk p;u djds fd;s x;s vuqla/kkuksa esa =qfV;ksa dh

vk'kadk de jgrh gS] D;ksafd lef"V dh rqyuk esa U;kn'kZ NksVk

gksrk gS vkSj bldk ijh{k.k vf/kd 'kq)rk ls fd;k tk ldrk

gSA blds ifj.kke Hkh vf/kd 'kq) ,oa lR; gksrs gSaA

4- U;kn'kZ ds ek/;e ls fd;s x;s 'kks/k ds ifj.kke lEiw.kZ

tula[;k ds Åij ykxw fd;s tk ldrs gSaA

88

5- U;kn'kZ vuqla/kkuksa ds fu"d"kksaZ dks lerqY; lef"V ij Hkh ykxw

fd;k tk ldrk gSA

fdlh Hkh U;kn'kZ p;u ds fy, U;kn'kZ esa izfrfuf/kRo ,oa i;kZIrrk dk

xq.k gksuk vko';d gSA izfrfuf/kRo dk rkRi;Z gS & ;fn pj dh ewY;kuqlkj

bdkb;ksa dk eku mlh vuqikr esa gks tks vuqikr tula[;k esa gS rks mls gh

izfrfuf/kdkjh ekuk tk,xkA tSls 10 oxZ vUrjky esa 100 Nk=ksa dh

tula[;k ls 20 Nk=ksa ds p;u eas izR;sd oxZ ls 2 Nk=ksa dk p;u djuk

izfrfuf/kdkjh ekuk tk,xkA

i;kZIrrk ls rkRi;Z U;kn'kZu esa ;g fu/kkZfjr dj ysuk fd mldk eku

fdu nks ekuksa ds e/; gksxkA tSls fdlh O;fDr dks ns[kdj ;g fu/kkZfjr

djuk fd bldh vk;q 50&60 o"kZ ds e/; gksxhA ;fn vuqekfur oxZ dk

eku de gksrk gS rks vuqeku vPNk le>k tkrk gS vkSj mlesa i;kZIrrk dk

xq.k vk tkrk gSA

U;kn'kZu pØ dks fuEufyf[kr :iksa esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS&

lexz tula[;k vkefU=r

U;kn'kZ

p;fur U;kn'kZ

fu"d"kZ ,oa lkekU;hdkj.k iznÙk ladyu gsrq iz;qDr U;kn'kZ

3-4-1 U;kn'kZ dh fof/k;k¡

U;kn'kZ dks izfrfuf/kdkjh cukus ds fy, rFkk blesa i;kZIrrk dk xq.k

fodflr djus ds fy, U;kn'kZu dh fØ;k dqN fof'k"V fof/k;ksa }kjk dh

89

tkrh gS] D;ksafd leqfpr fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx U;kn'kZ dh fo'oluh;rk gsrq

vko';d gSA bldks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS&

1- lEHkkO;rk U;kn'kZu (Porbability Sampling)

2- vlEHkkO;rk U;kn'kZu (Non-Probability Sampling)1

tc tula[;k dh fdlh bdkbZ dks U;kn'kZ esa lfEefyr djus ds fy,

mldk p;u la;ksx ij fuHkZj djs ;k fdlh bdkbZ ds pqus tkus dh laHkkouk

cjkcj gks rks ml p;u fof/k dks lEHkkO;rk U;kn'kZu dgrs gSaA lEHkkO;rk

U;kn'kZu esa dksbZ O;fDr fdlh fof'k"V bdkbZ dks viuh bPNkuqlkj U;kn'kZ esa

ugha j[k ldrk gSSA bl U;kn'kZu izfØ;k ds fdlh u fdlh Lrj ij p;u

la;ksxo'k gksrk gSA laHkkO;rk U;kn'kZu dh izeq[k fof/k;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1- ;kn`fPNd U;kn'kZ izfrp;u fof/k

2- ;kn`fPNd la[;k lkj.kh dk iz;ksx

3- Lrjhd`r ;kn`fPNd U;kn'kZu

4- xqPN U;kn'kZu

5- f}'k% U;kn'kZu

6- Øec) U;kn'kZu

7- nSo fun'kZu fof/k

3-4-2 U;kn'kZ vkSj mldh izfof/k

izLrqr vuqla/kku esa nSo fun'kZu i)fr dk iz;ksx djrs gq, dqy 15

'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa ls v/;;u bdkb;ksa dk pquko fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u dh


2002] i`0 291A

90

xq.koÙkk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, blesa xzkeh.k vkSj uxjh; {ks= dk

lekos'ku] fo|kFkhZ lewg esa foKku] dyk] okf.kT;] O;kolkf;d {ks= dk

lekos'ku okafNr :i esa fd;k x;k gSA

fy, x, U;kn'kZ dk fooj.k lkj.kh la0 3-1 ds ek/;e ls izLrqr

fd;k x;k gS&

lkj.kh la0 3-1

fo'ofo|ky;@egkfo|ky; okj U;kn'kZ dk fooj.k

Øe

la0 fo'ofo|ky;@egkfo|ky;

fo|kfFkZ;ksa

dh la[;k

v/;kidksa

dh la[;k

vfHkHkkodksa

dh la[;k

deZpkfj;ksa

dh la[;k

1-

egkRek xka/kh dk'kh fo|kihB]

okjk.klh

25 07 20 39

2-

dUgS;kyky claryky

LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;]

ehjtkiqj

28 21 22 21

3-

xkso/kZu nkl fcukuh


ehjtkiqj

21 14 17 10

4-

dk'kh ujs'k jktdh;


Kkuiqj

18 11 15 05

5-

vkj0ds0,l0 iksLV xzstq,V

dkWyst] dyokjh] efM+gku]

ehjtkiqj

18 17 15 17

91

6-

bfUnjk xka/kh jktdh;


ykyxat] ehjtkiqj

15 16 12 15

7- ih0th0 dkyst] xkthiqj 17 18 13 15

8-

vkscjk ih0 th0 dkWyst]

vkscjk] lksuHknz

15 20 11 18

9-

ohj cgknqj flaag iwokZapy

fo'ofo|ky;] tkSuiqj

18 18 14 08

10-

jkenso LukrdksÙkj

egkfo|ky;] taxhxat] lar

jfonkl uxj

11 09 09 06

11-

,l0th0vkj0ih0th0 dkWyst]

MksHkh] tkSuiqj

11 12 08 11

12-

xka/kh Lekjd ih0 th0

dkWyst] ekYVkjh] vktex<+

16 10 11 08

13-

vkj0ih0 fMxzh dkWyst]

?kksjkoy] lksuHknz

11 09 08 09

14-

iq"ik flag fof/k egkfo|ky;]

cjsok] pqukj

12 08 08 08

15

uUgdw jke egkfo|ky;]

eqfM+ykMhg] lksuHkæ

20 10 17 10

;ksx 256 200 200 200

92

lEcfU/kr U;kn'kZ esa nSo fun'kZu izfof/k dk iz;ksx djrs gq, 256

fo|kFkhZ] 200 f'k{kd] 200 deZpkjh rFkk 200 vfHkHkkod 'kkfey fd, x,

gSaA U;kn'kZ ds ys[kkfp= ds ek/;e ls nf'kZr gksus okyh fLFkfr bl izdkj gS&

ys[kkfp= la0 & 3-1

U;kn'kZ dk forj.k

fo|kFkhZ

v/;kid

vfHkHkkod

deZpkjh@iz'kkld

93

lkj.kh la0 3-2

U;kn'kZ esa fyax vkSj fuokl {ks= ds vk/kkj ij Nk=ksa dh fLFkfr

Øe la0 fyax@fuokl {ks= xzkeh.k uxjh; ;ksx

1- Nk= 64 64 128

2- Nk=k,¡ 64 64 128

;ksx 128 128 256

ys[kkfp= la0 & 3-2

fyax rFkk fuokl {ks= ds vk/kkj ij Nk=ksa dk forj.k

xzkeh.k {ks= ds Nk=

xzkeh.k {ks= dh Nk=k,¡

uxjh; {ks= ds Nk=

uxjh; {ks= dh Nk=k,¡

94

lkj.kh la0 3-3

U;kn'kZ esa ladk;okj v/;;ujr Nk=@Nk=kvksa dh fLFkfr

Øe la0 ladk;

fyax

;ksx Nk= Nk=k,¡

1- foKku 32 32 64

2- dyk 32 32 64

3- okf.kT; 32 32 64

4- O;kolkf;d 32 32 64

;ksx 128 128 256

ys[kkfp= la0 & 3-3

ladk; ds vuqlkj Nk=ksa dk forj.k

Nk= % foKku ladk;

Nk= % dyk ladk;

Nk= % okf.kT; ladk;

Nk= % O;kolkf;d ladk;

95

lkj.kh la0 3-4

U;kn'kZ esa fyax vkSj fuokl {ks= ds vk/kkj v/;kidksa dh fLFkfr

Øe la0 fyax xzkeh.k uxjh; ;ksx

1- v/;kid ¼iq#"k½ 50 50 100

2- v/;kid ¼efgyk,¡½ 50 50 100

;ksx 100 100 200

ys[kkfp= la0 & 3-4

fyax vkSj fuokl {ks= dh i`"BHkwfe ds vk/kkj ij v/;kidksa dk forj.k

xzkeh.k i"BHkwfe ds v/;kid

xzkeh.k i"BHkwfe dh v/;kfidk,¡

uxjh; i"BHkwfe ds v/;kid

uxjh; i"BHkwfe dh v/;kfidk,¡

96

lkj.kh la0 3-5

U;kn'kZ esa fyax vkSj fuokl {ks= ds vk/kkj ij vfHkHkkodksa dh fLFkfr


1- vfHkHkkod ¼iq#"k½ 50 50 100

2- vfHkHkkod ¼efgyk½ 50 50 100

;ksx 100 100 200

ys[kkfp= la0 & 3-5

fyax vkSj fuokl {ks= dh i`"BHkwfe ds vk/kkj ij

vfHkHkkodksa dk forj.k

xzkeh.k i"BHkwfe ds iq#"k vfHkHkkod

xzkeh.k i"BHkwfe dh efgyk vfHkHkkod

uxjh; i"BHkwfe ds iq#"k vfHkHkkod

uxjh; i"BHkwfe dh efgyk vfHkHkkod

97

lkj.kh la0 3-6

U;kn'kZ esa fyax vkSj fuokl {ks= ds vk/kkj ij deZpkfj;ksa@iz'kkldkssa dh

fLFkfr


1- deZpkjh@iz'kkld ¼iq#"k½ 50 50 100

2- deZpkjh@iz'kkld ¼efgyk½ 50 50 100

;ksx 100 100 200

ys[kkfp= la0 & 3-6

fyax vkSj fuokl {ks= dh i`"BHkwfe ds vk/kkj ij

deZpkfj;ksa@iz'kkldksa dk forj.k

xzkeh.k i"BHkwfe ds iq#"k deZpkjh@iz'kkld

xzkeh.k i"BHkwfe dh efgyk deZpkjh@iz'kkld

uxjh; i"BHkwfe ds iq#"k deZpkjh@iz'kkld

uxjh; i"BHkwfe dh efgyk deZpkjh@iz'kkld

98

3-5 rF; ladyu gsrq midj.k

vuqla/kku ;k v/;;u ds lEcfU/kr {ks= ls pqus gq, lexz ;k izfrn'kZ

ds ek/;e ls ftu lk/kuksa ;k izfrfuf/k;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, rF; ,d=

fd, tkrs gSa] mUgas 'kks/k ds midj.k dh laKk nh tkrh gSA1

;s lk/ku ;k

izfof/k;k¡ igys ls gh miyC/k gks ldrh gSa vFkok 'kks/k dh vko';drkuqlkj

bls 'kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk Lo;a fufeZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu nksuksa gh n'kkvksa esa

'kks/k ds midj.kksa dk iz;ksx vkB egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krkvksa dh vis{kk j[krk gSA

1- oS/krk& fdlh ekiu ds fy, ;g vko';d gksrk gS fd og mu

xq.kksa dk Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ekiu dj lds ftlds fy, mldk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk

gSA

Øksuosd ds vuqlkj& ^^fdlh ijh{k.k dh oS/krk mldh og lhek gS

ftl lhek rd ogh ekirk gS] ftlds fy, mldk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA**2

bl izdkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;fn dksbZ ijh{k.k mu xq.kksa ;k

;ksX;rkvksa dk ekiu djrk gS] ftlds fy, mldk fuekZ.k fd;k gS rks

ijh{k.k ds bl xq.k dks mldh oS/krk dgrs gSaA oS/krk dk vfHkizk; 'kks/k

midj.k ds tfj, izkIr vk/kkj lkexzh dh okLrfodrk ;k lksn~ns';rk ls gSA

;gk¡ izkjEHk esa gh mYys[kuh; gS fd 'kks/k midj.k dh fo'oluh;rk mlds

oS/k gksus dk Hkh ifjlwpd gks] ;g vko';d ugha gSA blds foijhr ;fn

'kks/k midj.k dh oS/krk lqfuf'pr gks rks bls fo'oluh; Hkh vo';eso ekuk

1- vkj0 ,0 'kekZ& f'k{kk vuqla/kku] lw;kZ ifCyds'ku] esjB] lu~ 1995 bZ0] i`0

216A

2- ogh] i`0 221A

99

tk ldrk gSA blfy, mi;ksx ls iwoZ 'kks/k midj.k dh oS/krk lqfuf'pr

djuk 'kks/k dÙkkZ dh igyh ftEesnkjh gksrh gSA1

2- fo'oluh;rk& ;fn dksbZ ijh{k.k mu ekih; xq.kksa] ftuds ekiu

ds fy, og cuk;k x;k gS] dk lgh&lgh ekiu djrk gS rks ijh{k.k ds bl

xq.k dks ijh{k.k dh fo'oluh;rk dgrs gSaA ijh{k.k dh fo'oluh;rk dk

vFkZ ml lhek ls ysrs gSa ftl lhek rd og pj =qfV;ksa ls eqDr gksrk gSA

,ukLrklh ds vuqlkj& ^îjh{k.k dh fo'oluh;rk fHkUu voljksa ij

vFkok lerqY; inksa ds fofHkUu foU;klksa ij fdlh O;fDr ds }kjk izkIr

vadksa dh laxfr crkrh gSA**2

LVksMksyk o LVksMZy ds vuqlkj& ^^fdlh ijh{k.k dh fo'oluh;rk dks

fdlh lewg ds O;fDr;ksa ds fy, lerqY; ijh{k.kksa ij izkIrkadksa ds nks ;k nks

ls vf/kd foU;klksa ds e/; lg^lEcU/k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk

ldrk gSA**3

3- oLrqfu"Brk& og ijh{k.k ftlds ekiu ifj.kke] ekiudÙkkZ dh

O;fDrxr ekU;rkvksa ls izHkkfor ugha gksrs] mlds }kjk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ekiu

djs] ekiu ifj.kke leku gksrs gSa] oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k dgykrs gSaA tSls fdlh

Nk= ij iz'kkflr fdlh miyfC/k ijh{k.k dk vadu nks ;k vf/kd

ekiudÙkkZvksa }kjk djk;k tk, vkSj nksuksa }kjk leku vad izkIr fd, tk,¡

1- MkW0 dkerk izlkn ik.Ms;& 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku] i`0 153A

2- vkj0 ,0 'kekZ& f'k{kk vuqla/kku] lw;kZ ifCyds'ku] esjB] lu~ 1995 bZ0] i`0

222A

3- ogh] i`"B 224A

100

rks ,sls ijh{k.k dks oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k dgrs gSa vkSj ijh{k.k ds bl xq.k dks

oLrqfu"Brk dgrs gSaA

4- ekud& ekud fdlh ijh{k.k ij izkIr izkIrkadksa ds os ifjofrZr

vk/kkj fcUnq gSa] ftuds vk/kkj ij izkIrkadksa dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gS] mldh

lkis{k fLFkfr Li"V dh tkrh gSA

bZcsy ds vuqlkj& ^^fdlh ijh{k.k ds ekud crkrs gSa fd fdlh

fo'ks"k lUnHkZ lewg ds ln`'; ijh{k.k ij fdl izdkj ls vad izkIr djrs

gSaA1

jselZ] xst rFkk :esy ds vuqlkj& ^êkud Nk=ksa ds fdlh ifjHkkf"kr

lewg }kjk ijh{k.k ij izkIr fu"iknu Lrj gSA**2

5- foHksndrk& fdlh xq.k vFkok ;ksX;rk dk ekiu djus okys

midj.k esa ;g xq.k gksuk vko';d gS fd mlds ekiu ifj.kkeksa dk forj.k

foLrkj dkQh cM+k gksA mlh fLFkfr esa Nk=ksa esa Hksn fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls

midj.k ftlesa ;g xq.k gksrk gS mls foHksnd ijh{k.k dgrs gSaA

6- O;kidrk& fdlh midj.k esa ;g xq.k Hkh gksuk pkfg, fd og

fdlh xq.k ;k fo'ks"krk ds lHkh igyqvksa ij cjkcj /;ku nsA bls ekiu

midj.k dh O;kidrk dgrs gSaA

7- O;kogkfjdrk& fdlh midj.k dks rHkh vPNk ekuk tkrk gS tc

mldk iz'kklu ljyrk ls fd;k tk lds vkSj de le; ,oa Je rFkk

1- vkj0 ,0 'kekZ& f'k{kk vuqla/kku] lw;kZ ifCyds'ku] esjB] lu~ 1995 bZ0] i`"B

224A

2- ogh] i`"B 224A

101

vYi O;; esa bldk iz'kklu lEHko gksA midj.k ds bl xq.k dks gh

O;kogkfjdrk dgrs gSaA

8- izekihdj.k& fdlh ekiu midj.k dk iz;ksx rHkh vPNk ekuk

tkrk gS tc og izekihd`r gks] D;ksafd blesa ijh{k.k dh lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡

ik;h tkrh gS vkSj blds }kjk ladfyr iznÙkksa esa fo'oluh;rk vf/kd gksrh

gS] ftlds ifj.kke vf/kd 'kq) :i esa izkIr gksrs gSaA

izLrqr vuqla/kku ^^mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa Nk= la?k dh izklafxdrk

dk leh{kkRed v/;;u** ds lanHkZ esa mPp f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr Nk=ksa]

v/;kidksa] deZpkfj;ksa] iz'kkldksa ,oa lEcfU/kr Nk=ksa ds vfHkHkkodksa dk

vfHker tkuus ds fy, Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ls lEcfU/kr iz'ukoyh@erkoyh

dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA bl Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh (Student's Union

Relevance Scale) ds fuekZ.k esa vko';d ekxZn'kZu] 'kks/k funsZ'kd ds ek/;e ls

izkIr fd;k x;kA

3-5-1 iz'ukoyh ¼erkoyh½ dk fuekZ.k

Preparation of Student's Union Relevance Scale (SURS)

Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh fuekZ.k ds fy,] bl fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr

v/;;u lkexzh dk xgu v/;;u fd;k x;kA fofHkUu i=&if=dkvksa]

lekpkj i=ksa ls Nk= la?k dh izklafxdrk ls lEcfU/kr eqn~nksa dk fujis{k <ax

ls fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA leLr v/;;u lkexzh eas rkjrE; LFkkfir djrs

gq, mlds Øfed lksikuksa dks O;ofLFkr fd;k x;kA v/;;u lkexzh dh

lkFkZdrk dks vfHkKku esa j[krs gq, fofHkUu izdkj ds vfHker dks le>k

x;kA iz'uksa ds lanHkZ esa fofHkUu izdkj dh vfHk;qfDr;ksa ds ekiu gsrq vad

102

fu/kkZfjr fd, x,A dqN fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa ls ekxZ&n'kZu izkIr djrs gq, muls

erkoyh ;k vfHker le>k x;kA fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa ds ijke'kZ ls erkoyh esa

vko';d la'kks/ku vkSj ifjo/kZu djrs gq, bldk izkjfEHkd Lo:i fu/kkZfjr

fd;k x;kA

3-5-2 iz'ukoyh ¼erkoyh½ dk iwoZ ijh{k.k

iz'ukoyh ¼erkoyh½ dh izklafxdrk vkSj oS/krk dks le>us ds fy,

dqN mRrjnkrkvksa ij bldk izkjfEHkd ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA ftu mRrjnkrkvksa

ij bldk izkjfEHkd ijh{k.k fd;k x;k muesa 10 lEcfU/kr {ks= ds fo"k;

fo'ks"kK] 10 vfHkHkkod] 10 izk/;kid] 10 deZpkjh@iz'kkld] 30 fo|kfFkZ;ksa

dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA lEcfU/kr mRrjnkrkvksa ls fuosnu fd;k x;k fd os

vius vfHker dk izdVhdj.k ;Fkksfpr txg ij izLrqr djsaA lEcfU/kr

iz'uksa ds lEcU/k esa tgk¡ dgha Hkh dfBukbZ mRié gqbZ] 'kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk mldk

Li"Vhdj.k fd;k x;k gSA

3-5-3 rF;ksa dk ladyu

iw.kZ :i ls larqfyr iz'ukoyh ds ek/;e ls 'kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk lkSgknZiw.kZ

okrkoj.k esa lEcfU/kr mRrjnkrkvksa ;Fkk Nk=] muds vfHkHkkod] v/;kid

,oa fofHkUu 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa ds deZpkfj;ksa rFkk iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ls

lEidZ LFkkfir fd;k x;kA U;kn'kZ esa ftu 15 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa dks

mi;qDrrk ds vuq:i lekos'ku fd;k x;k gS mls tuinokj i`Fkd~ djds

fu/kkZfjr frfFk vkSj mi;qDr le; esa lk{kkRdkj djds erkoyh ds ek/;e ls

rF; ladfyr fd, x,A

103

3-5-4 erkoyh (SURS) ls izkIr rF;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k

vuqla/kku rF;ksa dk ladyu djus eas pkgs fdlh Hkh fof/k dks iz;qDr

fd;k tk,] ladfyr rF; brus vlEc)] fc[kjs gq, vkSj tfVy :i esa

gksrs gSa fd bUgsa ljyrk ls le>uk vkSj rdZiw.kZ O;ofLFkr :i ls fu"d"kksZa

dks izkIr djuk dfBu dk;Z gksrk gSA blds fy, vko';d gS fd vO;ofLFkr

rF;ksa dks muds fofHkUu xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkyh&Hkk¡fr lEikfnr djds mUgsa

fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa vkSj lkjf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr djds mudk fo'ys"k.k ,oa

foospu fd;k tk,A

izLrqr vuqla/kku esa Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh (SURS) ds }kjk 90

vfHkdFkuksa ds lkis{k 5 vadh; ekiuh iz;qDr dh xbZA vfHkdFkuksa ds izR;qÙkj

5 i{kksa ij vo/kkfjr fd, x, Fks& iw.kZr% lger

lger

rVLFk

vlger

iw.kZr% vlger

mi;qZDr izR;qRrjksa ds ifjizs{; esa mUgsa vyx&vyx vf/kdkj iznku

fd, x,A izR;qÙkj iw.kZr% lger gksus ij mlds fy, 5 vad dk vf/kHkkj]

izR;qRrj lger ds fy, 4 vad dk vf/kHkkj] izR;qRrj rVLFk gksus ij 3

vad dk vf/kHkkj] izR;qRrj vlger gsrq 2 vad dk vf/kHkkj rFkk izR;qÙkj

iw.kZr% vlger gsrq 1 vad dk vf/kHkkj fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA izkIr vadksa

dk ;ksx dj izR;sd O;fDr dk dqy vad Kkr fd;k x;kA bl rjg Nk=

la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh ds 300 fun'kZu esa ls 300 fo"k;ksa dks vojksgh Øe

104

vFkkZr~~ vf/kdre ls U;wure Øe esa yxk;k x;kA mPp oxZ esa mPp fun'kZu

okys 25% dks pquk x;k rFkk uhps okys 25% fun'kZuksa dks ysdj voj oxZ dk

fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA bl izdkj 75 mnkgj.k mPp oxZ ds rFkk 75 mnkgj.k

voj oxZ ds feysA tSlk fd ,MoMZ us lq>ko fn;k gS fd izR;sd vfHkdFku

dk t- eku fudky dj enksa dks pquk tk ldrk gS vkSj bu vfHkdFkuksa dks

t- eku dh dksfV ds vuqlkj Øec) fd;k tk ldrk gSA

bl izdkj leLr vfHkdFkuksa ^^t** eku Kkr djds mUgsa ,d Øe esa

O;ofLFkr fd;k x;kA os vfHkdFku ftuds ^^t** dk eku 1-75 ls Åij

jgk] mUgsa gh dsoy p;fur fd;k x;kA lkj.kh la0 3-7 esa bldk fooj.k

izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gS&

lkj.kh la0 3-7

"t" eku ds vuqlkj vfHkdFku la[;k

Øe la0 vfHkdFku la0 "t" eku p;fur@fujLr

1- 1 4-68 p;fur

2- 2 5-96 p;fur

3- 3 5-99 p;fur

4- 4 5-90 p;fur

5- 5 1-60 fujLr

6- 6 4-06 p;fur

7- 7 4-77 p;fur

8- 8 5-91 p;fur

105

9- 9 5-85 p;fur

10- 10 5-71 p;fur

11- 11 5-39 p;fur

12- 12 5-75 p;fur

13- 13 5-24 p;fur

14- 14 5-55 p;fur

15- 15 5-18 p;fur

16- 16 1-48 fujLr

17- 17 1-61 fujLr

18- 18 1-42 fujLr

19- 19 5-73 p;fur

20- 20 5-30 p;fur

21- 21 5-35 p;fur

22- 22 5-16 p;fur

23- 23 5-14 p;fur

24- 24 4-81 p;fur

25- 25 4-93 p;fur

26- 26 4-66 p;fur

27- 27 4-86 p;fur

28- 28 1-37 fujLr

29- 29 4-75 p;fur

106

30- 30 4-45 p;fur

31- 31 4-45 p;fur

32- 32 3-55 p;fur

33- 33 3-57 p;fur

34- 34 3-62 p;fur

35- 35 4-70 p;fur

36- 36 4-00 p;fur

37- 37 4-17 p;fur

38- 38 3-51 p;fur

39- 39 3-19 p;fur

40- 40 4-32 p;fur

41- 41 3-31 p;fur

42- 42 3-73 p;fur

43- 43 1-55 fujLr

44- 44 3-29 p;fur

45- 45 5-17 p;fur

46- 46 3-25 p;fur

47- 47 3-34 p;fur

48- 48 2-84 p;fur

49- 49 3-29 p;fur

50- 50 4-13 p;fur

107

51- 51 2-85 p;fur

52 52 2-96 p;fur

53- 53 3-64 p;fur

54- 54 3-30 p;fur

55- 55 3-39 p;fur

56- 56 3-34 p;fur

57- 57 3-65 p;fur

58- 58 3-38 p;fur

59- 59 1-39 fujLr

60- 60 3-32 p;fur

61- 61 3-03 p;fur

62- 62 3-29 p;fur

63- 63 2-80 p;fur

64- 64 2-80 p;fur

65- 65 3-41 p;fur

66- 66 4-58 p;fur

67- 67 2-92 p;fur

68- 68 3-30 p;fur

69- 69 4-66 p;fur

70- 70 4-86 p;fur

71- 71 4-64 p;fur

108

72- 72 5-18 p;fur

73- 73 2-76 p;fur

74- 74 2-65 p;fur

75- 75 3-34 p;fur

76- 76 1-47 fujLr

77- 77 5-81 p;fur

78- 78 2-48 p;fur

79- 79 3-27 p;fur

80- 80 4-11 p;fur

81- 81 4-08 p;fur

82- 82 2-15 p;fur

83- 83 3-46 p;fur

84- 84 4-79 p;fur

85- 85 3-70 p;fur

86- 86 3-25 p;fur

87- 87 2-85 p;fur

88- 88 3-38 p;fur

89- 89 3-29 p;fur

90- 90 2-19 p;fur

109

3-5-5 p;fur vfHkdFku

lkj.kh la0 3-7 esa iz;qDr vfHkdFkuksa] ftls Nk= la?k izklafxdrk

ekiuh (SURS) ds rkSj ij fufeZr fd;k x;k Fkk] esa ls 82 vfHkdFku fo'ys"k.k

ds lanHkZ esa j[ks x, gSaA 8 vfHkdFku fu/kkZfjr "t" ds eku ls de ik;s tkus

ds dkj.k NksM+ fn, x, gSaA

fo'ys"k.k gsrq mi;qDr ik, x, 82 vfHkdFkuksa esa ls 11 vfHkdFku

Nk= la?k ds laxfBr gksus ls lEcfU/kr gSaA 39 vfHkdFku Nk= la?k ds izfr

ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k j[krs gSaA 32 vfHkdFku Nk= la?k ds izfr udkjkRed

n`f"Vdks.k j[krs gSaA

lkj.kh la0 3-8 esa ldkjkRed ,oa udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k ds

vfHkdFku la[;k dks vyx&vyx izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

lkj.kh la[;k 3-8

Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh (SURS) esa ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed

vfHko`fÙk okys vfHkdFkuksa dk fooj.k

Øe la0 vfHko`fÙk vfHkdFku la[;k ;ksx

1- ldkjkRed

1] 4] 8] 9] 11] 15] 16]

19] 20] 22] 25] 27] 29]

32] 33] 37] 39] 44] 46]

48] 50] 51] 54] 56] 58]

59] 61] 63] 65] 67] 68]

70] 72] 74] 77] 78] 79]

81] 82

39

110

2- udkjkRed

2] 3] 5] 7] 10] 13] 14]

18] 21] 23] 24] 28] 30]

31] 34] 36] 38] 40] 41]

43] 45] 49] 52] 53] 57]

62] 64] 69] 71] 75] 76]

80

32

mi;qZDr 82 vfHkdFkuksa esa Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ds lanHkZ esa vk;ke

lekfo"V gSaA ;s gSa& fo|kFkhZ fgrdkjh] iz'kklfud] 'kSf{kd] lkekftd]

jktuSfrd ,oa Nk= la?k dk laxBukRed igywA

lkj.kh la[;k 3-9

Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh esa fofHkUu vk;keksa dk Lo:i

Øe la0 vk;ke&Lo:i vk;ke ls vfHkdFku la[;k,¡ ;ksx

1- Nk= fgrdkjh

1] 7] 14] 18] 22] 29] 32]

37] 40] 45] 50] 54] 57] 62]

65] 70] 75] 79] 82

19

2- iz'kklfud igyw

2] 8] 13] 19] 23] 28] 33]

36] 41] 46] 51] 58] 61] 68]

71] 76] 81

17

3- 'kSf{kd igyw

3] 9] 16] 20] 24] 31] 39]

44] 52] 59] 64] 69] 72] 77

14

111

4- lkekftd igyw

4] 10] 15] 21] 25] 34] 43]

49] 56] 67] 78

11

5- jktuSfrd igyw

5] 11] 27] 30] 38] 48] 53]

63] 74] 80

10

6-

laxBukRed

igyw

6] 12] 17] 26] 35] 42] 47]

55] 60] 66] 73

11

;ksx 82

3-5-6 Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh (SURS) dh fo'oluh;rk

fo'oluh;rk dk vFkZ 'kks/k midj.k }kjk izkIr vk/kkj lkexzh esa

le;] LFkku ;k ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj n`f"Vxr le:irk ;k ,d tSls Lo:i

ls gSA izLrqr vuqla/kku esa Nk= la?k fo'oluh;rk ekiuh (SURS) dks nks

fgLlksa esa i`Fkd~ djds lg&lEcU/k xq.kkad dh x.kuk dh xbZ] ftldk eku

0-79 jgkA lEcfU/kr ekiuh esa Lih;j eSu czkmu ds Hkfo"; dFku lw= dks

fo'oluh;rk ifjeki ds lanHkZ esa leku i`FkDdj.k dks vk/kkj cuk;k x;kA

bl vk/kkj ij ekiuh esa fo'oluh;rk lg lEcU/k 0-88 ik;k x;kA

3-5-7 Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh (SURS) dh oS/krk

oS/krk dk vfHkizk; 'kks/k midj.k ds tfj, izkIr lkexzh dh

okLrfodrk ;k lksn~ns'; ls gSA oS/krk dk lEcU/k bl ckr ls Hkh gS fd

lEcfU/kr midj.k ls okLro esa ogh lwpuk,¡ izkIr dh tk jgh gSa] ftl gsrq

mls fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls izLrqr Nk= la?k izklafxdrk

112

ekiuh (SURS) viuh dlkSVh ij iwjh rjg ls [kjh mrjrh gSA ekiuh esa tks Hkh

vfHkdFku izLrqr fd, x, gSa] os iw.kZr;k 'kks/k dks oS/k Lo:i iznku djus esa

l{ke gSaA

3-6 'kks/k midj.k dh iz;qDrrk

'kks/k midj.k dh iz;qDrrk rF;ksa ds ladyu ls lEcfU/kr gSA bl gsrq

Lo;a 'kks/kdÙkkZ lkj.kh la0 3-1 ds of.kZr fo'ofo|ky;@egkfo|ky; esa

igq¡pk rFkk mlds }kjk lEcfU/kr 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa lcls igys v/;kid

ca/kqvksa ls lEidZ fd;k x;kA muls iw.kZ fuosnu ds lkFk mius mn~ns';ksa dks

Li"V fd;k x;kA rRi'pkr~ iz'ukoyh iznku dh x;hA fuosnu fd;k x;k fd

os lcls igys iz'ukoyh esa fn, x, vko';d funsZ'k dk voyksdu dj ysa]

rRi'pkr~ mlesa vius ls lEcfU/kr lwpukvksa dks iwfjr djasA vfHkdFkuksa ds

lanHkZ esa ftls os viuh vfHko`fÙk ds lanHkZ esa le> jgs gSa ml [kkus esa

lgh ¼½ dk fu'kku yxk nsaA

lEcfU/kr laLFkku ls v/;kidksa ls iz'ukoyh iw.kZ djus ds ckn ;gh

i)fr Nk=ksa] deZpkfj;ksa@iz'kkldksa ds lkFk iz;qDr dh xbZA var esa blh

i)fr ds ek/;e ls lEcfU/kr Nk=ksa ds vfHkHkkodksa ls lEidZ dj iz'ukoyh

iw.kZ dh xbZA

;gh izfØ;k vyx&vyx 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa viukbZ xbZA bl izdkj

lkj.kh la0 3-1 ds of.kZr lHkh 15 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa esa fu/kkZfjr U;kn'kksZa ls

iz'ukoyh dk iz;qDrhdj.k djrs gq, okLrfod rF;ksa dh izkfIr dh xbZA

113

3-7 vfHkdFku( vfHk;qfDr vadu ds vad

iz'ukoyh esa vfHkdFkuksa ds lEeq[k 5 ¼ik¡p½ izdkj dh vfHk;qfDr;k¡

izLrqr dh xbZa& iw.kZr% lger] lger] rVLFk] vlger] iw.kZr% vlgerA

vfHkdFku dks ldkjkRed] udkjkRed Lo:i esa j[krs gq,] blls lEcfU/kr

vfHk;qfDr ij vadksa dk vf/kHkkjkad fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh ds vuq:i j[kk

x;kA

lkj.kh la0 3-10

Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh (SURS) esa vfHk;qfDr vf/kHkkjkad

Øe

la0

vfHkdFku dh

izd`fr@vfHk;qfDr;k¡

iw.kZr%

lger

lger rVLFk vlger iw.kZr%

vlger

1- ldkjkRed 5 4 3 2 1

2- udkjkRed 1 2 3 4 5

3-8 lkaf[;dh vuqiz;ksx

izLrqr vuqla/kku eas 'kks/kdÙkkZ }kjk ftl x.kukRed lkaf[;dh i)fr;kas

dk vuqiz;ksx fd;k x;k mldk fooj.k bl izdkj gS&

ek/; (Mean)

M = A..M. + ∑fd

× i N

tgk¡

M = Mean

A.M. = Assumed Mean

∑fd = Summation of Multiplication of frequencies and deviation

N = Total of frequency

i = Class interval

114

ekud fopyu Standard Deviation

S. D. or = i × ∑fd2

- ( ∑fd )

N N tgk¡

= Standard Deviation

i = Class interval

∑fd = Summation of multiplication of frequencies and deviation

∑fd2 = Summation of multiplication of frequncies and square of deviation of

mid point Score from A.M.

N = Total of frequencies.

Significance of difference between means

t = M1 - M2

.d

d = m12 + m2

2

m1 = 1

N1

m2 =

2

N2

d.f = (N1 – 1) + (N2 - 1)

tgk¡ - t = Critical Ratio

= the Standard error of difference between the two Sample means.

m1 = the standard error of first group.

m2 = the standard error of second group.

1 = Standard deviation of first group.

2 = Stadard deviation of second group.

N1 = total number of first group.

N2 = total number of second group.

M1 = mean value of first group.

M2 = mean value of second group.

2

115

Significance of difference in percentage

SEd % = (SE1%)2 + (SE2%)

2

SE1 % = P1Q1

N1

SE2 % = P2Q2

N2

where SE1% = Standard Error of percentage of first group.

SE2% = Standard Error of percentage of second group.

P1 = Percentage of Subject of first group agreed with the item.

P2 = Percentage of Subject of Second group agreed with the item.

Q1 = Percentage of Subject of first group disagreed with the item.

Q2 = Percentage of Subject of Second group disagreed with the item.

N1 = total number of Subjects in first group.

N2 = total number of Subjects in Second group.

Split Half Reliability

R = 2(r½ . ½)

1+ r½.½

Where R= Reliability Coefficient

r.½.½ = Correlation between two Splited groups.

t = Difference %

SEd %

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09 Chapter 3