1-1. Executing a New Program

execlp

execvp

execl

execv

execle

execve

create argv create argv create argv

convert file to pat

h

addenvp

system call

Exec : replaces the current process with the new program

1-2. 프로세스의 종료 : exit()

exit function

user functions

main function

C start-up routine

exit handler

exit handler

standard I/O cleanup

. . .

_exit

_exit

_exit

exec

call

callreturn

return

exit

exit

exit

call

call

retu

rn

return

call

return

Kernel

user process

1-3. Exiting and Waiting

Values returned by the wait system call

argument to exit 0x00

0x00 signal number

signal number 0x7f

core flag(0/1)

Process called exit

Signal terminated process

Process stopped

Posix.1 specifies termination status as the Macro.

WIFEXITED WEXITSTATUS(status)(status)

WIFSIGNALED WTERMSIG(status)(status) WCOREDUMP(status)

WIFSTOPPED WSTOPSIG(status)(status)

Macro Description

2-1. File systems Ⅰ

partition partition partition

i-listDirectory blocks &

Data blocks

diskdrive

filesystem

boot block

super block

i-node i-node i-node i-node

2-2. File systems Ⅱ

i-list

i-node i-node

directoryblock(dirA)

datablock2

directoryblock(mydir)

i-node i-node

datablock1

datablock

i-nodenumber

dirname(dirA)

directory blocks and data blocks

i-nodenumber

filename(filleB)

i-nodenumber

filename(fileA)

i-nodenumber

filename(filleB.ln)

mydir

dirA fileB

fileA fileB.ln

#include <stdio.h>#include <signal.h>#include <sys/types.h>

int main() {

sigset_t toblock;

sigemptyset(&toblock); sigaddset(&toblock, SIGINT);

sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &toblock,(sigset_t *)NULL);

sleep(10); sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &toblock,

(sigset_t *)NULL);

printf("a SIGINT is ignored!!!\n");

return 0;}

<sigprocmask.c> #include <stdio.h>#include <signal.h>#include <sys/types.h>

int main() { sigset_t toblock, checkblock; sigemptyset(&toblock); sigemptyset(&checkblock); sigaddset(&toblock, SIGINT);

sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &toblock, (sigset_t *)NULL); sleep(5); sigpending(&checkblock); if (sigismember(&checkblock, SIGINT)) printf("^C pressed!!!\n"); sleep(5); sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &toblock, (sigset_t *)NULL);

printf("a SIGINT is ignored!!!\n"); return 0;}

<sigpending.c>

3-1. Blocking Signals & Manipulate Signal Sets

3-2. Interrupting System Calls

#include <stdio.h>#include <signal.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <unistd.h>

void handler(int);main(){ struct sigaction act; int len; char line[100]; act.sa_handler=handler; act.sa_flags=SA_RESTART; (void)sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);

if (sigaction(SIGINT, &act, 0)==-1) { perror(“sigaction error”); exit(1); }

write(1, “Input the string:”, 18);len=read(0, line, sizeof(line));write(1, “string read :”, 13);write(1, line, len);}

void handler(int signo){ write(1, “caught signal -> INT\n”, 21); write(1, “Input the string:”, 18);}

<testrestart.c>

3-3. Non-Local GOTO - setjmp

#include <stdio.h>#include <setjmp.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <signal.h>

void handler(int);jmp_buf env;main(){ struct sigaction act; char buf[100]; int n, count=0;

act.sa_handler=handler; act.sa_flags=0; (void)sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask); if (sigaction(SIGALRM, &act, 0)==-1) { perror(“sigaction”);

exit(1); }

while (1) { if (setjmp(env))

if(count<2) count++;else break;

alarm(10); write(1, “Input data :”, 12); if ((n=read(0, buf, sizeof(buf)) < 0) { perror(“read error”); exit(1); } alarm(0); break; }}

void handler(int signo){ write(1, “Time expired!\n”, 15); longjmp(env, 1);}

<setjmp.c>

5-1. System V IPC

Types : Message queue, Shared memory, Semaphore

Each IPC structure in the kernel is refferred to by a nonnegative integer identifier.

Permission structure ( 공통 )struct ipc_perm {

uid_t uid; /* owner’s effective user id */ gid_t gid; /* owner’s effective group id */

uid_t cuid; /* creator’s effective user id */gid_t cgid; /* creator’s effective group id */mode_t mode; /* access modes */ulong seg; /* slot usage sequence number */key_t key; /* key */

};

6-1. Shared Memory I

Shared Memory allows two or more processes

to share a given region of memory.

Shared Memory is the fastest form of IPC

(because the data does not need to be copied

between the client and server)

Movement of data between client and server

FIFO, PIPE

or MQ

client server

kernelInputfile

Sharedmemory

client server

kernel

Outputfile

Inputfile

Outputfile

6-2. Shared Memory II

Process1

Shared Area

Shared Area

Page1

Page2

Page3

Page4

Page5

Page6

Process2

Virtual Memory Space

Physical Memory page

A RealShared Memory!!

System Vstruct shmid_ds { struct ipc_perm shm_perm; int shm_segsz; struct XXX shm_YYY; ushort shm_lkcnt; pid_t shm_lpid; pid_t shm_cpid; ulong shm_nattch; ulong shm_cattach; time_t shm_atime; time_t shm_dtime; time_t shm_ctime;}

6-3. Shared Memory III

Functions#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/ipc.h>#include <sys/shm.h>

-. Getting : int shmget(key_t key, int size, int flag);-. Operating : void *shmat(int shmid, void *addr, int flag); void *shmdt(void *addr);-. Controlling : int shmctl(int shmid, int cmd, struct shmid_ds *buf);

0 , SHM_RDONLY

IPC_STAT,IPC_SET, IPC_RMID,SHM_LOCK,SHM_UNLOCK

int main(int argc, char **argv) { key_t key; int shmid; void *addr; void *shmaddr; char buf[1024];

if (argc != 2) { perror("argc"); exit(1); } key = ftok("/etc/passwd", 1); shmid = shmget(key, 1024, 0);

shmaddr = shmat(shmid, NULL, 0); strcpy(shmaddr, "Hello, I'm talker\n");

kill(atoi(argv[1]), SIGUSR1);

printf("mmap send.\n"); msync(shmaddr, 1024, MS_SYNC); strcpy(buf, shmaddr); printf("Listener said : %s\n", buf); sleep(3); system("ipcs"); shmdt(shmaddr); return 0;}

shmtalker.cvoid handler(int dummy) {;}int main() {

int shmid; key_t key; void *shmaddr; sigset_t mask; char buf[1024];

key = ftok("/etc/passwd", 1); shmid = shmget(key, 1024, IPC_CREAT | 0666);

sigfillset(&mask); sigdelset(&mask, SIGUSR1); sigset(SIGUSR1, handler); printf("listener wait for talker\n"); sigsuspend(&mask);

shmaddr = shmat(shmid, NULL, 0); strcpy(buf, shmaddr); printf("listener received : %s\n", buf);

strcpy(shmaddr, "Have a nice day."); msync(shmaddr, 1024, MS_SYNC); sleep(10); shmdt(shmaddr); shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL); return 0;}

shmlistener.c

7-1. Semaphores I

Semaphores are not used for exchanging large amounts of data.

Semaphores are intended to let multiple processessynchronize their operations.

A semaphore is a counter used to provide accessto a shared data object for multiple processes.

process A process B

Semaphore 0 or 1 kernel

7-2. Semaphores II

Kernel data structures for a semaphore set

sem_permstucture

struct semid_ds

sem_base

sem_nsems

sem_otime

sem_ctime

semval

sempid

semncnt

semzcnt

semval

sempid

semncnt

semzcnt

semid

[0]

[0]

[0]

[0]

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

kernel

struct sem {ushort semval;pid_t sempid;ushort semncnt;

ushort semzcnt;};

struct semid_ds {struct ipc_perm sem_perm;

struct sem *sem_base;ushort sem_nsems;time_t sem_otime;time_t sem_ctime;

}

7-3. Semaphores III

Functions -. Getting : int semget(key_t key, int nsems, int flag); -. Operating : int semop(int semid, struct sembuf *sops, size_t nops);

struct sembuf {ushort sem_num;short sem_op;short sem_flg;

}

-. Controlling :int semctl(int semid, int semnum, int cmd,

union semun arg);union semun {

int val;struct semid_ds *buf;ushort *array;

}

IPC_NOWAIT, SEM_UNDO

IPC_STAT, IPC_SET,IPC_RMID, GETVAL,SETVAL, GETALL,SETALL

#include <stdio.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/ipc.h>#include <sys/sem.h>#include <stdio.h>#define DUMMY 0#define COUNT 3main(int argc, char *argv[]){ key_t ipckey; int semid, pid, creator, i; struct sembuf lock={0, -1, SEM_UNDO}; struct sembuf unlock={0, 1, SEM_UNDO};

setbuf(stdout, (char *)NULL); ipckey=ftok(argv[0], 1); if ((semid= semget(ipckey, 1,IPC_CREAT | IPC_EXCL | 0666)) != -1) creator=1; else if ((semid=semget(ipckey, 1, 0)) == -1) { perror(“semget failed”); exit(1); } else creator=0;

if (creator) { if (semctl(semid, 0, SETVAL, 1) == -1) { perror(“semctl SETVAL failed”); exit(2); } }

pid=getpid(); for(i=0; i<COUNT; i++) { if (semop(semid, &lock, 1)==-1) { perror(“semop lock failed”); exit(3); } printf(“\t[%d]locking\n”, pid); sleep(3); printf(“\t[%d]unlocking\n”, pid); if (semop(semid, &unlock, 1) == -1) { perror(“semop unlock failed”); exit(4); } }

if (creator) { sleep(5); if (semctl(semid, DUMMY, IPC_RMID, DUMMY) == -1) { perror(“semctl IPC_RMID failed”); exit(5); } }} /* end of main */

mysem.c

8-1. Message Queue I

Linked list of message stored within the kernel andidentified by message queue Identifier.

Kernel data structures for a message queue

msg_permstructure

link

struct msqid_ds

msg_first

msg_last

.

.

msg_ctime

type

length

data

link

type

length

data

NULL

type

length

data

kernel

msq_id

struct msqid_ds { struct ipc_perm msg_perm; sturct msg *msg_first; struct msg *msg_last; ulong msg_cbytes; ulong msg_qnum; ulong msg_qbytes; pid_t msg_lspid; pid_t msg_lrpid; time_t msg_stime; time_t msg_rtime; time_t msg_ctime;};

8-2. Message Queue II

Functions #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/ipc.h> #include <sys/msg.h>

-. Getting : int msgget(key_t key, int flag); -. Operating : int msgsnd(int msqid, const void *ptr, size_t nbytes, int flag); int msgrcv(int msqid, void *ptr, size_t nbytes, long type, int flag);-. Controlling : int msgctl(int msqid, int cmd, struct msqid_ds *buf); IPC_STAT, IPC_SET,

IPC_RMID

IPC_NOWAIT

IPC_CREAT,IPC_EXCL

8-3. Multiplexing Messages

The purpose of having a type, associated with each message is to allow multiple processes tomultiplex messages on to a single queue.

client1pid=123

type=1

client2pid=456

client3pid=789

Message queue

Server

type=123 type=1 type=456 type=1 type=789

type=1 type=123 or 456 or 789

Process1

Shared Area

Shared Area

Page1

Page2

Page3

Page5

Page6

Process2

Physical Memory page

File System

Page7

File

MemoryMapped

File

MemoryMapped

File

Page4

Virtual Memory Space

9-1. Memory Mapping Files - mmap

9-2. Memory Mapping Files - Example

#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/mman.h>#include <sys/stat.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <unistd.h>

main(int argc, char *argv[]){ int fd; caddr_t addr; struct stat statbuf;

if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, “Usage: mymmap filename\n”); exit(1); }

if (stat(argv[1], &statbuf) == -1) { perror(“stat”); exit(1); }

if ((fd=open(argv[1], O_RDONLY))==-1) { perror(“open”); exit(1); }

addr=mmap(NULL, statbuf.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd (off_t)0);

if (addr == MAP_FAILED) { perror(“mmap”); exit(1); }

close(fd);

write(1, addr, statbuf.st_size); return(0);}

Sizing a File

#include <unistd.h>

int truncate(const char *path, off_t length);

int ftruncate(int fildes, off_t length);

<mmap.c>

10-1. Asynchronous I/O

SIGIO : asynchronous I/O in 4.3 BSD 1) Establish a signal handler sigaction(SIGIO, &act, 0); 2) Set the process ID to receive the signal for the descriptior. ioctl(fd, FIOSETOWN, &pid); /* pid=getpid(); */ 3) Enable asynchronous I/O on the descriptor. ioctl(fd, FIOASYNC, &arg); /* arg=1 */SIGPOLL : asynchronous I/O in SVR4 1) Establish a signal handler sigaction(SIGPOLL, &act, 0); 2) Enable asynchronous I/O for a stream device ioctl(fd, I_SETSIG, S_RDNORM);

Limitation : There is only one signal per process.

10-2. I/O Multiplexing

#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/time.h>#include <unistd.h>int select(int maxfdp1, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *tvptr);

FD_ZERO(&rset); FD_CLR(fd, &rset) FD_SET(fd, &rset); if (FD_ISSET(fd, &rset)) …

#include <stropts.h>#include <poll.h>int poll(struct pollfd fdarray[], unsigned long nfds, int timeout); struct pollfd { int fd; /* file descriptor to check */ short event; /* events of interest on fd */ short revents; /* events that occurred on fd */ };

0 0 0 ……

One bit per possible descriptor

readfds

fd0 fd1 fd2

INFTIM(-1) : Wait forever0 : Don’t waitpositive : Wait timeout milliseconds

NULL :Wait forever

Definition : an independent sequence of execution of program code inside a UNIX process.

Calling function vs creating thread

Calling program

Called function

Creating program

Created thread

Pthread_create();funt_call();

11-1. Treads Overview

Single Thread vs Multi Threads

Thread Thread

Heap

정적자료

Code

Stack

Memory

Registers

Heap

정적자료

Code

Stack

Memory

Registers

Stack

Registers

Stack

Registers

Thread

< 단일 Thread 형 Process>

< 멀티 Thread 형 Process>

11-2. Treads Overview II

11-3. Two model of Thread Control I

User-level Thread : are not visible outside of the process

Runtime mapping

User-level thread

Kernel entity

-. Extremely low overhead-. The threads can share only processor resources allocated to their encapsulating process.

11-4. Two model of Thread Control II

Kernel-level Thread : are scheduled just like individual process

User-level thread

Kernel entity

-. The kernel is aware of thread as a schedulable entity expensive-. This model can take advantage of the multi- processor.

This model have advantages of both user-level and kernel-level models by providing two levels of control

User-level thread

Kernel entity

11-5. Hybrid Thread Model

pthread_create() pthread_t *thread –> thread_ID pthread_attr_t *attr –> thread attributes void *(*start_routine) (void *) –> function pointer void *arg –> pointer to the data to be passed to the call

#include <pthread.h>int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread,

const pthread_attr_t *attr,void (*start_routine)(void *),void *arg);

11-6. Creating a Thread

#include <pthread.h>void pthread_exit(void *value_ptr);int pthread_cancel(pthread_t target_thread);int pthread_join(pthread_t thread,

void **value_ptr);

pthread_exit() ->Terminates thread itselfpthread_cancel() ->Terminates thread specified tidpthread_join() ->Wait for specified thread are finished

11-7. Basic Example

#include <pthread.h>#include <stdio.h>void *pthread1(void *dummy) { sleep(1); printf("Hello.. I'm pthread1\n"); pthread_exit(NULL);}

void *pthread2(void *dummy) { sleep(2); printf("Hello.. I'm pthread2.. %d\n", (int)dummy); pthread_exit(NULL);} int main() {

pthread_t tid1, tid2;

pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, pthread1, NULL); pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, pthread2, (void *)3);

pthread_join(tid1, NULL); pthread_join(tid2, NULL);

return 0;}

<pth_create.c>

Synchronization methods– Mutual exclusion (mutex) locks• When another thread locks same mutex, my

thread is suspended until another thread releases same mutex

– Multiple-reader-single-writer (rwlock) locks• Same as mutex locks, but read-lock is more

free access resources.– Semaphore locks• Enables two or more locks

– Condition variable locks• Producer vs Consumer problem

11-8. Synchronization

#include <pthread.h>int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *obj);int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *obj);int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t

*obj);int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t

*obj);

#include <stdio.h>#include <pthread.h>

pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

void *pthread1(void *dummy) { sleep(2); pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex); printf("Hello.. I'm pthread1\n"); sleep(2); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); printf("unlocked.. (1)\n");}

void *pthread2(void *dummy) { sleep(1); pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex); printf("Hello.. I'm pthread2. I'll rest 3 seconds.\n"); sleep(3); pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); printf("unlocked.. (2)\n");}

int main() {<Same as ‘the Basic Example’> return 0;}

11-9. Synchronization - Mutex

<mutex.c>