1. 基本概念 20% Style; stylistics; the significance of stylistic study in translating; the aspects of stylistc analysis; functional stylistic approach to translation;

1. 基本概念 20% Style; stylistics; the significance of styl

istic study in translating; the aspects of stylistc analysis; functional stylistic approach to translation; foregrounding; deviation.

the stylistic features and corresponding translation strategies for business correspondence, contracts, soft news, enterprise profile, political texts, lawful documents, fictions, essays, poetry .

2. 术语翻译 10%Translation of the terms in instructions,

contracts, lawful texts etc.3. 各类实用文体文本句子翻译 Recommendation letters, business cor

respondence, certification letters, invitation letters.

4. 段落（通知、企业简介）翻译： 30%5. 文学段落的翻译： 20%

Style and stylistics A branch of linguistics which studies the char

acteristics of situationally-distinctive use of language, with particular reference to literary language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language.

( The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, 1977, 2nd edn 1988)

The goal of most stylistics is not simply to describe the formal features of texts for their own sakem but in order to show their functional significance for their interpretation of the text,

or in order to relate literary effects to linguistic ‘causes’ where these are felt to be relevant. ( Wales, 1989: A Dictionary of Stylistics)

Stylistics is concerned with the idea of ‘style’,with the analysis of texts, and with the use of linguistics.

Style---is usually understood within this area of study as the selection of certain linguistic forms or features over other possible ones.

Varieties of Language When language is used, it is always used

in a context. In other words, speech events differ in different situations, for different purposes, through different media, and amidst different social environments. Some situations seem to depend generally and fairly consistently on a regular set of linguistic features: as a result, there have appeared different types of a language which are called VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE.

The Significance of Stylistic Study in Translating

---Stylistic Study Helps Cultivate a Sense of Appropriateness

Appropriate in expressing

----Stylistic Study Sharpens Understanding and Appreciation of the Source Texts

DESCRIPTION INTERPRITATION EVALUATION

--- Stylistic Study Helps Achieve Adaptation( to the effect or function ) in Translation

Stylistics tells us that all languages have different varieties for different functional roles, and each main variety displays a fairly regular set of features.

So in translation, the translated text must be adapted to the original in terms of language type and general effect.

The Approach of Functional Stylistics to Translation

MAK Halliday sees language as a “social semiotic”. What is more important is that language is essentially a social activity.

--convey information;

--convey ideas;

--fulfil communication.

The IDEATIONAL or REFERENTIAL function serves for expressing the speaker’s experience of the real world, including the inner world of his own consciousness.

The INTERPERSONAL or EXPRESSIVE/SOCIAL function serves to establish and maintain social relations, for the expression of social roles, and also for getting things done by means of interaction between one person and another.

The TEXTUAL function provides means for making links within the text itself and with features of its immediate situation.

Functional Equivalence and Stylistic Correspondence --- function, purpose, register, situati

on in language use varieties of language

For different varieties, the text or discourse may assume different functions.

---Informative function,---Expressive function---Vocative function---Aesthetic function---Phatic function---Metalingual function

2. functional equivalence and stylistic correspondence

translators’ adaptation, competence and creativity in choosing the appropriate style

Appropriateness at different levels

Norms, deviation and foregrounding (1)

Style is the deviation of the norm. The breaking of normal rules of linguistic str

ucture---deviation;

-- 人们在使用语言交际时总是要遵守一定的“常规”（ norm/common core);

-- 根据言语交际中的主观因素和客观因素选择最恰当的语言成分表达思想，创造性地运用一些偏离语言使用常规的表达方式。（ deviation)

grasp “common core”---linguistic features which all the varieties of English share.

speak and write in highly situation-tied varieties when necessary.


对一篇文学作品来说，变异表现得总和就构成了这篇作品的独特风格；

对一个作家来说，他在不同作品中所反映出的带倾向性的变异之总和，就构成了他的个人风格；

对某一类型的文本或语体来说，变异的总和或倾向性就构成了一种题材的风格。

Norms, deviation and foregrounding (3) 变异的目的在于造成一种“突出”（ foregroundin

g), 引人注目，反映作者或说话人的意图，产生一定的效果。

韩礼德指出 :“ 前景化是有动因的突出” (motivated prominence)

--This highlighting of a linguistic feature against the background of the normal set of rules for the English language is FOREGROUNDING.

分析变异首先要分析意图、效果、情形，即语域（ register).

Norms, deviation and foregrounding (4) (1) lexical deviation;--In marrying this girl he married a bit mor

e than he could chew.--a day ago a grief ago (2) phonological( 语音） deviation; (3) grammatical deviation;-- you pays your money and you doesn’t

take your choice.


(4) graphological( 书写） deviation; (5) semantic deviation;--The Child is father of the Man. (5) dialectal( 方言） deviation; (6) deviation of register; (7) deviation of historical period

Pattern of Stylistic Analysis (1)

The translator should read and study the original text, so as to grasp its overall style, including its wording inclination, its sentence features, its rhetorical devices, its patterns of presentation, its general mood or modality, its composition, etc.

Pattern: five levels ( register-----phonological , lexicological, syntactic, rhetoric, discourse)

词汇层面主要检验用词 ; 语法层面主要检验句型的特点 ; 修辞层面包括词汇和语法的模式、音律模式

和修辞手法等 ; 语篇层面看文本内组织的联系；

Practical writings -- manuals and instructions

Technical writings

----user manuals, user guide, operation instructions, handbook, specifications.

To introduce the features, functions, usage, ingredients, methods and etc.

technical manual, engineering specifications or installation guides

In today’s global economy, almost every product is either sold internationally or reaches users who speak a different language. Whether you sell only in the U.S. or abroad, having quality manual translations is a necessity.

Stylistic Features Informative texts: offering information 客观描述性 (objective description) 、

专业性 (technical terms) 、简明性 ( conciseness)

-- 商品的功能、特征和成分；-- 安装、使用、饮用、服用、食用的方法；-- 性能、规格和指标；-- 注意事项

1 ） simple syntactic structures; 2) use of imperative sentences; 3) use of nominalization/ compound

nouns; 4) arranged in a clear order

Concise,imperative sentences,short sentences, arranged in a sequence, correct technical terms.

Translating Strategies and Skills Clearness; Conciseness; Exactness;---1) 常使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句 ;---2) 较多地使用分词独立结构代替状语从句式

或并列分句 ;---3) 常用不定式短语代替各种从句 ;---4) 常使用介词 + 动名词短语代替定语从句或

状语 .

Correct translation of terms

-- 成分 -- 注意事项-- 副作用 -- 剂量和用法-- 性状 -- 包装-- 作用 -- 失效日期-- 适应症 -- 出厂日期-- 禁忌症

Official Writings

广义的公文文体指政府（机构）发布的各种公告、宣言、规章、法令、通告、启事、通报、指令一级各类法律文书。

Statement resolution declaration decision

notice notification announcement poster certificate

Notice/ Notification Notice

Notice is hereby given that the water supply is bot available from 7:00 am to 11:00 pm tomorrow, owing to the repairs of the water pipes.

General Affairs Service

Feb.2, 2009

Translating Strategies and Skills

Accuracy: fixed form, clear expressions Brevity: smooth and concise Clarity: rather formal words, coherent a

nd compact structures Difference: acceptable forms

Where to write the time in Notices?

Fixed Expressions

1. 特此证明、兹证明、以资证明---This is to certify that…

2. 特此通告、特此通知--Notice is hereby given that…

--It is here proclaimed that…

--This is to annouce that…

3. 敬请批准为盼---I should be very much obliged if you gr

ant me my application.4. 在此附上---I herewith enclose / submit a duplicate

copy.

Functions of Business Correspondence

Selling commodities and services Requesting information or materials Inquiring price, make quotation or make offer; Establishing business relations Settling business negotiations

Stylistic Analysis (1)I Rather formal , direct, clear, concise, lawful

(accurate)

Page 80

Stylistic Analysis (2)II Fixed form A. 信头（ the heading ） B. 信内地址（ the inside address ） C.称呼（ the salutation ） D. 信文（ the body ）--the significance of the first sentence E. 结束语（ the complimentary close ） F.签名（ the signature)P.S. From\ To Subject

Stylistic Analysis (3)

III Technical terms or abbreviations in business field

-- C&F ( cost & freight) 成本加运费价-- T/T (telegraphic transfer)电汇-- C.O (certificate of origin) 一般原产地证-- CTN/CTNS (carton/cartons)纸箱-- PCE/PCS (piece/pieces)只、个、支等-- DL/DLS (dollar/dollars)美元-- DOZ/DZ (dozen) 一打


IV Medium-sized and long sentence

-- Our quotation is subject to 3% discount if your order exceeds US $100,000 in value.

如果你方订货价值超过十万美元，我方可按所报价格给予 3% 的折扣。

Stylistic Analysis (6)V Business idiomatic expressions --Punctual shipment can be ensured provided we

receive the covering L/C not later than...如果有关信用证不迟于……到达我方 ,可保证准

时装船。--Claims which fall within the responsibility of p

arties other than the supplier will not be accepted by us.非供货方责任的索赔 ,我们不予受理。--We are pleased to inform you that we have co

mmenced a business as a commission agent.欣告我方已展开经营代销业务。

Stylistic Analysis (10)“7C’ S” （卢曦， 2001:25）体贴（ Consideration ）准确 (Completeness) 具体 (Concreteness) 简洁 (Conciseness) 清楚 (Clarity) 礼貌 (Courtesy) 正确（ correctness


Translating Principles of 5 “C’S” 清楚 (Clearness) 完整 (Completeness) 简洁 (Conciseness) 礼貌 (Courtesy) 正确 (Correctness)

Translating skills

1. Avoid using imperative sentences;

2. Try to use passive voice;

3. Repetition ;

4. Transformation of negative forms into affirmative sentences ( positive approach)

Contracts 合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的有法律约束力的协议 , 合同具有法律效力。

（ lawfully binding)

合同语篇的情景语境就是用非常正式的书面语言规定当事人应享有的权利和应履行的义务。( frozen or very formal)

合同的行文力求严谨、准确 ,否则就会给合同的理解和履行埋下祸根 ,给争议的解决带来更大麻烦。 ( rigorous and precise)

就语场来说 ,缔结合同的相关各方为了维护各自的利益 ,协商制订了一些有法律效力的各自应履行的义务和应拥有的权利的条款。 ( legally binding with mutually negotiated concrete terms for the relevant responsibility and obligation)

就语旨来说 , 有关各方是利益相关的 , 人际关系相对疏远 , 所用语言非常正式。 (formal and rigorous )

就语式而言 ,合同多以书面形式出现。 (written form)

Stylistic features of General Contracts

1. technical terms and the corresponding concrete terms

2. fixed written form

3.complex syntactic structures

4.rigorous and precise

5.clear and formal or frozen

Technical terms and the corresponding concrete terms

Royalty 提成费 Force Majeure 不可抗力 Arbitration 仲裁 Governing Law 准据法 No Agency 无代理权

Fixed form1. Preamble （前言）—写明当事人的名称

及缔约目的和原则等内容2. Main Clauses （正文 / 主要条款） —明确规定当事人的具体权利和义务、

违约赔偿、争议解决、适用法律等条款3. Closing or Concluding （约尾） —包括合同的效力范围、有效条件、双

方代表签字、合同生效的日期、合同使用的语言、正本份数、附件份数等。

rigorous and precise clear and formal or frozen

Both Party A and Party B agree that a technology transfer agreement shall be signed between the joint venture company and Party X (or a third party)甲、乙双方同意，由合营公司与 X方（或第三方）签订技术转让协议……

the Seller （卖方）、 the Buyer( 买方 )、the Recipient Party （受主）、 the Supplying （供方）、the Transferer （转让方）、 the Transferee（受让方）等。

Quasi-ancient words hereby, hereinafter, hereto, thereby, t

herein, thereof, whereby, whereas shall----responsibility and obligation

Translation strategies (1)I . 通读全文 : 从宏观上了解契约的总体概貌和

篇章结II. 细研章节 : 逐字、逐句、逐条、逐段、逐节、

逐章地仔细研读 ;

III. 准确表达 : 在准确表达的前提下，力求使译文的格式和文体符合合同的规范和要求。

Lawful Documents The most important thing in the process of tra

nslating lawful documents is to avoid ambiguity.

A. Special terms and old-fashioned words are widely used in lawful documents.

B. Long sentences , redundant structures are often found in lawful documents.

C. frozen style and wording.

General Stylistic Features

1. Technical terms

2. fixed written form

3. complex syntactic structures/ redundancy

4. rigorous and precise

5. clear , frozen style

The Translation of Lawful DocumentsI . 通读全文 : 从宏观上了解总体概貌和篇章结构 .

II. 细研章节 : 逐字、逐句、逐条、逐段、逐节、逐章地仔细研读 .

III. 准确表达 : 在准确表达的前提下，力求使译文的格式和文体符合合同的规范和要求 .

IV. 使用近文言文词汇（ Quasi-ancient words ）与 “应”（“ shall” ） .

1. Using exact words

---Unless it is legally or physically impossible, the contractor shall execute and complete the works and remedy the defects therein in strict accordance with the contract to the satisfaction of the engineer.

除法律和外界条件不允许的情况以外 ,承包商应严格按合同施工和竣工 , 并改正工作中的任何缺陷 , 达到工程师满意的程度 .

---In case of any divergence of interpretation, the English text shall prevail.如在解释上遇有分歧 ,应以英文本为准 .

2. Repeating the key words---Having examined the conditions of contract, s

pecifications, drawings and bill of quantities for the execution the above-named works, we, the undersigned, offer to execute and complete such works in conformity with the conditions of contract, specification, drawings and bill of quantities.

我们，即文末签字人 , 在审核了关于建造上述工程的合同条件、技术要求、图纸和工程量清单后，提出按上述合同条件、技术要求、图纸和工程量清单施工并完成上述工程。

3. Keeping the version concise

---外商投资企业生产的出口产品 ,除国家另有规定的产品之外 ,免征关税 .

(1) Export products manufactured by foreign-invested enterprises in the New Area, except those existing regulations by the State, shall be exempted from customs duty.

(2) Exports manufactured by foreign-invested enterprises in the New Area are duty-free, unless otherwise regulated by the State.

4. Appropriate style ( “quasi-ancient words”, “shall”)---IF UPON THE DEATH OF THE LIFE INSU

RED, there shall be no duly constituted personal representative or nominee or assignee of the Life Insured able and willing to give a valid receipt for the sum payable such sum may in the discretion of the Committee of Management be paid to one or more of the next-of-kin of the Life Insured whose receipt shall effectually discharge the Society from all liability under this policy.

Political Texts Political texts include articles, reports, addresse

s, statements, declarations, editorials , comments in relation to political affairs or policies;

Political and foreign affairs are subtle, concerning the benefits of the state, and the use of sentences and words should be considered carefully.

The Stylistic Analysis (3) Combination of informative and vocative eff

ects

Authoritativeness and seriousness

1. Serious argumentation

2. Authoritative statements

3. Specific characteristics ( its own political systems)

4. Extensive use of different terms in such fields as politics, economics, science, history, arts

5. Sometimes borrowing some vivid images , abbreviations or set phrases to add up more appealling effects.

Translation Criteria The C-Etranslation of political documents is t

he main avenue to external publicity and also the authoritative source for foreign countries and their people to keep abreast of China’s conditions, principles and policies, political system and stance.

政治性 authoritativeness 准确客观性 objectivity 时效性 timeliness 单义性 exclusiveness 完整性 completeness

authoritativeness --“ 政治文章的翻译要讲政治。”（程镇球， 2003： 18 ）

(1) 祖国统一---reunification of the motherland

---unification of the motherland

---unity of the motherland

authoritativeness

(2) 港人治港---Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong---Hong Kong people governing Hong K

ong---Hong Kong people administering Hon

g Kong

Objectivity---Seriousness

政治文献翻译的客观性要求用词客观、质朴 ,不带感情色彩 , 不作主观渲染 , 反对脱离原文随意发挥 , 以确保政治文献的严肃性、规范性和可靠性。

Translator’s role: reliability seriousness objectivity

Exclusiveness– without other interpretations

我们必须合理确定“低保”标准 , 切实做到应保尽保。

---We must rationally determine the criteria for basic pensions for retirees and subsistence allowances for needy urban residents, so that all the eligible urban poor will receive the benefits to which they are entitled.

Timeliness---与时俱进 (1) “积极的财政政策”----“active financial policy”,----“proactive fiscal policy” 华侨”、“海外侨胞”--- overseas Chinese--overseas Chinese nationals---Chinese nationals

完整性 ---completeness

完整性 : 信息完整不偏离或歪曲原意 , 不随意删减或添加内容 , 以确保原文与译文的效能等值。

1. Faithful in conveying the information

2. Complete and indiomatic sentence structures Faithful to the original

Intelligible to the foreign readers


1. Translate literally as possible as one can

2. Mainly adopt foreignization ( for acceptability, may adopt domestication flexibly)

4. Be natural or idiomatic in expressing

3. Be more politically-serious

Enterprise Profiles Structure Pattern : 企业形象 + 产品 +

特色 + 成就 +优势1. Who we are: name, establishing , location, his

tory;2. What we do: products, staff, facilities, manag

ement;3. Certificates and awards: branches, quality co

ntrol, value, awards, certification4. Closing: future strategy and contact informat

ion

Stylistic Analysis

Easy and clear Relevant information—prominent Vocative expressions

Differences Between Chinese and English Corporate Profiles Information- promin

ent

Relevant Information pattern

Vocative function- prominent

Relevant Information pattern

Heavy modifiers Wide use of four-ch

aracter phrases , stylized sentences

Repetition rhetorical devices

Flowing chunks

Brevity Simple, colloq

uial

Natural description

SV structure

Translation principles functionalist approaches

-----Intended function for intended readers

Translation Strategies 1. “关联性信息突出”原则 ---调节信息模式

2. 考虑读者的接受：归化为主

3. 语篇意识 : 简洁明了

Information mediator

Domestication Restructuring the t

extual structures

Journalistic TextsFunctions: informative & appealing ( drawing p

ublic attention) Timeliness Prominence Impact or significance Proximity or nearness Unusualness or novelty Interests

Classification (2)

Nature of events---- hard news( spot news, straight new

s)----soft news

Classification (3)

Hard news: Factualness---news reporting

Soft news: Feature articles--- news stories, interviews, personal profiles

entertainment

Hard news: the timely and on-the-spot report , very lucid and timely

Soft news: not considered immediately important or timely , natural and flexible, relaxing, interesting


新词、夸张词、典故词、比喻词、借喻词、

时髦词、外来词、生僻词、俚语、联缀词

Stylistic Analysis---Novel words

(1) Neologism (2) Buzz words

(3) Coinages( nonce words)

(4) Loan words (names, places,different fields , etc)

(5) Slangs (6) Jargons

(7) midget words/ monosyllabic words

(8) blending words

Stylistic Analysis---

Abbreviation, acronyms, clipping Varieties of sentences Compact structures ( premodification,

omission Flexible tense ( vivid and immediate) Passive voice ( promincence and objectivit

y) direct quotation

clear organization

rhetorical devices– achieving the publicizing effects

Translation Principles

Fuinctional equivalence: achieve the intended function or purpose accroding to the target context ( Skopos Theory/ Communicative Translation )

Information

interest( entertainment)

1. 在内容上 , 以反映社会、文化、生活、精神、道德等为主 ;

2. 在动机上 , 以调动读者的阅读兴趣为目的 ; 3. 在表现手法上 ,则讲求轻松、活泼和入情。

Translating methodsAdapted translation 1. abridgement 2. adaptation 3. interpretation

Stylistic correspondence (vividness, concreteness, accuracy, clarity and popularity)

General Features of Literary Texts Expressive texts; Form-focused; The art of language; With particular connotative, expressive or aes

thetic meaning

--images/ impressionistic --aesthetic attributes --implicit/ implicature -- symbolic -- prosodic (the order of words, the rhythm of

sentences, and the patterns of sound ) -- different tones or styles( humorous, ironic,

simple, fresh) --different interpretation

Translation of Literary Texts 1. faithful, smooth, elegant; 2. formal correspondence; spiritual rese

mblance; 3. beauty in form, sound and meaning; 4. aesthetic/ artistic correspondence

Translation of Essays Decoding and encoding the “style” into fo

rmal markers;

Maintaining spiritual conformity/ resemblance

phonological , lexicological, syntactic, rhetoric, discourse deviation

Macroscopically, style can be studied at 3 levels: the level of a genre, level of speech, level of the author.

Microscopically , style is treated as expressive or affective elements operating to heighten the aesthetic effect. It is identified with various linguistic features, devices and patterns which function to produce the artistically or thematically related effects; and language is naturally examined in the context of literary interpretation.

Translation Strategies --immitation of the original style --recasting the style in spirit ( adaptabilit

y, appropriateness)

In On the translatability of Prose Style written by Gao Jian, he analyzed different styles of the essay, such as

(1) the traditional and concise, (2) magnificent and splendid (3) witty and free (4) pure and beautiful

Stylistic Analysis of Poetry 鲁迅在《汉文学史纲要》第一篇中说：

诗歌 “意美以感心，一也；音美以感耳，二也；形美以感目，三也。”

诗歌的三美：韵律美（节奏美）、形式美、意境美————情感美

The aesthetic feeling or content is embodied in the foregrounded forms ， images( rhetorical devices) and prosodic features.

Prosodic features

rhythm;rhyming

Rhythm: its foundation is metre. 音步 (Foot)：重读与非重读音节的特殊

性组合叫作音步 , 一个音步中只有一个重读 .stressed/ unstressed

韵律 (Metre)：依据音步包含音节的数量及重读音节的位置而加以区分 :

---抑扬格 (Lambus) 、扬抑格 (Trochee) 、抑抑扬格 (Anapaest) 、扬抑抑格 (Dactyl) 、抑扬抑格 (Amphibrach) 、抑扬扬格 (Spondee),抑抑格（ Pyrrhic).

Rhyming--- 头韵（ Alliteration ） : 指词首重复，如 great 和 grew

---半谐韵（ Assonance ） : 指词中重读元音重复，如 great 和 fail

--- 和声（ consonance ） : 指词尾音素重复，如 great 和 bait

Translation Strategies

Beauty in spirit, form and rhythm;--Grasp the implicature and appreciat

e the images;--Adopt aesthetic language;--Seek correspondence in the style, in

cluding the rhythm and form.

The Song Lyrics Aesthetic functions : 咏物、抒情、言志

等多种功能 ; low-brow poetic products: more flexib

le in forms; Musical attributes: rhythmic and pros

odic ( easy to appreciate) Easy to follow and sing

Translation of song lyrics

译配（ translate and accompany) 译文在句读 ( stop) 上应与原文尽量一致。

Rhythm: (1) a character for a syllable. (2) falling or rising pitch: stressed or

unstressed

Pay attention to the style --译文风格受音乐风格的限制，也要根据需要对作者的个人特点以及作品的时代、民族、流派等诸多方面作广泛、具体、深入的研选择韵脚也与音乐有关。”激昂慷慨的用洪声韵；委婉深情的用柔声韵；胆颤心惊的用细声韵等 .”

（孙慧双， 1999： 141）

Stylistic Analysis 小说是一种典型的以叙事和故事讲述为只要内容的文体，通常有人物、情节、对话、具体的描写。

小说中人物的刻画、主题的塑造、作家风格的体现和文学语言运用融为一体。

侯维瑞在《英语语体》（ Varieties of English ）一书中将小说语言分为四种基本类型：对话、叙述、描写、评论。

Stylistic Analysis The author’s intention and style

-- characters’ depiction by dialogues

-- narration, setting’s description and comments

-- the author’s tendency in choosing the themes, language, images, symbols, writing skills--- his style

Stylistic Analysis--dialogues 不同环境中的人物的语言往往折射出人物的性别、年龄、职业、教育程度及社会地位 ( characters in different situations or contexts) 。

海明威是善于用谈话体的英语写作的，下面这段对话来自他的《杀手》（ The Killers) 。

Translation of Fictions Reflect the original spirit, achieving delight

and spiritual resemblance. 1. Understanding the intention or aim, of t

he original author; 2. Pay attention to the original stylistic feat

ures, register. 3. Try to depict the unique characters’ lan

guage

The writer’s style--- his choice of words, figures of speech, the shape of sentences, paragraphs, devices, tones, theme, image ,symbols, etc.

译者在翻译微型小说人物语言时，既要保证人物的个性语言，使译语与人物的角色、身份相吻合，与人物的习惯、个性相吻合，与所处的环境、场合相吻合（黄粉保， 2000： 44 ）。

同时，译者也要根据上下文、场景等知识 , 根据自己的认知能力和推理能力 ,捕捉到隐含在字里行间的言外之意；不仅如此 ,译者还要把自己理解和捕捉到的会话含意用适当的手法表达出来 ,让译文读者也能够领悟、欣赏到会话的弦外之音。

Requirements in MET-8 Translation

译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。

评分标准分为 5 个档次，从拼写、选词、句法、篇章理解和风格传达几个方面综合评定。

忠实原文（意义和文体） : 60%; 语言通顺 : 40 %.

Grading Score Description 10-9 EXCELLENT TRANSLATION The translation faithfully reflects all the o

riginal passage with only 1 or 2 minor errors in vocabulary, syntax, punctuation or spelling.

The translation is elegant (appropriate choice of words, a variety in sentence patterns).

8-7 GOOD TRANSLATION WITH FEW INACCURACIES

The translation reflects almost all the original passage with relatively few significant errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation.

The translation is readable (generally clear, smooth and cohesive).

6-5 PASSABLE TRANSLATION WITH SOME INACCURACIES

The translation adequately reflects most of the original passage with occasional errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation.

The translation is, for the most part, readable.

　

4-3 INADEQUATE TRANSLATION WITH FREQUENT INACCURACIES

The translation only reflects about half of the original passage with frequent errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The translation is, in some parts, unreadable.

2-1 POOR TRANSLATION The translation reflects less than half of the ori

ginal passage. Almost all sentences contain errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The translation is , for the most part, unreadable.

Difficulty in E-C Translation Understanding

---Parenthesis (independent strcture)

---pronouns

--- the connotation of some words

--- omission

---complex sentences

Difficulty in E-C Translation faithful and smooth expressing 1. Diction (correctness, appropriateness) 2. Arranging syntactic structures proper

ly 3. Properly coping with the translation o

f culturally-loaded words

Diction (correctness, appropriateness)

1. 第三阶段主要是钓趣，面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全部抛到一边。（ 2001)

depression ， disturbance ， annoyance ， frustration ， sadness, vexation

stage ， level ， step ， part ， type ，state

Arranging syntactic structures properly

1.钓鱼是一项能够陶冶情操的运动，有益于身心健康。（ 2001 ）

-- Fishing is an outdoor sport that can help cultivate your mind and it is beneficial for our health physically and psychologically.

Syntactic structures---SV Structure

1. 在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。---A group of sheep are lowering their heads,

eating by the riverbank. 2. 我国历代的劳动人民及大政治家、大思

想家等等都莫不如此。---Laborers, great statesmen as well as the g

reat thinkers in our history, past and present, all treat their lives the same way, without exception.

Syntactic structures--- Subjectless Sentences

1. 如果走近了，会发现它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而单纯的表情。

---When approaching near, one would find their lily-white teeth and a variety of innocent facial expressions.

Syntactic structures--- V. V. structure or with chain clauses

1. 它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。

---Hardly any of the them would spare some time to raise their heads to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, making use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before being driven home.