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Bone Blood & Hemopoiesis

Jun Zhou (周俊 )

School of Medicine, Zhejiang University

20150324

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Bones are Organs of the Skeletal SystemConsist of: -bone tissue -other C.T.

hemopoietic tissuefat tissuehyaline cartilage

-blood vessels -nerves

Classified as: -compact (dense) bone (骨密质 ) -spongy (cancellous) bone (骨松质 )

Classified by shape: -Long, Short, Flat, and Irregular Bones

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BONE Osseous tissue: bone matrix +cells Bone matrix: Calcium phosphate forms:

Hydroxyapatite crystals(羟磷灰石 ), Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

Type I and some type V collagen makeup 90% of matrix-

Ground substance--glycosaminoglycans(糖胺多糖 )-glycoproteins-sialoproteins

Cells : osteocytes-

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Bone matrix (骨质 )

---organic matter: bone collagen fiber -collagenous fiber (type I

collagen) ground substance:

glycosaminoglycan,osteocalcin（骨钙蛋白）

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---inorganic matter: bone saltsHydroxyapatite crystal: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

pin-shaped 10-20 nm longitudinal arranged

*bone lamella ( 骨板 ): parallel collagen + bone salts

骨组织的各种细胞和骨板

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Bone: -is a specialized connective tissue with a mineralized matrix (hydroxyapatite crystals,Calcium Phosphate).

-cells of bone are: osteocytes: （骨细胞） bone cells osteoprogenitor cells: （骨原细胞） give rise to osteoblasts osteoblasts: （成骨细胞） developing osteocytes osteoclasts: （破骨细胞） bone resorbing cells

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A. Osteoprogenitor cell （骨原细胞）

Structure: in periosteum and endosteum fusiform, small ovoid nucleus slight basophilic cytoplasm

Function: differentiated into osteoblast and

chondrocyte

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B. Osteoblast （成骨细胞）

---structure:

LM: single layer of

cuboidal or low columnar cell round nucleus basophilic cytoplasm located on the surface of bone tissue

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EM: fine processes rich in RER, Golgi complex

Function:Synthesize bone collagen fiber and ground substance- osteoid ( 类骨质 )Regulate mineralization, ALPase (Alkaline phosphatase)Become osteocytes

Calcitonin ( 降钙素 )

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C. Osteocyte （骨细胞） ---structure: flattened cell with multiple long thin processes located in bone lacuna and bone canaliculus basophilic cytoplasm adjacent cells connect in bone canaliculus by gap junctions （缝隙连接）

---function: maintain bone matrix regulate the balance of calcium （ 钙 ） and

phosphonium （磷）

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D. Osteoclast（破骨细胞）

---Structure: LM multinuclear large cell, 30-100um 2-100 nuclei acidophilic cytoplasm located at peripheral part of bone

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EM: ruffled border （皱褶缘） -processes light zone: --under the ruffled border

--microfilament （微丝） lysosome, RER, etal. TRAP （抗酒石酸磷酸酶）---Function: dissolve and absorb bone matrix

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TRAP 染色，有酒红色染色为 +

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Architecture of long bone

Compact bone Spongy bone Periosteum and endosteum

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Compact Bone（骨密质） a. circumferential lamella: outer/inner

b. Haversian system (osteon 骨单位 )

c. interstitial lamella （间骨板）

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Haversian system (osteon): central canal: N, BV, CT Haversian lamella: 4-20 layers

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Interstitial lamella（间骨板） irregular lamella remnant of Haversian or circumferential lamella

*Perforating canal （穿通管） (Volkmann canal) transverse canal Connect with Haversian canal

Cement line （黏合线） more bone salts less collagen

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Spongy bone（骨松质）

Trabeculae （骨小梁） parallelly-arranged lamella spongy-liked network

Bone marrow: hemopoietic tissue

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Periosteum and endosteum

Periosteum（骨外膜） : DCT outer layer

more fiber bundles

form perforating fiber inner layer

BV, N and osteoprogenitor cells

Endosteum（骨内膜） :

thin, osteoprogenitor cell and CT

Function provide nutrition osteoblast for bone growth and repairing

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     Osteogenesis

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Formation: osteoprogenitor cell→ osteoblast → osteoid ↓ ↓calcification osteocyte + bone matrix bone tissue

Absorption: osteoclast →dissolve bone tissue→reconstruction

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A. Intramembranous ossification（膜内成骨） ---CT membrane →osteoprogenitor cell →

osteoblast→ossification center→bone trabeculae →thicker and longer

---flattened bone 、 irregular bone

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B. Endochondral ossification（软骨内成骨） e.g. long bone

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Blood & Hemopoiesis

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Overview of Blood A fluid CT, circulates through the cardiovascular system Consists of cells and extracellular component Total volume: 5-6L Amounts to 7-8% of total body weightFunction:1) Transport nutrients and oxygen to cells2) Transport wastes and carbon dioxide away from cells3) Delivery hormones and regulatory substances4) Maintenance of homeostasis5) Transport of humoral agents and cells of the immune system

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Blood Composition

---formed elements: 45% Erythrocyte （红细胞） Leukocyte （白细胞） Platelets （血小板）

---plasma( 血浆 ): 55%, PH 7.2-7.4,

90% water plasma protein (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen),

lipidprotein, enzymes, hormone, vitamin, inorganic salt and products of metabolism

*serum( 血 清 ): is plasma in which the fibrinogen has been removed by clotting

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Blood smear: Wright or Giemsa stain methods

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1.   Cells

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Erythrocyte, RBC(红细胞 ) Normal number male: (4.0-5.0)×1012/L female:(3.5-4.5)×1012/L Structure biconcave discs 6.5-8.0 μm, 1-2μm Anucleate, no organelles hemoglobin, Hb(血红蛋白 ) 120-150g/L in male 105-135g/L in female Function: combine and transfer O2 and CO2

Life span: 120 days

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RBC cytoskeletonmaintain shapespectrin and actin

血影蛋白SPECTRIN

ACTIN

肌动蛋白

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Blood type antigenABO blood typeSurface antigen of A B membrane protein

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Hemolysis ( 溶血 ) erythrocyte ghost

Anemia ( 贫血 ) RBC <3.0×1012 /L

or

Hb <100g/L

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* Reticulocyte (网织红细胞 ) 0.5-1% of total erythrocyte 3-6% in newborn baby immature cell remained ribosome-delicate network structure when

stained with brilliant cresyl blue ( 亮甲酚蓝 , 煌焦油蓝 )

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Leukocyte (白细胞 ) large cells with nucleus involve in defense and immune reaction normal number: (4.0-10.0) ×109/L classification: granulocytes: /neutrophil 50-70% /eosinophil 0.5-3% /basophil 0-1% agranulocytes: /lympocyte 20-30% /monocyte 3-8%

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Neutrophil (中性粒细胞 ): Proportion: 50-70%Structure: LM: round, Ф10-12um rob-liked or poly morphous nucleus, 2-5 lobes fine neutrophilic granules -pink cytoplasm

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EM: specific granule: 80% small, 0.3-0.4 um , ovoid or irregular in shape lysozyme( 溶菌酶 ), phagocytin( 吞噬素 )(defensin)

azurophilic granule: ( 嗜天青颗粒 ) 20% large, round or ovoid , 0.6-0.7 um acid phosphatase (ACP), peroxidase, etc.

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Function: phagocytose bacteria specific g.-kill B azurophilic g.- digest B

Life span: 6-8 hours in blood, 2-3 days in CT

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Eosinophil ( 嗜酸粒细胞 )

Proportion: 0.5-3%

LM: round, Ф 10-15 um 2 lobes nucleus Uniform acidophilic granules

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EM: granules: round or ovoid with cube-liked electron dense crystal contain: -ACPase-histaminase-peroxidase

Function: counteract the infection of parasite （寄生虫感染） reduce allergic reaction （过敏反应）Life span: 6-8 hour in blood, 8-12 days in CT

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Basophil (嗜碱粒细胞 ): Proportion: 0-1%

LM:

less, round, Ф 10-12 um Large irregular basophilic granules obscure

the nucleus Metachromatic ( 异染性 ),Heparin, Histamin

Function: involve in allergic reaction

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Monocyte (单核细胞 )

Proportion: 3-8%

LM: large round, Ф 12-18 um nucleus appear as kidney, horse-shoe or ovoid in shape cytoplasm: gray-blue in color, contain azurophilic g.

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EM: azurophilic granule

Function: Actively mobile and chemotaxis

Life span: 1-5 days in blood macrophage-mononuclear

phagocytic system in CT

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Lymphocyte (淋巴细胞 )

20-30%

LM: small 6-8 um

medium-sized 9-12 um

large 13-20 um round nucleus with indentation, chromatin dense cytoplasm: /basophilic:bright blue in color

/less azurophilic granule

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Classification: T 75% cellular immune reaction, regulate immune response B 10-15% plasma cell, humoral immune response large granular cell: NK( nature killer cell), 10%Function: involve in immune response

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Blood platelet (血小板 ): cytoplasmic fragment of megakaryocyte （巨核细胞） normal number: 100-300×109/L structure:

LM: disc-liked, 2-4um → irregular in shape

Stimulation in groups

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EM: tubular systems: • opening tubule system • dense tubule system granules: specific granule dense granule

Function: clotting and stopping the bleed protecting endothelium

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Hemopoiesis

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Places for hemopoiesis Yolk sac (3W) （卵黄囊） Liver (6W) Spleen (3M) Bone marrow (4-5M)

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Structure of bone marrow: red bone marrow

hemopoietic tissue: reticular CT Hemopoietic cell,macrophage,fibroblast, mesenchymal cell sinusoid

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Hemopoietic inductive microenvironment ( HIM):

BV, fiber, extracellular GS hemopoietic stromal cells Reticular cell Fibroblast Macrophage Endothelial cell Lipid-laden cell

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All blood cells come from a single stem cell, the pluripotential stem cell. It forms two kinds of daughter cells:

A. The lymphoid multipotential cell migrates to lymphoid organs.

B. The myeloid multipotential cell remains in the marrow and from it come various colony forming cells(erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, monocyte, and granulocyte)

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Regulations: size :smaller and smaller Nucleus :smaller and smaller or disappears

chromatin: from fine and loose to rough and dense

cytoplasm: -more and more

-basophilic: weaker and weaker

-specific granule: more and more ability to division: from have to no, but keep

the potentials

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THE END!