1 Chapter 9 8051 Timer Programming in Assembly and C

1

Chapter 9 8051 Timer Programming in Assembly

and C

2

Objective

• Embedded Systems with Timer/Counter– 紅綠燈、電子鐘– 碼錶 (count up) 、計時器 (count down)

– 計數器、計步器、跑步機等運動器材。• 8051 有 2 個 Timer/Counter 的機制，我們在這一章裡要瞭解：– 什麼是 Timer ，什麼是 Counter 。– 如何來使用 Timer 。– 如何來使用 Counter 。

3

Sections

9.1 Programming 8051 timers

9.2 Counter programming

9.3 Programming timers 0 and 1 in 8051 C

4

Section 9.1Programming 8051 Timers

5

Inside Architecture of 8051

CPU

On-chip RAM

On-chip ROM for program code

4 I/O Ports

Timer 0

Serial Port

Figure 1-2. Inside the 8051 Microcontroller Block Diagram

OSC

Interrupt Control

External interrupts

Timer 1

Timer/Counter

Bus Control

TxD RxDP0 P1 P2 P3

Address/Data

Counter Inputs

6

Timers /Counters

• The 8051 has 2 timers/counters: timer/counter 0 and timer/counter 1. They can be used as

1. The timer is used as a time delay generator.– The clock source is the internal crystal frequency of the 8051.

2. An event counter.– External input from input pin to count the number of events

on registers.

– These clock pulses cold represent the number of people passing through an entrance, or the number of wheel rotations, or any other event that can be converted to pulses.

7

Timer

• 8051 timers use 1/12 of XTAL frequency as the input of timers, regardless of machine cycle.

• Because the input of timer is a regular, fixed-periodic square wave, we can count the number of pulses and calculate the time delay.

toLCD

P1

8051

TL0

TH0

SetTimer 0

XTALoscillator

÷ 12 Timer

8

Counter

• Count the number of events• External input from Tx input pin (x=0 or 1). • We use Tx to denote T0 or T1.

– External input from T0 input pin (P3.4) for Counter 0

– External input from T1 input pin (P3.5) for Counter 1

T0

toLCD

P3.4

P1

8051

a switch

TL0

TH0

Vcc

9

Figure 4-1. 8051 Pin DiagramPDIP/Cerdip

123

4567891011121314151617181920

403938

3736353433323130292827262524232221

P1.0P1.1P1.2

P1.3P1.4P1.5P1.6P1.7RST

(RXD)P3.0(TXD)P3.1

(T0)P3.4(T1)P3.5

XTAL2XTAL1

GND

(INT0)P3.2

(INT1)P3.3

(RD)P3.7(WR)P3.6

VccP0.0(AD0)P0.1(AD1)

P0.2(AD2)P0.3(AD3)P0.4(AD4)P0.5(AD5)P0.6(AD6)P0.7(AD7)

EA/VPPALE/PROG

PSENP2.7(A15)P2.6(A14)P2.5(A13)P2.4(A12)P2.3(A11)P2.2(A10)P2.1(A9)P2.0(A8)

8051(8031)

10

Figure 9-8: Timer/Counter 0

XTALoscillator

÷ 12

TR0

INT0 Pin Pin 3.2

C/T = 0

Gate

T0 Pin Pin 3.4

C/T = 1

TH0 TL0

TF0

1. monitor by JNB

2. interrupt

timer input

hardware control

1:start

0:stop

counter input

Sec 9.2

11

Figure 9-9: Timer/Counter 1

XTALoscillator

÷ 12

TR1

INT1 Pin Pin 3.3

C/T = 0

Gate

T1 Pin Pin 3.5

C/T = 1

TH1 TL1

TF1

1. monitor by JNB

2. interrupt

1:start

0:stop

timer input

counter input

hardware control

12

Registers Used in Timer/Counter

• TH0, TL0 (Timer 0 registers)• TH1, TL1 (Timer 1 registers)• TMOD (Timer mode register)• TCON (Timer control register)• You can see Appendix H (pages 607-611) for details.• Since 8052 has 3 timers/counters, the formats of these

control registers are different. – T2CON (Timer 2 control register), TH2 and TL2 used for

8052 only.

13

Basic Registers of the Timer

• Both Timer 0 and Timer 1 are 16 bits wide.– Each 16-bit timer can be accessed as two separate registers

of low byte and high byte.

– Timer 0: TH0 & TL0• Timer 0 high byte, timer 0 low byte

– Timer 1: TH1 & TL1• Timer 1 high byte, timer 1 low byte

– These registers stores • the time delay as a timer

• the number of events as a counter

14

Timer Registers

D15 D8D9D10D11D12D13D14 D7 D0D1D2D3D4D5D6

TH0 TL0


TH1 TL1

Timer 0

Timer 1

15

TCON Register (1/2)

• Timer control register: TCON– Upper nibble for timer/counter, lower nibble for interrupts

• TR (run control bit)– TR0 for Timer/counter 0; TR1 for Timer/counter 1.

– TRx is set by programmer to turn timer/counter on/off.• TRx=0: off (stop)

• TRx=1: on (start)

TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0Timer 1 Timer0 for Interrupt

(MSB) (LSB)

16

TCON Register (2/2)

• TF (timer flag, control flag) – TF0 for timer/counter 0; TF1 for timer/counter 1.

– TFx is like a carry. Originally, TFx=0. When TH-TL roll over to 0000 from FFFFH, the TFx is set to 1.

• TFx=0 : not reach

• TFx=1: reach

• If we enable interrupt, TFx=1 will trigger ISR.

TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0Timer 1 Timer0 for Interrupt

(MSB) (LSB)

17

Table 9-2: Equivalent Instructions for the Timer Control Register

For timer 0SETB TR0 = SETB TCON.4CLR TR0 = CLR TCON.4

SETB TF0 = SETB TCON.5CLR TF0 = CLR TCON.5

For timer 1SETB TR1 = SETB TCON.6CLR TR1 = CLR TCON.6

SETB TF1 = SETB TCON.7CLR TF1 = CLR TCON.7

TF1 IT0IE0IT1IE1TR0TF0TR1

TCON: Timer/Counter Control Register

18

TMOD Register

• Timer mode register: TMODMOV TMOD,#21H– An 8-bit register

– Set the usage mode for two timers • Set lower 4 bits for Timer 0 (Set to 0000 if not used)

• Set upper 4 bits for Timer 1 (Set to 0000 if not used)

– Not bit-addressable

GATE C/T M1 M0 GATE C/T M1 M0Timer 1 Timer 0

(MSB) (LSB)

19

Figure 9-3. TMOD Register

GATE Gating control when set. Timer/counter is enabled only while the INTx pin is high and the TRx control pin is set. When cleared, the timer is enabled whenever the TRx control bit is set.

C/T Timer or counter selected cleared for timer operation (input from internal system clock). Set for counter operation (input from Tx input pin).

M1 Mode bit 1

M0 Mode bit 0

GATE C/T M1 M0 GATE C/T M1 M0

Timer 1 Timer 0

(MSB) (LSB)

20

C/T (Clock/Timer)

• This bit is used to decide whether the timer is used as a delay generator or an event counter.

• C/T = 0 : timer• C/T = 1 : counter

21

Gate

• Every timer has a mean of starting and stopping.– GATE=0

• Internal control

• The start and stop of the timer are controlled by software.

• Set/clear the TR0 (or TR1) for start/stop timer.

– GATE=1• External control

• The hardware way of starting and stopping the timer by software and an external source.

• Timer/counter is enabled only while the INT0 (or INT1) pin has an 1 to 0 transition and the TR0 (or TR1) control pin is set.

• INT0: P3.2, pin 12; INT1: P3.3, pin 13.

22

M1, M0

• M0 and M1 select the timer mode for timers 0 & 1.

M1 M0 Mode Operating Mode

0 0 0 13-bit timer mode

8-bit THx + 5-bit TLx (x= 0 or 1)

0 1 1 16-bit timer mode

8-bit THx + 8-bit TLx (x= 0 or 1)

1 0 2 8-bit auto reload

8-bit auto reload timer/counter;

THx holds a value which is to be reloaded into

TLx each time it overflows.

1 1 3 Split timer mode

23

Example 9-1

Indicate which mode and which timer are selected for each of the

following.

(a) MOV TMOD,#01H (b) MOV TMOD,#20H

(c) MOV TMOD,#12H

Solution:

(a) TMOD = 00000001, mode 1 of timer 0 is selected.

(b) TMOD = 00100000, mode 2 of timer 1 is selected.

(c) TMOD = 00010010

mode 2 of timer 0, and mode 1 of timer 1 are selected.

timer 1 timer 0


Timer 1 Timer 0

(MSB) (LSB)

24

Example 9-2 Find the timer’s clock frequency and its period for various 8051-

based systems, with the following crystal frequencies.

(a) 12 MHz (b) 16 MHz (c) 11.0592 MHz

Solution:

(a) 1/12 × 12 MHz = 1 MHz and T = 1/1 MHz = 1 s

(b) 1/12 × 16 MHz = 1.333 MHz and

T = 1/1.333 MHz = 0.75 s(c) 1/12 × 11.0592 MHz = 921.6 KHz;

T = 1/921.6 KHz = 1.085 s

XTALoscillator ÷ 12

25

Example 9-3

Find the value for TMOD if we want to program timer 0 in mode 2,

use 8051 XTAL for the clock source, and use instructions to start

and stop the timer.

Solution:

TMOD= 0000 0010 Timer 1 is not used.

Timer 0, mode 2,

C/T = 0 to use XTAL clock source (timer)

gate = 0 to use internal (software)

start and stop method.


Timer 1 Timer 0

(MSB) (LSB)

26

Timer Mode 1

• In following, we all use timer 0 as an example.• 16-bit timer (TH0 and TL0)• TH0-TL0 is incremented continuously when TR0 is set

to 1. And the 8051 stops to increment TH0-TL0 when TR0 is cleared.

• The timer works with the internal system clock. In other words, the timer counts up every 12 clocks from XTAL.

• When the timer (TH0-TL0) reaches its maximum of FFFFH, it rolls over to 0000, and TF0 is raised.

• Programmer should check TF0 and stop the timer 0.

27

Mode 1 Programming


TR

TH TL TF

TF goes high when FFFF 0

overflow flag

C/T = 0

like MC for 89C51

Start timer

28

Steps of Mode 1 (1/3)

1. Chose mode 1 timer 0– MOV TMOD,#01H

2. Set the original value to TH0 and TL0.– MOV TH0,#0FFH– MOV TL0,#0FCH

3. You had better to clear the flag to monitor: TF0=0.– CLR TF0

4. Start the timer.– SETB TR0

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5. The 8051 starts to count up by incrementing the TH0-TL0.– TH0-TL0= FFFCH,FFFDH,FFFEH,FFFFH,0000H

FFFC FFFD FFFE FFFF 0000

TF0=0 TF0=0 TF0=0 TF0=0 TF0=1

TH0 TL0Start timerStop timer

Monitor TF01 until TF0=1

TR0=1 TR0=0

TF0

Roll over

30


6. When TH0-TL0 rolls over from FFFFH to 0000, the 8051 set TF0=1. – TH0-TL0= FFFEH, FFFFH, 0000H (Now TF0=1)

7. Keep monitoring the timer flag (TF) to see if it is raised.– AGAIN: JNB TF0, AGAIN

8. Clear TR0 to stop the process.– CLR TR0

9. Clear the TF flag for the next round.– CLR TF0

31

Initial Count Values

• The initial count value = FFFC.• The number of counts = FFFFH-FFFCH+1 = 4

– we add one to 3 because of the extra clock needed when it rolls over from FFFF to 0 and raises the TF flag.

• The delay = 4 MCs for 89C51• If MC=1.085 s, then the delay = 4.34 s• Figure 9-4 show a formula for delay calculations using

mode 1 of the timer for a crystal frequency of XTAL=11.0592 MHz.

• Examples 9-4 to 9-9 show how to calculations the delay generated by timer.

32

Figure 9-4. Timer Delay Calculation for XTAL = 11.0592 MHz

(a) in hex

(FFFF – YYXX + 1) ×

1.085 s where YYXX are

TH, TL initial values

respectively.

Notice that values YYXX are in

hex.

(b) in decimal

Convert YYXX values of the TH, TL register to

decimal to get a NNNNN

decimal number, then

(65536 – NNNNN) × 1.085

s

33

Find Timer Values

• Assume XTAL = 11.0592 MHz .

• How to find the inter values needed for the TH, TL?– Divide the desired time delay by 1.085 s. 20ms ÷ 1.085 s = 18433– Perform 65536 –n, where n is the decimal value we got in

Step 1. 65536-18433=47103=B7FFH– Convert the result of Step 2 to hex, where yyxx is the initial

hex value to be loaded into the timer’s registers.– Set TH = yy and TL = xx. TH=B7H, TL=FFH

• Example 9-10

34

Example 9-4 (1/4)

In the following program, we are creating a square wave of 50% duty cycle (with equal portions high and low) on the P1.5 bit. Timer 0 is used to generate the time delay.

Analyze the program.

;each loop is a half clock

MOV TMOD,#01 ;Timer 0,mode 1(16-bit)

HERE: MOV TL0,#0F2H ;Timer value = FFF2H

MOV TH0,#0FFH

CPL P1.5

ACALL DELAY

SJMP HERE

50% 50%

whole clock

P1.5

35

Example 9-4 (2/4)

;generate delay using timer 0

DELAY:

SETB TR0 ;start the timer 0

AGAIN:JNB TF0,AGAIN

CLR TR0 ;stop timer 0

CLR TF0 ;clear timer 0 flag

RET

FFF2 FFF3 FFF4 FFFF 0000

TF0 = 0 TF0 = 0 TF0 = 0 TF0 = 0 TF0 = 1

36

Example 9-4 (3/4)

Solution:

In the above program notice the following steps.

1. TMOD = 0000 0001 is loaded.

2. FFF2H is loaded into TH0 – TL0.

3. P1.5 is toggled for the high and low portions of the pulse.

4. The DELAY subroutine using the timer is called.

5. In the DELAY subroutine, timer 0 is started by the “SETB TR0”

instruction.

6. Timer 0 counts up with the passing of each clock, which is provided by the crystal oscillator.

As the timer counts up, it goes through the states of FFF3, FFF4, FFF5, FFF6, FFF7, FFF8, FFF9, FFFA, FFFB, FFFC, FFFFD, FFFE, FFFFH. One more clock rolls it to 0, raising the timer flag (TF0 = 1). At that point, the JNB instruction falls through.

37

Example 9-4 (4/4)

7. Timer 0 is stopped by the instruction “CLR TR0”. The DELAY subroutine ends, and the process is repeated.

8. Remember to clear TF0 by the instruction “CLR TF0”.

Notice that to repeat the process, we must reload the TL and TH

registers, and start the timer again (in the main program).

38

Example 9-5

In Example 9-4, calculate the amount of time delay in the DELAY

subroutine generated by the timer. Assume that XTAL = 11.0592

MHz.

Solution:

The timer works with the internal system clock.

frequency of internal system clock = 11.0592/12 = 921.6 KHz

machine cycle = 1 /921.6 KHz = 1.085 s (microsecond)

The number of counts = FFFFH – FFF2H +1 = 14 (decimal).

The delay = number of counts × 1.085 s = 14 × 1.085 s = 15.19 s for half the clock.

For the entire period of a clock, it is T = 2 × 15.19 s = 30.38 s as the time delay generated by the timer.

39

Example 9-6 (1/2)

In Example 9-5, calculate the accurate frequency of the square wave

generated on pin P1.5.

Solution:

In the time delay calculation of Example 9-5, we did not include

the overhead due to instructions in the loop.

To get a more accurate timing, we need to add clock cycles from Table A-1 in Appendix A, as shown below.

40

Example 9-6 (2/2)

HERE: MOV TL0,#0F2H 2 MOV TH0,#0FFH 2 CPL P1.5 1 ACALL DELAY 2 SJMP HERE 2;----------delay using timer 0DELAY: SETB TR0 1AGAIN: JNB TF0,AGAIN 14 CLR TR0 1 CLR TF0 1 RET 2 0 Total 28

T = 2 × 28 × 1.085 s = 60.76 s, and F = 16458.196 Hz.

41

Example 9-7 (1/2) Find the delay generated by timer 0 in the following code, using

both of the methods of Figure 9-4. Do not include the overhead due

to instructions.

CLR P2.3

MOV TMOD,#01 ;Timer 0,mode 1(16-bit)

HERE: MOV TL0,#3EH ;Timer value=B83EH

MOV TH0,#0B8H

SETB P2.3

SETB TR0 ;start the timer 0

AGAIN:JNB TF0,AGAIN

CLR TR0

CLR TF0

CLR P2.3

P2.3

42

Example 9-7 (2/2)

Solution:

(a) or (b) is OK.

(a) (FFFF – B83E + 1) = 47C2H = 18370 in decimal and 18370 ×

1.085 s = 19.93145 ms.

(b) Since TH-TL = B83EH = 47166 (in decimal ) we have

65536 – 47166 = 18370. This means that the timer counts from

B83EH to FFFF. This plus rolling over to 0 goes through a

total of 18370 clock cycles, where each clock is 1.085 s in

duration. Therefore, we have 18370 × 1.085 s = 19.93145 ms

as the width of the pulse.

43

Example 9-8 (1/2)

Modify TL and TH in Example 9-7 to get the largest time delay

possible. Find the delay in ms. In your calculation, exclude the

overhead due to the instructions in the loop.

Solution:

TH0=TL0=0 means that

the timer will count from 0000 to FFFF, and then roll over to raise the TF0 flag.

As a result, it goes through a total of 65536 states. Therefore, we have delay = (65536 – 0) × 1.085 s = 71.1065 ms.

44

Example 9-8 (2/2)

CLR P2.3 ;clear P2.3

MOV TMOD,#01 ;Timer 0,mode1(16-bit)

HERE: MOV TL0,#0 ;TL0=0, the low byte

MOV TH0,#0 ;TH0=0, the high byte

SETB P2.3 ;SET high P2.3

SETB TR0 ;start timer 0

AGAIN: JNB TF0,AGAIN ;monitor timer Flag 0

CLR TR0 ;stop timer 0

CLR TF0 ;clear timer 0 flag

CLR P2.3

45

Example 9-9 (1/2)

The following program generates a square wave on pin P1.5

continuously using timer 1 for a time delay. Find the frequency of

the square wave if XTAL = 11.0592 MHz. In your calculation do

not include the overhead due to instructions in the loop.

MOV TMOD,#10H ;timer 1, mode 1AGAIN:MOV TL1,#34H ;timer value=3476H MOV TH1,#76H SETB TR1 ;startBACK: JNB TF1,BACK CLR TR1 ;stop CPL P1.5 ;next half clock CLR TF1 ;clear timer flag 1 SJMP AGAIN ;reload timer1

46

Example 9-9 (2/2)

Solution:

In mode 1, the program must reload the TH1, TL1 register every timer if we want to have a continuous wave.

FFFFH – 7634H + 1 = 89CCH = 35276 clock count

Half period = 35276 × 1.085 s = 38.274 ms

Whole period = 2 × 38.274 ms = 76.548 ms

Frequency = 1/ 76.548 ms = 13.064 Hz.

Also notice that the high portion and low portion of the square wave are equal.

In the above calculation, the overhead due to all the instructions in the loop is not included.

47

Example 9-10 (1/2)

Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz.

What value do we need to load into the timer’s registers if we want to have a time delay of 5 ms (milliseconds)?

Show the program for timer 0 to create a pulse width of 5 ms on P2.3.

Solution:

XTAL = 11.0592 MHz MC = 1.085 s.

5 ms / 1.085 s = 4608 MCs.

To achieve that we need to load into TL0 and TH0 the value 65536 – 4608 = 60928 = EE00H.

Therefore, we have TH0 = EE and TL0 = 00.

48

Example 9-10 (2/2)

CLR P2.3

MOV TMOD,#01 ;Timer 0,mode 1

HERE: MOV TL0,#0

MOV TH0,#0EEH

SETB P2.3 ;SET high P2.3

SETB TR0 ;start

AGAIN: JNB TF0,AGAIN

CLR TR0 ;stop

CLR TF0

CLR P2.3

P2.3

5ms

49

Example 9-11 (1/2)

Assuming that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, write a program to generate a square wave of 2 kHz frequency on pin P1.5.

Solution:

This is similar to Example 9-10, except that we must toggle the bit to generate the square wave. Look at the following steps.

(a) The period of square wave = 1 / frequency

= 1 / 2 kHz = 500 s.

(b) The half period = 500 s /2 = 250 s.

(c) 250 s / 1.085 s = 230

65536 – 230 = 65360 = FF1AH.

(d) TL1 = 1AH and TH1 = FFH

50

Example 9-11 (2/2)

MOV TMOD,#10H ;timer 1, mode 1

AGAIN:MOV TL1,#1AH ;timer value = FF1AH

MOV TH1,#0FFH

SETB TR1 ;start

BACK: JNB TF1,BACK

CLR TR1 ;stop

CPL P1.5

CLR TF1 ;clear timer flag 1

SJMP AGAIN

51

Example 9-12 (1/2)

Assuming XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, write a program to generate a

square wave of 50 Hz frequency on pin P2.3.

Solution:

Look at the following steps.

(a) The period of the square wave = 1 / 50 Hz = 20 ms.

(b) The high or low portion of the square wave = 10 ms.

(c) 10 ms / 1.085 s = 9216

65536 – 9216 = 56320 in decimal = DC00H in hex.

(d) TL1 = 00H and TH1 = DCH.

52

Example 9-12 (2/2)

MOV TMOD,#10H ;timer 1, mode 1AGAIN: MOV TL1,#00 ;Timer value = DC00H

MOV TH1,#0DCH SETB TR1 ;startBACK: JNB TF1,BACK CLR TR1 ;stop CPL P2.3 CLR TF1 ;clear timer flag 1 SJMP AGAIN ;reload timer since ;mode 1 is not ;auto-reload

53

Example 9-13Examine the following program and find the time delay in seconds. Exclude the overhead due to the instructions in the loop.

MOV TMOD,#10H MOV R3,#200 AGAIN: MOV TL1,#08 MOV TH1,#01 SETB TR1 BACK: JNB TF1,BACK CLR TR1 CLR TF1 DJNZ R3,AGAIN Solution:TH1-TL1 = 0108H = 264 in decimal 65536 – 264 = 65272.One of the timer delay = 65272 × 1.085 s = 70.820 msTotal delay = 200 × 70.820 ms = 14.164024 seconds

54

Timer Mode 0

• Mode 0 is used to compatible with MSC-48• Mode 0 is exactly like mode 1 except that it is a 13-

bit timer instead of 16-bit.• The counter can hold values between 0000 to 1FFF

– 213-1= 2000H-1=1FFFH

• When the timer reaches its maximum of 1FFFH, it rolls over to 0000, and TF0 is raised.


TH0 TL0

Timer 0

55

Timer Mode 3

• For Timer/Counter 0– As a Timer:

• TH0 and TL0 can be 8-bit timers.

– As a Counter:• TL0 can be an 8-bit counter.

• For Timer/Counter 1– Not available

56

Timer Mode 2

• 8-bit timer– TL0 is incremented (or roll over) continuously when

TR0=1.

• Auto-reloading– TH0 is loaded into TL0 automatically when TL0=00H.

– TH0 is not changed.

– You need to clear TF0 after TL0 rolls over.

• In the following example, we want to generate a delay with 200 MCs on timer 0.

• See Examples 9-14 to 9-16

57

Mode 2 programming


TR

TL

TH

TF

TF goes high when FF 0

overflow flag

C/T = 0

reload

58


1. Chose mode 2 timer 0– MOV TMOD,#02H

2. Set the original value to TH0.– MOV TH0,#FCH

3. Clear the flag to TF0=0.– CLR TF0

4. Start the timer.– SETB TR0– Note that the instruction SETB TR0 dose not load TH0 to

TL0. So TL0 still is 00H.

59


5. The 8051 starts to count up by incrementing the TL0.– TL0= ..., FCH,FDH,FEH,FFH,FCH

00 01 FE FF FC

TF0 = 0 TF0 = 0 TF0 = 0 TF0 = 0 TF0 = 1

TH0=FCH

TL0=00H

Start timer

TR0=1

FD

FE FF FC

TF0 = 1 TF0 =0

TF0 = 0 TF0 = 0 TF0 = 1

Clear TF0

TF0=10

FD

TL0=FCH

auto reload

TH0=FCH

roll over

auto reload: TL=-FCH immediatelyTF0 = 1

roll over

...00H

00H

60


6. When TL0 rolls over from FFH to 00, the 8051 set TF0=1. Also, TL0 is reloaded automatically with the value kept by the TH0.– TL0= FCH, FDH, FEH, FFH, FCH(Now TF0=1)– The 8051 auto reload TL0=TH0=FCH. – Go to Step 6 (i.e., TL0 is incrementing continuously).

• Note that we must clear TF0 when TL0 rolls over. Thus, we can monitor TF0 in next process.

• Clear TR0 to stop the process.

00H

61

Example 9-14 (1/2)

Assuming that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, find

(a) the frequency of the square wave generated on pin P1.0 in the following program

(b) the smallest frequency achievable in this program, and the TH value to do that.

MOV TMOD,#20H ;Timer 1,mode 2 MOV TH1,#5 ;not load TH1 again

SETB TR1 ;start (no stop TR1=0)

BACK:JNB TF1,BACK

CPL P1.0

CLR TF1 ;clear timer flag 1

SJMP BACK ;mode 2 is auto-reload

62

Example 9-14 (2/2)

Solution:

(a) First notice that target address of SJMP. In mode 2 we do not

need to reload TH since it is auto-reload.

Half period = (FFH – 05 +1) × 1.085 s = 272.33 s

Total period = 2 × 272.33 s = 544.67 s

Frequency = 1.83597 kHz.

(b) To get the smallest frequency, we need the largest period and that is achieved when TH1 = 00.

Total period = 2 × 256 × 1.085 s = 555.52 s

Frequency = 1.8kHz.

63

Example 9-15 Find the frequency of a square wave generated on pin P1.0.

Solution:

MOV TMOD,#2H ;Timer 0,mode 2 MOV TH0,#0 AGAIN:MOV R5,#250 ;count 250 times ACALL DELAY CPL P1.0 SJMP AGAINDELAY:SETB TR0 ;startBACK: JNB TF0,BACK CLR TR0 ;stop CLR TF0 ;clear TF DJNZ R5,DELAY ;timer 2: auto-reload RET

T = 2 (250 × 256 × 1.085 s) = 138.88 ms, and frequency = 72 Hz.

64

Assemblers and Negative Values

• Since the timer is 8-bit in mode 2, we can let the assembler calculate the value for TH.

• For example (AT89C51), if we want to generate a time delay with 200 MCs, then we can use MOV TH1,#38H

orMOV TH1,#-200

• Way 1: 256-200 = 56 = 38H• Way 2: -200 = -C8H 2’s complement of –200 =

100H – C8H = 38 H

65

Example 9-16

Assuming that we are programming the timers for mode 2, find the value (in hex) loaded into TH for each of the following cases.(a) MOV TH1,#-200 (b) MOV TH0,#-60 (c) MOV TH1,#-3(d) MOV TH1,#-12 (e) MOV TH0,#-48

Solution:Some 8051 assemblers provide this way.-200 = -C8H 2’s complement of –200 = 100H – C8H = 38 H

Decimal 2’s complement (TH value)-200 = - C8H 38H- 60 = - 3CH C4H- 3 FDH- 12 F4H- 48 D0H

66

Example 9-17 (1/2)

Find (a) the frequency of the square wave generated in the

following code, and (b) the duty cycle of this wave.

Solution:

“MOV TH0,#-150” uses 150 clocks.

The DELAY subroutine = 150 × 1.085 s = 162 s.

The high portion of the pulse is twice that of the low portion (66% duty cycle).

The total period = high portion + low portion

= 325.5 s + 162.25 s = 488.25 s

Frequency = 2.048 kHz.

67

Example 9-17 (2/2)

MOV TMOD,#2H ;Timer 0,mode 2 MOV TH0,#-150 ;Count=150AGAIN:SETB P1.3 ACALL DELAY ACALL DELAY CLR P1.3 ACALL DEALY SJMP AGAIN

DELAY:SETB TR0 ;startBACK: JNB TF0,BACK CLR TR0 ;stop CLR TF0 ;clear TF RET

high period

low period

68

Section 9.2Counter Programming

69

Counter (1/2)

• These timers can also be used as counters counting events happening outside the 8051 by setting C/T=1.

• The counter counts up as pulses are fed from– T0: timer 0 input (Pin 14, P3.4)

– T1: timer 1 input (Pin 15, P3.5)

T0

toLCD

P3.4

P18051

a switch

TL0

TH0

Vcc

Counter 0

70

Counter (2/2)

• When the timer is used as a counter, it is a pulse outside of the 8051 that increments – TH0 & TL0 for counter 0.

– TH1 & TL1 for counter 1.

T1

toLCD

P3.5

P18051

a switch

TL1

TH1

Vcc

Counter 1

71

Table 9-1: Port 3 Pins Used For Timers 0 and 1

Pin Port Pin Function Description

14 P3.4 T0 Timer/Counter 0 external input15 P3.5 T1 Timer/Counter 1 external input

GATE C/T=1 M1 M0 GATE C/T=1 M1 M0

Timer 1 Timer 0

(MSB) (LSB)

72

Counter Mode 1

• 16-bit counter (TH0 and TL0)• TH0-TL0 is incremented when TR0 is set to 1 and an

external pulse (in T0) occurs.• When the counter (TH0-TL0) reaches its maximum

of FFFFH, it rolls over to 0000, and TF0 is raised.• Programmers should monitor TF0 continuously and

stop the counter 0.• Programmers can set the initial value of TH0-TL0

and let TF0 as an indicator to show a special condition. (ex: 100 people have come).

73

Figure 9-5. (a) Counter 0 with External Input (Mode 1)

Timer 0 external input Pin 3.4

TR0

TH0 TL0 TF0

TF0 goes high when FFFF 0

overflow flag

C/T = 1

74

Figure 9-5. (b) Counter 1 with External Input (Mode 1)

Timer 1 external input Pin 3.5

TR1

TH1 TL1 TF1

TF1 goes high when FFFF 0

overflow flag

C/T = 1

75

Counter Mode 2

• 8-bit counter. – TL0 is incremented if TR0=1 and external pulse occurs.

• Auto-reloading– TH0 is loaded into TL0 when TF0=1.

– It allows only values of 00 to FFH to be loaded into TH0.

– You need to clear TF0 after TL0 rolls over.

• See Figure 9.6, 9.7 for logic view• See Examples 9-18, 9-19

76

Figure 9.6: Counter 0 with External Input (Mode 2)

Timer 0 external input Pin 3.4 TR0

TL0

TH0

TF0

TF0 goes high when FF 0

overflow flag

C/T = 1

reload

77

Figure 9.7: Counter 1 with External Input (Mode 2)

Timer 1 external input Pin 3.5 TR1

TL1

TH1

TF1

TF1 goes high when FF 0

overflow flag

C/T = 1

reload

78

Example 9-18 (1/2)

Assuming that clock pulses are fed into pin T1, write a program for

counter 1 in mode 2 to count the pulses and display the state of the

TL1 count on P2.

Solution:

We use timer 1 as an event counter where it counts up as clock pulses are fed into pin3.5.

P2 is connected to 8 LEDs and input T1 to pulse.

T1

toLEDs

P3.5

P2

8051

79

Example 9-18 (2/2)

MOV TMOD,#01100000B ;mode 2, counter 1

MOV TH1,#0

SETB P3.5 ;make T1 input port

AGAIN:SETB TR1 ;start

BACK: MOV A,TL1

MOV P2,A ;display in P2

JNB TF1,BACK ;overflow

CLR TR1 ;stop

CLR TF1 ;make TF=0

SJMP AGAIN ;keep doing itNotice in the above program the role of the instruction “SETB P3.5”. Since ports are set up for output when the 8051 is powered up , we must make P3.5 an input port by making it high.

80

Example 9-19 (1/3)Assume that a 1-Hz frequency pulse is connected to input pin 3.4. Write a program to display counter 0 on an LCD. Set the initial value of TH0 to -60.Solution:

Note that on the first round, it starts from 0 and counts 256 events, since on RESET, TL0=0. To solve this problem, load TH0 with -60 at the beginning of the program.

T0

toLCD

P3.4

P1

8051

1 Hz clock R4 R3 R2

81

Example 9-19 (2/3)

ACALL LCD_SET_UP ;initialize the LCD

MOV TMOD,#00000110B ;Counter 0,mode2

MOV TH0,#C4H ;C4H=-60

SETB P3.4 ;make T0 as input

AGAIN:SETB TR0 ;starts the counter

BACK: MOV A,TL0 ; every 60 events

ACALL CONV ;convert in R2,R3,R4

JNB TF0,BACK ;loop if TF0=0

CLR TR0 ;stop

CLR TF0

SJMP AGAIN

82

Example 9-19 (3/3);converting 8-bit binary to ASCII

CONV: MOV B,#10 ;divide by 10 DIV AB MOV R2,B ;save low digit MOV B,#10 ;divide by 10 once more DIV AB ORL A,#30H ;make it ASCII MOV R4,A MOV A,B ORL A,#30H MOV R3,A MOV A,R2 ORL A,#30H MOV R2,A ;ACALL LCD_DISPLAY here RET

R4 R3 R2

83

A Digital Clock

• Example 9-19 shows a simple digital clock.– If we feed an external square wave of 60 Hz frequency into

the timer/counter, we can generate the second, the minute, and the hour out of this input frequency and display the result on an LCD.

• You might think that the use of the instruction “JNB TF0,target” to monitor the raising of the TF0 flag is a waste of the microcontroller’s time.– The solution is the use of interrupt. See Chapter 11.

• In using interrupts we can do other things with the 8051.

– When the TF flag is raised, interrupt service routine starts.

84

GATE=1 in TMOD

• All discuss so far has assumed that GATE=0.– The timer is stared with instructions “SETB TR0” and

“SETB TR1” for timers 0 and 1, respectively.

• If GATE=1, we can use hardware to control the start and stop of the timers.– “SETB TR0” and “SETB TR1” for timers 0 and 1 are

necessary.– INT0 (P3.2, pin 12) starts and stops timer 0– INT1 (P3.3, pin 13) starts and stops timer 1– This allows us to start or stop the timer externally at any time

via a simple switch.

85

Example for GATE=1

• The 8051 is used in a product to sound an alarm every second using timer 0.

• Timer 0 is turned on by the software method of using the “SETB TR0” instruction and is beyond the control of the user of that product.

• The timer is turned ON/OFF by the 1 to 0 transition on INT0 (P3.2) when TR0 =1 (hardware control).

• However, a switch connected to pin P3.2 can be used to turn on and off the timer, thereby shutting down the alarm.

86

Section 9.3Programming Timers 0 and 1 in 8051 C

87

8051 Timers in C

• In 8051 C we can access the timer registers TH, TL, and TMOD directly using the reg51.h header file.– See Example 9-20

• Timers 0 and 1 delay using mode 1– See Example 9-22 and Example 9-25

• Timers 0 and 1 delay using mode 2– See Examples 9-23 and 9-24

– Look by yourself

88

Example 9-20 (1/2)

Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 continuously with some time delay. Use Timer 0, 16-bit mode.

Solution:

#include <reg51.h>

void T0Delay(void);

void main(void) {

while(1) { //repeat forever

P1=0x55;

T0Delay(); //time delay

P1=0xAA;

T0Delay(); }}

89

Example 9-20 (2/2)

Assume XTML=11.0592MHz for the AT89C51

FFFFH-3500H+1=CB00H=51968

1.085s 51968 56.384ms

void T0Delay() {

TMOD=0x01; //Timer 0, Mode 1

TL0=0x00; TH0=0x35; //initial value

TR0=1; //turn on T0

while (TF0==0); //text TF to roll over

TR0=0; //turn off T0

TF0=0; } //clear TF0

90

Example 9-25 (1/3)

A switch is connected to P1.7. Write an 8051 C program to monitor SW and create the following frequencies on P1.5.

SW=0: 500 Hz; SW=1: 750 Hz. Using Timer 0, mode 1.

Assume XTML=11.0592MHz for the AT89C51

Solution:

#include <reg51.h>

sbit mybit=P1^5;

sbit SW=P1^7;

void T0Delay(void);

91

Example 9-25 (2/3)

void main(void) {

SW=1; //make P1.7 an input pin


mybit=~mybit; //toggle

if (SW==0)

T0Delay(0); //500Hz time delay

else

T0Delay(1); //750Hz time delay

}}

92

Example 9-25 (3/3)

void T0Delay(unsigned char c) {


if (c==0) { TL0=0x67; TH0=0xFC };

// FFFFH-FC67H+1=921, about 999.285s, 500 Hz

else { TL0=0x9A; TH0=0xFD };

// FFFFH-FD9AH+1=614, about 666.19s, 750 Hz

TR0=1;

while (TF==0);

TR0=0;

TF0=0;

}

93

Time Delay with Different Chips

• Although the numbers of clocks per machine cycle are vary with different versions, the frequency for the timer is always 1/12 the frequency of the crystal.– To maintain compatibility with the original 8051

• The same codes put on AT89C51 and DS89C420 will generate different time delay.– The factors of C compiler and MC of others instructions

• The C compiler is a factor in the delay size since various 8051 C compilers generate different hex code sizes. So, we still have approximate delay only.– See Examples 9-21

94

Example 9-21 (1/3)

Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits P1.5 continuously every 50 ms. Use Timer 0, mode 1 for (a) AT89C51 and

(b) DS89C420.

Solution:

#include <reg51.h>

void T0Delay(void);

sbit mybit=P1^5;

void main(void) {


mybit=~mybit;

T0Delay(); }}

95

Example 9-21 (2/3)

(a) Assume XTML=11.0592MHz for the AT89C51

FFFFH-4BFDH+1=B403H=46083

1.085s 46083 50ms

void T0Delay() {


TL0=0xFD; TH0=0x4B; //initial value

TR0=1; //turn on T0

while (TF0==0); //BACK: JNZ TF0,BACK



96

Example 9-21 (3/3)

(b) Assume XTML=11.0592MHz for the DS89C4x0

FFFFH-4BFDH+1=B403H=46083

1.085s 46083 50ms

void T0Delay() {


TL0=0xFD; TH0=0x4B; //initial value

TR0=1; //turn on T0

while (TF0==0); //BACK: JNZ TF0,BACK



97

8051 Counters in C

• External pulses to T0 (P3.4) and T1 (P3.5).• See Examples 9-26 to 9-29.

98

Example 9-26 (1/2)

Assume that a 1-Hz external clock is being fed into T1 (P3.5). Write a C program for counter 1 in mode 2 to count up and display the state of the TL1 count on P1. Start the count at 0H.

Solution:

P1 is connected to 8 LEDs.

T1 is connected to 1Hz external clock.

T1P3.5

P1

1Hz

TL1

TH1

LEDs

99

Example 9-26 (2/2)

#include <reg51.h>

sbit T1=P3^5;

void main(void) {

T1=1; //make T1 an input pin

TMOD=0x60; //counter 1, mode 2

TH1=0; //reload value


do {TR1=1; P1=TL1;} while (TF1==0);

TR1=0; TF1=0; //clear flags

}}

100

You are able to

• List the timers of the 8051 and their associated registers

• Describe the various modes of the 8051 timers• Program the 8051 timers in Assembly and C to

generate time delays• Program the 8051 counters in Assembly and C as

event counters

101

DigitMap Descriptor

• A dialing plan– a digit map (11x|080xxxxxx|03xxxxxxx|002x.)

• A start timer, to start• A short timer, when more digits are needed• A long timer, to differentiate different routing

– Timers are applied by default values.

off-hook5 7 2 1 0 4 3

dial tone

start timer

short timer

long timer

102

CSMA/CD 通訊協定1. 先監聽網路上是否有其他電腦正在傳送 frame 資料，一直監聽到沒有訊號。

2. 若沒有聽到網路上有 frame ，將自己的 frame 送出；若有則繼續監聽，直到訊號消失，則將 frame 送出。

3. 繼續監聽網路（ 51.2 s ），若發生 frame 的碰撞（ collision ），則送出擾亂訊號（ Jamming Signal ）。

4. 以二元指數退後演算法設定一段時間（ r 51.2 s ）後再重新開始步驟 1 。

103

資料遺失與重傳

設定重傳的 timeout 時間

Documents

1 Chapter 9 8051 Timer Programming in Assembly and C