1 Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger PPS Seminar 2005 Mobile Communications Damir Pasalic & Hannes Grubinger

1Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger

PPS Seminar 2005Mobile Communications

Damir Pasalic & Hannes Grubinger


For Your Information

Web Page:

• http://www.ifh.ee.ethz.ch/~fieldcom/pps-mobilecomm/mobilfunk.html

Assistants:

• Damir Pasalic (ETZ G97) E-mail: [email protected]

• Hannes Grubinger (ETZ G95) E-mail: [email protected]


Overview

Motivation and Goal

Cellular Technology: Standards, History, Future Outlook

GSM-R, TETRA: Professional Applications

US Market: AMPS, IS-95, PCS1900, TACS,...

Satellite Communication: Inmarsat, Iridium, Globalstar, ICO,...

Business & Economics: Global Player, Swiss Market, Strategies

Developing Countries: Mobile Communications

Organizational Details


Motivation and Goal

Mobile Communications (MC) is a future key technology

• Understand the basic technologies behind MC

• Learn how business and technology work together

• See the “Big Picture” and evaluate demand for global MC

• Assess technological impacts on society, politics, economics

Seminar approach

• Become skilled at doing a literature and information search

• Train your abilities to cope with a complex topic

• Learn how to efficiently prepare a well-structured report

• Enhance your presentation techniques


History (pre-cell era)

First mobile radio link established by Marconi in late 1800’s

First mobile radiotelephone service on land was set up byDetroit Police Department in early 1920s (2 MHz)

Commercial service started in 1946 in USand early 1950s in Europe

Conventional Mobile Systems (CMS) were operating in 30-40, 150, and 450 MHz

public safety services (e.g. police, ambulance, fire brigade)

transport organizations (e.g. taxi)

service networks for utilities (gas, water, electrical production)

By 1963 number of users exceeded 1.3 million (12 channels)


History: Cellular System

MSC

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MSC MSC

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History: First Generation (1G)

Introduction of analog cellular systems in the late 1970s and 1980s

SystemYear of

Introduction RegionAccess Mode/Modulation

MCS-L2 1988 (1979) Japan FDMA/PMNMT 450 1981 Scandinavia FDMA/FMNMT 900 1986 Scandinavia FDMA/FMAMPS 1983 North America FDMA/FMNAMPS 1991 North America FDMA/FMTACS 1985 United Kingdom FDMA/FMETACS 1988 United Kingdom FDMA/FMJTACS 1989 Japan FDMA/FMNTACS 1991 Japan FDMA/FMC450 1985 Germany FDMA/FMRadioCom 1985 France FDMA/FM


History: 1G Frequency Bands

NMT 900

TACS

JTACS/NTACS

820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950

MCS

AMPS/NAMPS

960

820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960

Uplink Downlink

824 849 869 894

Uplink Downlink

905 935

885

Downlink

925

Uplink

Uplink

915 935

Downlink

Downlink

885 925

Uplink

MHz


Second Generation (2G): Introduction

Annual growth rate in 1G systems 30 to 50%

20 million subscribers by 1990

Need to improve:

transmission quality

system capacity

coverage

fraud prevention and privacy


Second Generation (2G): Major Systems

2G cellular systems include:

The European Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), introduced in 1992

The North American Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), introduced in 1994

IS-54: FDMA/TDMA access mode

IS-95: CDMA access mode

The Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) system, introduced in 1992

The North American Personal Communication System operating at 1900 MHz (PCS 1900)


Second Generation (2G): GSM

Created in 1992 as a pan-European networkcapable of supporting many millions of subscribers

Operates 992 channels in FDMA/TDMA access mode

Frequency bands:

GSM900: 880-915 MHz paired with 925-960 MHz



GSM is the leading wireless standard in the world covering (2003):

72% of the world’s digital market

60% of the world’s wireless market


Worldwide GSM Networks in Service

Countries with GSM serviceCountries without GSM serviceGSM used in 159 countries


Terrestrial Communications: TETRA Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA)

Standard for professional mobile communications

Established in 1995 by ETSI and 21 European countries

Suitable for use in “rough” communications environments

Designed for security services, emergency units, industry,...

GSM-R is a GSM clone built for railways with TETRA features

TETRA features Secure encryption, reliable, fast and guaranteed service quality High data rates, packet data optimization, high frequency re-use Group calls, paging, push-to-talk,handsets as repeater stations GSM intra-operability and functionality (e.g. call wait/hold, etc.) Priority, authorization, area selection, monitoring, responsibility


Terrestrial Communications: TETRA Typical TETRA applications

Public transportation: Update schedule, client, tariff information

Traffic: Control sets of lights, parking and detour routing

Police, emergency units: Walkie-talkie mode (TETRAPOL)

Trucking: Navigation data, fleet management, scheduling

Advertisement: Transmit data to e-boards

Railways: Positioning, onboard communication and phone services

TETRA Navigation ControllerTETRAPOL Car Unit

TETRA

Walkie-Talkie


Satellite systems existing or planned in 2003: Name Satellites Orbit Altitude Year Company

Inmarsat 4+5 GEO 35’786 km 1982 Inmarsat Ltd.

Iridium 66 LEO 765 km 1998 Boeing et. al.

Globalstar 48 LEO 1’389 km 1998 Major Telecoms

ICO 12 MEO 10’390 km 2003? New ICO Ltd.

Teledesic 288 LEO 1’400 km 2005? ICO Teledesic

Odyssey 12 MEO 10’354 km Project is stopped!

Satellite Communications: Overview

At the present time, the ONLY reliably operating satellite mobile communications service is the 20 year old Inmarsat system!

Nowadays the satellite business is dominated by takeovers, flops, bankruptcy filings, alliances, mergers, technical disasters, etc.(e.g. Inmarsat founds ICO, then New ICO, now owned by Teledesic)


Satellite Communication I: Inmarsat Established in 1979 to initially serve the maritime industry

Works anywhere in the world with the exception of the poles

In 2001: 150’000 end-user terminals throughout the world

Inmarsat-A: Analog system, up to 9.6 kbit/s (2 suitcases, 50 kg) Inmarsat-B: Digital successor, up to 64 kbit/s (laptop-sized, 3 kg)

Equipment: 1.5...1.6 GHz, 40 cm dish, 2...20 W

Inmarsat-A System Inmarsat-A Maritime Antenna Inmarsat-B System


Standard services include

Direct-dial telephony, fax, telex, messaging E-mail, data, quality audio, compressed video, slow-scan TV

Additional Inmarsat C...I services include

Group messaging/calling (similar to TETRA feature)

Aircraft satellite communication telephony

Encryption devices for secure transmission

Position reporting

Charges: U$ 3...20.-/minute (depending on service and provider)

Equipment cost: Starting from U$ 2’500.- (simple terminal)

Satellite Communication I: Inmarsat


Satellite Communication II: IRIDIUM Established in 1998 and initially designed and owned by Motorola

Works anywhere in the world using 66 satellites in LEO(which allows to have specifically small signal delays)

Services include Voice, fax, messaging, e-mail, internet, data (approx. 10 kbit/s)

Charges: U$ 3...5.-/minute (depending on service and provider)

Mobile handset: 1.6 GHz, integrated antenna, 1-2 W, U$ 3’000.-

IRIDIUM SatelliteIRIDIUM Pager

IRIDIUM Handsets


The “not-so-good” news... 3’000 subscribers worldwide (1999) Total revenue of U$ 600’000.- (1999) Marketing cost: U$ 200’000’000.- Operating cost of U$ 400’000’000.- (annually!) Prediction for 2002: 5’000’000 end-users...

Satellite Communication II: IRIDIUM

After financial bankruptcy and a loss of U$ 5.5 billion, Motorola decided to shut down Iridium in March 2000 and planned to crash and burn up the satellites in the earth’s atmosphere!

Iridium LLC (Boeing) bought the whole system for U$ 25 million

New sales/marketing strategies, different targeted user profile Less expensive call charges, improved system performance Better GSM/UMTS connectivity, cheaper and lightweight phones


Third Generation (3G): Introduction

Cellular and satellite networks provide greater freedom in the communications among people

New “information age” with different life-styles and world economy

The next goal is development of truly global system providing communication “to everyone, everywhere”

Part of the solution of the communication problem in the developing world

Wide range of radio environments have to be integrated


Third Generation: Environments Integration

Satellite

Global

Suburban& rural

Urban

Pico-Cell

Micro-Cell Macro-Cell

In-building

Pico-Cell


Third Generation (3G) Standards

International Mobile Telecommunication System (IMT-2000)

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)

Basic Properties of a 3G System: Used worldwide Used for all mobile applications Offer high data rates up to 2 Mbps

(depending on mobility/velocity) Offer high spectrum efficiency


Third Generation: Spectrum Availability

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

ITU “IMT-2000”

Europe

Japan

USA

1885 MHz 2025 MHz

IMT 2000

UMTSGSM 1800 DECT MSS

1880 MHz 1980 MHz

MSS

MSSIMT 2000PHS

PCS

2010 MHz

IMT 2000

MSSUMTS

MSSReserved

MSSIMT 2000

2160 MHz

2110 MHz

1893.5 MHz

1919.6 MHz

2170 MHz

2170 MHz

MSS MSS


Global Players

Change from national analog to global digital communication networks is driven by:

digitalization

computerization

deregulation

Increased competition

New operators starting from “green field” situation use wireless networks to bypass the networks established by national operators


“Major” Players: Europe Vodafone (UK)

T-Mobile / Deutsche Telekom (Germany)

TIM / Telecom Italia (Italy)

Telefonica (Spain)

France Telecom / Orange (France)

Swisscom Mobile / Swisscom Group (Switzerland)


“Local” Players: Switzerland

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0.93 0.94

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0.890.75

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3.5

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Subscribers [Million]

Revenues [Billion CHF]

EBITDA [Billion CHF]

(data refers to mobile business units only, data as of end 2002)


Major Cellular Providers in North America

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are needed to see this picture.

Verizon Wireless (US)

joint venture of Verizon Comm. and Vodafone

Cingular (US)

• recently bought AT&T Wireless

Sprint PCS (US)

T-Mobile, formerly Voicestream (US)

Rogers Wireless

previously Rogers AT&T

Microcell Telecom (Canada)


Global Players: North America

0

5

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VerizonWireless

AT&TWireless

Sprint PCS Rogers /AT&T

MicrocellTelecom

Subscribers [Million]

Revenues [Billion $US]

(data refers to mobile business units only, data as of mid 2002)


Business & Economics: General How much does it cost to...

purchase licenses for parts of the future mobile spectrum plan and build a mobile telecommunications system keep the system up and running (maintenance, administration, etc.) introduce new technologies (GPRS, EDGE, HSCSD, etc.) acquire new subscribers

Which services can be introduced to...

generate additional revenues pay off debts from UMTS auctions and system installation

What are the key facts and figures of the...

Swiss/German/French/US cellular phone market global players involved in mobile communications deregulation, liberalization and monopolization issues and strategies


Communication Sys in Developing Countries Picture these facts:

4/5 of the world’s population does not have the most basicaccess to phone services and 1/2 of it has never used a phone

The greater majority of all countries in the world do not havea publicly available, reliable and cheap phone system operating

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) goal in 1995:

“By the end of the year 2001, each citizen worldwide should have direct access to telephone services”

“Wireless phone networks represent a cheap alternative to wire line plain old telephone systems (POTS)”

Can satellite and terrestrial wireless systemsmeet these expectations in the future?


Group of 2...3 students will work on one project

Choose a project from the existing list or define a suitable topic related to Mobile Communications on your own Make your decision by April 19

Final projects will be communicated via e-mail to students

Each group must prepare an initial proposal (1 page) and give a short presentation (5-10 minutes) on April 26

Organizational Details I

Groups work independently on their project and contact Damir or Hannes as needed

Meetings will be arranged upon request on Tuesdays

Check the web page regularly!

www.ifh.ee.ethz.ch/~fieldcom/pps-mobilecomm/mobilfunk.html


Organizational Details II

Each group prepares a written report (10-15 pages)and final presentation (20 minutes) in English

Drafts are to be handed in prior to the final presentation

Presentation/report/draft/progress due dates will be announced individually via e-mail and web page

Marking:

Proposal presentation: 15%

Final presentation: 35%

Written report: 50%

Each student should comment on the presentation of others

Field trip(s) and lecturer visit(s) will be organized

Documents

1 Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger PPS Seminar 2005 Mobile Communications Damir Pasalic & Hannes Grubinger