42
1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

  • View
    213

  • Download
    1

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

1

Final Review

Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501

Spring 2007

June 20 & 21, 2007

Page 2: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

2

What are we going to do today?

• Review: what we have learned this year

• Future Perspectives

Page 3: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

3

Announcements ( 重要宣布 ): Some loose ends first…

• Final exam ( 期末考 ): June 25, 9:50-11:50am, could be extended to 1pm, in room EX 113

• Research report due: 5pm, June 28, in SS 536

• Check your exam and homework grades

• 期末會公佈明年參加社科院學生論文比賽名單 ( 兩班 4~5 組 )

Page 4: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

4

Part I. Oral Presentations & Writing

• 研究成果通常是以研究報告或是口頭報告為主要與人溝通的形式• 具備良好的溝通能力在現代社會是非常重要的

Page 5: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

5

Discuss Students’ presentations…

• Presentations: 大致不錯,雖然學生互評成績低• Presentation Strengths:

– Team format worked well ( 團體報告形式大致流暢 )

– Explain materials clearly ( 通常能把研究解釋清楚 )

– Nice ppt files ( 投影片製作效果好 )– Except nervousness, all showed calmness

( 雖有些緊張,但台風都很穩健,口齒清晰 )– 有些小組以個人形式上台報告,成效不錯

Page 6: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

6

Discuss Students’ presentations…• Presentation Weakness:

– The beginning, middle, & ending… ( 忽略開頭,中間內容控制待加強,結尾不夠有力,多半沒有重述重點 )

– Flow, transition, & connection ( 流暢度、轉折、連貫性有待加強 )

– The content: less is more ( 內容 : 多不如少 )– Pay attention to the logic of data analysis ( 忽

略資料分析的邏輯及呈現 )– The conversation between data and theory

( 與理論、文獻對話少 )– Eye contact ( 與聽眾的目光接觸 )– Q&A: 誠懇地回答問題

Page 7: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

7

Discuss Students’ drafts …

• 初稿評分從嚴,大部分小組需要好好改進• 初稿評閱時較不在意文獻格式及一些細節,

但在正式報告時會被扣分• The key : think about your story and prese

nt it in the most effective and clear way ( 修改的要點 : 如何用最有效率及清楚的方式解釋你們的故事 )

Page 8: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

8

期末報告內容• 緒論 ( 研究動機、研究目的、研究問題 )• 文獻回顧• 研究方法 ( 研究對象、問卷調查抽樣及步驟、質

性訪談、變數測量 )• 結果與討論 ( 研究限制可以在此 )• 結論 ( 研究限制、研究心得、未來研究方向 )• 附錄 ( 詳細的抽樣流程、問卷回收率、主要變數

的次數分配表、問卷、質性訪談大綱等 )• 參考文獻

Page 9: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

9

期末報告初稿檢討 :• Introduction ( 前言、緒論 )

– 解釋研究目的、動機、及研究問題,確立故事主軸

–注意 : 研究問題不見了 !• Literature Review

– 應與故事主軸有關,有「目的」地回顧文獻– 既然提這些文獻,後面討論時為何不用 ?– 文獻回顧 : 精簡扼要,連貫、組織良好– 研究假設應放在文獻回顧之後– 描述性的研究可將假設刪除

Page 10: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

10

期末報告初稿檢討 :• Research Methods

– 解釋研究設計 : 混合方法的應用– 抽樣細節放在附錄,精簡扼要地敘述量化研究

設計及執行細節– 解釋質性研究進行的邏輯與過程– 不要忘記質性受訪者的介紹 !– 變數的概念化及操作化 : 有進步,但還是不理想

–先解釋依變數,再解釋自變數。描述性的研究可用「主要變數」來稱之

Page 11: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

11

Page 12: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

12

Page 13: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

13

Page 14: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

14

Page 15: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

15

期末報告初稿檢討 :• Results and Discussion

– 從樣本特性開始,進入到故事主軸,層次分明、邏輯嚴謹地敘述故事

– 可依照假設的順序來呈現資料分析的結果–討論資料分析、預期或非預期的結果、任何研

究限制 (也可放在結論 )– 質性資料與量化資料要整合

• Conclusions–再重複一次重要研究成果,提出未來研究努力

方向

Page 16: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

16

Problems Found in Data Analysis and Discussion

• 要有描述統計 (即樣本特性 ): 包括基本人口變項及主要變數– 詳細的描述統計在附錄 !

• 圖表在哪裡 ? 不超過 10 個,注意圖表的編號 !

Page 17: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

17

Page 18: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

18

Problems Found in Data Analysis and Discussion

• 要有描述統計 (即樣本特性 ): 包括基本人口變項及主要變數– 詳細的描述統計在附錄 !

• 圖表在哪裡 ? 不超過 10 個,注意圖表的編號 !• 圖表的形式見以下的例子。注意 :

– 圖表要有標題,標題要簡要– 說明顯著性測驗標準– 要包括卡方值與 P-value– 表格的線不要亂畫 !

Page 19: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

19

The Format of Figures & Tables

0

20

40

60

80

100

1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942

Year

Source: Table 1 in Ryan (1948:277).

Figure 1. 1 The Cumulative Percentage of Iowa Farmers Who First Adopted Hybrid Corn: 1929-1942

Ex: 圖 1 xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Page 20: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

20

Page 21: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

21

Page 22: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

22

Problems Found in Data Analysis and Discussion

• 討論結果時可以用假設來組織內容,因為常見的問題是 : – 故事的主軸不清楚→沒有掌握研究問題及目的– 分析層次不明,假設都不見了 !

• 寫作不精簡扼要,流水帳的寫法,寫得瑣碎,句子不知所云

• 數字的呈現以整數為宜• 解釋量化資料時注意其意義,不要只是說“ XXX 有顯著”

Page 23: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

23

Problems Found in Data Analysis and Discussion

• 質性資料分析請與量化結果整合,不要各自為政– 如有預期外的發現,可以補充說明–引用逐字稿以精簡為宜,如果引用多以單行格

式為主,語助詞最好修改整理一下– 為受訪者取假名

• 不要只有資料分析,要有討論• 沒有討論,怎麼知道你分析的邏輯及了解

你的結論 ?

Page 24: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

24

期末報告初稿檢討 :

• 附錄也要有標題及編號–包括 : 詳細的抽樣流程、問卷回收率、主要變

數的次數分配表、問卷、質性訪談大綱等–逐字稿不用附了 !

• 善用註腳 (footnotes) 及附錄• 文獻在附錄之後 !

–注意格式– “as cited in” 改成 “ XXX 1989 ,引自 YYY 20

00”

Page 25: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

25

期末報告須知 :

• 留意 “說故事” 的技巧,不要偏離主題,不要忘記主題 !

• 研究發現可分章節來組織內容• 研究結果與理論或文獻對話• 附錄及圖表要有標題• 善用註腳 (footnotes) 及附錄

Page 26: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

26

Writing: Citing References (1)

Page 27: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

27

Writing: Citing References (2)

Page 28: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

28

Remember: Write Clearly

“A perfectly designed, carefully executed, and brilliantly analyzed study will be altogether worthless unless you can communicate your findings to others” ( 一個設計完美、謹慎執行、分析出色的研究,除非你能將研究發現傳達給讀者,否則會變得完全沒有價值 .) (Babbie 20

04: 491).

Page 29: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

29

寫作 : 沒有捷徑,好的作品都是經過千錘百鍊而成

養成良好寫作習慣,時時觀摩優秀或有特色的作品

Page 30: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

30

Part II. Now, let’s look at social research methods.

What have we learned exactly?

研究法到底學了什麼 ?

Page 31: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

31

研究 : 為感興趣的問題找答案

• 因此,學會「問問題」是一個關鍵

Page 32: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

32

Inquiry: a natural human activity ( 問問題,探索是人類自然的好奇 )

• Ordinary human inquiry ≠ scientific inquiry ( 研究法學的是科學性的探索 )

• Scientific inquiry: follow scientific methods

• Two pillars of science: logic and observation ( 科學的兩個支柱 : 邏輯和觀察 )

• Three major aspects of social sciences: theory, data collection, and data analysis

Page 33: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

33

Conducting Research: the initial stage

• Locate/Find topics/subjects you are interested in (尋找問題或議題 )

• Conduct literature review to learn more about the topic(s)

• Talk to people who have studied the issues before

• The first critical test: formulate your research question(s)

Page 34: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

34

Conducting Research: the initial stage

• Research questions: help you to focus ( 研究問題幫助我們聚焦 )

• Research Design: some first considerations ( 研究設計的初步考量 )– Well-defined research purposes/focuses– Any ethical or political concerns?– Practical concerns: time, money, expertise, re

quirements, any limitations or constraints?

Page 35: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

35

Conducting Research: the later stage

• Conceptualization, operationalization, & measurement ( 測量 : 概念化及操作化是另一個關鍵 )

• Choice of Research Method(s)• Population and sampling• Conducting observation (data collection)• Data processing• Data analysis• The conclusion of a research project: writing up r

eports (to share your results to others)

Page 36: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

36

Modes of Observation

Quantitative vs. qualitative approaches

Page 37: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

37

Quantitative vs. Qualitative (Neuman)

Similarities• Making inferences

(推論 )—based on evidence

• Involving a public method or process

• Comparison: finding patterns

• Avoid errors, false conclusions and inferences

Differences• Standard vs. less stan

dard data analysis• Time of data analysis• Relation to social theo

ry• The degree of abstrac

tion or distance from the details of social life ( 抽象化的程度 )

Page 38: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

38

Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Other (Obvious) Differences

• Observation and Data Collection– Time and other costs– flexibility

• Data Analysis– Quantitative data analysis: data processing

and statistical analyses– Qualitative data analysis: coding, comparison,

ideal types, inductive thinking, theory-making

Page 39: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

39

Research Methods Learned

Quantitative Methods• Surveys• Experiments• Secondary Data

Analysis• Analyzing existing

statistics• (Content analysis)

Qualitative Methods• Field research• Content analysis• Historical/comparative

analysis

Page 40: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

40

Of course, we can “mix” quantitative and qualitative

methods• The so called “mixed methods” approach

Page 41: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

41

Some Future Perspectives ( 對未來的一些建議… )

• Conducting social research: no fixed rules but you need to follow and respect the integrity of each unique method (選擇最適合的研究途徑,尊重各研究方法的特色及要求 )

• When observing: be open, be sensitive, be humble, be complete, etc.

• When analyzing: be logical, be patient, be organized, be detailed, etc.

• When communicating: be honest, be passionate, be clear, be concise, etc.

Page 42: 1 Final Review Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501 Spring 2007 June 20 & 21, 2007

42

Social Research Methods:

A way to look at things and find patterns

A way to analyze questions and find solutions